GAPHAZ database 1 Glacier and permafrost disasters in mountain regions Open to see objects GIETRO Glacier length variation; Glacier flood Glacier length variation; Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	GIETRO
Political Unit	Switzerland
ID in the Database	1
WGMS ID	367
Type of event	Glacier length variation; Glacier flood
Date	25.05.1595
Event description	The advance of Giétro glacier blocked the main valley and dammed the river Drance de Bagnes. In May 1595, the ice dam failed and 20 mio m3 of water bursted out.
Damage	The flood caused the death of 160 people and destroyed more then 500 buildings in the valley Bagnes in canton Valais.
Remarks	Other events with less damage than 1595 and 1818, occured in 1549, 1640 and 1817. The Mauvoisin reservoir, formed by the Mauvoisin Dam, was build on the river Drance in the upper valley Bagnes in 1951-1957.
Keyword	Drance de Bagnes
Latitude	45,99664
Longitude	7,35386
Max altitude	2200
Min altitude	475
Distance	30
Volume	20
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	www.glacierhazards.ch http://glaciology.ethz.ch/glacier-hazards/download/gietro.pdf http://glaciorisk.grenoble.cemagref.fr/sec6_GLACIORISK.pdf
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 7.353860000000001,45.99664,0 HOMATTU Ice avalanche Ice avalanche

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	HOMATTU
Political Unit	Switzerland
ID in the Database	2
WGMS ID	N/d
Type of event	Ice avalanche
Date	31.08.1597
Event description	In August 1597, an ice avalanche was occured in the valley of Guggenen near the town Simplon.
Damage	The village of Eggen was completely destroyed and 81 people and a lot of animals died.
Remarks	It took 7 years for the ice deposits to melt away.
Keyword	Eggen
Latitude	46,23911
Longitude	8,07605
Max altitude	3000
Min altitude	1600
Distance	5
Volume	N/d
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	www.glacierhazards.ch
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 8.07605,46.23910999999999,0 BIS Ice avalanche Ice avalanche

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	BIS
Political Unit	Switzerland
ID in the Database	3
WGMS ID	388
Type of event	Ice avalanche
Date	13.01.1636
Event description	In January 1636 an ice avalanche of the Bis glacier was triggered by icefall of the steep Weisshorn hanging glacier above the village of Randa in the Mattertal valley of the canton Valais.
Damage	In total 37 deaths and destruction in the village of Randa were caused.
Remarks	According to data sources the village Randa is one of the most potentially endangered places in the Alps. It is located 2 500 m below the Weisshorn glacier. The village of Randa has been damaged repeatedly several times in the past by combined snow and ice avalanches triggered by icefalls from the northeast face of Weisshorn mountain. From 19 events recorded since 1636, 3 caused a total of 51 fatalities and 6 caused damage to property. The ice avalanche in 1819 was the largest. A threat for Randa only existed in winter when combined ice and snow avalanche were possible. In September 2004 a camera at the summit of Bishorn was installed in order to better survey the slope of the Weisshorn.
Keyword	Randa, Weisshorn
Latitude	46,10093
Longitude	7,7218
Max altitude	4200
Min altitude	1407
Distance	5
Volume	N/d
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	www.glacierhazards.ch http://glaciology.ethz.ch/glacier-hazards/glaciers/bis.html Faillettaz, J., Pralong, A., Funk, M. and Deichmann, N., 2008. Evidence of log-periodic oscillations and increasing icequake activity during the breaking-off of large ice masses. J. Glaciology, 57, (187), 725.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 7.7218,46.10093000000001,0 TRIOLET Ice avalanche; Rock fall Ice avalanche; Rock fall

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	TRIOLET
Political Unit	Italy
ID in the Database	4
WGMS ID	1227
Type of event	Ice avalanche; Rock fall
Date	07.09.1717
Event description	An enormous collapse of granite rock and ice evolved into an avalanche (16-20 mio m3), the largest historically documented event known in the Mont Blanc massif, covering a horizontal travel distance of 7.2 km and a total difference in altitude of 1 860 m in less than 4 minutes. An angle of reach was of 14.5°. The detachment occurred from the mountain Aiguille de l'Eboulement (the name is derived just from this event) at around 3 600 m a.s.l. The avalanche run on Triolet glacier in the upper Aosta Valley in the northwest Italy and moved rapidly into Ferret Valley where stopped below 1 740 m.
Damage	The avalanche killed 7 (2 or 4 according to other sources) persons (herdsmen) and 120 cows and buried two small settlements, Ameiron and Triolet huts.
Remarks	According to different data source the event is attributed to glacier advances and to a rock avalanche of 12 September 1717 and the total volume was estimated approximately 10-15 mio m3.
Keyword	Mont Blanc massif, Aiguille de l'Eboulement
Latitude	45,88607
Longitude	7,01476
Max altitude	3600
Min altitude	1740
Distance	7,2
Volume	20
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	http://www.nimbus.it/glaciorisk/Glacier_view.asp?IdGlacier=1444 Deline, P. and Kirkbride, M. P. 2009. Rock avalanches on a glacier and morainic complex in Haut Val Ferret (Mont Blanc Massif, Italy). Geomorphology, 103, 80-92. Noetzli, J., Huggel, C., Hoelzle, M., and Haeberli, W. 2006. GIS-based modelling of rock/ice avalanches from Alpine permafrost areas. Computational Geosciences, 10, 161-178.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 7.01476,45.88607,0 HUANDOY Glacier flood; Ice avalanche; Volcanic earthquake interruption Glacier flood; Ice avalanche; Volcanic earthquake interruption

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	HUANDOY
Political Unit	Peru
ID in the Database	5
WGMS ID	N/d
Type of event	Glacier flood; Ice avalanche; Volcanic earthquake interruption
Date	06.01.1725
Event description	This aluvión (Peruvian expression for a large debris flow type event) happened in January 1725. Violet eartquake produced the snow sliding from mountain Nevado Huandoy, which become avalanche.
Damage	The town Ancash, located 4 km to the north of the present city of Yungay, was flooded by thousands of tons of mud and stones. In total 1 500 or 2 000 inhabitants were killed by this aluvión.
Remarks	The epicentrum of the eartquake is not sure.
Keyword	Ancash, Nevado Huandoy
Latitude	-9,04777
Longitude	-77,66902
Max altitude	4000
Min altitude	N/d
Distance	N/d
Volume	N/d
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	Lliboutry, L., Arnao, B. M., Pautre, A., Schneider, B. (1977): Glaciological problems set by the contol of dangerous lakes in Cordillera Blanca, Peru. I. Historical failures of morainic dams, their causes and prevention. Journal of Glaciology, 18 (79), 239 – 254.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -77.66902,-9.04777,0 GIETRO Glacier length variation; Glacier flood; Volcanic earthquake interruption Glacier length variation; Glacier flood; Volcanic earthquake interruption

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	GIETRO
Political Unit	Switzerland
ID in the Database	6
WGMS ID	367
Type of event	Glacier length variation; Glacier flood; Volcanic earthquake interruption
Date	16.06.1818
Event description	An advance of Giétro Glacier increased the ice fall acitivity. These ice avalanches cumulatively built an ice dam which blocked the main valley and dammed the river Drance de Bagnes. In June 1818, the ice dam failed and 20 mio m3 of water was released with a peak discharge of 8 000 m3/s.
Damage	In total 44 people and a lot of animals were killed. Approximately 350 buildings, many bridges and several sections of roads were destroyed in valley Bagnes in canton Valais. The damage amounted to CHF 1 mio (not converted in current value).
Remarks	Other events with less damage than 1595 and 1818, occured in 1549, 1640 and 1817. The Mauvoisin reservoir, formed by the Mauvoisin Dam, was build on the river Drance in the upper valley Bagnes in 1951-1957.
Keyword	Drance de Bagnes, Mauvoisin Dam
Latitude	45,99664
Longitude	7,35386
Max altitude	2200
Min altitude	475
Distance	30
Volume	20
Peak discharge	8000
Data source	www.glacierhazards.ch http://glaciology.ethz.ch/glacierhazards/download/gietro.pdf http://glaciorisk.grenoble.cemagref.fr/sec6_GLACIORISK.pdf
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 7.353860000000001,45.99664,0 BIS Ice avalanche Ice avalanche

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	BIS
Political Unit	Switzerland
ID in the Database	7
WGMS ID	388
Type of event	Ice avalanche
Date	27.12.1819
Event description	In December 1819 a combined ice and snow avalanche of the Bis glacier with a volume of 13 mio m3 was triggered by icefall from the east side of Weisshorn mountain above the village of Randa in the Mattertal valley of the canton Valais.
Damage	The produced air pressure claimed 2 casualties and destroyed or damaged 113 houses, roads and railways. Considerable damages in the village of Randa were caused. The damage amounted to CHF 20 000 (not converted in current value).
Remarks	According to data sources the village Randa is one of the most potentially endagered places in the Alps. It is located 2 500m below the Weisshorn glacier. The village of Randa has been damaged repeatedly several times in the past by combined snow and ice avalanches triggered by icefalls from the northeast face of Weisshor mountain. From 19 events recoreded since 1636, 3 caused a total of 51 fatalities and 6 caused damage to property. The ice avalanche in 1819 was the largest. A threat for Randa only existed in winter when combined ice and snow avalanche were possible. In September 2004 a camera at the summit of Bishorn was installed in order to better survey the slope of the Weisshorn.
Keyword	Randa, Weisshorn
Latitude	46,10093
Longitude	7,7218
Max altitude	4200
Min altitude	1407
Distance	5
Volume	13
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	www.glacierhazards.ch http://glaciology.ethz.ch/glacier-hazards/glaciers/bis.html Faillettaz, J., Pralong, A., Funk, M. and Deichmann, N., (2008): Evidence of log-periodic oscillations and increasing icequake activity during the breaking-off of large ice masses. J. Glaciology, 57(187), 725.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 7.7218,46.10093000000001,0 GRUBEN Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	GRUBEN
Political Unit	Switzerland
ID in the Database	8
WGMS ID	460
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	24.06.1829
Event description	In June 1829, a water reservoir under or at the margin of the glacier Gruben bursted out.
Damage	The flood caused heavy damage in the village Saas Balen and 1 person died.
Remarks	The exact location of event is not known. Other outbursts took place in 1868, 1921, 1924, 1968 and 1970. Several damages were occurred in the village Saas Balen. Photogrammetrical observations and geophysical investigations were started in 1970 to monitor the highly dynamic changes of the glacier and periglacial environment at Gruben to early recognize increasing flood risks. To manage the hazard several constructions were launched in the 1990s.
Keyword	Saas Balen
Latitude	46,17342
Longitude	7,97283
Max altitude	3140
Min altitude	1500
Distance	4
Volume	N/d
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	www.glacierhazards.ch http://glaciology.ethz.ch/inventar/download/gruben.pdf http://www.geo.unizh.ch/~kaeaeb/gruben.html
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 7.97283,46.17342,0 GROSSER ALETSCH Glacier length variation; Glacier flood Glacier length variation; Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	GROSSER ALETSCH
Political Unit	Switzerland
ID in the Database	9
WGMS ID	360
Type of event	Glacier length variation; Glacier flood
Date	02.08.1872
Event description	In August 1872, lake Märjelen drained suddenly and released 7.8 mio m3 of water.
Damage	The flood damaged agricultural land.
Remarks	Floods of lake Märjelen occured periodically, but irregularly. Between 1813 and 1915 full or partial lake drainages occurred 46 times.
Keyword	Märjelen
Latitude	46,44081
Longitude	8,09197
Max altitude	2300
Min altitude	N/d
Distance	N/d
Volume	7,8
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	www.glacierhazards.ch http://glaciology.ethz.ch/glacier-hazards/download/aletsch.pdf
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 8.09197,46.44080999999999,0 COTOPAXI Glacier flood; Volcanic earthquake interruption Glacier flood; Volcanic earthquake interruption

