Gro Smistad

• Azumah, Joseph; Smistad, Gro & Hiorth, Marianne (2022). Preparation of stable polymer-liposome complexes by a novel approach employing a one-pot method. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. ISSN 0927-7757. 653. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129924. Show summary

  The purpose of this study was to prepare stable polymer-liposome complexes using a new, improved one-pot method. Complexes prepared by the conventional method were used as reference. The one-pot method combines the vesicle formation and complexation with the polymer in a single step allowing for fewer steps compared to the conventional thin-film method followed by coating. This has the possibility of complexing the polymer on the surface and within the aqueous core of the liposomes. Soya phosphatidylcholine (SoyPC) in combination with different amounts of either dioleoyl trimethylammoniumpropane (DOTAP, positively charged) or egg phosphatidylglycerol (Egg PG, negatively charged) were complexed with alginate or chitosan, respectively. All the alginate-liposome complexes were larger compared to the naked liposomes and the zeta potential changed from positive to negative after complexation with the polymer. Polydispersity index (PDI) analysis showed narrow size distributions implying homogenous populations. The best stability was obtained by employing 20 mol% DOTAP in the membrane. This formulation was stable during the whole four months period when the stability test was performed. The chitosan-liposome complexes were generally difficult to extrude and were larger than the alginate-liposome complexes due to the need for a larger pore size in the membrane during extrusion. Based on these results, the one-pot method can be used for preparing stable alginate-liposome complexes. For the chitosan-liposome complexes alternative methods for size reduction should be investigated.

