Events normal #default+icon=http://maps.google.com/mapfiles/kml/pal3/icon63.png highlight #default+icon=http://maps.google.com/mapfiles/kml/pal3/icon55.png BIS 7.7365 46.1073 25000 An ice avalanche broke off a steep hanging glacier on January 13, 1636. 37 deaths and destruction in the village of Randa were caused. 7.7365,46.1073 TRIOLET 7.0217 45.8936 25000 An enormous collapse of rock and ice evolved into an avalanche (16-20 million m3, the largest historical event known in the Mont Blanc massif) covering a distance of 7.2 km and a total difference in altitude of 1860 m in less than 4 minutes. The detachment occurred from Aiguille de l'Eboulement (the name is derived just from this event); the avalanche run on Triolet glacier and then stopped in the below Val Ferret (1740 m). Sweeping away Ameiron and Triolet huts, the avalanche killed 7 (or 4, according to other sources) persons (herdsmen) and 120 cows. 7.0217,45.8936 HUANDOY -77.6848 -9.0688 25000 This aluvión (Peruvian expression for a large debris flow-type event) happened on January 6, 1725. The village of Ancash, north of Yungay was destroyed and its 1`500 or 2`000 inhabitants killed by this aluvión coming from Nevado Huandoy. At the same time an earthquake also took place. -77.6848,-9.0688 GIETRO 7.38 46 25000 An advance of Gietroz Glacier increased the ice fall acitivity. These ice avalanches cumulatively built an ice dam which blocked the main valley and dammed the Dranse river. On June 16, 1818, the ice dam failed and 20 million m3 of water was released with a peak discharge of 8`000 m3/s. Many bridges and houses were destroyed. 44 people and a lot of animals were killed. 7.38,46 BIS 7.7365 46.1073 25000 A combined ice-/ snow avalanche with a volume of 13 million m3 broke off the east side of Weisshorn on December 27, 1819. The resulting air-pressure destroyed 113 houses and claimed 2 casualties. 7.7365,46.1073 GRUBEN 7.98 46.17 25000 On June 24, 1829, a water reservoir under or at the margin of the glacier bursted out. The flood caused heavy damage in Saas Balen. 1 person died. 7.98,46.17 GROSSER ALETSCH 8.03 46.5 25000 On August 8, 1872, Lake Märjelen drained suddenly and released 7.8 million m3 of water. The flood damaged agricultural land. 8.03,46.5 COTOPAXI -78.436 -0.677 25000 The most destructive historical eruption occurred on June 26, 1877, preceded by small ash emissions on 24 and 25 June. Lahars generated on Cotopaxi have formed by the instantaneous melting of the snow and ice cap by pyroclastic flows and lavas. In 1877 lahars traveled down (peak discharge 70`000 m3/s) the three principal rivers and destroyed textile factories in the Chillos and Latacunga Valleys, damaged haciendas, towns and bridges, and swept away an idigenous settlement along the Rio Napo, east of the volcano in the Amazon lowlands. -78.436,-0.677 TETE ROUSSE 6.8094 45.8569 25000 An outburst of a subglacial water reservoir occurred in 1892 at Tête Rousse glacier, Mont Blanc.100,000 m3 of water were released. 175 people lost their lives at St. Gervais. 6.809,45.8569 OTEMMA 7.45 45.95 25000 Lake outburst on June 28, 1894. The ice-dammed lake had a volume of 1 million m3. The flood washed away 17 bridges, some road sections and agricultural land. 7.45,45.95 ALTELS 7.674121 46.430898 25000 A large ice avalanche occured on September 11, 1895. It had a volume of 4,5 million m3. 6 people and 160 animals died. Many hectars of forest were destroyed. 7.674121,46.430898 OTEMMA 7.45 45.95 25000 Outburst of a temporary lake on July 17, 1898. The outburst volume was estimated at 1 million m3 of water. 12 bridges were destroyed. The amount of the damage was CHF 110,000 (not converted to current value). 7.45,45.95 GORNER 7.8 45.97 25000 Drainage of Gorner Lake on August 23, 1900. 6 million m3 water was released with a peak discharge of 150 m3/s. One bridge was washed away and some agricultural land was flooded. 7.80,45.97 ROSSBODEN 8.0065 46.1815 25000 On March 19, 1901, one of the largest historic rock-/ice- and snow avalanche of the Alps occurred. It started as a slope failure from the NW face of Fletschhorn (from point 3788 m). The avalanche travelled a horizontal distance of 6.2 km with an elevation drop of 2`300 m. The volume was between 3 and 5 million m3. 2 people lost their lives, as well as 53 animals. 28 houses were destroyed. 8.0065,46.1815 KARAMBAR 74.17 36.8 25000 A glacier dam broke at midnight 17/18 June 1905; the resulting flood arrived at Gilgit at 8.30 hours; 20 feet above high flood level. Considerable damage to villages along the river banks above Gilgit occurred. 