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	COTOPAXI
Political Unit	Ecaudor
ID in the Database	10
WGMS ID	N/d
Type of event	Glacier flood; Volcanic earthquake interruption
Date	26.06.1877
Event description	The most destructive historical eruption of Cotopaxi (the highest active volcano on Earth), occurred on June 26 in 1877, preceded by small ash emissions on June 24 and 25. Lahars (volcanic mud flood) generated on Cotopaxi summit glacier have formed by the instantaneous melting of the snow and ice cap by pyroclastic flows and lavas from an eruption. The lahars (of peak discharge 70 000 m3/s) traveled down in three principal rivers and were conveyed to the Los Chillos valley. The ice cap was totally devastated. A flow volume of 60 mio m3 was chosen as a reference simulation for this lahar.
Damage	Lahars destroyed textile factories in the Los Chillos and Latacunga valleys, damaged towns, haciendas, and bridges and swept away an indigenous settlement along the Rio Napo (rio = river), east of the volcano in the Amazon lowlands.
Remarks	All historically documented eruptions of Cotopaxi have produced lahars through melting of the summit glacier. Another major lahars were occurred in 1534, 1742-1744, 1766 and 1768. The village of Latacunga, the most populated town in the past centuries, suffered major devastations in 1742, 1768 and 1877. Historical information shows that Cotopaxi has erupted regularly and followed a common pattern of activity. Dramatic growth of population in the Los Chillos valley over the past 100 years makes the present risk from lahars higher than in the past. The extension of the ice cap on the top of Cotopaxi results in the final volume of the lahar.
Keyword	Cotopaxi, Los Chillos, Latacunga
Latitude	-0,69214
Longitude	-78,44156
Max altitude	5897
Min altitude	N/d
Distance	43
Volume	60
Peak discharge	70000
Data source	Mothes, P. A. (1992): Lahars of Cotopaxi Volcano, Ecuador: hazard and risk evaluation. Geohazards: natural and man-made, 53 – 63. Aguilera, E., Pareschi, M. T., Rosi, M. and Zanchetta, G. 2004. Risk from Lahars in the Northern Valleys of Cotopaxi Volcano (Ecuador). Natural Hazards, 33(2), 161-189.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -78.44156,-0.69214,0 TETE ROUSSE Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	TETE ROUSSE
Political Unit	France
ID in the Database	11
WGMS ID	N/d
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	11.07.1892
Event description	An outburst of a subglacial water reservoir occurred in 1892 at Tête Rousse glacier in the Mont Blanc. A water pocket of 200 000 m3 was outburst, ejecting an ice plug of 90 000 m3, during the emptying. This enormous water and ice mass rushed down the valley and transformed progressively in a mud-flow of the average speed of 14m/s. More than 600 000 m3 of material was left only in a few minutes.
Damage	The town St. Gervais in the French region of Haute Savoie was strongly affected. Nearly 200 people lost their lives (175 deaths and about 20 people missing). Buildings of the thermal establishment (2 of the 5) were destroyed and also 8 houses of the village Fayet.
Remarks	The exact location of event is not known. To prevent another catastrophe of this type, a tunnel was built to control the water level.
Keyword	St. Gervais, Fayet
Latitude	45,8569
Longitude	6,8094
Max altitude	2950
Min altitude	800
Distance	10
Volume	0,2
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	http://www.nimbus.it/glaciorisk/Glacier_view.asp?IdGlacier=1952
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 6.8094,45.8569,0 OTEMMA Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	OTEMMA
Political Unit	Switzerland
ID in the Database	12
WGMS ID	370
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	28.06.1894
Event description	An earlier ice dammed lake with a volume of 1 mio m3 outburst on the confluence of Otemma glacier and Crête Sèche glacier in June 1894.
Damage	The flood destroyed some chalets, washed away 17 bridges, some road sections and agricultural land.
Remarks	After the 1818 disaster on the Giétro glacier in the valley Bagnes of the canton Valais all houses were built in safe distance to the river Drance de Bagnes. Therefore any human life was lost.
Keyword	Drance de Bagnes
Latitude	45,9586
Longitude	7,45428
Max altitude	2400
Min altitude	475
Distance	35
Volume	1
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	www.glacierhazards.ch http://glaciology.ethz.ch/inventar/download/otemma.pdf
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 7.45428,45.9586,0 ALTELS Ice avalanche Ice avalanche

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	ALTELS
Political Unit	Switzerland
ID in the Database	13
WGMS ID	N/d
Type of event	Ice avalanche
Date	11.09.1895
Event description	This ice fall happened in September 1895 in the Bernese Alp. It is one of the largest known ice falls in the Alps. The major part of a glacier with a volume of 4.5 mio m3 (5 mio m3 according to different data source) slipped off from the summit area of Altels.
Damage	The ice falls reached an alpine pasture and killed 6 people and about 160 cows. Several chalets, many hectares of forest and pasture were destroyed.
Remarks	The exact location of event is not known. A similar ice avalanche occurred in 1792 when it killed 4 people and about 100 of cattle. According to the data sources this probably occurred by warming of a frontal zone of the glacier frozen to the bedrock. Very warm summers in the years preceding the ice fall support this hypothesis.
Keyword	Bernese Alp
Latitude	46,430898
Longitude	7,674121
Max altitude	3250
Min altitude	1860
Distance	3,5
Volume	4,5
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	www.glacierhazards.ch http://glaciology.ethz.ch/inventar/download/altels.pdf http://www.crid.or.cr/digitalizacion/pdf/eng/doc12107/doc12107-3.pdf
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 7.674121,46.430898,0 OTEMMA Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	OTEMMA
Political Unit	Switzerland
ID in the Database	14
WGMS ID	370
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	17.07.1898
Event description	Another outburst of a temporary lake took place on the confluence of Otemma glacier and Crête Sèche glacier in July 1898. The outburst volume was estimated at 1 mio m3 of water.
Damage	In total 12 bridges were destroyed. The amount of the damage was CHF 110 000 (not converted in current value).
Remarks	After the 1818 disaster on the Giétro glacier in the valley Bagnes of the canton Valais all houses were built in safe distance to the river Drance de Bagnes. Therefore any human life was lost.
Keyword	Drance de Bagnes
Latitude	45,9586
Longitude	7,45428
Max altitude	2400
Min altitude	900
Distance	N/d
Volume	1
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	www.glacierhazards.ch
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 7.45428,45.9586,0 GORNER Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	GORNER
Political Unit	Switzerland
ID in the Database	15
WGMS ID	391
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	23.08.1900
Event description	The ice marginal glacier lake Gornersee (See = lake) is located in a deep basin at the confluence of the glaciers Gorner and Grenz, in the Monte Rosa Massif, canton Valais, Switzerland. The Gornersee forms and drains periodically almost every year. The outburst flood in August 1900 released 6 mio m3 water with a peak discharge of 150 m3/s.
Damage	Some agricultural land was flooded and 1 bridge was washed away.
Remarks	The lake usually starts to fill in May and drains annually between June and August. The duration of the lake drainage is usually 2-7 days. The peak discharge during the outburst event measured at the glacier terminus mostly reach 20-50 m3/s of which 40-75 % is lake water. Flood intensities of more than 100 m3/s were reported in the first half of the 20th century. These floods regularly caused severe damage in the valley of Zermatt. An evolution of the lake outburst timing shows an obvious trend. In contrast, the temporal evolution of drainage volume does not show a uniform trend.
Keyword	Gornersee, Monte Rosa, Zermatt
Latitude	45,9624
Longitude	7,8149
Max altitude	2540
Min altitude	1600
Distance	11
Volume	6
Peak discharge	150
Data source	www.glacierhazards.ch Huss, M., Bauder, A., Werder, M., Funk, M. and Hock, R. (2007): Glacier-dammed lake outburst events of Gornersee, Switzerland. Journal of Glaciology, 53(181), 189-200.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 7.814899999999999,45.9624,0 ROSSBODEN Ice avalanche; Rock fall Ice avalanche; Rock fall

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	ROSSBODEN
Political Unit	Switzerland
ID in the Database	16
WGMS ID	462
Type of event	Ice avalanche; Rock fall
Date	19.03.1901
Event description	In March 1901 one of the largest historical rock, ice and snow avalanches of the Alps occurred. It had the longest known run-out distance in the Swiss Alps. It started as a slope failure of rock mass (300 000 m3) detached from cold permafrost of the north-west face of Fletschhorn (from an elevation point of 3 780 m) and descended onto Rossboden glacier. The avalanche travelled a horizontal distance of 6.2 km with an elevation drop of 2 300 m and an angle of reach of 20.3°. Eventually the avalanche stopped approximately 100 m before it reached the village of Simplon. On the way it was channeled by the glacier lateral moraines and produced an air blast in the Simplon Valley. The mass volume was between 3 and 5 mio m3 (between 2.5 and 3 mio m3 according to different data source).
Damage	The air blast killed 2 herdsmen, about 53 cattle and destroyed 28 houses, forests and pasture.
Remarks	About halfway down one lobe overflowed the left lateral moraine and produced a major jump through the air.
Keyword	Fletschhorn
Latitude	46,17229
Longitude	8,00866
Max altitude	3780
Min altitude	1480
Distance	6,2
Volume	3
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	www.glacierhazards.ch Nötzli, J. (2003): Felsstürze aus Permafrost über Gletscher, Ansätze zur GIS-basierten Modellierung. Diploma thesis, Department of Geography, University of Zurich. Noetzli, J., Huggel, C., Hoelzle, M., and Haeberli, W. (2006): GIS-based modelling of rock/ice avalanches from Alpine permafrost areas. Computational Geosciences, 10, 161-178.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 8.008660000000001,46.17229,0 KARAMBAR Glacier length variation; Glacier flood Glacier length variation; Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	KARAMBAR
Political Unit	Pakistan
ID in the Database	17
WGMS ID	1002
Type of event	Glacier length variation; Glacier flood
Date	17.06.1905
Event description	Glacier dam broke at midnight on June 17 and 18, 1905. The resulting flood arrived at Gilgit village, located at an elevation of 1 450 m up to 150 km from the glacier dam, at 8.30 in the morning with 20 feet above high flood level. This glacier flood supposed to be one of the most disastrous outbursts in the Karambar Valley.
Damage	Considerable damage occurred to villages along the river banks above the Gilgit village. Some bridges in Gilgit were destroyed.
Remarks	A beacon-fire system, called Puberanch, was effectively in operation from Sokther Rabot to Gilgit by the local people until 1905.
Keyword	Gilgit
Latitude	36,62741
Longitude	74,18643
Max altitude	2800
Min altitude	1450
Distance	110
Volume	N/d
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	Lasafam, Iturrizaga (2005): The historical Saklei Shuyinj and Chateboi Glacier Dams as triggers for lake outburst cascades in the Karambar Valley, Hindukush. The Island Arc, 40 (4), 389-399.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 74.18643,36.62741,0 BELVEDERE Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	BELVEDERE
Political Unit	Italy
ID in the Database	19
WGMS ID	618
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	01.09.1922
Event description	Following several days of rain an enormous mass of water was expelled from the Belveder Glacier of the Monte Rosa massif in the Italian Alps. Big ice blocks were carried for approximately 6 km to Borca village.
Damage	The wall constructed to defend Macugnaga village was destroyed for a length of about 100 m.
Remarks	According to data sources several outburst floods originated from the glacier in the past, threatening the village of Macugnaga, damaging infrastructure, and affecting the original moraine geometry.
Keyword	Monte Rosa, Macugnaga
Latitude	45,95351
Longitude	7,91123
Max altitude	1760
Min altitude	1327
Distance	6
Volume	N/d
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	Kääb, A. et al. (2004): Glacier Hazards at Bervedere Glacier and the Monte Rosa east face, Italian Alps: process and mitigation. Internationales Symposion, INTERPRAEVENT 2004, Riva/Trient http://www.nimbus.it/glaciorisk/Glacier_view.asp?IdGlacier=1313
Imagery	Sensor: ASTER, date upper: 24 Aug 2001, lower: 19 Jul 2002