• Tandberg, Julia Isabel; Lagos Rojas, Leidy Ximena; Ropstad, Erik; Smistad, Gro; Hiorth, Marianne & Winther-Larsen, Hanne Cecilie (2018). The use of chitosan-coated membrane vesicles for immunization against salmonid rickettsial septicemia in an adult zebrafish model. Zebrafish. ISSN 1545-8547. 15(4), p. 372–381. doi: 10.1089/zeb.2017.1556.
• Bjerknes, Kathrin; Helmizadeh, Zahra; Brustugun, Jørgen & Smistad, Gro (2017). Physical stability of moisture-sensitive tablets stored in a canister or as unit-dose. Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research (JPPR). ISSN 1445-937X. 47(6), p. 442–448. doi: 10.1002/jppr.1306. Full text in Research Archive
• Smistad, Gro; Nyström, Bo; Zhu, Kaizheng; Grønvold, Marte; Røv-Johnsen, Anne & Hiorth, Marianne (2017). Liposomes coated with hydrophobically modified hydroxyethyl cellulose: Influence of hydrophobic chain length and degree of modification. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. ISSN 0927-7765. 156, p. 79–86. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.04.061. Full text in Research Archive
• Nguyen, Sanko; Escudero, Carlos; Sediqi, Nadia; Smistad, Gro & Hiorth, Marianne (2017). Fluoride loaded polymeric nanoparticles for dental delivery. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. ISSN 0928-0987. 104, p. 326–334. doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.04.004. Full text in Research Archive
• Adamczak, Malgorzata Iwona; Martinsen, Ørjan Grøttem; Smistad, Gro & Hiorth, Marianne (2017). Polymer coated mucoadhesive liposomes intended for the management of xerostomia. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. ISSN 0378-5173. 527(1-2), p. 72–78. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.05.032. Full text in Research Archive
• Pistone, Sara; Rykke, Morten; Smistad, Gro & Hiorth, Marianne (2017). Polysaccharide-coated liposomal formulations for dental targeting. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. ISSN 0378-5173. 516(1-2), p. 106–115. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.11.028. Full text in Research Archive
• Pistone, Sara; Goycoolea, Francisco M.; Young, Alix; Smistad, Gro & Hiorth, Marianne (2017). Formulation of polysaccharide-based nanoparticles for local administration into the oral cavity. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. ISSN 0928-0987. 96, p. 381–389. doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.10.012. Full text in Research Archive
• Klemetsrud, Therese; Kjøniksen, Anna-Lena; Hiorth, Marianne; Jacobsen, Jette & Smistad, Gro (2016). Polymer coated liposomes for use in the oral cavity – a study of the in vitro toxicity, effect on cell permeability and interaction with mucin. Journal of liposome research. ISSN 0898-2104. 28(1), p. 62–73. doi: 10.1080/08982104.2016.1255640.
• Mirtic, Janja; Kogej, Ksenija; Baumgartner, Sasa; Smistad, Gro; Kristl, Julijana & Hiorth, Marianne (2016). Development of Cetylpyridinium-Alginate Nanoparticles: A Binding and Formulation Study. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. ISSN 0378-5173. 511(2), p. 774–784. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.07.065.
• Pistone, Sara; Qoragllu, Dafina; Smistad, Gro & Hiorth, Marianne (2016). Multivariate analysis for the optimization of polysaccharide-based nanoparticles prepared by self-assembly . Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. ISSN 0927-7765. 146, p. 136–143. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.05.055.
• Adamczak, Malgorzata Iwona; Martinsen, Ørjan Grøttem; Smistad, Gro & Hiorth, Marianne (2016). Water sorption properties of HM-pectin and liposomes intended to alleviate dry mouth. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. ISSN 0378-5173. 506(1-2), p. 201–206. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.04.050. Full text in Research Archive
• Nguyen, Sanko; Smistad, Gro; Rykke, Morten & Hiorth, Marianne (2016). Nanoparticulate Systems for Dental Drug Delivery. In Arias, Jose L. (Eds.), Nanotechnology and Drug Delivery - volume II: Nano-Engineering Strategies and Nanomedicines Against Severe Diseases.. CRC Press. ISSN 9781482262711. p. 52–74. doi: 10.1201/b19976-3.
• Adamczak, Malgorzata Iwona; Hagesæther, Ellen; Smistad, Gro & Hiorth, Marianne (2016). An in vitro study of mucoadhesion and biocompatibility of polymer coated liposomes on HT29-MTX mucus-producing cells. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. ISSN 0378-5173. 498(1-2), p. 225–233. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.12.030. Full text in Research Archive
• Nguyen, Sanko; Adamczak, Malgorzata Iwona; Hiorth, Marianne; Smistad, Gro & Kopperud, Hilde Beate M. (2015). Interactions of liposomes with dental restorative materials. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. ISSN 0927-7765. 136, p. 744–751. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.10.024.
• Pistone, Sara; Qoragllu, Dafina; Smistad, Gro & Hiorth, Marianne (2015). Formulation and preparation of stable cross-linked alginate-zinc nanoparticles in the presence of a monovalent salt. Soft Matter. ISSN 1744-683X. 11(28), p. 5765–5774. doi: 10.1039/c5sm00700c.
• Tovsen, Marianne Lilletvedt; Smistad, Gro; Bjerke, Trude Marie; Tønnesen, Hanne Hjorth & Kristensen, Solveig (2015). Physicochemical Stability of Emulsions and Admixtures for Parenteral Nutrition during Irradiation by Glass-Filtered Daylight at Standardized Conditions. PDA journal of pharmaceutical science and technology. ISSN 1079-7440. 69, p. 346–354. doi: 10.5731/pdajpst.2015.01036.