74.17,36.8 BRENVA 6.9 45.83 25000 On November 14, 1920, a rock fall from the SE face Aiguilles Blanches (Mont Blanc massif) occurred. The rock material moved along the Brenva glacier surface by mobilizing ice and snow. The rock/ice/snow avalanche had a total volume of 7.5 million m3 and travelled down a distance of 5 km. The avalanche did not reach the glacier terminus. 6.9,45.83 BELVEDERE 7.9107 45.9495 25000  Following several days of rain an enormous mass of water was expelled from the glacier. The wall constructed to defend Macugnaga was destroyed over a length of about 100 m. Big ice blocks were carried for about 6 km to Borca village. 7.9107,45.9495 ALBIGNA 9.6441 46.3022 25000 An outburst of a subglacial water reservoir increased the already high discharge caused by precipitation. The volume of the water involved was estimated at 2,7 million m3 with a peak discharge of 128 m3/s. The flood damaged cultivations, roads and endangered villages. 9.6411,46.3022 CHUNG KHUNDAM 77.5226 35.3376 25000 The advance of the Chung Khumdan glacier - a tributary of the Shyok, had formed an ice dam. Effects of the 1929 outburst flood of Chung Khumdan glacier could be observed for over 1`500 km downstream. Gunn (1930) estimated the reservoir to have contained almost 1350 million m3 of water. Some 300,000 m3 of ice were also carried by the flood and stranded on large blocks in the valley below the dam. At the peak of the steeply rising and falling flood, water discharges in excess of 22,650 m3/s were indicated, which is the largest discharge ever measured for the entire upper lndus at Attock. 77.5226,35.3376 SOLTERACOCHA -76.9542 -10.2379 25000 This aluvión (Peruvian expression for a large debris-flow-type event) took place on March 14, 1932. It originated from a rupture of Laguna Soltera, of Huancacocha, in Quebrada Pacllon. -76.9542,-10.2379 GRANDE DEL NEVADO DEL PLOMO -70.0327 -33.121 25000 The flood of 10 January 1934 had a peak discharge of 3,200 m3/s and destroyed bridges and 12.6 km of railroad along Río Mendoza. Inspection of the site showed that Glaciar Grance del Nevado del Plomo had advanced 900 m since its last inspection, 22 years before. It had produced a lake 3 km long, with a maximum depth of 75 m and a volume of 60 million m3 of water. Clean white ice overthrusted the old moraine. The duration of the advance was unknown and controversial (Espizúa, 1986). -70.0327,-33.121 PACLLASHCOCHA -77.5415 -9.1648 25000 On January 20, 1938, an aluvión (Peruvian expression for a large debris-flow-type event) occurred in Quebrada Ancash, without loss of lives. It originated from the rupture of Pacllashcocha, better known under the name Laguna Artesa. -77.5415,-9.1648 SKEIDARARJ. W -17.22 64.22 25000 This jökulhlaup originated from the marginal ice-dammed lake Grænalón, situated west of Skeidarájökull. Jökulhlaups from lake Grænalón flow beside and beneath the western margin of the glacier, ca. 18 km from the outwash plain of Skeidarásandur. The 26 July jökulhlaup flowed over fertile land. The next day icebergs reached Skeidarársandur, and on 28 July the telephoneline was swept away while on 29 July the area between rivers Súla and Blautakvísl was entireley covered with water. On 1 August the jökulhlaup had diminshed. -17.22,64.22 PALCACOCHA -77.38 -9.39 25000 On December 13, 1941, the moraine damming the Lake Palca burst. The subsequent flood provoked the outburst of another lake further down stream (Jircacocha). The flood proceeded down the Cohup valley. The volume released reached 4 million m3. The city of Huaraz was heavily affected, with 6000 people dead. -77.38,-9.39 RHONE 8.4 46.62 25000 A large ice avalanche at Rhone Glacier occurred on July 23, 1941. The avalanche had its origin in a steep slope and hit a school class. 6 kids died and 6 were injured. 