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 7.91123,45.95351,0 ALBIGNA Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	ALBIGNA
Political Unit	Switzerland
ID in the Database	20
WGMS ID	1674
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	24.09.1927
Event description	An outburst of a subglacial water reservoir of the Albigna Glacier increased already high water discharge caused by precipitation. The volume of the water involved was estimated at 2.7 mio m3 with the peak discharge of 128 m3/s. The glacier is located in Val Bregaglia, canton of Grisons.
Damage	The flood damaged cultivated land, streets and endangered villagers from Vicosoprano. The damage amounted to CHF 2 mio (not converted in current value).
Remarks	In 1931 a dam was built to prevent the valley downstream from a new flood. Later, in 1959 a large hydropower dam was built.
Keyword	Vicosoprano
Latitude	46,3022
Longitude	9,6441
Max altitude	2163
Min altitude	N/d
Distance	N/d
Volume	2,7
Peak discharge	128
Data source	www.glacierhazards.ch http://glaciology.ethz.ch/inventar/download/albigna.pdf
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 9.6441,46.3022,0 CHUNG KHUNDAM Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	CHUNG KHUNDAM
Political Unit	Pakistan
ID in the Database	21
WGMS ID	N/d
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	01.08.1929
Event description	The advance of the Chung Khumdan Glacier, which is a tributary of the Shyok Glacier, had formed an ice dam. This effected an outburst flood of Chung Khumdan Glacier, which could be observed for more then 1 500 km downstream. Gunn (1930) estimated the reservoir to have contained almost 1 350 mio m3 of water. Some 300 000 m3 of ice were also carried by the flood and stranded on large blocks in the valley below the dam. The peak discharges of the steeply rising and falling flood were indicated at 22 650 m3/s, which is the largest discharge ever measured for the entire upper lndus at city of Attock.
Damage	No damage is recorded.
Remarks	The only information available for the outbursts of the Chung Khumdan Glacier in 1926, 1929 and 1932 is that breaching began through subglacial tunnels, but then carried away the entire overburden ice (Khan 1994).
Keyword	Shyok Glacier
Latitude	35,3376
Longitude	77,5226
Max altitude	4715
Min altitude	355
Distance	1500
Volume	1350,3
Peak discharge	22650
Data source	Mool, P. K., Bajracharya, S. R., Roohi, R., Ashraf, A. (2003): Astor Basin, Pakistan Himalaya. Inventory of Glaciers and Glacial Lakes and the Identification of Potential Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) Affected by Global Warming in the Mountains of Himalayan Region.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 77.5226,35.3376,0 SOLTERACOCHA Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	SOLTERACOCHA
Political Unit	Peru
ID in the Database	22
WGMS ID	N/d
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	14.03.1932
Event description	This aluvión (Peruvian expression for a large debris flow type event) took place in March 1932. It originated from a rupture of Solteracocha (cocha = lake) or Huancacocha in Quebrada Pacllón (quebrada = river).
Damage	No damage is recorded.
Remarks	N/d
Keyword	Solteracocha, Huancacocha
Latitude	-10,23351
Longitude	-76,93759
Max altitude	4100
Min altitude	N/d
Distance	N/d
Volume	N/d
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	Lliboutry, L., Arnao, B. M., Pautre, A., Schneider, B. (1977): Glaciological problems set by the contol of dangerous lakes in Cordillera Blanca, Peru. I. Historical failures of morainic dams, their causes and prevention. Journal of Glaciology, 18 (79), 239 – 254.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -76.93759,-10.23351,0 GRANDE DEL NEVADO Glacier length variation; Glacier flood Glacier length variation; Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	GRANDE DEL NEVADO
Political Unit	Argentina
ID in the Database	23
WGMS ID	N/d
Type of event	Glacier length variation; Glacier flood
Date	10.01.1934
Event description	Inspection of the site showed that the Grance del Nevado Glacier had advanced 900 m since its last inspection, 22 years ago. The surge damed the Rio del Plomo (rio = river) which formed a lake 3 km long with a maximum depth of 75 m and a water volume of 60 mio m3. The duration of the advance was unknown and controversial (Espizúa, 1986). Clean white ice overthrusted the old moraine. The flood had a peak discharge of 3 200 m3/s.
Damage	The flood provoked several casualties and a large economic loss including the destruction of a small village, a hotel by the river and 12.6 km of railways along Río Mendoza and bridges in the main international route between Mendoza, Argentina nad Chile.
Remarks	The return period of the surge appeared to be about 50 years.
Keyword	Rio del Plomo
Latitude	-33,12534
Longitude	-70,01651
Max altitude	3290
Min altitude	750
Distance	150
Volume	60
Peak discharge	3200
Data source	Leiva, J. C. (1999): Recent fluctuations of the Argentinian glaciers. Global and Planetary Change, 22, 169 – 177.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -70.01651,-33.12534,0 PACLLASHCOCHA Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	PACLLASHCOCHA
Political Unit	Peru
ID in the Database	24
WGMS ID	N/d
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	20.01.1938
Event description	In January 1938 an aluvión (Peruvian expression for a large debris flow type event) occurred in Quebrada Ulta (quebrada = river). It originated from the rupture of Pacllashcocha (cocha = lake), better known under the name Laguna Artesa.
Damage	No damage is recorded.
Remarks	N/d
Keyword	Laguna Artesa
Latitude	-9,11363
Longitude	-77,51509
Max altitude	4400
Min altitude	N/d
Distance	N/d
Volume	N/d
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	Lliboutry, L., Arnao, B. M., Pautre, A., Schneider, B. (1977): Glaciological problems set by the contol of dangerous lakes in Cordillera Blanca, Peru. I. Historical failures of morainic dams, their causes and prevention. Journal of Glaciology, 18 (79), 239 – 254.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -77.51509,-9.113630000000001,0 SKEIDARARJOKULL Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	SKEIDARARJOKULL
Political Unit	Island
ID in the Database	25
WGMS ID	281
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	23.07.1939
Event description	Skeidarárjökull is one of the largest outlet glaciers of the ice cap Vatnajökull (8 100 km2) located in the South Iceland. The jökulhlaup (type of the glacial lake outburst) originated from the marginal ice dammed lake Grænalón, situated west of the outlet glacier Skeidarárjökull. Grænalón is one of the best known marginal lakes in Iceland. At the outflow of the lake Grænalón the water started to damage the glacier. The Jökulhlaup flowed beside and beneath the western margin of the glacier, approximately 18 km from the outwash plain of Skeidarársandur area. The peak discharge was reached on July 31 and on August 1 the jökulhlaup had diminished. The event duration was 9 days.
Damage	On July 26 jökulhlaup in the river Núpsvötn flowed over river banks and destroyed fertile land west of Mt. Lómagnúpur. The next day icebergs reached Skeidarársandur, and on 28 of July the telephone line was swept away while on July 29 the area between rivers Súla and Blautakvísl was entirely covered with water.
Remarks	When the glacier was thicker, the highest possible lake level did not cause flotation of the ice dam. There was a steady outflow out of the lake over a mountain ridge into river Núpsá. As the glacier became thinner the water pressure became sufficient to drain water beneath the ice dam and trigger a flood. The larges floods occurred in 1935 and 1939 with numerous icebergs spread over the outwash plain of Skeidarársandur area. After 1943 as the glacier continued to thin, the floods appeared more frequently. These floods had lower volumes and peak discharges. Since 1943 the lake level has never reached the natural outflow over the mountain ridge into the river Núpsá as when the glacier was thicker. The jökulhlaups occur frequently with typical peak discharges of 2 000 m3/s and area of the lake Grænalón varies between years.The first jökulhlaup from this lake that is reported and occurred for sure is from 1898. Several another jökulhlaups are also recorded.
Keyword	Vatnajökull, Grænalón
Latitude	64,16921
Longitude	-17,37683
Max altitude	1740
Min altitude	0
Distance	18
Volume	1500
Peak discharge	4500
Data source	http://www.nimbus.it/glaciorisk/Glacier_view.asp?IdGlacier=3963 http://glaciorisk.grenoble.cemagref.fr/sec6_GLACIORISK.pdf
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -17.37683,64.16921000000001,0 PALCACOCHA Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	PALCACOCHA
Political Unit	Peru
ID in the Database	26
WGMS ID	N/d
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	13.12.1941
Event description	In December 1941, the moraine damming the Palcacocha (cocha = lake) broke. A subsequent flood provoked an outburst of another lake (Jircacocha) located further down stream. The flood proceeded down the Cohup valley. After 23 km, at 6:45 in the morning, about 4 mio m3 of material reached the city of Huaraz .
Damage	Approximately 6 000 people died in the Huaraz and a new part of the city was destroyed.
Remarks	After this disaster the Comisión de Control de Lagunas de la Cordillera Blanca was set up. Taken actions included lowering of a lake level and strengthening of outlets of the most dangerous lakes.
Keyword	Huaraz, Palcacocha, Jircacocha
Latitude	-9,39749
Longitude	-77,38027
Max altitude	4600
Min altitude	3000
Distance	23
Volume	4
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	Lliboutry, L., Arnao, B. M., Pautre, A., Schneider, B. (1977): Glaciological problems set by the contol of dangerous lakes in Cordillera Blanca, Peru. I. Historical failures of morainic dams, their causes and prevention. Journal of Glaciology, 18 (79), 239 – 254. Kaser, G. and Georges, Ch. (2003): A potential disaster in the icy Andes: a regrettable blunder. University of Innsbruck, Austria.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -77.38027,-9.39749,0 RHÔNE Ice avalanche Ice avalanche

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	RHÔNE
Political Unit	Switzerland
ID in the Database	27
WGMS ID	473
Type of event	Ice avalanche
Date	23.07.1941
Event description	In July 1941 a large ice avalanche occurred at the Rhônegletscher (Gletscher = glacier) located in the district Goms of the canton Valais in the Swiss Alps. The avalanche had its origin in a steep slope and hit a school class.
Damage	In total 6 kids died and 6 were injured.
Remarks	The exact location of event is not known.
Keyword	Rhônegletscher
Latitude	46,62
Longitude	8,4
Max altitude	2150
Min altitude	1900
Distance	0,5
Volume	N/d
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	http://glaciology.ethz.ch/glacier-hazards/download/rhone.pdf
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 8.4,46.62000000000001,0 HUANTSAN Glacier flood; Rock fall Glacier flood; Rock fall

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	HUANTSAN
Political Unit	Peru
ID in the Database	28
WGMS ID	N/d
Type of event	Glacier flood; Rock fall
Date	17.01.1945
Event description	In January 1945 a small archaeological town of Chavín de Huantar on the eastern side of Cordillera Blanca was destroyed by an aluvión (Peruvian expression for a large debris flow type event) coming from Quebrada Huachescsa (quebrada = river) downstream of Mount Huantsan (6 395 m a.s.l.). The aluvión could was probably triggered by a big rock fall from Huantsan on the debris covered glacier at its foot.
Damage	Many people died. An invaluable archaeological material was lost.
Remarks	Chavín used to be a main centre of the first great civilization in Peru. Temples and castles were dated from 850 B.C. and it may be assert that there were no aluvións in Chavín during those times.
Keyword	Mount Huantsan, Huachescsa, Chavín de Huantar
Latitude	-9,51435
Longitude	-77,31918
Max altitude	N/d
Min altitude	4400
Distance	N/d
Volume	N/d
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	Lliboutry, L., Arnao, B. M., Pautre, A., Schneider, B. (1977): Glaciological problems set by the contol of dangerous lakes in Cordillera Blanca, Peru. I. Historical failures of morainic dams, their causes and prevention. Journal of Glaciology, 18 (79), 239 – 254.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -77.31918,-9.51435,0 KOGAN Glacier flood; Ice avalanche; Other Glacier flood; Ice avalanche; Other

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	KOGAN
Political Unit	Peru
ID in the Database	29
WGMS ID	N/d
Type of event	Glacier flood; Ice avalanche; Other
Date	20.10.1950
Event description	In October 1950 Laguna Jancarurish, located in 4 259 m a.s.l. below glacier Kogan and Alpamayo Mountain in Cordillera Blanca, had an unexpected underground discharge during the works of lowering the lake level. The ice avalanches from glacier Kogan fell continuously into the lake and formed a regenerated glacier, a big ice apron at the head of the lake. In 1949 the works to lower the lake level started. After two years the lake was lowered by 15 m. It was not known that the ice apron was calved under the lake surface. The water has probably 4°C at depth and melted the ice. The overhanging part of ice broke and fell into the lake, producing big waves which overflowed and destroyed a gate, installed by the workers. The moraine around the gate failed and a big aluvión (Peruvian expression for a large debris flow type event) took place in Quebrada Los Cedros (quebrada = river). The level of the lake was lowered by another 21 m and the discharge had a water volume of 6-10 mio m3.
Damage	About 500 people were killed.
Remarks	N/d
Keyword	Laguna Jancarurish
Latitude	-8,85783
Longitude	-77,6727
Max altitude	5000
Min altitude	N/d
Distance	20
Volume	10
Peak discharge	8000
Data source	Lliboutry, L., Arnao, B. M., Pautre, A., Schneider, B. (1977): Glaciological problems set by the contol of dangerous lakes in Cordillera Blanca, Peru. I. Historical failures of morainic dams, their causes and prevention. Journal of Glaciology, 18 (79), 239 – 254.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -77.67270000000001,-8.85783,0 CARAZ Glacier flood; Other Glacier flood; Other