• Klemetsrud, Therese; Hiorth, Marianne; Smistad, Gro & Kjøniksen, Anna-Lena (2015). Characterization of temperature induced changes in liposomes coated with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-methacrylic acid). Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. ISSN 0021-9797. 450, p. 7–16. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.03.005.
• Sobczynski, Jan; Smistad, Gro; Hegge, Anne Bee & Kristensen, Solveig (2015). Molecular interactions and solubilization of structurally related meso-porphyrin photosensitizers by amphiphilic block copolymers (Pluronics). Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. ISSN 0363-9045. 41(8), p. 1237–1246. doi: 10.3109/03639045.2014.938657.
• Meland, Hilde-Gunn; Røv-Johnsen, Anne; Smistad, Gro & Hiorth, Marianne (2014). Studies on surface coating of phospholipid vesicles with a non-ionic polymer. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. ISSN 0927-7765. 114, p. 45–52. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.09.054.
• Klemetsrud, Therese; Jonassen, Helene; Hiorth, Marianne ; Kjøniksen, Anna-Lena & Smistad, Gro (2013). Studies on pectin-coated liposomes and their interaction with mucin. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. ISSN 0927-7765. 103, p. 158–165. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.10.012.
• Nguyen, Sanko; Hiorth, Marianne ; Rykke, Morten & Smistad, Gro (2013). Polymer coated liposomes for dental drug delivery - Interactions with parotid saliva and dental enamel. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. ISSN 0928-0987. 50(1), p. 78–85. doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.03.004.
• Jonassen, Helene; Treves, Alessandro; Kjøniksen, Anna-Lena; Smistad, Gro & Hiorth, Marianne (2013). Preparation of Ionically Cross-Linked Pectin Nanoparticles in the Presence of Chlorides of Divalent and Monovalent Cations. Biomacromolecules. ISSN 1525-7797. 14(10), p. 3523–3531. doi: 10.1021/bm4008474.
• Alund, Siv Jorunn; Smistad, Gro & Hiorth, Marianne (2013). A multivariate analysis investigating different factors important for the interaction between liposomes and pectin. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. ISSN 0927-7757. 420, p. 1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.11.079.
• Smistad, Gro; Bøyum, Silje; Alund, Siv Jorunn; Samuelsen, Anne Berit C. & Hiorth, Marianne (2012). The potential of pectin as a stabilizer for liposomal drug delivery systems. Carbohydrate Polymers. ISSN 0144-8617. 90(3), p. 1337–1344. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.07.002.
• Lilletvedt, Marianne; Smistad, Gro; Tønnesen, Hanne Hjorth; Høgset, Anders & Kristensen, Solveig (2011). Solubilization of the novel anionic amphiphilic photosensitizer TPCS2a by nonionic Pluronic block copolymers. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. ISSN 0928-0987. 43(3), p. 180–187. doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.04.004.
• Nguyen, Sanko; Alund, Siv Jorunn; Hiorth, Marianne ; Kjøniksen, Anna-Lena & Smistad, Gro (2011). Studies on pectin coating of liposomes for drug delivery. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. ISSN 0927-7765. 88(2), p. 664–673. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.07.058.
• Smistad, Gro; Nguyen, Nguyen Binh; Hegna, Ida Kristin & Sande, Sverre Arne (2011). Influence of liposomal formulation variables on the interaction with Candida albicans in biofilm; a multivariate approach. Journal of liposome research. ISSN 0898-2104. 21(1), p. 9–16. doi: 10.3109/08982101003629009.
• Nguyen, Sanko; Hiorth, Marianne ; Rykke, Morten & Smistad, Gro (2011). The potential of liposomes as dental drug delivery systems. European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics. ISSN 0939-6411. 77(1), p. 75–83. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.09.010.
• Smistad, Gro; Nguyen, Nguyen Binh; Hegna, Ida Kristin & Sande, Sverre Arne (2010). Influence of liposomal formulation variables on the interaction with Candida albicans in biofilm; a multivariate approach. Journal of liposome research. ISSN 0898-2104. doi: 10.3109/08982101003629009.
• Nguyen, Sanko; Solheim, Lee; Bye, Ragnar; Rykke, Morten; Hiorth, Marianne & Smistad, Gro (2010). The influence of liposomal formulation factors on the interactions between liposomes and hydroxyapatite. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. ISSN 0927-7765. 76(1), p. 354–361. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.11.020.
• Smistad, Gro; Jacobsen, J & Sande, Sverre Arne (2007). Multivariate toxicity screening of liposomal formulations on a human buccal cell line. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. ISSN 0378-5173. 330, p. 14–22. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.08.044.
• Romøren, Kristine; Fjeld, Xuan T.L.; Poleo, Antonio B.S.; Smistad, Gro; Thu, Beate Julie & Evensen, Øystein (2005). Transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity of cationic liposomes in primary cultures of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gill cells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Biomembranes. ISSN 0005-2736. 1717(1), p. 50–57.
• Romøren, Kristine; Fjeld, Xuan T.L.; Poléo, Antonio B.S.; Smistad, Gro; Thu, Beate J. & Evensen, Øystein (2005). Transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity of cationic liposomes in primary cultures of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gill cells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Biomembranes. ISSN 0005-2736. 1717, p. 50–57.
• Smistad, Gro; Romøren, Kristine; Thu, Beate Julie & Evensen, Øystein (2004). Long-term stability of chitosan-based polyplexes. Pharmaceutical Research. ISSN 0724-8741. p. 2340–2346. Show summary