8.40,46.62 HUANTSAN -77.2836 -9.5394 25000 On 17 January, 1945, the small town of Chavin de Huantar on the eastern side of Cordillera Blanca was destroyed by an aluvión (Peruvian expression for a large debris-flow-type event) coming from Quebrada Huachescsa downstream of Huantsan. There were many people's lives and invaluable archaeological material lost. The aluvión could have been triggered by a big rock-fall from Huantsan on the debris-covered glacier at its foot. -77.2836,-9.5394 KOGAN -77.6699 -8.8613 25000 On 20 October 1950, Laguna Jancarurish was destroyed during the works to lower ist level. As the lake was lowered part of the glacier collapsed into the lake initiating a wave that burst through the moraine dam, killing approximately 500 people. -77.6699,-8.8613 CARAZ -77.6438 -8.9749 25000 During the night between 16 and 17 July, 1951, an icefall estimated at 4 - 5 million m3 produced a first leakage of the morainic dam. The level of the lake was lowered by 7 m, with the drainage of 1.13 million m3 of water, which raised the level of Laguna Paron by 0.70 m. Regressive erosion caused the final rupture of the dam, three months later. -77.6438,-8.9749 CARAZ -77.6438 -8.9749 25000 During the night between 16 and 17 July 1951, an icefall estimated at 4 - 5 Mio m3 produced a first leakage of the morainic dam. The level of the lake was lowered by 7 m, with the escape of 1.13 Mio m3 of water, which raised the level of Laguna Paron by 0.70 m. Regressive erosion caused the final rupture of the dam in October 1951. -77.6438,-8.9749 ROTTAL 8.007849 46.122058 25000 On July 21, 1953, 10,000 m3 water flowed out of a thermokarst lake at the foot of Weissmies. The water flowed over a steep rock glacier front (30 °). Backward erosion occurred and lowered the draining channel. The debris flow reached the first houses of Saas Almagell. Considerable damage to crop was recorded. 8.007849,46.122058 STEIN 8.43 46.7 25000 Heavy precipitation on July 29, 1956, caused the drainage of a moraine-dammed lake.The flood destroyed a newly built dam at the lake outlet, some buildings of Hotel Stein and covered fields with debris. 8.43,46.7 KNIK -148.4 61.03 25000 A flood from Lake George occurred in 1958 and released 1`500 million m3 of water with a peak discharge of 10`100 m3/s. -148.4,61.03 TULSEQUAH -133.8179 58.8378 25000 The Tulsequah Glacier, located on the eastern rim of the Juneau Icefield near the Devil's Paw, impounds two lakes which have a long history of swift releases into the Tulsequah and Taku Rivers. Tulsequah Lake formed in the late 19th or early 20th century when a tributary glacier separated from the trunk of the Tulsequah Glacier. By the 1920s, Tulsequah Lake grew substantially due to the further recession of the tributary glacier(s); and some of the largest recorded outburst floods occurred during this period. A flood from Tulsequah Lake in 1958 released 229 million m3 of water with a peak discharge of 1,556 m3/s. -133.8179,58.8378 GLACIAR 511 -77.6394 -9.1137 25000 The ice avalanche took place on January 10, 1962. The starting volume was estimated at 10 Mio m3. The avalanche travelled down 16 km and destroied the city of Ranrahirca, where 4`000 people died. The overall volume was 13 Mio m3. -77.6394,-9.1137 GELHAIPUCO 87.8167 27.9667 25000 The Gelhaipuco lake bursted abruptly due to an ice avalanche, on September 21, 1964. There was high precipitation in the Natangqu River basin, possibly a factor for the failure of large ice blocks from the hanging glaciers which plunged into the lake and resulted in the generation of an impact wave and water level increase. Finally, the lake water flowed over the moraine dam. The lake outburst caused casualties of human lives as well as heavy economic loss including enormous damage to the Chentang-Riwo Highway, bridges, houses, and 12 trucks transporting timber were washed away. About 23,36 million m3 of water was released. 87.8167,27.9667 ALLALIN 7.93 46.05 25000 On August 30, 1965, an ice avalanche of 2 million m3 broke off at the terminus area of Allalin Glacier and fell down a rock slope towards the Mattmark dam construction site. During this unexpected catastrophic event 88 people were killed. 7.93,46.05 SALMON -130.07 56.16 25000 In the years 1965 and 1967 a flood from Summit Lake occured and released 251 million m3 of water with a peak discharge of 3,260 m3/s. Two roads were washed out by these events. -130.07,56.16 GRUBEN 7.98 46.17 25000 On July 2, 1968, an outburst of Gruben glacier lake No. 3 took place. The initial volume of water involved in the outburst was estimated at 170,000 m3. On its way down the debris flow entrained 400,000 m3 of morainic material. In the village of Saas Balen damages in the order of CHF 2 million were recorded. 