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	CARAZ
Political Unit	Peru
ID in the Database	30
WGMS ID	N/d
Type of event	Glacier flood; Other
Date	17.07.1951
Event description	Artesoncocha (cocha = lake), which appeared between 1932 and 1940, is located in 4 298 m a.s.l. behind the Laguna Parón in Cordillera Blanca. In 1948 the Artesoncocha was 500 m long, 250 m wide and 50 m deep. In 1951 a dam of the lake was destroyed twice. The first event occurred at night between July 16 and 17, 1951 when a big ice fall from overhanging seracs (estimated at 4-5 mio m3) fell into the lake, created big wave and produced a first leakage of the moraine dam. The level of the lake was lowered by 7 m, with the drainage of 1.13 mio m3 of water, which raised the level of Laguna Parón by 0.70 m. Regressive erosion caused the final rupture of the moraine dam of the Artesoncocha three months later in October 1951.
Damage	No damages is recorded.
Remarks	Fortunately these events happened during the dry seasons, when Laguna Parón was at a low level. If it had happened during the rainy season, the aluvión (Peruvian expression for a large debris flow type event) would probably flood the town of Caraz.
Keyword	Artesoncocha, Laguna Parón
Latitude	-8,97391
Longitude	-77,64495
Max altitude	4500
Min altitude	N/d
Distance	N/d
Volume	1,13
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	Lliboutry, L., Arnao, B. M., Pautre, A., Schneider, B. (1977): Glaciological problems set by the contol of dangerous lakes in Cordillera Blanca, Peru. I. Historical failures of morainic dams, their causes and prevention. Journal of Glaciology, 18 (79), 239 – 254.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -77.64494999999999,-8.97391,0 CARAZ Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	CARAZ
Political Unit	Peru
ID in the Database	31
WGMS ID	N/d
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	29.10.1951
Event description	Artesoncocha (cocha = lake), which appeared between 1932 and 1940, is located in 4 298 m a.s.l. behind the Laguna Parón in Cordillera Blanca. In 1948 the Artesoncocha was 500 m long, 250 m wide and 50 m deep. In 1951 a dam of the lake was destroyed twice. The first event occurred at night between July 16 and 17, 1951 when overhanging seracs fell into the lake and produced a first leakage of the moraine dam. Regressive erosion caused the second event, when final rupture of the moraine dam occurred three months later in October 1951. Volume of 3.52 m3 of water escape from the Artesoncocha and raised the level of Laguna Parón by 2 m.
Damage	No damages is recorded.
Remarks	Fortunately these events happened during the dry seasons, when Laguna Parón was at a low level. If it had happened during the rainy season, the aluvión (Peruvian expression for a large debris flow type event) would probably flood the town of Caraz.
Keyword	Artesoncocha, Laguna Parón
Latitude	-8,97391
Longitude	-77,64495
Max altitude	4300
Min altitude	N/d
Distance	N/d
Volume	3,52
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	Lliboutry, L., Arnao, B. M., Pautre, A., Schneider, B. (1977): Glaciological problems set by the contol of dangerous lakes in Cordillera Blanca, Peru. I. Historical failures of morainic dams, their causes and prevention. Journal of Glaciology, 18 (79), 239 – 254.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -77.64494999999999,-8.97391,0 ROTTAL Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	ROTTAL
Political Unit	Switzerland
ID in the Database	32
WGMS ID	N/d
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	21.07.1953
Event description	In July 1953 approximately 10 000 m3 water flowed out of the thermokarst periglacial lake of the Rottalgletscher (Gletscher = glacier), located at the bottom of the south face of the mountain Weissmies in Saas Valley of the canton Valais. The water flowed over a steep rock glacier front in angle of 30 °. Backward erosion occurred and lowered the draining channel. The debris was deposited as far as Saas Almagell village and the flow reached the first houses there.
Damage	Considerable damage of crop was recorded.
Remarks	N/d
Keyword	Weissmies, Saas Almagell
Latitude	46,11282
Longitude	8,0006
Max altitude	2980
Min altitude	1660
Distance	4
Volume	0,01
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	http://glaciology.ethz.ch/glacierhazards/download/rottal.pdf http://www.glacierhazards.ch
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 8.0006,46.11282,0 STEIN Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	STEIN
Political Unit	Switzerland
ID in the Database	33
WGMS ID	448
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	29.07.1956
Event description	Heavy precipitation on July 29, 1956 caused a drainage of the moraine dammed lake Stein (Steinsee; See = lake) located in the Gadmertal Valley of the Bernese Alps. The lake outburst took place during the night 29 and 30 July 1956 when certain constructional work was in progress in connection with regulation of the lake level at the lake outlet. At that time the lake level was 1 938 a.s.l. while it had a volume of approximately 2.2 mio m3 and a maximum depth of 25 m. A flood with a maximum lake inflow of about 11 or 14 m3/s developed. A wooden diversion channel from the constructional work at the lake outlet was unable to deal with this influx of water and was drowned. The water flowed over into the temporary excavation where the relatively fine grained material eroded easily. Within a few hours the outlet level sank by 5.5 m and partial drainage of the lake increased the flood by 700 000-800 000 m3. More than 250 000 m3 of moraine material was washed away as a result of the deepening of the outlet channel.
Damage	The flood destroyed a newly built dam at the lake outlet and some buildings of Steingletscher Hotel. Extensive damage was caused with clearly recognizable traces of its deposition covered fields not only near the Steingletscher Hotel but throughout the Gadmen valley.
Remarks	Formation of the lake began in about 1973. It arose from the glacier recession and on account of the special morphological conditions of the Steingletscher (Gletscher = glacier).
Keyword	Steinsee
Latitude	46,72511
Longitude	8,43354
Max altitude	1938
Min altitude	N/d
Distance	N/d
Volume	0,8
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	www.glacierhazards.ch http://iahs.info/hsj/082/082015.pdf http://glaciology.ethz.ch/inventar/download/stein.pdf
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 8.433540000000001,46.72511,0 KNIK Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	KNIK
Political Unit	U.S.A.
ID in the Database	34
WGMS ID	N/d
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	01.01.1958
Event description	A flood from Lake George, occurred in Alaska 1958, released 1 500 mio m3 of water with a peak discharge of 10 100 m3/s. This event resulted from glacier and snow meltwater being trapped in the valley of Lake George by the Knik Glacier pressing its face against Mount Palmer.
Damage	No damage is recorded.
Remarks	Just before 1900 flood from the Lake George wiped out 3 Indian villages on the Knik River. People living in the region said it drained every 15 to 20 years before that. Irregular flooding from the lake outbursts was recorded until 1914. After that until 1966, Lake George floodwaters threatened structures on the Knik River flood plain during almost every June or July. In June 1966 was the last breakout. Since 1966 the gorge has remained open and therefore Lake George has not formed again.
Keyword	Lake George, Knik River
Latitude	61,2849
Longitude	-148,53357
Max altitude	0
Min altitude	0
Distance	N/d
Volume	1500
Peak discharge	10100
Data source	http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF4/414.html
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -148.53357,61.2849,0 TULSEQUAH Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	TULSEQUAH
Political Unit	Canada
ID in the Database	35
WGMS ID	N/d
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	07.07.1958
Event description	The Tahlequah Glacier, located on the eastern rim of the Juneau Icefield near the Devil's Paw in British Columbia, impounds two lakes which have a long history of swift releases into the Tulsequah and Taku Rivers. Tulsequah Lake formed in the late 19th or early 20th century when a tributary glacier separated from the trunk of the Tulsequah Glacier. By the 1920s Tulsequah Lake grew substantially due to the further recession of the tributary glacier(s) and some of the largest recorded outburst floods occurred during this period. A flood from Tahlequah Lake in July 1958 released 229 mio m3 of water with a peak discharge of 1 556 m3/s.
Damage	The magnitude of these outburst floods is typically not sufficient to cause significant damage to property along the Tulsequah or Taku River. Deposits of debris and sediments result in changes to the river channels during and after the flood which can make both rivers dangerous to navigate.
Remarks	Between 1942 and 1971 every year a jökulhlaup (type of the glacial lake outburst) took place.
Keyword	Tulsequah Lake, Juneau Icefield
Latitude	58,79367
Longitude	-133,85182
Max altitude	250
Min altitude	0
Distance	N/d
Volume	229
Peak discharge	1556
Data source	Clague, J. J., Mathews, W. H. (1973): The Magnitude of Jökulhaups. Journal of Glaciology, 12 (66), 501-504.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -133.85182,58.79367000000001,0 GLACIAR 511 Glacier flood; Ice avalanche; Rock fall Glacier flood; Ice avalanche; Rock fall

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	GLACIAR 511
Political Unit	Peru
ID in the Database	36
WGMS ID	N/d
Type of event	Glacier flood; Ice avalanche; Rock fall
Date	10.01.1962
Event description	The aluvión (Peruvian expression for a large debris flow type event) was triggered by rock and ice avalanches starting from the top of the Nevados Huascarán, the highest peak in the Peruvian Andes, in January 1962. The starting volume was estimated at 10 mio m3. The avalanche travelled down 16 km and destroyed the city of Ranrahirca. The overall volume was 13 mio m3.
Damage	The aluvión destroyed the city of Ranrahirca, where 4 000 people died.
Remarks	This avalanche eroded firn of Glaciar 511 below and then it eroded warm loose earth which melted the ice and firn. In this way a liquid mud was formed, but no lake was involved. That event prompted a prediction that an avalanche even larger than the 1962 could fall from the face and threaten the town of Yungay.
Keyword	Nevados Huascarán, Ranrahirca
Latitude	-9,10244
Longitude	-77,62311
Max altitude	6000
Min altitude	2500
Distance	16
Volume	13
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	Lliboutry, L., Arnao, B. M., Pautre, A., Schneider, B. (1977): Glaciological problems set by the contol of dangerous lakes in Cordillera Blanca, Peru. I. Historical failures of morainic dams, their causes and prevention. Journal of Glaciology, 18(79), 239–254. http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/martel/Courses/GG454/GG454_Lec_20.pdf
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -77.62311,-9.10244,0 GELHAIPUCO Glacier flood; Ice avalanche Glacier flood; Ice avalanche

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	GELHAIPUCO
Political Unit	China
ID in the Database	37
WGMS ID	N/d
Type of event	Glacier flood; Ice avalanche
Date	21.09.1964
Event description	Abrupt GLOF (glacial lake outburst flood) of Gelhaipuco (co = lake), triggered by an ice avalanche, occurred in September 1964. Gelhaipuco is an end moraine dammed lake located in the headwaters of the Gelhaipu Gully (Natangqu River Basin) east of Riwo, Dinggye County, Tibet (China) and Arun (Pumqu) River in Nepal. A high precipitation in the Natangqu River basin was possibly a factor for the failure of large ice blocks from the hanging glaciers which plunged into the lake and resulted in the generation of an impact wave and water level increase. Finally, the lake water flowed over the moraine dam. About 23.36 mio m3 of water with a huge amount of debris was released. The water level of the lake was dropped by 40 m after the outburst.
Damage	The lake outburst caused casualties of human lives as well as heavy economic loss including enormous damage to the Chentang-Riwo Highway, bridges, houses and 12 trucks transporting timber were washed away.
Remarks	According to different data sources the cause of GLOF was glacier surge. The Gelhaipu Village people, who witnessed the GLOF, reported that the debris flood lasted for about 30 min. A huge mass of big boulders and stones moved along the Gelhaipu stream creating a big surge and instantly followed by a high flood eroding the banks and riverbed. The riverbed was somewhere eroded up to 6 m. The surge produced a big noise due to collision of stones. The surge moved from one bank to another, the banks and houses were trembled.
Keyword	Gelhaipuco, Gelhaipu
Latitude	27,9662
Longitude	87,80921
Max altitude	5270
Min altitude	N/d
Distance	N/d
Volume	23,36
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	Lizong, W., Tao, C., Rui, J., Xin, L., Tongliang, G., Yuhong, X., Mool, P. K., Bajracharya, S. R. (2003): Pumqu Basin, Tibet Autonomous Region of PR China. Inventory of Glaciers and Glacial Lakes and the Identification of Potential Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) Affected by Global Warming in the Mountains of Himalayan Region. Bajracharya, S. R., Mool, P. K. And Shrestha, B. R. (2006): The impact of global warming on the glaciers of the Himalaya. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Geo-disasters, infrastructure management and protection of world heritage sites, Nepal Engineering College, Ehime College and National Society for Earthquake Technology Nepal, Kathmandu, 231-242.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 87.80920999999999,27.9662,0 ALLALIN Ice avalanche Ice avalanche

