Torbjørn Skauli

• (2022). A performance characteristic for net light collection in hyperspectral and conventional cameras: A*. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. ISSN 0196-2892. 60, p. 1–15. doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2022.3228071. Full text in Research Archive
• Lofstad-Lie, Victoria; Marstein, Erik Stensrud; Simonsen, Aleksander & Skauli, Torbjørn (2022). Cost-Effective Flight Strategy for Aerial Thermography Inspection of Photovoltaic Power Plants. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics. ISSN 2156-3381. 12(6), p. 1543–1549. doi: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2022.3202072. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Thermography from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) is widely used for module condition surveys and defect detection in solar (photovoltaic) power plants. This article presents an optimized defect inspection procedure in which a two-stage autonomous flight strategy is adopted to reduce the operation time, and thereby the cost. The first stage is a fast high-altitude flight for rapid coverage of the entire plant. The resolution on the modules is then somewhat degraded, but adequate for detection of possible defect locations. In the second stage, an optimized flight path is calculated to revisit and image only the detected locations from a lower altitude, where the resolution is sufficient for the classification of defects. This concept is studied through simulations of different plant geometries and defect densities. The simulations are supported by actual data, including a plant-scale survey. The proposed strategy is shown to have the potential for significant savings in operation time, on the order of 60% in the experimental case with 2% module defects. Commonly reported defect densities of 0.5% to 1% will give even larger savings. The inspection strategy is shown to be especially beneficial for plant geometries representative of high latitudes.

• Haavardsholm, Trym Vegard; Opsahl, Thomas Olsvik; Skauli, Torbjørn & Stahl, Annette (2022). Compact multimodal multispectral sensor system for tactical reconnaissance. Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering. ISSN 0277-786X. 12235. doi: 10.1117/12.2632701. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Multispectral imaging is an attractive sensing modality for small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in numerous military and civilian applications such as reconnaissance, target detection, and precision agriculture. Cameras based on patterned filters in the focal plane, such as conventional colour cameras, represent the most compact architecture for spectral imaging, but image reconstruction becomes challenging at higher band counts. We consider a camera configuration where six bandpass filters are arranged in a periodically repeating pattern in the focal plane. In addition, a large unfiltered region permits conventional monochromatic video imaging that can be used for situational awareness (SA), including estimating the camera motion and the 3D structure of the ground surface. By platform movement, the filters are scanned over the scene, capturing an irregular pattern of spectral samples of the ground surface. Through estimation of the camera trajectory and 3D scene structure, it is still possible to assemble a spectral image by fusing all measurements in software. The repeated sampling of bands enables spectral consistency testing, which can improve spectral integrity significantly. The result is a truly multimodal camera sensor system able to produce a range of image products. Here, we investigate its application in tactical reconnaissance by pushing towards on-board real-time spectral reconstruction based on visual odometry (VO) and full 3D reconstruction of the scene. The results are compared with offline processing based on estimates from visual simultaneous localisation and mapping (VSLAM) and indicate that the multimodal sensing concept has a clear potential for use in tactical reconnaissance scenarios.

• Lofstad-Lie, Victoria; Marstein, Erik Stensrud; Simonsen, Aleksander & Skauli, Torbjørn (2021). Cost-effective flight strategy for aerial thermography inspection of photovoltaic power plants. In Angus, Rockett (Eds.), 2021 IEEE 48th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC). IEEE conference proceedings. ISSN 978-1-6654-1922-2. p. 0023–0025. doi: 10.1109/PVSC43889.2021.9518710. Show summary

  Thermography from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) offers efficient fault inspection in solar parks. This paper presents an optimized fault detection procedure, including a two-stage autonomous flight strategy. The first stage images the entire park quickly at low resolution, flying fast at high altitude to detect possible faults. In the second stage, the detections are imaged at higher resolution, by flying an optimized path at lower altitude, for fault classification. Based on actual data, including a park-scale survey, this strategy is shown to have potential for significant savings in operation time, on the order of 70% or more, at realistic fault densities.