7.98,46.17 GLACIAR 511 -77.6394 -9.1137 25000 On May 31, 1970, the most catastrophic ice avalanche known in history descended from Nevados Huascaran, the highest peak in the Peruvian Andes. The avalanche, initially composed of ice and rock, entrained substantial material along its path, overrode a hill in the downstream area and totally destroyed the city of Yungay, thereby causing about 18,000 casaulties. The avalanche was triggered at 3:23 p.m. by a strong earthquake (M=7.7). The avalanche originated from a partially overhanging cliff at 5400-6500 m elevation, where the fractured granitic rock of the peak was covered by a 30-m-thick glacier. The avalanche had a volume of ~ 50-100 million cubic meters and traveled 16 km to Rio Santa with a vertical drop of 4 km. -77.6394,-9.1137 AYACO 86.4833 28.35 25000 According to an investigation by the Chengdu Institute of Geography of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, there were three outburst events of the glacier lake recorded in mid August 1968, 1969, and 1970 (LIGG/WECS/NEA 1988). An enormous fan-shaped mass of debris was deposited at the confluence of the lake drainage channel and the main river course. The estimated sediment deposit is about 4.59 million m3. The distance from the glacier to the lake is 0.5 km. The flood damaged the highway and concrete bridges of Desha No.1 in Tibet (PR China). The damage inside Nepal is unknown. 86.4833,28.35 NARE 86.8443 27.8251 25000 On September 3, 1977, a flood originated from a series of lakes on and below the Nare Glacier in the Mingbo Valley west of the summit of Ama Dablam. The flood caused the release of about 4,9 million m3 of water. 86.8443,27.8251 STEELE -140.18 61.1414 25000 In August 1978 `Hazard Lake` released 19,62 million m3 of water through a subglacial channel beneath Steel Glacier, Yukon Territory, Canada. The peak discharge was estimated at 640 m3/s. -140.18,61.1414 CATHEDRAL -116.38 51.4 25000 This is an irregularly recurring event involving discharge of water from a supraglacial lake. Catastrophic discharges, either subglacial or intraglacial, have initiated significant debris flows as the discharge flows downslope through unconsolidated glacial till towards the railway lines, highway (Trans-Canada) and other manmade structures in the valley bottom. In 1978, debris flows triggered by a jökulhlaup from Cathedral Glacier destroyed parts of the Canadian Pacific railway track, derailing a freight train. Sections of the Trans-Canada Highway were also buried. Debris flows at the same site in previous years have also been linked to jökulhlaups. -116.38,51.4 FLOOD -131.9601 57.1714 25000 Flood Lake is a glacier-dammed lake situated in the Stikine River basin of the Coast Mountains, British Columbia. In August 1979 an outburst flood or jökulhlaup, occured releasing approximately 150 million m3 of water beneath Flood Glacier. The maximum discharge rate has been estimated to be as high as 3`000 m3. The 1979 outburst was recorded at the USGS Stikine River gauging station near Wrangell, Alaska, 90 km downstream from the tunnel outlet. -131.9601,57.1714 SHOESTRING A -122.18 46.2 25000 On May 18, 1980, after nearly 2 months of local earthquakes and steam eruptions, ice-clad Mount St. Helens in the Cascade Range, southwestern Washington, began a major explosive eruption, directed first northward and then upward. The lateral blast, occuring in only the first few minutes of a 9-hour continuous eruption, devastated more than 150 km2 of forest and recreation area and left 60 people dead. The huge debris avalanche that immediately preceded the eruption and the intermittent eruptions during the following three days removed about 2.9 km3; this comprised new magmatic material and material from the old upper and northern part of the mountain, including about 40 to 45 million m3 of snow and glacier ice. -122.18,46.2 SKEIDARARJ. W -17.22 64.22 25000 A jökulhlaups from ice-dammed Graenalon occured in July 1981 with a peak discharge estimated at 750 m3/s and a volume of 200 m3.. -17.22,64.22 JINCO LAKE 87.6333 28.2 25000 The Jinco glacier lake outburst occured at 5 pm on 27August 1982 and formed a huge debris flow. At 7 pm the flood peak arrived at Sar. The summer of 1982 was dry and hot. The outburst might have been the result of a strong glacier ablation that seeped melting water into the glacier bed and made it slide. The ice blocks collapsed into the lake and the generated impact wave damaged the dam, thus causing the outburst. Over 1,600 livestock were lost, about 19 hectares of cultivated field were destroyed, and the houses of eight villages were washed away. 87.6333,39141 FINDELEN 7.87 46 25000 During a scientific drilling campaign, a water pocket rupture which took place during the night of 29/30 May 1982 could be documented. Slight damage to hydroelectric power installations was caused by the flood at the glacier snout. 