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	ALLALIN
Political Unit	Switzerland
ID in the Database	38
WGMS ID	394
Type of event	Ice avalanche
Date	30.08.1965
Event description	In the evening after 7 p.m. of local time, on August 30, 1965 an ice avalanche of 2 mio m3 (ice fall of 1 mio m3 according to different data source) broke off at the terminus area of Allalin Glacier and fell down a rock slope towards the Mattmark dam construction site in canton Valais, of the Swiss Alps. A major portion of terminus detached unexpectedly and slid down a rock slope of some 27° over a vertical distance 400 m and continued for further 400 m across the flat bottom of the valley. Subsequent glaciological investigation showed that the ice avalanche had occurred as a result of intensive bed slip of an even larger mass.
Damage	During this unexpected catastrophic event 88 (mainly Italian workers) people were killed.
Remarks	The convex bed topography and an unfortunate mass distribution, combined with the active phase, played a major role in that catastrophe. In view of a possible repetition of a catastrophic event, a monitoring program to observe the behavior of Allalin Glacier was initiated. Later in the 1990s an automatic camera was installed. On July 30 and 31, 2000 a total of 1 mio m3 of ice broke off the Allalin Glacier without causing any damages. Approximately 26 smaller events of rupture of the ice dammed lake Mattmark were recorded at the Allalin from 1589 until 1920.
Keyword	Mattmark
Latitude	46,04875
Longitude	7,94343
Max altitude	2500
Min altitude	2040
Distance	0,95
Volume	2
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	www.glacierhazards.ch http://glaciology.ethz.ch/inventar/download/allalin.pdf www.crid.or.cr/digitalizacion/pdf/eng/doc12107/doc12107-3.pdf http://www.nimbus.it/glaciorisk/Glacier_view.asp?IdGlacier=1968
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 7.943429999999999,46.04875,0 SALMON Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	SALMON
Political Unit	Canada
ID in the Database	39
WGMS ID	N/d
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	01.12.1965
Event description	In the years 1965 and 1967 a flood from Summit Lake, impounded behind the Salmon Glacier and located in the Coast Mountains of British Columbia, occured and released 251 mio m3 of water with a peak discharge of 3 260 m3/s.
Damage	Two roads were washed out by these events.
Remarks	A dyke was built to protect the road that winds up along the Salmon River, but it was damaged by a flood in the early 1990s and was not rebuilt. The Salmon River had no outburst floods from before 1890 to 1960, during which time the Summit Lake drained over a bedrock saddle to the Tide Lake. According to data sources jökulhlaups from the Summit Lake are one of the best studied of any in the world.
Keyword	Summit Lake, Coast Mountains
Latitude	56,20117
Longitude	-130,07809
Max altitude	750
Min altitude	N/d
Distance	N/d
Volume	251
Peak discharge	3260
Data source	Clarke, G. K. C. and Holdsworth, G. (2002): Glaciers of the Coast Mountains. In William, R. S. and Ferrigno, J. G. (eds.) Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world. North America, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386-J-1. Post, A. and Mayo, L. R. (1971): Glacier dammed lakes and outburst floods in Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Atlas HA-455, 10p.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -130.07809,56.20117,0 GRUBEN Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	GRUBEN
Political Unit	Switzerland
ID in the Database	40
WGMS ID	460
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	02.07.1968
Event description	In July 1968, an outburst of Gruben glacier dammed lake no. 3 took place and triggered debris flows towards the village Saas Balen. The initial volume of water involved in the outburst was estimated at 170 000 m3. On the way down the debris flow entrained 400 000 m3 of morainic material.
Damage	In the village of Saas Balen damages in the order of CHF 2 mio were recorded.
Remarks	Other outbursts took place in 1868, 1921, 1924, 1968 and 1970. Several damages were occured in the village Saas Balen. Photogrammetrical observations and geophysical investigations were started in 1970 to monitor the highly dynamic changes of the glacier and periglacial environment at Gruben to early recognize increasing flood risks. To manage the hazard several constructions were launched in the 1990s.
Keyword	Saas Balen
Latitude	46,17495
Longitude	7,97319
Max altitude	3140
Min altitude	1500
Distance	3,5
Volume	0,4
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	www.glacierhazards.ch http://glaciology.ethz.ch/inventar/download/gruben.pdf http://www.geo.unizh.ch/~kaeaeb/gruben.html
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 7.973190000000001,46.17495,0 GLACIAR 511 Ice avalanche; Volcanic earthquake interruption; Other Ice avalanche; Volcanic earthquake interruption; Other

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	GLACIAR 511
Political Unit	Peru
ID in the Database	41
WGMS ID	N/d
Type of event	Ice avalanche; Volcanic earthquake interruption; Other
Date	31.05.1970
Event description	In May 1970 the most catastrophic ice avalanche known in history descended from Nevados Huascarán, the highest peak in the Peruvian Andes. The avalanche initially composed of ice and rock, entrained substantial material along its path, overrode a hill in the downstream area and totally destroyed the city of Yungay. The avalanche was triggered at 3:23 p.m. by a strong earthquake (M=7.7) off the coast of Peru (the epicenter was 130 km west of the Nevados Huascarán). The avalanche originated from a partially overhanging cliff with average slope of 70-80° at 5 400-6 500 m a.s.l., where the fractured granitic rock of the peak was covered by 30 m thick glacier. The avalanche had a volume of 50-100 mio m3 and traveled 16 km to Rio Santa with a vertical drop of 4 km. An average speed was 280 km/h and the peak speeds reached probably 1 000 km/h.
Damage	The aluvión (Peruvian expression for a large debris flow type event) buried the city of Yungay and killed 18 000 people.
Remarks	The avalanche occurred at the end of wet season, when snow cover was near a maximum and the snow started to melt. The avalanche eroded firn of Glaciar 511 below and then it eroded warm loose earth which melted the ice and firn. In this way a liquid mud was formed, but no lake was involved. Mapping after the 1970 event revealed deposits from a substantially larger pre-Columbian (before 1492) avalanche that might have attained average speeds of 315-355 km/h.
Keyword	Nevados Huascarán, Yungay
Latitude	-9,10244
Longitude	-77,62311
Max altitude	6000
Min altitude	2500
Distance	16
Volume	50
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	Lliboutry, L., Arnao, B. M., Pautre, A., Schneider, B. (1977): Glaciological problems set by the contol of dangerous lakes in Cordillera Blanca, Peru. I. Historical failures of morainic dams, their causes and prevention. Journal of Glaciology, 18 (79), 239 – 254. http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/martel/Courses/GG454/GG454_Lec_20.pdf
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -77.62311,-9.10244,0 AYACO Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	AYACO
Political Unit	China
ID in the Database	42
WGMS ID	N/d
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	15.08.1970
Event description	Ayaco (co = lake) is located at the headwaters of the Zangboxan River in the Pumqu Basin on the northwestern slope of Mount Everest. According to an investigation by the Chengdu Institute of Geography of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, there were 3 outburst events of this glacier lake recorded in mid August 1968, 1969, and 1970 (LIGG/WECS/NEA 1988). An enormous fan-shaped mass of debris was deposited at the confluence of the lake drainage channel and the main river course. The estimated sediment deposit was about 4.59 mio m3. The distance from the glacier to the lake was 0.5 km.
Damage	The flood damaged the highway and concrete bridges of Desha No.1 in Tibet (PR China). The damage in Nepal side is unknown.
Remarks	If the glacier advances again, there is the possibility of another lake outburst, but the intensity may not be as strong as during the period 1968–1970.
Keyword	Ayaco, Zangboxan River, Pumqu Basin, Mount Everest
Latitude	28,34796
Longitude	86,4934
Max altitude	5554
Min altitude	N/d
Distance	N/d
Volume	5
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	Lizong, W., Tao, C., Rui, J., Xin, L., Tongliang, G., Yuhong, X., Mool, P. K., Bajracharya, S. R. (2003): Pumqu Basin, Tibet Autonomous Region of PR China. Inventory of Glaciers and Glacial Lakes and the Identification of Potential Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) Affected by Global Warming in the Mountains of Himalayan Region. Bajracharya, S. R., Mool, P. K. And Shrestha, B. R. (2006): The impact of global warming on the glaciers of the Himalaya. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Geo-disasters, infrastructure management and protection of world heritage sites, Nepal Engineering College, Ehime College and National Society for Earthquake Technology Nepal, Kathmandu, 231-242.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 86.49339999999999,28.34796,0 NARE Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	NARE
Political Unit	Nepal
ID in the Database	43
WGMS ID	N/d
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	03.09.1977
Event description	In September 1977 a flood originated from a series of lakes on and below the Nare Glacier in the Mingbo Valley west of the summit of Ama Dablam. The flood caused the release of about 4.9 mio m3 of water. Channel changes of the rivers Imja Khola and Dudh Kosi were extensive and parts of river terraces collapsed 10 km downstream.
Damage	No damage is recorded.
Remarks	The exact location of event is not known. This flood was recognized in the record of a stream gauging station 60 km downstream, and was the first event in the region to receive much scientific study. According to another research only approximately 400 000 m3 of water was released and the initial failure was caused by melt of an ice-cored moraine.
Keyword	Mingbo Valley, Ama Dablam
Latitude	27,8251
Longitude	86,8443
Max altitude	5160
Min altitude	N/d
Distance	60
Volume	4,9
Peak discharge	1200
Data source	Kattelmann, R. (2003): Glacial Lake Outburst Floods in the Nepal Himalaya: A Manageable Hazard? Natural Hazards, 28, 145-154.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 86.8443,27.8251,0 STEELE Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	STEELE
Political Unit	Canada
ID in the Database	44
WGMS ID	N/d
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	08.08.1978
Event description	In August 1978 “Hazard Lake” released 19.62 mio m3 of water through a subglacial channel beneath Steel Glacier, Yukon Territory, Canada. The peak discharge was estimated at 640 m3/s.
Damage	No damage is recorded.
Remarks	N/d
Keyword	Hazard Lake
Latitude	61,25714
Longitude	-140,19886
Max altitude	1674
Min altitude	N/d
Distance	N/d
Volume	19,62
Peak discharge	640
Data source	Clarke, G. K. C. (1982): Glacier outburst floods from “Hazard Lake”, Yukon Territory, and the problem of flood magnitude prediction. Journal of Glaciology, 28(98), 3-4.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -140.19886,61.25714,0 CATHEDRAL Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	CATHEDRAL
Political Unit	Canada
ID in the Database	45
WGMS ID	55
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	01.01.1978
Event description	This is an irregularly recurring event involving discharge of water from a supraglacial lake. Catastrophic discharges, either subglacial or intraglacial, have initiated significant debris flows as the discharge flows downslope through unconsolidated glacial till towards the railway lines, highway (Trans-Canada) and other manmade structures in the valley bottom. In 1978 debris flows, triggered by a jökulhlaup (type of the glacial lake outburst) from Cathedral Glacier in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta, destroyed parts of the Canadian Pacific railway track and derailed a freight train. Sections of the Trans-Canada Highway were also buried. Debris flows at the same site in previous years were also linked to jökulhlaups.
Damage	Three levels of Canadian Pacific railway track were destroyed and a freight train was derailed. Sections of the Trans-Canada Highway were also buried.
Remarks	Significant events occured also in 1982 and 1984.
Keyword	Rocky Mountains
Latitude	51,40458
Longitude	-116,39241
Max altitude	2500
Min altitude	N/d
Distance	N/d
Volume	N/d
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	Haeberli, W., Müller, P. (1988): Fluctuations of glaciers 1980–1985 (Vol. V). International Association of Hydrological Science.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -116.39241,51.40458,0 FLOOD Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	FLOOD
Political Unit	Canada
ID in the Database	46
WGMS ID	35
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	01.08.1979
Event description	Flood Lake is a glacier dammed lake situated in the Stikine River basin of the Coast Mountains, British Columbia. In August 1979 an outburst flood or jökulhlaup (type of the glacial lake outburst) occured releasing approximately 150 mio m3 of water beneath Flood Glacier. The maximum discharge rate was estimated to be at 3 000 m3/s. The 1979 outburst was recorded at the USGS Stikine River gauging station near city Wrangell, Alaska, 90 km downstream from the tunnel outlet.
Damage	No damage is recorded.
Remarks	Jökulhlaups associated with Flood Lake affect human activities in the Stikine River valley.
Keyword	Flood Lake, Stikine River, Coast Mountains
Latitude	57,19382
Longitude	-131,85676
Max altitude	200
Min altitude	0
Distance	90
Volume	150
Peak discharge	3000
Data source	Clarke, G. K. C., Waldron, D. A. (1984): Simulation of the August 1979 sudden discharge of glacier-dammed Flood Lake, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 21, 502- 504.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -131.85676,57.19382,0 SHOESTRING A Glacier flood; Volcanic earthquake interruption Glacier flood; Volcanic earthquake interruption