  PURPOSE: There is a lack of information about the long-term stability of chitosan-based polyplexes although a large amount is known as regards transfection efficiency and physicochemical characteristics. The aim of this work is to study thetransfectionefficiency and physicochemical properties of chitosan-based polyplexes over time when stored at different temperatures in an acetate-buffer at pH 5.5. METHODS: Aqueous samples of chitosan-based polyplexes were aged at 4 degrees C,25 degrees C, and 45degrees C for up to 1 year. Samples weretaken at predetermined time-points and evaluated for in vitro transfection efficiency and physiochemical properties (particle size, zeta potential). RESULTS: One year of storage at 4degrees C did not result in any major changes in the properties of the polyplexes. At 25 degrees C there were minor changes in the physicochemical characteristics of the polyplexes, and the in vitro transfection efficiency was reduced at 1 year ofstorage. Storage at 45 degrees C altered both the in vitro transfection efficiency and the physicochemical propertiesof the polyplexes after a short time. CONCLUSIONS: The biologicaland physicochemical stability of the chitosan-based polyplexes are maintained for 1 year of storage inacetate-bufferat 4 degrees C. The changes in the polyplex characteristics at elevated temperatures may be explained by degradation of both plasmid and chitosan.

• Romøren, Kristine; Aaberge, Astrid; Smistad, Gro; Thu, Beate J. & Evensen, Øystein (2004). Long-Term stability of Chitosan-Based Polyplexes. Pharmaceutical Research. ISSN 0724-8741. 21(12), p. 2340–2346.
• Evensen, Øystein; Romøren, Kristine; Thu, Beate Julie & Smistad, Gro (2003). The influence of formulation variables on in vitro transfection efficiency and physicochemical properties of chitosan-based polyplexes. ?. 261(1-2), p. 115–127. Show summary

  The aim of this study was to investigate how a selection of formulation variables affects the in vitro transfection efficiency and physicochemical properties (particle size, zetapotential and chitosan-plasmid association) of chitosan-based polyplexes. Experimental designs in combination with multivariate data analysis were applied to reveal the effects of the formulation variables on the responses. The following formulation variables were studied: molecular weight and degree of acetylation of chitosan, pH and ionic strength of the buffer in which chitosan was dissolved, charge ratio of polyplexes, plasmid concentration and inclusion of a coacervation agent in the plasmid solution. The in vitro transfection efficiency in Epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells was affected by the polyplex charge ratio, the DNA concentration in the complexes as well as the molecular weight and degree of acetylation of the chitosans. Two favourable formulations were identified in a more thorough investigation. These formulations were made of SC113 (theoretical charge ratio 10) and SC214 (theoretical charge ratio 3). The size of the complexes was affected by the degree of acetylation, concentration of DNA, pH, inclusion of a coacervation agent and the charge ratio. The charge ratio, pH and ionic strength determined the zetapotential of the particles, while the charge ratio was important for the association between the plasmid and chitosan

• Romøren, Kristine; Pedersen, Solveig; Smistad, Gro; Evensen, Øystein & Thu, Beate J. (2003). The influence of formulation variables on in vitro transfection efficiency and physicochemical properties of chitosan-based polyplexes. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. ISSN 0378-5173. 261(1-2), p. 115–127. Show summary

  The aim of this study was to investigate how a selection of formulation variables affects the in vitro transfection efficiency and physicochemical properties (particle size, zetapotential and chitosan–plasmid association) of chitosan-based polyplexes. Experimental designs in combination with multivariate data analysis were applied to reveal the effects of the formulation variables on the responses. The following formulation variables were studied: molecular weight and degree of acetylation of chitosan, pH and ionic strength of the buffer in which chitosan was dissolved, charge ratio of polyplexes, plasmid concentration and inclusion of a coacervation agent in the plasmid solution. The in vitro transfection efficiency in Epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells was affected by the polyplex charge ratio, the DNA concentration in the complexes as well as the molecular weight and degree of acetylation of the chitosans. Two favourable formulations were identified in a more thorough investigation. These formulations were made of SC113 (theoretical charge ratio 10) and SC214 (theoretical charge ratio 3). The size of the complexes was affected by the degree of acetylation, concentration of DNA, pH, inclusion of a coacervation agent and the charge ratio. The charge ratio, pH and ionic strength determined the zetapotential of the particles, while the charge ratio was important for the association between the plasmid and chitosan.