• (2021). Characterizing the dynamic range of a hyperspectral camera. Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering. ISSN 0277-786X. 11727. doi: 10.1117/12.2588305. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The dynamic range of a hyperspectral camera can have a strong impact on the quality and integrity of the collected spectra. For the image sensor chip alone, the dynamic range is the ratio between the saturation level and the noise floor, set by full well capacity and readout noise respectively. In a complete hyperspectral camera, the raw signal level varies with the wavelength-dependent detector quantum efficiency, optics transmission, and illumination, as well as with the optical bandwidth. In practice, different parts of the spectrum will tend to have the highest or lowest signal level, and will most easily reach the saturation level or noise floor, respectively. It is shown that to define a dynamic range for a hyperspectral camera in the reflective spectral domain, the wavelength dependence of the camera light collection efficiency must be taken into account. A more application-oriented dynamic range can be defined by additionally assuming a shape of the illumination spectrum representative of a particular application.

• Haavardsholm, Trym Vegard; Skauli, Torbjørn & Stahl, Annette (2020). Multimodal Multispectral Imaging System for Small UAVs. IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters. ISSN 2377-3766. 5(2), p. 1039–1046. doi: 10.1109/LRA.2020.2967301. Full text in Research Archive
• (2020). Specifying radiometric performance of hyperspectral and conventional cameras: A minimal set of independent characteristics. Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering. ISSN 0277-786X. 11392, p. 1–12. doi: 10.1117/12.2559670. Full text in Research Archive
• (2019). Simplified measurement of point spread functions of hyperspectral cameras for assessment of spatial coregistration. Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering. ISSN 0277-786X. 10986. doi: 10.1117/12.2520219.
• (2018). Measurement of point spread function for characterization of coregistration and resolution: Comparison of two commercial hyperspectral cameras. Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering. ISSN 0277-786X. 10644. doi: 10.1117/12.2305503.
• (2018). Combined range ambiguity resolution and noise reduction in lidar signal processing. Optical Engineering: The Journal of SPIE. ISSN 0091-3286. 57(7). doi: 10.1117/1.OE.57.7.073103.
• (2018). Full characterization of spatial coregistration errors and spatial resolution in spectral imagers. Optics Letters. ISSN 0146-9592. 43(16), p. 3814–3817. doi: 10.1364/OL.43.003814.
• (2018). Thermal infrared reference sources fabricated from low-cost components and materials. Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering. ISSN 0277-786X. 10625. doi: 10.1117/12.2306330.
• (2017). Feasibility of a standard for full specification of spectral imager performance. Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering. ISSN 0277-786X. 10213, p. 102130H-1–102130H-12. doi: 10.1117/12.2262785.
• (2016). Compact multispectral multi-camera imaging system for small UAVs. Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering. ISSN 0277-786X. 9840. doi: 10.1117/12.2224495.
• Rousset-Rouviere, Laurent; Coudrain, Christophe; Fabre, Sophie; Poutier, Laurent; Løke, Trond & Fridman, Andrei [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2014). SYSIPHE system: A state of the art airborne hyperspectral imaging system. Initial results from the first airborne campaign. Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering. ISSN 0277-786X. 9249. doi: 10.1117/12.2066643.
• (2014). Characterization of a compact 6-band multifunctional camera based on patterned spectral filters in the focal plane. Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering. ISSN 0277-786X. 9088. doi: 10.1117/12.2054477.
• (2014). Compact camera for multispectral and conventional imaging based on patterned filters. Applied Optics. ISSN 1559-128X. p. C64–C71. doi: 10.1364/AO.53.000C64.
• Yu, Xiaofang; Skauli, Torbjørn; Skauli, Bjørn; Sandhu, Sunil; Catrysse, Peter B. & Fan, Shanhui (2013). Wireless power transfer in the presence of metallic plates: Experimental results. AIP Advances. ISSN 2158-3226. 3(6). doi: 10.1063/1.4809665.
• Yu, Zongfu; Sergeant, Nicholas P.; Skauli, Torbjørn; Zhang, Gang; Wang, Hailiang & Fan, Shanhui (2013). Enhancing far-field thermal emission with thermal extraction. Nature Communications. ISSN 2041-1723. 4. doi: 10.1038/ncomms2765.
• (2013). Information capacity as a figure of merit for spectral imagers: the trade-off between resolution and coregistration. Applied Optics. ISSN 0003-6935. 52(7), p. C58–C63. doi: 10.1364/AO.52.000C58.
• Catrysse, Peter B. & Skauli, Torbjørn (2013). Pixel scaling in infrared focal plane arrays. Applied Optics. ISSN 0003-6935. 52(7), p. C72–C77. doi: 10.1364/AO.52.000C72.
• (2012). An upper-bound metric for characterizing spectral and spatial coregistration errors in spectral imaging. Optics Express. ISSN 1094-4087. 20(2), p. 918–933. doi: 10.1364/OE.20.000918.
• (2011). Quantifying coregistration errors in spectral imaging. Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering. ISSN 0277-786X. 8158. doi: 10.1117/12.894699.
• (2011). Sensor noise informed representation of hyperspectral data, with benefits for image storage and processing. Optics Express. ISSN 1094-4087. 19(14), p. 13031–13046. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.013031. Show summary