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	SHOESTRING A
Political Unit	U.S.A.
ID in the Database	47
WGMS ID	185
Type of event	Glacier flood; Volcanic earthquake interruption
Date	18.05.1980
Event description	In May 1980 after nearly 2 months of local earthquakes and steam eruptions, ice-clad Mount St. Helens in the Cascade Range, southwestern Washington, began a major explosive eruption directed first northward and then upward. The lateral blast, occurring in only the first few minutes of a 9 hour continuous eruption, left 60 people dead, devastated more than 150 km2 of forest and recreation area. The huge debris avalanche that immediately preceded the eruption and the intermittent eruptions during the following three days removed volume of about 2 900 mio m3. This comprised new magmatic material and material from the old upper and northern part of the mountain including about 40 to 45 mio m3 of snow and glacier ice.
Damage	It total 60 people died and more than 150 km2 of forest and recreation area were destroyed.
Remarks	Shoestring Glacier, investigated also before the eruption, lost major parts of its accumulation area. Its area was 0.64 km2 before May 1980 and by September the Shoestring no longer existed. Before the eruption the volcano supported 13 small glaciers with a combined surface area of about 5 km2 (Brugman and Post, 1981). The eruption removed approximately 70 % of the ice volume on the volcano. The eruption resulted in the formation of a large, north facing amphitheater, approximately 2 km wide, with a steep headwall rising approximately 700 m above the crater floor. Within two decades following the eruption in 1980, the glacier has formed in the deeply shaded niche at the base of this amphitheater wall.
Keyword	Mount St. Helens, Cascade Range
Latitude	46,19195
Longitude	-122,17359
Max altitude	2400
Min altitude	200
Distance	50
Volume	2900
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	Haeberli, W., Müller, P. (1988): Fluctuations of Glaciers 1980–1985, Vol. V International Association of Hydrological Science. Schilling, S.P., Carrara, P.E., Thompson, R.A., and Iwatsubo, E.Y. (2004) Posteruption glacier development within the crater of Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA. Quaternary Research 61, 325-329.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -122.17359,46.19194999999999,0 SKEIDARARJOKULL Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	SKEIDARARJOKULL
Political Unit	Island
ID in the Database	48
WGMS ID	281
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	10.07.1981
Event description	Skeidarárjökull is one of the largest outlet glaciers of the ice cap Vatnajökull (8 100 km2) located in the South Iceland. The jökulhlaup (type of the glacial lake outburst) originated from the marginal ice dammed lake Grænalón, situated west of the outlet glacier Skeidarárjökull. Grænalón is one of the best known marginal lakes in Iceland. At the outflow of the lake Grænalón the water started to damage the glacier. The Jökulhlaup flowed beside and beneath the western margin of the glacier, approximately 18 km from the outwash plain of Skeidarársandur area. This jökulhlaup increased and decreased very irregularly for a number of days.
Damage	No damage is recorded.
Remarks	When the glacier was thicker, the highest possible lake level did not cause flotation of the ice dam. There was a steady outflow out of the lake over a mountain ridge into river Núpsá. As the glacier became thinner the water pressure became sufficient to drain water beneath the ice dam and trigger a flood. The larges floods occurred in 1935 and 1939 with numerous icebergs spread over the outwash plain of Skeidarársandur area. After 1943 as the glacier continued to thin, the floods appeared more frequently. These floods had lower volumes and peak discharges. Since 1943 the lake level has never reached the natural outflow over the mountain ridge into the river Núpsá as when the glacier was thicker. The jökulhlaups occur frequently with typical peak discharges of 2 000 m3/s. Area of the lake Grænalón varies between years. The first jökulhlaup from this lake that is reported and occurred for sure is from 1898. Several another jökulhlaups are also recorded.
Keyword	Grænalón, Vatnajökull
Latitude	64,16921
Longitude	-17,37683
Max altitude	550
Min altitude	0
Distance	18
Volume	200
Peak discharge	750
Data source	Haeberli, W., Müller, P. (1988): Fluctuations of Glaciers 1980–1985, Vol. V International Association of Hydrological Science. http://www.nimbus.it/glaciorisk/Glacier_view.asp?IdGlacier=3963 http://glaciorisk.grenoble.cemagref.fr/sec6_GLACIORISK.pdf
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -17.37683,64.16921000000001,0 JINCO Glacier length variation; Glacier flood; Ice avalanche Glacier length variation; Glacier flood; Ice avalanche

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	JINCO
Political Unit	China
ID in the Database	49
WGMS ID	N/d
Type of event	Glacier length variation; Glacier flood; Ice avalanche
Date	27.08.1982
Event description	Jinco (co = lake) is an end moraine dammed lake located at the headwaters of the Yairuzangbo River of the Pumqu Basin in Tibet and the Arun Basin in Nepal. The Jinco outburst occurred at 5 pm on August 27, 1982 and formed a huge debris flow. At 7 pm the flood peak arrived at Sar Village. The summer of 1982 was dry and hot. The outburst could be a result of a strong glacier ablation (glacier surge) that seeped melting water into the glacier bed and made it slide. The ice blocks slide into the lake and a generated impact wave damaged the moraine dam and caused the outburst.
Damage	More than 1 600 livestock were lost and approximately 19 hectares of cultivated field were destroyed. Houses of 8 villages were washed away.
Remarks	N/d
Keyword	Jinco, Yairuzangbo River, Pumqu Basin
Latitude	28,19485
Longitude	87,63999
Max altitude	5350
Min altitude	N/d
Distance	N/d
Volume	N/d
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	Lizong, W., Tao,C., Rui, J., Xin, L., Tongliang, G., Yuhong, X., Mool, P. K., Bajracharya, S. R. (2003): Pumqu Basin, Tibet Autonomous Region of PR China. Inventory of Glaciers and Glacial Lakes and the Identification of Potential Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) Affected by Global Warming in the Mountains of Himalayan Region. Bajracharya, S. R., Mool, P. K. And Shrestha, B. R. (2006): The impact of global warming on the glaciers of the Himalaya. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Geo-disasters, infrastructure management and protection of world heritage sites, Nepal Engineering College, Ehime College and National Society for Earthquake Technology Nepal, Kathmandu, 231-242.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 87.63999,28.19485,0 FINDELEN Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	FINDELEN
Political Unit	Switzerland
ID in the Database	50
WGMS ID	389
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	30.05.1982
Event description	A water pocket rupture of the Findelengletscher (Gletscher = glacier) took place during the night on May 29 and 30, 1982. The Findelen is located in valley of Mattertal of the canton Valais close to the town Zermatt.
Damage	Slight damage of hydropower installations was caused by the flood at the glacier snout.
Remarks	The exact location of event is not known. The flood occurred during a scientific drilling campaign.
Keyword	Zermatt
Latitude	46
Longitude	7,87
Max altitude	2520
Min altitude	N/d
Distance	N/d
Volume	N/d
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	Haeberli, W., Müller, P. (1988): Fluctuations of Glaciers 1980–1985, Vol. V International Association of Hydrological Science. http://glaciology.ethz.ch/inventar/download/findelen.pdf
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 7.87,46,0 SKEIDARARJOKULL Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	SKEIDARARJOKULL
Political Unit	Island
ID in the Database	51
WGMS ID	281
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	28.01.1982
Event description	Skeidarárjökull is one of the largest outlet glaciers of the ice cap Vatnajökull (8 100 km2) located in the South Iceland. The jökulhlaup (type of the glacial lake outburst) originated from the subglacial lake Grímsvötn situated north of this outlet glacier within the caldera floor of the Grímsvötn volcano. This location is one of the most active parts of the volcanic zone beneath Vatnajökull, where geothermal and volcanic activity have created 10-12 km wide and 200-300 m deep depression in the ice surface. The jökulhlaup flowed beneath Skeidarárjökull a distance of 50 km to the terminus of the outwash plain Skeidarársandur area. The water managed to excavate deep into the flow path of the river. Most of the other land was frozen and therefore difficult to erode.The discharge increased slowly, but obviously from 3 February and the peak discharge (2 020 m3/s) was not reached until 12 February. During the peak discharge the river had a depth of almost 5 m. The total volume of the jökulhlaup reached 1 200 mio m3. The area of lake Grímsvötn before the flood was 22 km2 and the lake level changed during the event by 67 m. The event took 20 days.
Damage	No damage documented.
Remarks	This jökulhlaup did not have any connection with an eruption of volcano. The caldera floor is covered by an ice shelf thick up to 300 m. Ice flows into Grímsvötn area and is melted at the base of the ice self, which results in a rising lake level, eventually leading to a jökulhlaup that partially drains the lake. Several another jökulhlaups from the lake Grímsvötn are registered. Some of them were connected with an eruption, some of them not. The jökulhlaups caused damage just sometimes.
Keyword	Grímsvötn, Vatnajökull
Latitude	64,4223
Longitude	-17,3324
Max altitude	1725
Min altitude	0
Distance	50
Volume	1200
Peak discharge	2020
Data source	http://www.nimbus.it/glaciorisk/Glacier_view.asp?IdGlacier=3963 http://glaciorisk.grenoble.cemagref.fr/sec6_GLACIORISK.pdf
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -17.3324,64.42230000000001,0 FLOOD Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	FLOOD
Political Unit	Canada
ID in the Database	52
WGMS ID	35
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	19.08.1983
Event description	Ice dammed Flood Lake flash floods periodically into the Stikine River, in northwestern British Columbia. The estimated volume of Flood Lake was 220 mio m3 in 1979. In August 1983, 90 % of lake volume was discharged (198 mio m3). The maximum peak discharge was estimated at 3 000 m3/s.
Damage	No damage is recorded.
Remarks	Jökulhlaups (type of the glacial lake outburst) associated with Flood Lake affect human activities in the Stikine River valley.
Keyword	Flood Lake
Latitude	57,19382
Longitude	-131,85676
Max altitude	250
Min altitude	0
Distance	90
Volume	198
Peak discharge	3000
Data source	Haeberli, W., Müller, P. (1988): Fluctuations of Glaciers 1980–1985, Vol. V International Association of Hydrological Science.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -131.85676,57.19382,0 PEYTO Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	PEYTO
Political Unit	Canada
ID in the Database	53
WGMS ID	57
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	11.07.1983
Event description	Peyto is a small outlet glacier situated on the east side of the Wapta Icefield in the Waputik Range of the Canadian Rocky Mountains. A series of catastrophic hydrological and geomorphological events occurred at the terminus of Peyto Glacier, Alberta, between 11 and 14 July 1983. Two flood waves from the terminus of Peyto Glacier occurred as a result of very high precipitation in early July 1983 and a massive landslide on July 13-14. The landslide exposed a large section of an ice cored moraine and covered the glacier terminus area to depths of 2 m which modified the drainage pattern from the glacier. The intense rainfall of the night between 11 and 12 July produced rapid run-off from the basin which enlarged already high discharge from the glacier. The high discharge and the ice blocks were directed through the ice-cored moraine tunnel across the rock step below the terminus. The tunnel was unable to accommodate the increasing discharge and the water flow out above the entrance, where a pond, approximately 30 m deep, was created. The pond remained full and discharged over the moraine throughout the 12 and 13 July. The intense thunderstorm of the evening on July 13 added 15.5 mm of rain to a glacier hydrological system which was already at capacity. The overflow rapidly developed into a flood wave removing the till cover of the moraine and causing rapid erosion of the massive ice-cored moraine. The instantaneous discharge for this event is believed to be in the order of 200-300 m3/s. Approximately 6 000 m3 of gravel was deposited in the valley. The majority of the deposition occurred in an area approximately 200 m x 20 m to depths of 3 m at the site of the National Hydrology Research Institute gauging station (1 km from the glacier terminus) and was thinning down valley for further 200 m.
Damage	The initial flood of rock and mud washed away most of the equipment of the National Hydrology Research Institute (NHR) gauging station which was destroyed.
Remarks	After the events 11-14 July, the changes in the morphology of the proglacial area of Peyto Glacier were dramatic.
Keyword	Wapta Icefield, NHR, Waputik Range
Latitude	51,67994
Longitude	-116,54601
Max altitude	2200
Min altitude	N/d
Distance	1400
Volume	N/d
Peak discharge	200
Data source	Haeberli, W., Müller, P. (1988): Fluctuations of Glaciers 1980–1985, Vol. V International Association of Hydrological Science. Johnson, P. G., Power, J. M. (1985): Flood and Landslide Events, Peyto Glacier Terminus, Alberta, Canada, 11-14 July 1983. Journal of Glaciology, 31 (108), 86-91.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -116.54601,51.67994,0 SKEIDARARJOKULL Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	SKEIDARARJOKULL
Political Unit	Island
ID in the Database	54
WGMS ID	281
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	16.08.1983
Event description	Skeidarárjökull is one of the largest outlet glaciers of the ice cap Vatnajökull (8 100 km2) located in the South Iceland. The jökulhlaup (type of the glacial lake outburst) originated from the marginal ice dammed lake Grænalón, situated west of the outlet glacier Skeidarárjökull. Grænalón is one of the best known marginal lakes in Iceland. At the outflow of the lake Grænalón the water started to damage the glacier. The Jökulhlaup flowed beside and beneath the western margin of the glacier, approximately 18 km from the outwash plain of Skeidarársandur area. The estimated volume was between 200 and 500 mio m3. The peak discharge was reached approximately at 6 a.m. on August 17. During that time the flood filled all the space underneath the bridge on the main highway with the largest depth of the river of 4.9 m. Some icebergs (the largest approximately 1.3 to 1.7 m in diameter) came down the flood path reached the area west of Mt. Lómagnúpur. The event duration was 3 days. On 18 of August at 6 a.m. the jökulhlaup started to reduce. There seemed to be a steady outflow from the lake through the usual flood channel for at least 2 months (August and September).
Damage	No damage is recorded.
Remarks	When the glacier was thicker, the highest possible lake level did not cause flotation of the ice dam. There was a steady outflow out of the lake over a mountain ridge into river Núpsá. As the glacier became thinner the water pressure became sufficient to drain water beneath the ice dam and trigger a flood. The larges floods occurred in 1935 and 1939 with numerous icebergs spread over the outwash plain of Skeidarársandur area. After 1943 as the glacier continued to thin, the floods appeared more frequently. These floods had lower volumes and peak discharges. Since 1943 the lake level has never reached the natural outflow over the mountain ridge into the river Núpsá as when the glacier was thicker. The jökulhlaups occur frequently with typical peak discharges of 2 000 m3/s. Area of the lake Grænalón varies between years. The first jökulhlaup from this lake that is reported and occurred for sure is from 1898. Several another jökulhlaups are also recorded.
Keyword	Grænalón, Vatnajökull
Latitude	64,16921
Longitude	-17,37683
Max altitude	550
Min altitude	0
Distance	18
Volume	500
Peak discharge	2200
Data source	Haeberli, W., Müller, P. (1988): Fluctuations of Glaciers 1980–1985, Vol. V International Association of Hydrological Science. http://www.nimbus.it/glaciorisk/Glacier_view.asp?IdGlacier=3963 http://glaciorisk.grenoble.cemagref.fr/sec6_GLACIORISK.pdf
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -17.37683,64.16921000000001,0 CUMBERLAND Glacier length variation; Glacier flood; Ice avalanche Glacier length variation; Glacier flood; Ice avalanche