7.87,46 SKEIDARARJ. W -17.3324 64.4223 25000 The subglacial lake Grímsvötn (64°25´N, 17°21´W) is situated within the caldera floor of the Grímsvötn volcano. Jökulhlaups from Grímsvötn flow beneath Skeidarárjökull a distance of 50 km to the terminus at the outwash plain Skeidarársandur. Not connected with an eruption. The discharge increased slowly, but obviously from 3 February. The peak discharge was not reached until 12 February. The total volume of the jökulhlaup was 1,2 km3, the area of lake Grímsvötn before the flood was 22 km2 and the lake level change was 67 m. -17.3324,64.4223 FLOOD -131.9601 57.1714 25000 Ice-dammed Flood Lake flash-floods periodically into the Stikine River, B. C.The estimated volume of Flood Lake was 220 million m3 in 1979. On August 19, 1983, 90 % of lake volume was discharged (198 million m3). The maximum peak discharge is estimated at 3`000 m3/s. -131.9601,57.1714 PEYTO -116.53 51.67 25000 Two flood waves from the terminus of Peyto Glacier occured as a result of very high precipitation in early July 1983 and a landslide which exposed a large section of an ice-cored moraine. The initial flood washed away most of the equipment of the NHR gauging station. The instantaneous discharge for this event is believed to have been in the order of 200 - 300 m3/s. -116.53,51.67 SKEIDARARJ. W -17.22 64.22 25000 A jökulhlaup from the ice-dammed Graenalon occured in August 1983 with a peak discharge estimated at 2`200 m3/s and a volume between 200 and 500 million m3. -17.22,64.22 CUMBERLAND -124.4 51.2 25000 On July 19, 1983, the moraine that impounded a proglacial lake in front of Cumberland Glacier was breached, and in less than five hours almost the entire lake had emptied into the valley below. The overtopping of the moraine is believed to have been caused by waves from calving events at the ice front.The lake level lowered by 38.4 m with a loss of 6.5 million m3 of water. A large fan of coarse sediments was deposited immediately downstream from the moraine. The two WSC-gauging stations closest to the Nostetuko River were damaged. The flood lasted about 5 hours. The flow in Tragedy Canyon increased from 330 to 900 m3/s within an hour. -124.4,51.2 FLOOD -131.9601 57.1714 25000 Ice-dammed Flood Lake flash-floods periodically into the Stikine River, B. C.The estimated volume of Flood Lake was 220 Mio m3 in 1979. On July 25, 1984, the total lake volume (220 million m3) was discharged. The maximum peak discharge is estimated at 3`000 m3/s. -131.9601,57.1714 FYLES -126.23 52.1 25000 Ape Lake with a surface area of 247 km2 and an estimated volume of 85,5 million m3 has been dammed up for many centuries by Fyles Glacier. Since the turn of the 19th century, the ice terminus has been thinning and retreating. Thinning is probably the primary cause of an jökulhlaup which drained 45,8 million m3 of Ape Lake on October 20, 1984. The resultant flood had a peak discharge of 1`000 - 1`800 m3/s. There were heavy forestry and salmon fishing losses as well as washed out roads, bridges and ocean navigational hazards (debris). -126.23,52.1 PLOMO -70.0327 -33.121 25000 On 14 November 1984, Rio del Plomo was dammed by a glacier surge and a lake began to form some days later. On 9 January 1985, the lake had reached 2.8 km in length and 1.1 km in width. Catastrophic floods did not occur, probably due to the fact that water was able to drain over the heavily broken ice at the contact between the advancing glacier front and the opposite rocks of the valley wall. -70.0327,-33.121 HORCONES INFERIOR -70 -32.67 25000 Based on an aerial photograph of December 24, 1984, a wave of ice free of supraglacial drift advanced 6,100 m from the head of the glacier at an altitude of 5,350 m a.s.l. The glacier front motion probably started in 1984. On the image of February 22, 1986 the glacier surge advanced 3,675 m between 1984 and 1986 and reached a lower topographic position (100 m) than it did in 1976 (Unger and others 2000). Between 1986 and field photographs from February 1990, the glacier front advanced 560 m. The surge stopped in 1989, and the glacier surface was intensely crevassed. -70,-32.67 LANGMOCHE 86.58 27.87 25000 On August 4, 1985, a large ice avalanche (150`000 m3) overran the Langmoche Glacier and impacted into the lake Dig Tsho. A wave was generated and overtopped the moraine dam. Five people were killed and the destruction of a newly built hydroelectric power plant, 14 bridges, about 30 houses, and many hectares of agricultural land as well as a heavily damaged trail network, resulted from 6 million m3 water being released. Peak discharge was estimated to be 1`600 m3/s. The damage costs were estimated at 1.5 million US $. 