  Many types of hyperspectral image processing can benefit from knowledge of noise levels in the data, which can be derived from sensor physics. Surprisingly, such information is rarely provided or exploited. Usually, the image data are represented as radiance values, but this representation can lead to suboptimal results, for example in spectral difference metrics. Also, radiance data do not provide an appropriate baseline for calculation of image compression ratios. This paper defines two alternative representations of hyperspectral image data, aiming to make sensor noise accessible to image processing. A "corrected raw data" representation is proportional to the photoelectron count and can be processed like radiance data, while also offering simpler estimation of noise and somewhat more compact storage. A variance-stabilized representation is obtained by square-root transformation of the photodetector signal to make the noise signal-independent and constant across all bands while also reducing data volume by almost a factor 2. Then the data size is comparable to the fundamental information capacity of the sensor, giving a more appropriate measure of uncompressed data size. It is noted that the variance-stabilized representation has parallels in other fields of imaging. The alternative data representations provide an opportunity to reformulate hyperspectral processing algorithms to take actual sensor noise into account. (C) 2011 Optical Society of America

• Hernandez-Palacios, Julio; Randeberg, Lise Lyngsnes; Haug, Ingvild; Baarstad, I.; Løke, T. & Skauli, Torbjørn (2011). Low-light hyperspectral imager for characterization of biological samples based on an sCMOS image sensor. In Raghavachari, Ramesh & Liang, Rongguang (Ed.), Design and Quality for Biomedical Technologies IV. SPIE - The International Society for Optics and Photonics. ISSN 9780819484284. p. 78910V-1–78910V-10. doi: 10.1117/12.875770.
• Hernandez-Palacios, Julio; Randeberg, Lise Lyngsnes; Baarstad, Ivar; Løke, Trond & Skauli, Torbjørn (2010). Hyperspectral low-light camera for imaging of biological samples. In Luo,, Bin (Eds.), Hyperspectral Image and Signal Processing: Evolution in Remote Sensing (WHISPERS), 2010 2nd Workshop on. IEEE Press. ISSN 978-1-4244-8906-0. p. 1–4. doi: 10.1109/WHISPERS.2010.5594943.
• (2010). An airborne real-time hyperspectral target detection system. Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering. ISSN 0277-786X. 7695. doi: 10.1117/12.850443. Show summary

  An airborne system for hyperspectral target detection is described. The main sensor is a HySpex pushbroom hyperspectral imager for the visible and near-infrared spectral range with 1600 pixels across track, supplemented by a panchromatic line imager. An optional third sensor can be added, either a SWIR hyperspectral camera or a thermal camera. In real time, the system performs radiometric calibration and georeferencing of the images, followed by image processing for target detection and visualization. The current version of the system implements only spectral anomaly detection, based on normal mixture models. Image processing runs on a PC with a multicore Intel processor and an Nvidia graphics processing unit (GPU). The processing runs in a software framework optimized for large sustained data rates. The platform is a Cessna 172 aircraft based close to FFI, modified with a camera port in the floor.

• Tarabalka, Yulija; Haavardsholm, Trym Vegard; Kåsen, Ingebjørg & Skauli, Torbjørn (2009). Real-time anomaly detection in hyperspectral images using multivariate normal mixture models and GPU processing. Journal of Real-Time Image Processing. ISSN 1861-8200. 4(3), p. 287–300. doi: 10.1007/s11554-008-0105-x. Show summary

  Hyperspectral imaging, which records a detailed spectrum of light arriving in each pixel, has many potential uses in remote sensing as well as other application areas. Practical applications will typically require real-time processing of large data volumes recorded by a hyperspectral imager. This paper investigates the use of graphics processing units (GPU) for such real-time processing. In particular, the paper studies a hyperspectral anomaly detection algorithm based on normal mixture modelling of the background spectral distribution, a computationally demanding task relevant to military target detection and numerous other applications. The algorithm parts are analysed with respect to complexity and potential for parallellization. The computationally dominating parts are implemented on an Nvidia GeForce 8800 GPU using the Compute Unified Device Architecture programming interface. GPU computing performance is compared to a multicore central processing unit implementation. Overall, the GPU implementation runs significantly faster, particularly for highly data-parallelizable and arithmetically intensive algorithm parts. For the parts related to covariance computation, the speed gain is less pronounced, probably due to a smaller ratio of arithmetic to memory access. Detection results on an actual data set demonstrate that the total speedup provided by the GPU is sufficient to enable real-time anomaly detection with normal mixture models even for an airborne hyperspectral imager with high spatial and spectral resolution.