• Bjerknes, K.; Brænden, J.U.; Smistad, Gro & Agerkvist, I. (2003). Evaluation of different formulation studies on air-filled polymeric microcapsules by multivariate analysis. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. ISSN 0378-5173. 257, p. 1–14.
• Løkling, Knut-Egil; Fossheim, Sigrid Lise; Smistad, Gro; Skurtveit, Roald; Henriksen, Ingrid & Klaveness, Jo (2003). pH-sensitive paramagnetic liposomes for MRI: Assessment of stability in blood. Magnetic Resonance Imaging. ISSN 0730-725X. 21, p. 531–540.
• Romøren, Kristine; Thu, Beate J.; Smistad, Gro & Evensen, Øystein (2002). Immersion delivery of plasmid DNA I. A study of the potentials of a liposomal delivery system in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry. Journal of Controlled Release. ISSN 0168-3659. 85(1-3), p. 203–213.
• Bjerknes, K.; Braenden, J.U.; Braenden, J.E.; Skurtveit, Roald; Smistad, Gro & Agerkvist, I. (2001). Air-filled polymeric microcapsules from emulsions containing different organic phases. Journal of Microencapsulation. ISSN 0265-2048. 18(2), p. 159–171.
• Bjerknes, K.; Dyrstad, Knut E; Smistad, Gro & Agerkvist, I. (2000). Preparation of polymeric micro-capsules: Formulation studies. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. ISSN 0363-9045. 26, p. 847–856.
• Stensrud, Gry; Sande, Sverre Arne; Kristensen, Solveig & Smistad, Gro (2000). Formulation and characterisation of primaquine loaded liposomes prepared by a pH gradient using experimental design. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. ISSN 0378-5173. 198, p. 213–228.
• Rykke, Morten; Devold, Tove Gulbrandsen; Smistad, Gro; Vegarud, Gerd E.; Jelen, P. & Thomas, T.D. [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (1999). Comparison of bovine casein micelles and human salivary micelle-like structures. International Dairy Journal. ISSN 0958-6946. 9(03.jun), p. 365–366. Show summary

  The structure of human salivary parotid proteins has been compared to that of casein micelles in bovine milk. Although both salivary parti cles and casein micelles were stabilised by calcium, the parotid mice lle-like structures tended to aggregate into clusters on storage.

• Stensrud, Gry; Redford, K.; Smistad, Gro & Karlsen, Jan (1999). Effects of gamma irradiation on solid and lyophilised phospholipids. Radiation Physics and Chemistry. ISSN 0969-806X. 56, p. 611–622.
• Rykke, Morten; Devold, Tove; Smistad, Gro & Vegarud, Gerd (1999). Comparison of bovine casein micelles and human salivary micelle-like structures. International Dairy Journal. ISSN 0958-6946. 9, p. 365–366.
• Stensrud, Gry; Passi, S.; Larsen, T.; Sandset, Per Morten; Smistad, Gro & Mönkkönen, J. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (1999). Toxicity of gamma irradiated liposomes. 1. In vitro interactions with blood components. International Journal of Pharm. 178, p. 47–53.
• Rykke, Morten; Young, Alix; Roella, Gunnar; Devold, Tove; Smistad, Gro & Brash, J.L. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (1997). Transmission electron microscopy of human saliva. ?. 9(5), p. 257–267.
• Rykke, Morten; Young, Alix; Devold, Tove; Smistad, Gro & Roella, Gunnar (1997). Fractionation of saliva micelle-like structures by gel chromatography. European Journal of Oral Sciences. ISSN 0909-8836. 105(105), p. 495–501. Show summary

  Globular structures have been demonstrated in human parotid saliva by transmission electron microscopy and photon correlation spectroscopy . The aim this study was to fractionate these globular structures for analytical and preparative purposes using a gel-filtration material capable of separating spherical particles up to 300-400 nm in diamet er. Freshly obtained parotid saliva was applied to a Sephacryl S-1000 column.. Peak fractions were collected and prepared for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) or for amino acid analysis. Bovine milk wa s included as the casein micelles by TEM appear to be similar to the salivary aggregates and their elution profiles are known. The salivar y globular structures were eluted in one major peak. TEM of negativel y stained samples from the peak fractions demonstrated globular prote in aggregates consistent with the salivary structures in parotid sali va. Amino acid analysis showed characteristic amino acid profiles wit h unusual high levels of proline, 40-45%. The casein micelles were e luted in one major peak and separated from the whey proteins. This st udy indicates that the salivary globular structures can be isolated b y gel chromatography. The a

• Young, Alix ; Smistad, Gro; Karlsen, Jan; Rølla, Gunnar & Rykke, Morten (1997). The effect of some proteolytic enzymes on human salivary micelle-like structures. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. ISSN 0927-7765. 8, p. 189–198.
• Young, Alix ; Smistad, Gro; Karlsen, Jan; Rølla, Gunnar & Rykke, Morten (1997). Zeta potentials of human enamel and hydroxyapatite as measured by the Coulter DELSA 440. Advances in Dental Research. ISSN 0895-9374. 11(4), p. 560–565. Show summary