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	CUMBERLAND
Political Unit	Canada
ID in the Database	55
WGMS ID	64
Type of event	Glacier length variation; Glacier flood; Ice avalanche
Date	19.07.1983
Event description	On July 19, 1983 a Little Ice Age end moraine, that impounded a proglacial lake Nostetuko (1 600 m a.s.l.) located at the head of Nostetuko River in front of Cumberland Glacier in British Columbia, was breached and in less than 5 h almost the entire lake had emptied into the valley below. Part of the toe of the Cumberland Glacier, terminated on a steep rock face above the lake, broke away and fell into the lake as an ice avalanche. A generated wave moved across the lake, overtopped the moraine dam and caused a catastrophic incision. Within 4 hours the moraine was incised by almost 40 m in depth. The lake lowered by 38.4 m with a loss of 6.5 mio m3 of water. Over 1 mio m3 of sediment was eroded from the moraine and a large fan of coarse sediments was deposited immediately downstream from the moraine. The flow in Tragedy Canyon increased from 330 to 900 m3/s in 1 h. The flood was still large enough at the mouth of the Homathko River (115 km downstream from the dam). The resulting flood swept down Nostetuko and Homathko valleys to the sea.
Damage	Two Water Survey of Canada gauging stations close to the Nostetuko River were damaged. The floodwaters extensively eroded deposits in Nostetuko valley and damaged large tracts of forest.
Remarks	According to different data source the overtopping of the moraine is believed to be caused by waves from calving events at the ice front. The observation suggests that such flood events may affect the streams for decades until they recover their pre-flood channel platform and morphology.
Keyword	Nostetuko, Homathko
Latitude	51,20639
Longitude	-124,41054
Max altitude	N/d
Min altitude	0
Distance	115
Volume	6,5
Peak discharge	900
Data source	Blown, I., Church, M. (1985): Catastrophic lake drainage within the Homathko River basin, British Columbia. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 22 (4), 551-563. Clague, J. J. and Evans, S. G. (2000): A review of catastrophic drainage of moraine-dammed lakes in British Columbia. Quaternary Science Reviews, 19, 1763-1783.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -124.41054,51.20639000000001,0 FLOOD Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	FLOOD
Political Unit	Canada
ID in the Database	56
WGMS ID	35
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	25.07.1984
Event description	Ice dammed Flood Lake flash floods periodically into the Stikine River, located in the Coast Mountains in northwestern British Columbia. The estimated volume of Flood Lake was 220 mio m3 in 1979. In July 1984 the total lake volume (220 mio m3) was discharged. The maximum peak discharge was estimated at 3 000 m3/s.
Damage	No damage is recorded.
Remarks	Flood Lake is of interest because it associated with jökulhlaups (type of the glacial lake outburst) affected human activities in the Stikine River valley.
Keyword	Flood Lake, Stikine River, Coast Mountains
Latitude	57,19382
Longitude	-131,85676
Max altitude	250
Min altitude	0
Distance	90
Volume	220
Peak discharge	3000
Data source	Haeberli, W., Müller, P. (1988): Fluctuations of Glaciers 1980–1985, Vol. V International Association of Hydrological Science.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -131.85676,57.19382,0 FYLES Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	FYLES
Political Unit	Canada
ID in the Database	57
WGMS ID	27
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	20.10.1984
Event description	Ape Lake with a surface area of 247 km2 and an estimated volume of 85.5 mio m3 was dammed for many centuries by Fyles Glacier located in British Columbia. Since the turn of the 19th century, the ice terminus has been thinning and retreating. Thinning was probably the primary cause of a jökulhlaup (type of the glacial lake outburst) which drained 45.8 mio m3 of the Ape Lake on October 20, 1984. The resultant flood had a peak discharge of 1 000-1 800 m3/s.
Damage	Heavy forestry and salmon fishing losses were occured as well as roads, bridges and ocean navigational hazards were destroyed by debris flow.
Remarks	N/d
Keyword	Ape Lake
Latitude	52,09676
Longitude	-126,17802
Max altitude	1395
Min altitude	0
Distance	50
Volume	45,8
Peak discharge	1000
Data source	Haeberli, W., Müller, P. (1988): Fluctuations of Glaciers 1980–1985, Vol. V International Association of Hydrological Science.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -126.17802,52.09676000000001,0 GRANDE DEL NEVADO Glacier length variation; Glacier flood Glacier length variation; Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	GRANDE DEL NEVADO
Political Unit	Argentina
ID in the Database	58
WGMS ID	922
Type of event	Glacier length variation; Glacier flood
Date	14.11.1984
Event description	On November 14, 1984, Rio del Plomo (rio = river) was dammed by a glacier surge and a lake began to form some days later. On January 9, 1985, the lake had reached 2.8 km in length and 1.1 km in width. Catastrophic floods did not occur probably due to the fact that water was able to drain over the heavily broken ice at the contact between the advancing glacier front and the opposite rocks of the valley wall.
Damage	No damage occured.
Remarks	The return of the surge appeared to be about 50 years. The glacier flood triggered by the last event in 1934 caused loss of lives and heavy damage, especially to the Trans Andean railway.
Keyword	Rio del Plomo
Latitude	-33,12534
Longitude	-70,01651
Max altitude	3290
Min altitude	N/d
Distance	N/d
Volume	N/d
Peak discharge	500
Data source	Espizua, L. E., Bengochea, J. D. (1990): Surge of Grande del Nevado Glacier (Mendoza, Argentina) in 1984: its evolution through satellite images. Geografiska Annaler, 72 A (3-4), 255-259.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -70.01651,-33.12534,0 HORCONES INFERIOR Glacier length variation; Glacier length variation;

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	HORCONES INFERIOR
Political Unit	Argentina
ID in the Database	59
WGMS ID	919
Type of event	Glacier length variation;
Date	01.01.1984
Event description	Valley glacier Horcones Inferior is located at the south wall of the Mount Aconcagua. Based on an aerial photograph from 24 of December 1984 a wave of ice free of supraglacial drift advanced 6 100 m from a head of the glacier Horcones Inferior at an altitude of 5 350 m a.s.l. The glacier front motion probably started in 1984. Based on an image from 22 of February 1986 the glacier advanced 3 675 m between 1984 and 1986 and reached 100 m lower topographic position than it reached in 1976 (Unger and others 2000). By comparing the image from 1986 with field photographs from February 1990 the glacier front advanced 560 m. The surge stopped in 1989 and the glacier surface was intensely crevassed. The total surge was about 10 335 m in 5 years.
Damage	No damage is recorded.
Remarks	Field observation in 1999 showed that the glacier retreated 130 m and its surface was covered by 0.80 m of debris with thermokarst features. The mean annual precipitations record show humid years from 1972 to 1985 with an increase in precipitations of about 150-300 mm.
Keyword	Mount Aconcagua
Latitude	-32,70528
Longitude	-69,96513
Max altitude	5350
Min altitude	N/d
Distance	10,335
Volume	N/d
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	IUGG(CCS)/UNEP/UNESCO (2005): Fluctuations of glaciers 1995 – 2000, Volume VIII (Haeberli, W., Zemp, M., Frauenfelder, R., Hoelzle, M. und Kääb, A.; Eds.). World Glacier Monitoring Service, University of Zurich, Zürich.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -69.96513,-32.70528,0 LANGMOCHE Glacier flood; Ice avalanche Glacier flood; Ice avalanche

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	LANGMOCHE
Political Unit	Nepal
ID in the Database	60
WGMS ID	904
Type of event	Glacier flood; Ice avalanche
Date	04.08.1985
Event description	The flood occurred in the Bhote Kosi (kosi = river), which is a western tributary to the upper Dudh Kosi, in the Langmoche Valley above the village of Thame. In August 1985 a large ice avalanche (rock avalanche according to different data source) of 150 000 m3 overran the Langmoche Glacier and impacted into the Dig Tsho (tsho = lake). A wave about 5 m high was generated and overtopped the moraine dam, which collapsed. The volume of water stored in the lake was about 5 mio m3 with another 1-2 mio m3 of dead ice (part of glacier which is ceased to flow). The lake drained almost completely in 4-6 h. Approximately 6 mio m3 of water was released with a peak discharge of 1 600 m3/s (2 000 m3/s according to different data sources). Almost 900 000 m3 of material was eroded from the moraine and mostly deposited within the first 2 km below the lake. Farther downstream the surging flow eroded the river bed and banks in steeper sections and deposited material in wider reaches where the slope decreased. A total of about 3.3 mio m3 of eroded material was redeposited within the first 40 km downstream from the lake.
Damage	Remarkably only 4 or 5 people were killed. The damage to property, trail network, many hectares of cultivated land and vegetation between Langmoche Valley and Jubing village was severe. About 30 houses, 14 bridges and nearly complete hydroelectric power plant was completely destroyed. The damage costs were estimated at 1.5 mio US $ (4 mio US $ according to different data source).
Remarks	People of the Khumbu Himal area waited many years for a long promised hydroelectric power plant as a partial substitute for fuel wood. This disaster will remain hypothetically with the destruction of the Namche Small Hydel Project. The destruction of cultivable level land is one of the severest consequences of the event, as it may have deprived communities of their subsistence base. The Langmoche flood alerted the government of Nepal and the international agencies operating in Nepal to the hazard of glacial lake outburst floods.
Keyword	Dig Tsho, Bhote Kosi, Langmoche, Jubing
Latitude	27,87448
Longitude	86,58481
Max altitude	4400
Min altitude	1563
Distance	80
Volume	6
Peak discharge	1600
Data source	Vuichard, D., Zimmermann, M. (1986): The Langmoche flash-flood, Khumbu Himal, Nepal. Mountain Research and Development, 6 (1), 90 - 94. Kattelmann, R. (2003): Glacial Lake Outburst Floods in the Nepal Himalaya: A Manageable Hazard? Natural Hazards, 28, 145 - 154.
Imagery	Sensor: ASTER, date: 24 Apr 2001