• (2009). Sensor-informed representation of hyperspectral images. Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering. ISSN 0277-786X. 7334. doi: 10.1117/12.819491. Show summary

  Hyperspectral images are customarily stored and transferred as radiance values. Image analysis may benefit from additional sensor-related information such as signal-dependent noise levels. This paper discusses representations of hyperspectral image data in forms which are intermediate between raw data and radiance data. The intermediate-form data can be processed directly, or they can be readily converted into radiance values and estimates of signal-dependent noise. The metadata needed for this data transformation constitutes an informative first-order description of the sensor, as an added benefit for the data user. One of the proposed data formats has already been adopted in commercial hyperspectral sensors. The proposed representations can be stored in a more compact data format than radiance values without loss of information, under reasonable assumptions about the sensor properties. In particular, it will be shown that a square-root transformation of the data leads to a representation which approaches the information-theoretic lower limit for storing light samples. The use of noise estimates derived from sensor physics is likely to be useful in hyperspectral image processing and image compression.

• (2008). Defects in HgTe and CdHgTe grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Journal of Electronic Materials. ISSN 0361-5235. 37(9), p. 1444–1452. doi: 10.1007/s11664-008-0447-y. Show summary

  The defect morphology in HgTe and CdHgTe was studied in (211)B-oriented layers grown in a 20 degrees C temperature range around the optimal growth temperature. The density of defects varies strongly with the growth temperature. In HgTe, the shape of the microvoid defects is very sensitive to the growth temperature and can be used to determine the deviation from the optimal growth temperature. Using thermodynamical modeling, the optimal growth temperature for CdHgTe can then be calculated. We describe a mechanism for the formation of microvoids and needles which involves preferential surface diffusion of Te combined with an impurity or defect on the substrate. Microvoids on (111)B-oriented partially twinned HgTe layers were also studied. The microvoids in the twinned parts of the layer were found to be rotated 180 deg relative to the untwinned parts of the layer.

• (2008). Band selection for hyperspectral target-detection based on a multinormal mixture anomaly detection algorithm. Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering. ISSN 0277-786X. 6966. doi: 10.1117/12.777758.
• Laux, E; Genet, C; Skauli, Torbjørn & Ebbesen, T.W. (2008). Plasmonic photon sorters for spectral and polarimetric imaging. Nature Photonics. ISSN 1749-4885. 2(3), p. 161–164. doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2008.1.
• Haakenaasen, Randi; Selvig, Espen; Hadzialic, S; Skauli, Torbjørn; Hansen, Vidar & Tibballs, J.E. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2008). Nanowires in the CdHgTe material system. Journal of Electronic Materials. ISSN 0361-5235. 37(9), p. 1311–1317. Show summary

  HgTe nanowires have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). They are nucleated at Au particles on Si or GaAs substrates and subsequently self-organize and grow laterally on the surface into 20-50 nm wide, 0.5-1 mu m long twisted, but single-crystal, wires. Further growth gives longer, wider, and straighter polycrystalline wires. When unimpeded by Au particles on the surface, the wires become straight and consist of segments of cubic < 111 > HgTe and hexagonal < 001 > Te parallel to the wire. Te nanowires and Au nanowires have also occasionally been formed. All attempts to grow CdHgTe on Si substrates with or without Au particles have resulted in polycrystalline layers. The phase diagrams and diffusion coefficients imply that CdHgTe or HgTe nanowires will not grow by the vapor-liquid-solid technique at the low MBE growth temperatures. SiO2 functions as a mask for selective growth of HgTe, but not for CdHgTe.