  The zeta potential of human enamel is of physiological importance for interactions between enamel surfaces and the surrounding aqueous medium of saliva. The zeta potentials of both enamel and hydroxyapatite (HA) have been studied previously by various techniques. In this study we examined the zeta potential of human enamel and HA using the Coulter® DELSA 440, which by a laser, makes independent Doppler shift measurements of moving particles in an electric field at 4 different angles, providing advantages over previous techniques. The enamel and HA particles were suspended directly in different phosphate buffers, or first incubated for 2 h in parotid (PS) or whole saliva (HWS) and then suspended in the same buffers. The enamel and HA particles exhibited an overall net surface potential of -17 to -30 mV, dependent on buffer content. Incubation in PS and HWS gave less negative potentials of -8 to -14 mV. In our previous studies, the salivary micelle-like structures (SMSs) seen in TEM of parotid saliva, were observed to have a zeta potential of -9 mV (Rykke et al., 1996). The zeta potential determinations in this study support the concept of an adsorption of mostly SMSs to the enamel surfaces, with a change of the zeta potential of the enamel and HA towards that of the SMSs.

• Young, Alix ; Rykke, Morten; Smistad, Gro & Rølla, Gunnar (1997). On the role of human salivary micelle-like globules in bacterial agglutination. European Journal of Oral Sciences. ISSN 0909-8836. 105(5 (II)), p. 485–494. Show summary

  The hypothesis to be tested in this in-vitro study was that the salivary micelle-like globules (SMGs) have a role in the agglutination of some oral bacteria. An attempt to determine the mechanisms for the interactions involved was also carried out. 4 laboratory and 4 native streptococci strains were tested. Human whole (HWS) and parotid (HPS) saliva was collected from 4 subjects, SMGs were isolated from both salivas, and agglutination was recorded in the various bacterial suspensions over time. HPS, HWS, and SMGs isolated from HPS and HWS caused typical agglutination patterns for the mutans strains. Salivary supernatants (without SMGs) caused a much delayed, or no agglutination at all. Electron microscopy showed SMG-like structures on the surface of the agglutinated bacteria. Addition of pyrophosphate to HPS prevented agglutination, whereas guanidine HCl prevented normal agglutination of a sanguis strain, and urea had no obvious effect. Together, these results indicate that the SMGs are important in the agglutination of streptococci, and that both calcium-dependent, electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions may be involved.

• Stensrud, Gry; Smistad, Gro; Ågren, T. L.; Sande, Sverre Arne & Karlsen, Jan (1997). Effects of gamma irradiation on the physical stability of liposomal phospholipids. Journal of liposome research. ISSN 0898-2104. 7, p. 503–528.
• Henriksen, Ingrid; Vågen, S.R.; Sande, Sverre Arne; Smistad, Gro & Karlsen, Jan (1997). Interaction between liposomes and chitosan. II: Effect of selected parameters on aggregation and leakage. International Journal of Pharm. 146, p. 193–204.
• Rykke, Morten; Young, Alix ; Rølla, Gunnar; Devold, Tove & Smistad, Gro (1997). Transmission electron microscopy of human saliva. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. ISSN 0927-7765. 9, p. 257–267.
• Rykke, Morten; Young, Alix ; Devold, Tove; Smistad, Gro & Rølla, Gunnar (1997). Fractionation of salivary micelle-like structures by gel chromatography. European Journal of Oral Sciences. ISSN 0909-8836. 105(5 (II)), p. 495–501.
• Rykke, Morten; Young, Alix ; Smistad, Gro; Rølla, Gunnar & Karlsen, Jan (1996). Zeta potentials of human salivary micelle-like particles. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. ISSN 0927-7765. 6, p. 51–56.
• Stensrud, Gry; Smistad, Gro & Karlsen, Jan (1996). Effects of gamma irradiation on the stability of liposomes/phospholipids. 1. Chemical stability. Drug Stability. 1, p. 152–160.
• Henriksen, Ingrid; Sande, Sverre Arne; Smistad, Gro; Ågren, Tove & Karlsen, Jan (1995). In vitro evaluation of drug release kinetics from liposomes by fractional dialysis. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. ISSN 0378-5173. 119.
• Rykke, Morten; Smistad, Gro; Rølla, Gunnar & Karlsen, Jan (1995). Micelle-like structures in human saliva. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. ISSN 0927-7765. 4, p. 33–44.