86.58,27.87 AZUFRADO -75.32 4.9 25000 On November 13, 1985, a relatively small phreatic-magmatic eruption of Nevado del Ruiz in the Central Andes of Colombia caused a catastrophic event due to the existence of a 21 km2 ice cap covering the volcano. The quick erosion and mobilization of unstable ice bodies as well as the surface melting of snow and ice triggered several lahars, the most important of which destroyed the city of Armero. More than 23`000 people were killed. About 90 million m3 of water was discharged. Estimated peak discharge ranged up to 48`000 m3/s. The damage costs were estimated at 200 million US$. -75.32,39329 TRONQUITOS -69.72 -28.53 25000 The flood ocurred on May 14, 1985, and was triggered by the sudden release of a subglacial lake. Maximum discharge was estimated at 11`000 m3/s. No damage was observed. -69.72,-28.53 HUBBARD -139.33 60.08 25000 Hubbard Glacier was advancing in 1986 when it closed the Russell Fjord on May 29. The total advance is estimated at 2 km. The surge had sometimes a flow rate of 36 m/day. The newly-formed Russell Lake began to fill up. On October 7, 1986 the ice dam failed. Russell Lake poured into Disenchantment Bay with a peak discharge of 108`000 m3/s and released a water volume of 380 million m3. -139.33,60.08 PETERS -151.08 63.12 25000 Peters Glacier surged in 1986. During the most recent surge of Peters Glacier, the terminus advanced nearly 4,83 km from July to the following May. The glacier may have moved 110 m per day during parts of the surge. -151.08,63.12 MEDVEZHIY 72.28 38.58 25000 The Medvezhiy Glacier surge began before June 21, 1988, but not earlier than August 1987. At the beginning the surge had an ice velocity of 1 m per day. The glacier velocity increased gradually from 1 to 3 m per day. At the end of May the velocity increased to 15 m per day. From the middle of May to the beginning of July 1989 there was a period of rapid advance of the glacier terminus and the surge termination. On 20 June the velocity peaked at 50 m per day. After that, the velocity decreased sharply to practically zero. The total advance of the glacier tongue was 1100 m, the maximum uplift in the lower part was 180 m, and the upper part of the tongue surface dropped by 50 m vertically. 72.28,38.58 SOLER -73.18 -46.9 25000 The draining of Laguna del Cerro Largo, a moraine-dammed lake in Chile involved the release of 229 million m3 of water. No injured people or damage. -73.18,-46.9 DOLENT GL. DU 7.07 45.92 25000 On July 10, 1990, part of the historical terminal moraine of the Dolent Glacier collapsed and triggered a debris flow of approximately 40`000 m3 which endangered a campsite and a village in the Val Ferret, Valais, Swiss Alps. 7.07,45.92 RIPIMO SHAR 86.4927 27.9026 25000 Following three very warm days in July 1991, an ice avalanche fell into Chubung lake (Rowaling valley) causing an outburst through its terminal moraine dam at the southwestern end of Ripimo Shar Glacier. About 0,5 - 1 million m3 of water were released. The water and fine material travelled downstream past the village of Na, where the flood killed some livestock and destroyed one bridge, and continued through the village of Beding. There, the flood wave killed one person, destroyed three flour mills and several potato fields. 86.4927,27.9026 SKEIDARARJ. E2 -17.22 64.22 25000 A jökullhlaup (outburst flood) started in late September 1991, decreased and rose again in November 1991. Peak discharge on 21 November 1991was 2`200 m3/s. Total volume 1,6 million m3. -17.22,64.22 TASMAN 170.32 -43.52 25000 On 14 December 1991, shortly after midnight, a 500 m wide and 700 m high rock buttress failed with no apparent trigger, taking with it the top 10 m of the summit of New Zealand`s highest peak (3`764 m). An estimated 14 million m3 of rock cascaded down the steep east face of the mountain, an initial fall height of about 1`500 m. Then, it deflected along the local slope to descend over a 1`000 m high icefall and across the Tasman Glacier. The total fall height was 2`720 m. When it came to rest, debris was spread to a horizontal distance of 7.5 km from its source. 