• Selvig, Espen; Tonheim, Celin Russøy; Kongshaug, Kjell Ove; Skauli, Torbjørn; Hemmen, H & Lorentzen, Torgeir (2008). Defects in CdHgTe grown by molecular beam epitaxy on, (211)B-oriented CdZnTe substrates. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B. ISSN 1071-1023. 26(2), p. 525–533. doi: 10.1116/1.2868782.
• (2007). Defects in HgTe grown by molecular beam epitaxy on (211)B-oriented CdZnTe substrates. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B. ISSN 1071-1023. 25(6), p. 1776–1784. doi: 10.1116/1.2787876.
• Selvig, Espen; Hadzialic, S; Skauli, Torbjørn; Steen, Harald; Hansen, Vidar & Trosdahl-Iversen, L (2006). Growth of HgTe nanowires. Physica scripta. Topical Issues. ISSN 0281-1847. 126, p. 115–120.
• Haakenaasen, Randi; Steen, Helge; Selvig, Espen; Rheenen, Arthur Dirk Van; Trosdahl-Iversen, Laila & Hall, D. (2006). Imaging photovoltaic infrared CdHgTe detectors. Physica Scripta. ISSN 0031-8949. T126, p. 31–36. doi: 10.1088/0031-8949/2006/T126/007.

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• (2022). Utstilling av amatørradio.
• (2022). Kameraer som ser det usynlige.
• Gilchrist, John; Skauli, Torbjørn & Durell, Christopher (2022). Developing the IEEE P4001 Standard for Characterization and Calibration of Hyperspectral Imaging Devices.
• Gilchrist, John; Arlen, Robert; Skauli, Torbjørn; Durell, Christopher & Weatherbee, Oliver (2022). Choice of terminology in the P4001 standard for hyperspectral imaging.
• Makowski, Jan; Eckstein, Barbara; Durell, Christopher; Gilchrist, John & Skauli, Torbjørn (2022). Metadata definitions for a set of notional use cases in the IEEE P4001 standard for hyperspectral imaging.
• Skauli, Torbjørn; Gilchrist, John & Durell, Christopher (2022). Specification of hyperspectral camera performance: status of the IEEE P4001 standard development.
• Gilchrist, John; Skauli, Torbjørn & Durell, Christopher (2022). Developing the IEEE P4001 standard for characterisation and calibration of hyperspectral imaging devices.
• Ientilucci, Emmett; conran, david; Soffer, Raymond; Perry, David; Skauli, Torbjørn & Gilchrist, John (2022). Development of test methods for hyperspectral cameras characterization in the P4001 standards development.
• Haavardsholm, Trym Vegard; Opsahl, Thomas Olsvik; Skauli, Torbjørn & Stahl, Annette (2022). Compact multimodal multispectral sensor system for tactical reconnaissance.
• (2021). Vi snakker om Plancks strålingslov: klima, energi, kvanter og kameraer som kan se i mørke.
• Skauli, Torbjørn; Gilchrist, John & Durell, Christopher (2021). Status of the IEEE P4001 Working Group for Standardization in Hyperspectral Imaging.
• (2021). Characterizing the dynamic range of a hyperspectral camera.
• Gilchrist, John; Durell, Christopher & Skauli, Torbjørn (2021). IEEE P4001: progress update towards an international standard for push-broom hyper-spectral imagers.
• Lofstad-Lie, Victoria Emilie; Marstein, Erik Stensrud; Simonsen, Aleksander & Skauli, Torbjørn (2021). Cost-Effective Flight Strategy for Aerial Thermography Inspection of Photovoltaic Power Plants.
• (2020). How Good Is Your Spectral Sensor? Figures of Merit for Coregistration and Radiometric Quality for Spectral Imagers and Spectrometers.
• (2019). The Morse Machine. RadCom. ISSN 1367-1499. 95(6).
• (2019). Simplified measurement of point spread functions for assessment of spatial coregistration.
• (2019). Standardization in hyperspectral imaging: The IEEE P4001 working group, and some examples of ongoing work.
• (2018). Thermal infrared reference sources fabricated from low-cost components and materials.
• (2018). Compact multispectral multi-camera imaging system for small UAVs.
• Skauli, Torbjørn; Skaar, Sindre Løining & Torkildsen, Hans Erling (2018). Effect of spatial coregistration error on the dimensionality of hyperspectral image data.
• (2018). Hyperspectral imaging.
• (2017). Toward Standardization of Performance Characteristics for Spectral Imagers: How to Specify a Hyperspectral Camera?
• (2017). Feasibility of a standard for full specification of spectral imager performance. Show summary

  The current state of the art of specifying spectral imagers falls short of what is needed. Commercial datasheets do not adequately reflect the performance of hyperspectral imagers offered as standard products. In particular, imperfections such as coregistration error, noise performance and stray light are rarely well specified. A standardized way to specify spectral imagers would benefit both developers and users of such instruments. The paper reviews the many different characteristics that are needed to describe various aspects of imager performance, and discusses possible ways to form figures of merit relevant to application performance. In particular, the product of quantum efficiency, optics transmission and nominal throughput (étendue) is shown to be a good figure of merit for radiometric performance. A list of about 30 characteristics is suggested as a standard for a complete specification of spectral imagers. For some characteristics, notably coregistration, it is necessary to establish a standardized measurement methodology.