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• Azumah, Joseph; Smistad, Gro; Martinsen, Ørjan Grøttem & Hiorth, Marianne (2019). Development of alginate coated liposomes with potential of being used in treatment of dry mouth.
• Azumah, Joseph; Hiorth, Marianne; Smistad, Gro & Martinsen, Ørjan Grøttem (2019). Development of alginate and chitosan coated liposomes intended to use in the treatment of xerostomia.
• Azumah, Joseph; Hiorth, Marianne; Smistad, Gro & Martinsen, Ørjan Grøttem (2019). Alginate and chitosan coated liposomes intended for treatment of dry mouth.
• Hiorth, Marianne; Azumah, Joseph & Smistad, Gro (2019). The potential of polymer-coated liposomes for dental care .
• Nguyen, Sanko; Adamczak, Malgorzata Iwona; Hiorth, Marianne; Smistad, Gro & Kopperud, Hilde Beate M. (2016). Liposome adsorption to restorative materials. Dental Materials. ISSN 0109-5641. 32. doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2016.08.049.
• Pistone, Sara; Goycoolea, Francisco; Smistad, Gro & Hiorth, Marianne (2016). Polymer coated liposomes intended for protective functions of the teeth.
• Hiorth, Marianne; Pistone, Sara; Smistad, Gro & Goycoolea, Francisco (2016). Polymer-coated liposomes for protective functions of the teeth.
• Nguyen, Sanko; Kur, Malgorzata Anna; Hiorth, Marianne & Smistad, Gro (2016). Formulation of pH-sensitive liposomes for caries prophylaxis.
• Nguyen, Sanko; Sediqi, Nadia; Smistad, Gro & Hiorth, Marianne (2016). Preparation and characterization of fluoride loaded polymeric nanoparticles for dental delivery .
• Pistone, Sara; Qoragllu, Dafina; Smistad, Gro & Hiorth, Marianne (2015). Development of an alternative method for the preparation of alginate nanoparticles by self-assembly .
• Pistone, Sara; Qoragllu, Dafina; Smistad, Gro & Hiorth, Marianne (2015). Development of alginate nanoparticles as drug carriers for teeth ailments .
• Nguyen, Sanko; Pistone, Sara; Claudio, Cavalli; Smistad, Gro & Hiorth, Marianne (2015). Effect of ionic strength on the formation of fluoride loaded pectin nanoparticles for dental delivery.
• Hiorth, Marianne; Adamczak, Malgorzata Iwona; Nguyen, Sanko; Pistone, Sara; Sediqi, Nadia & Smistad, Gro (2015). Development of chitosan based nanoparticles for drug delivery to the teeth.
• Adamczak, Malgorzata Iwona; Hagesæther, Ellen; Hiorth, Marianne; Martinsen, Ørjan Grøttem; Sediqi, Nadia & Smistad, Gro (2015). Chitosan-based nanoparticles and chitosan-coated liposomes for drug delivery to the oral cavity.
• Pistone, Sara; Cavalli, Claudio; Smistad, Gro & Hiorth, Marianne (2014). Formulation of nanoparticles for protective functions of the teeth.
• Klemetsrud, Therese; Hiorth, Marianne ; Kjøniksen, Anna-Lena & Smistad, Gro (2013). Liposomal complexes that changes around body temperature.
• Sobczynski, Jan; Kristensen, Solveig; Smistad, Gro; Hegge, Anne Bee; Tønnesen, Hanne Hjorth & Berg, Alf Kristian (2013). The influence of Pluronic block copolymers on solubilization and photocytotoxicity of porphyrin photosensitizers.
• Klemetsrud, Therese; Kjøniksen, Anna-Lena; Hiorth, Marianne & Smistad, Gro (2012). Studies on pectin coated liposomes and their interaction with mucin.
• Kristensen, Solveig; Lilletvedt, Marianne; Sobczyński, Jan; Tønnesen, Hanne Hjorth; Smistad, Gro & Nardo, Luca [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2012). INCORPORATION OF PORPHYRIN PHOTOSENSITIZERS INTO NONIONIC PLURONIC BLOCK COPOLYMERIC NANOCARRIERS.
• Kristensen, Solveig; Lilletvedt, Marianne; Sobczyński, Jan; Smistad, Gro; Nardo, Luca & Høgset, Anders [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2012). Solubilization of porphyrin photosensitizers by nonionic Pluronic block copolymers.
• Lilletvedt, Marianne; Tønnesen, Hanne Hjorth; Smistad, Gro; Nardo, Luca; Høgset, Anders & Kristensen, Solveig (2012). Pharmaceutical preformulation of a novel photosensitizer for use in the technology of photochemical internalization (PCI).
• Klemetsrud, Therese; Kjøniksen, Anna-Lena; Hiorth, Marianne & Smistad, Gro (2011). In vitro characterization of potential mucoadhesive properties of nanoparticles.
• Lilletvedt, Marianne; Tønnesen, Hanne Hjorth; Høgset, Anders; Smistad, Gro & Kristensen, Solveig (2011). Pharmaceutical preformulation of the novel photosensitizer TPCS2a for use in photochemical internalization (PCI).
• Nguyen, Sanko; Hiorth, Marianne ; Rykke, Morten & Smistad, Gro (2010). Liposomes - interactions with salivary constituents.
• Nguyen, Sanko H.; Rykke, Morten; Hiorth, Marianne & Smistad, Gro (2009). The influence of formulation factors on the interactions between liposomes and hydroxyapatite.
• Hiorth, Marianne ; Larsen, Tove & Smistad, Gro (2008). A virtual laboratory.
• Romøren, Kristine; Thu, Beate Julie; Smistad, Gro & Evensen, Øystein (2002). Immersion delivery of plasmid DNA. I. A study of the potentials of a liposomal delivery system in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry. ?. p. 203–213.
• Pedersen, Solveig; Romøren, Kristine; Thu, Beate J. & Smistad, Gro (2001). Utvikling og karakterisering av kitosan-DNA formuleringer for "gene-delivery".
• Rykke, Morten; Devold, Tove Gulbrandsen; Smistad, Gro & Vegarud, Gerd Elisabeth (1999). Fractionation of salivary micelle-like structures and casein micelles on Sephacryl S-1000. Show summary