170.32,-43.52 ALING 76.22 35.47 25000 The surge of the Lokpar tributary massively disturbed the main glacier and triggered an advance of the terminus by 2 to 3 km. The surge occurred between 1989 and 1993. The Lokpar tributary descends in steep ice falls from the south bank, in a NE direction, to join the Aling near its terminus. In 1992, a glacier lake outburst flood, apparently triggered by the surge destabilizing a large ice-marginal lake, and destroyed the “Gweh-Aling” summer village. 76.22,35.47 GREY AND MAUD 170.48 -43.45 25000 The rock avalanche, inspected on 5 May 1992, removed a 250 m long section of the ridge immediately to the northeast of Mount Fletscher. A large butress supporting a small glacier on the face also collapsed, indicating failure over the full height of the dome. The volume of this avalanche was 5 - 10 million m3. The avalanche blanketed the Maud Glacier with debris and entered into a proglacial lake. 170.48,-43.45 GREY AND MAUD 170.48 -43.45 25000 The rock avalanche, inspected on 20 September 1992, removed a long section of the ridge line. The ridge did probably not fail over the full height of the slope, but a smaller volume, perhaps 5 million m3, failed. It did , however, remobilize most of the earlier deposits, and thus ended up with an increased depositional volume. The avalanche blanketed the Maud Glacier with debris and entered into a proglacial lake. 170.48,-43.45 MULINET MERID. 7.1694 45.3639 25000 After three days of very heavy rain, an enormous collapse involved the moraine of Southern Mulinet glacier. In the upper, small valley of Bramafam stream (2525 m) a great incision formed in the moraine, 450 m long, up to 200 m wide and 40-50 m deep. Parts of the right morain collapsed too. The large mass of debris, rock and water (800`000 m3) propagated along Bramafam stream, and then along Gura stream, reaching the plain of Gias Gaby huts, and was flooding it. The debris flow severely damaged also the village of Forno Alpi Graie. Stura di Valgrande river changed its stream, streets and meadows were covered by debris up to 4-5 m thick; road, aqueduct and sewages were swept away. The debris-flow stopped just below Forno Alpi Graie, 4.5 km far from its start. 7.1694,45.3639 SIRWOLTE 7.9963 46.2024 25000 During heavy precipitation and simultaneous with the extreme flood event in the nearby town of Brig, the outburst of a moraine-dammed proglacial lake at Sirvolten caused the formation of a 10 to 20 m deep breach. Numerous debris flow pulses in the meltwater stream (Ritzibach) reached the torrent in the main valley of Simplon Pass (Chrummbach), the sediment load of which caused considerable damage on the Simplon highway further downvalley. 7.9963,46.2024 LUGGE 90.3227 28.1017 25000 An outburst of the Lugge Tsho occurred on October 7, 1994. More than 20 deaths and significant property damage occurred 86 km downstream in the village of Punakha. The flood had a volume of 28 million m3 and a peakdischarge of more than 2`500 m3/s. 90.3227,28.1017 BODMER 8.0245 46.1742 25000 Heavy precipitation on September 24, 1994, caused the erosion of a roughly 10 to 20 m deep breach within thick and steeply inclined historical moraines in forefield of Bodmer glacier. The corresponding debris flow event in the meltwater stream consisted of numerous pulses and destroyed the cantonal bridge and road at the nearby village of Simplon Dorf. The debris entering the torrent in the main valley caused further damage in the settlement of Gabi, a few kilometers to the south and on the main Simplon highway. Evacuations of people were necessary at Gabi. 8.0245,46.1742 LAGUNILLAS -75.3 4.88 25000 On January 15th, a debris flow was generated in the upper part of Lagunillas Valley, on the east flank of Nevado del Ruiz volcano. The flow buried the bridge between the cities of Manizales and Murillo, so they remained temporaly isolated. The phenomenon was caused by strong melting at the Lagunillas Glacier located on the summit of the Nevado. The meltwater had slowly saturated a deposit left by a landslide in 1994, and on January 15th it received important contributions from sliding seracs. All this material travelled down the valley along a horizontal distance of 6 km. -75.3,32234 SKEIDARARJ. W -17.3324 64.4223 25000 This extraordinary jökulhlaup was preceeded and indirectly triggered by an eruption. The meltwater accumulated in the Grímsvötn subglacial lake until it drainedthrough the jökulhlaup. Discharge increased linearly with time and reached a peak value of 40.000 m3/s after 16 hours and reached 0 again 27 hours later. The total volume of the outburst flood