• Imai, Francisco Hideki; Von Berg, Dale C. Linne; Skauli, Torbjørn; Tominaga, Shoji & Zalevsky, Zeev (2014). Imaging systems and applications: Introduction to the feature. Applied Optics. ISSN 0003-6935. p. ISA1–ISA2. doi: 10.1364/AO.53.00ISA1.
• Rousset-Rouviere, Laurent; Coudrain, Christophe; Fabre, Sophie; Poutier, Laurent; Løke, Trond & Fridman, Andrei [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2014). SYSIPHE system: a state of the art airborne hyperspectral imaging system: initial results from the first airborne campaign.
• Skauli, Torbjørn & Farrell, Joyce (2013). A collection of hyperspectral images for imaging systems research.
• (2013). Multispectral and conventional imaging combined in a compact camera by using patterned filters in the focal plane.
• (2013). How good are your spectral images? Noise, coregistration and information rate in spectral imaging.
• (2012). Improving anomaly detection with Multinormal Mixture Models in shadow.
• (2012). Optimizing the information rate from spectral imagers in the design tradeoff between resolution and coregistration.
• Denstedt, Martin Anders F.; Haavardsholm, Trym Vegard; Skauli, Torbjørn & Randeberg, Lise Lyngsnes (2011). A hyperspectral imaging system for real-time analysis of skin – capabilities and prospects.
• (2011). Hyperspectral imaging technology and systems, exemplified by airborne real-time target detection.
• Rousset-Rouviere, Laurent; Coudrain, Christophe; Fabre, Sophie; Baarstad, Ivar; Fridman, Andrei & Løke, Trond [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2011). SYSIPHE, an airborne hyperspectral imaging system for the VNIR-SWIR-MWIR-LWIR region.
• (2010). Architecture of the real-time target detection processing in an airborne hyperspectral demonstrator system. Show summary

  An airborne demonstrator for real-time hyperspectral target detection has been developed at FFI. The real-time image processing is challenging, not only due to the computational complexity of the algorithms, but also due to the sustained high data rate. A software framework has been designed in C++ to handle large data flows in a nonlinear pipeline architecture. The cross-platform framework enables full exploitation of multicore processors and graphics processing units (GPU), and even distribution among multiple computers. Object oriented design enables flexible reconfiguration of the pipeline. Tests demonstrate sustained real-time performance of complex anomaly detection processing.

• Randeberg, Lise Lyngsnes; Haavardsholm, Trym Vegard; Arisholm, Gunnar; Kavara, Amela; Løke, Trond & Skauli, Torbjørn (2010). Rapid hyperspectral characterization of skin.
• Hernandez-Palacios, Julio; Randeberg, Lise Lyngsnes; Baarstad, Ivar; Løke, Trond & Skauli, Torbjørn (2010). Hyperspectral low-light camera for macroscopic imaging of biological samples.
• Hernandez-Palacios, Julio; Randeberg, Lise Lyngsnes; Baarstad, Ivar; Løke, Trond & Skauli, Torbjørn (2010). Hyperspectral low-light camera for macroscopic imaging of biological samples.
• Hernandez-Palacios, Julio; Randeberg, Lise Lyngsnes; Baarstad, Ivar; Løke, Trond & Skauli, Torbjørn (2010). Hyperspectral low-light camera for imaging of biological samples.
• Hernandez-Palacios, Julio; Randeberg, Lise Lyngsnes; Baarstad, Ivar; Løke, Trond & Skauli, Torbjørn (2010). Hyperspectral low-light camera for imaging of biological samples.
• Hernandez-Palacios, Julio; Randeberg, Lise Lyngsnes; Baarstad, Ivar; Løke, Trond & Skauli, Torbjørn (2010). Hyperspectral low-light camera for imaging of biological samples.
• (2015). Tomographic scanning imager. Akademika forlag. ISSN 1501-7710.

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