  Globular protein aggregates have been demonstrated in human parotid s aliva by transmission electron microscopy. Photon correlation spectro scopy indicates these structure to be about 100 - 200 nm in diameter. The globular structures exhibit the characteristics of micelle-like structures as they have a net negative surface charge and may be stai ned by lipid soluble dyes, thus exhibiting structural similarities to the casein micelles. There is reason to assume that the salivary str uctures are important in oral physiology by providing lubrication of oral tissues, maintaining calcium supersaturation of saliva and by pe rforming bacterial agglutination. The salivary structures are assumed to be the result of interactions of amphiphilic salivary proteins wi th structural similarities to the caseins of milk. The aim of this st udy was to isolate the salivary globular protein structures by gel-fi ltration for preparative and analytical purposes and to compare them to the casein micelles. Conclusions -Globular structures of human s aliva (Salivary micelle-like structures) appear to be structural simi lar to the casein micelles of milk. -The salivary micelle-like struct ures may also be isolated b

• Rykke, Morten; Devold, Tove Gulbrandsen; Smistad, Gro & Vegarud, Gerd (1998). Comparison of bovine casein micelles and human salivary michelle-like structures.
• Rykke, Morten; Devold, Tove; Smistad, Gro & Vegarud, Gerd (1998). Fractionation of salivary micelle-like structures and casein micelles by gel-filtration on Sehacryl S-1000. International Dairy Federation, Copenhagen, Denmark.
• Rykke, Morten; Young, Alix & Smistad, Gro (1998). Fractionation of salivary micelle-like structures by gel-chromatography. J Dent Res. Abstr No 162.
• Rykke, Morten; Devold, Tove; Smistad, Gro & Vegarud, Gerd (1997). Comparison of bovine casein micelles and human salivary micelle-like structures. Hannah Symposium Caseins and caseinates-structures, interactions, networks. Ayr, Scotland.
• Young, Alix ; Smistad, Gro; Karlsen, Jan; Rølla, Gunnar & Rykke, Morten (1997). Zeta potentials of human enamel as measured by the Coulter® DELSA 400. Council of Europa, Mainz, Germ.
• Rykke, Morten; Young, Alix ; Smistad, Gro & Rølla, Gunnar (1997). Characterization of the human salivary micelle-like structures. J Dent Res. Abstr No 1664.
• Young, Alix ; Rykke, Morten; Smistad, Gro & Rølla, Gunnar (1996). The effect of proteolytic enzymes on human salivary micelle-like structures. J Dent Res. Abstr No 605.
• Rykke, Morten; Young, Alix ; Smistad, Gro; Devold, Tove & Rølla, Gunnar (1996). Gel-filtration of Human Parotid Saliva. J dent Res. Abstr No 604.
• Young, Alix ; Rykke, Morten & Smistad, Gro (1995). Zeta potential measurements of human enamel.NOF,Oslo, Norway, Abstr No 30.
• Rykke, Morten; Smistad, Gro & Young, Alix (1995). Transmission electron microscopy of human parotid saliva. Caries Res. abstr No 108.

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