was estimated at 3.6 km3. -17.3324,64.4223 BRENVA 6.9 45.83 25000 On January 18, 1997, in the early afternoon, a large rock slide originated on the “Sperone della Brenva”, a high buttress on the western flank of Mount Blanc, at an elevation of 3,750 m a.s.l. The rock material partly deposited on the Brenva Glacier and partly moved along the glacier surface by mobilizing a significant volume of snow and ice. The rock avalanche was preceded by a deep roaring sound and took place as an airborne powder avalanche. On the opposite valley side, hundreds of conifers were thrown down due to the air wave. Total volume was estimated at 7 million m3. The run out was approximately 5.5 km with a total fall height of 2300 m. Two skiers lost their lives. 6.9,45.83 DIADEM -124.5355 51.238 25000 On August 12, 1997, an ice avalanche from the Diadem glacier triggered an impact wave, which overtopped the moraine dam of Queen Bess Lake. About 8 million m3 water drained from the lake. The flood still was noticed by forestry personnel 100 km downvalley from the source. -124.5355,51.238 SABAI 86.8438 27.7537 25000 On the 3rd of September of 1998, an ice avalanche from Sabai Glacier into Tam Pokhari generated a displacement wave, which destroyed the impounding moraine. The flood caused nearly 2 million US $ of damages and many victims (various Sherpas from the region reported around 300 casualties but this is an unconfirmed figure) in the settlements downstream. 86.8438,27.7537 SALCANTAY -72.5637 -13.3207 25000 Failure of saturated glacial sediments, turning into debris flows. This happened in 1988. A debris flow from the glacier forefield of Nevado Salcantay, south-east Peru, blocked the main valley such that the dammed water inundated the Machupicchu power station (costs $ 160 million). -72.5637,-13.3207 ALLALIN 7.93 46.05 25000 On July 30th 2000 at 8:52 local time, a massive ice avalanche broke off from the tongue of Allalin Glacier, in the Valais. The next morning at 7:23, an even larger ice mass broke off, the debris of which reached the valley floor close to the west buttress of the Mattmark hydroelectric dam. The total volume of the two ice avalanches was estimated at more than 106m3. 7.93,46.05 BLAAMANNSISEN 16.044 67.305 25000 Subglacial drainage of a glacier-dammed lake. The event lasted 35 hours with an estimated peak discharge of 800-900 m3/s. The drained lake was almost completly emtied, and its water level dropped by about 50 m, causing water level in the hydropower reservoir to increase by about 2.5 m. The drainage added an unforseen 40 million m3 of water to the Siso powerplant reservoir. 16.044,67.305 KOLKA 44.46 42.74 25000 A massive rock/ice avalanche of about 100 million m3 volume took place on the northern slope of the Kazbek massif, North Ossetia, Russian Caucasus, on September 20, 2002. The avalanche started as a slope failure, that almost completely entrained Kolka glacier, traveled down the Genaldon valley for 20 km, was stopped at the entrance of the Karmadon gorge, and was finally succeeded by a distal mudflow which continued for another 15 km. The event caused the death of ca. 140 people and massive destruction. 44.46,42.74 BLACK RAPIDS -146.5 63.48 25000 South-central Alaska and the Alaska Range were severely shaken on the morning of 3 November 2003 by a M 7.9 earthquake. The shaking triggered a large rock and ice avalanche on the Black Rapids Glacier. This rock fall originated from the south walls of the glacier, crossed a medial moraine (~30 m high), and continued across the entire glacier valley (> 2 km). The rock blanket covers an estimated 13 km2 of the glacier’s ablation area. A very crude estimate suggests that the total volume exceeds 10 million m3. -146.5,63.48 PUCAJIRCA -77.6132 -8.8527 25000 On April 22, 2002, a rock avalanche occurred immediately to the south-west of Laguna Safuna Alta, in the Cordillera Blanca. Field mapping indicated that the avalanche deposited 8 - 20 million m3 of rock into the lake and onto the surface of the frontal section of Glaciar Pucajirca, which flows into the lake. The resulting flood damaged security structures installed to secure the lake, and killed cattle that had been grazing in the area. However, the moraine dam remained substantially intact and the resulting flood was largely contained within a lower lake, Laguna Safuna Baja. The moraine dam cannot be expected to resist a second large displacement wave and mitigation strategies are therefore being developed. -77.6132,-8.8527