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 86.58481,27.87448,0 AZUFRADO Glacier flood; Volcanic earthquake interruption Glacier flood; Volcanic earthquake interruption

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	AZUFRADO
Political Unit	Colombia
ID in the Database	61
WGMS ID	1523
Type of event	Glacier flood; Volcanic earthquake interruption
Date	13.11.1985
Event description	In November 1985 a relatively small phreatic-magmatic eruption of volcano Nevado del Ruiz in the Central Andes of Colombia caused a catastrophic event due to an existence of 21 km2 of an ice cap area covering the volcano. A quick erosion and mobilization of unstable ice bodies as well as the surface melting of snow and ice triggered several lahars (volcanic mud flows), which destroyed the city of Armero. About 90 mio m3 of water was discharged. Estimated peak discharge ranged up to 48 000 m3/s.
Damage	The city of Armero was destroyed. More then 23 000 people were killed or missing and 4 420 people were injured. In total 5 092 homes were destroyed and 210 000 hectares of land stripped or buried in muddy debris. The damage costs were estimated at 200 million US$.
Remarks	N/d
Keyword	Nevado del Ruiz, Armero
Latitude	4,9
Longitude	-75,32
Max altitude	5400
Min altitude	100
Distance	104
Volume	90
Peak discharge	48000
Data source	Pierson, T. C., Janda, R. J., Thouret, J. J., Borrero, C. A. (1989): Perturbation and melting of snow and ice by the 13 November 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia, and consequent mobilization, flow and deposition of lahars. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 41, 17-66.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -75.31999999999999,4.9,0 TRONQUITOS Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	TRONQUITOS
Political Unit	Chile
ID in the Database	62
WGMS ID	1010
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	14.05.1985
Event description	An extensive flood of the Tronquitos glacier, located in Copiapó Basin in the Atacama Desert, ocurred on May 14, 1985 and was triggered by the sudden release of a subglacial lake. Maximum discharge was estimated at 11 000 m3/s.
Damage	No damage is recorded.
Remarks	N/d
Keyword	Copiapó Basin, Atacama Desert
Latitude	-28,55611
Longitude	-69,74278
Max altitude	4900
Min altitude	N/d
Distance	N/d
Volume	N/d
Peak discharge	11000
Data source	IAHS (ICSI)-UNEP-UNESCO (1993): Fluctuations of Glaciers 1985–1990, Vol. VI (Haeberli, W., Hoelzle, M.). World Glacier Monitoring Service, University of Zurich, Zürich.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -69.74278,-28.55611,0 HUBBARD Glacier length variation; Glacier flood Glacier length variation; Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	HUBBARD
Political Unit	U.S.A.
ID in the Database	63
WGMS ID	87
Type of event	Glacier length variation; Glacier flood
Date	07.10.1986
Event description	Hubbard Glacier was advancing in 1986 when it closed the Russell Fjord in Alaska on May 29. The total advance is estimated at 2 km. The surge had sometimes a flow rate of 36 m/day. The newly-formed Russell Lake began to fill up. On October 7, 1986 the ice dam failed. Russell Lake poured into Disenchantment Bay with a peak discharge of 108 000 m3/s and released a water volume of 380 mio m3.
Damage	Vegetation was severly damaged by erosion.
Remarks	The area is remote without human installations.
Keyword	Russell Lake, Russell Fjord
Latitude	59,98396
Longitude	-139,43797
Max altitude	25,5
Min altitude	0
Distance	60
Volume	380
Peak discharge	108000
Data source	Mayo, L. R. (1987): Advance of Hubbard Glacier and Closure of Russell Fiord, Alaska – Environmental Effects and Hazards in the Yakutat Area. Geological Studies in Alaska by the U. S. Geological Survey during 1987, 3-16.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -139.43797,59.98396,0 PETERS Glacier length variation; Glacier length variation;

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	PETERS
Political Unit	U.S.A.
ID in the Database	64
WGMS ID	88
Type of event	Glacier length variation;
Date	01.01.1986
Event description	Peters Glacier, located in Alaska Range, surged in 1986. During the most recent surge the terminus advanced nearly 4.83 km from July to the following May. The glacier may have moved 110 m/day during parts of the surge.
Damage	No damage is recorded.
Remarks	N/d
Keyword	Alaska Range
Latitude	63,15016
Longitude	-151,06882
Max altitude	1150
Min altitude	N/d
Distance	4,83
Volume	N/d
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	IAHS (ICSI)-UNEP-UNESCO (1993): Fluctuations of Glaciers 1985–1990, Vol. VI (Haeberli, W., Hoelzle, M.). World Glacier Monitoring Service, University of Zurich, Zürich.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -151.06882,63.15016,0 MEDVEZHIY Glacier length variation; Glacier length variation;

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	MEDVEZHIY
Political Unit	Tajikistan
ID in the Database	65
WGMS ID	716
Type of event	Glacier length variation;
Date	21.06.1988
Event description	The Medvezhiy Glacier surge began before June 21, 1988, but not earlier than in August 1987. At the beginning the surge had an ice velocity of 1 m/day. The glacier velocity increased gradually from 1 to 3 m/day. At the end of May the velocity increased to 15 m/day. From the middle of May to the beginning of July 1989 there was a period of rapid advance of the glacier terminus and the surge termination. On June 20 the velocity peaked at 50 m/day. After that the velocity decreased sharply to 0. The total advance of the glacier tongue was 1 100 m in the years 1988 and 1989. The maximum uplift in the lower part was 180 m, and the upper part of the tongue surface dropped by 50 m vertically.
Damage	No damage is recorded.
Remarks	N/d
Keyword	N/d
Latitude	38,66436
Longitude	72,22377
Max altitude	3000
Min altitude	N/d
Distance	1,1
Volume	N/d
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	Osipova, G. B., Tsvetkov, D. G. (1991): Kinematics of the surface of a surging glacier (comparison of the Medvezhiy and Variegated Glaciers). IAHS Publ. 208, 345-357. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001065/106523E.pdf
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 72.22377,38.66436,0 SOLER Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	SOLER
Political Unit	Chile
ID in the Database	66
WGMS ID	1023
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	16.03.1989
Event description	The draining of Laguna del Cerro Largo, a moraine dammed lake in Chile, involved the release of 229 mio m3 of water.
Damage	No injured people or damage recorded.
Remarks	The exact location of event is not known.
Keyword	Laguna del Cerro Largo
Latitude	-46,91251
Longitude	-73,15462
Max altitude	300
Min altitude	N/d
Distance	N/d
Volume	229
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	IAHS (ICSI)-UNEP-UNESCO (1993): Fluctuations of Glaciers 1985–1990, Vol. VI (Haeberli, W., Hoelzle, M.). World Glacier Monitoring Service, University of Zurich, Zürich.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -73.15461999999999,-46.91251,0 DOLENT GL. DU Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	DOLENT GL. DU
Political Unit	Switzerland
ID in the Database	67
WGMS ID	2673
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	10.07.1990
Event description	In July 1990 part of the historical terminal moraine of the Dolent Glacier, located in the canton Valais, massif of Mont Blanc in the Swiss Alps, collapsed and triggered a debris flow of approximately 40 000 m3 and total run-out of 2 400 m. The initiation mechanism was water pocket release. The event duration was about 10 h.
Damage	The debris flow caused injury to 1 person, endangered a campsite (destruction of a campsite according to different data source) and a village in the Val Ferret and flooded the l´A Neuve hamlet.
Remarks	The exact location of event is not known. Investigation were carried out to determine the triggering factors of the debris flows and to investigate whether a degradation of the permafrost could explain the instability of the moraine. The triggering factors of the debris flows are not yet clear. The instability of the moraine was not induced by an extreme rainfall event.
Keyword	Mont Blanc, Val Ferret
Latitude	45,92084
Longitude	7,06033
Max altitude	2600
Min altitude	1600
Distance	2,4
Volume	0,04
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	IUGG(CCS)/UNEP/UNESCO (2005): Fluctuations of glaciers 1995 – 2000, Volume VIII (Haeberli, W., Zemp, M., Frauenfelder, R., Hoelzle, M. und Kääb, A.; Eds.). World Glacier Monitoring Service, University of Zurich, Zürich. Chiarle, M., Iannotti, S., Mortara, G. and Deline, P. (2007): Recent debris flow occurrences associated with glaciers in the Alps. Global and Planetary Change 56, 123-136.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 7.060330000000001,45.92084,0 RIPIMO SHAR Glacier flood; Ice avalanche Glacier flood; Ice avalanche

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	RIPIMO SHAR
Political Unit	Nepal
ID in the Database	68
WGMS ID	N/d
Type of event	Glacier flood; Ice avalanche
Date	12.07.1991
Event description	Following three very warm days in July 1991, an ice avalanche fell into lake Chubung in the Rowaling Valley causing an outburst through its terminal moraine dam at the southwestern end of Ripimo Shar Glacier. Approximately 0.5-1 mio m3 of water was released. The water flood with a fine material travelled downstream past the village of Na, where it killed some livestock and destroyed 1 bridge. Then it continued through the village of Beding, where the flood wave killed 1 person, destroyed 3 flour mills and several potato fields.
Damage	The flood killed 1 person and some livestock, destroyed 1 bridge, 3 flour mills and several potato fields in the valley villages of Na and Beding.
Remarks	Following the July 1991 GLOF (glacial lake outburst flood) from the Chubung Lake, local people of the villages Beding and Na within the Rowaling Valley sought help from outside as they perceived a serious risk of a future GLOF from Tsho Rolpa (tsho = lake), which is many times bigger than the Chubung Lake.
Keyword	Chubung Lake, Na, Beding
Latitude	27,87599
Longitude	86,45627
Max altitude	4450
Min altitude	N/d
Distance	N/d
Volume	1
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	Kattelmann, R. (2003): Glacial Lake Outburst Floods in the Nepal Himalaya: A Manageable Hazard? Natural Hazards, 28, 145 - 154.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 86.45627,27.87599,0 SKEIDARARJOKULL Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	SKEIDARARJOKULL
Political Unit	Island
ID in the Database	69
WGMS ID	279
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	21.11.1991
Event description	Skeidarárjökull is one of the largest outlet glaciers of the ice cap Vatnajökull (8 100 km2) located in the South Iceland. The jökulhlaup (type of the glacial lake outburst) originated from the subglacial lake Grímsvötn situated north of this outlet glacier within the caldera floor of the Grímsvötn volcano. This location is one of the most active parts of the volcanic zone beneath Vatnajökull, where geothermal and volcanic activity have created 10-12 km wide and 200-300 m deep depression in the ice surface. The jökulhlaup flowed beneath Skeidarárjökull a distance of 50 km to the terminus of the outwash plain Skeidarársandur area. The jökulhlaup started in late September 1991 (beginning of November according to different data source), decreased and rose again in November 1991. On 21 of November the peak discharge reached 2 200 m3/s. The total volume was 1.6 mio m3 (1.45 mio m3 according to different data source). The lake area was 22 km2 before flood and the lake level changed during the event by 82 m. The event took 48 days.
Damage	No damage documented.
Remarks	This jökulhlaup did not have any connection with an eruption of volcano. The event was recorded by the station logging air temperature and barometric pressure in lake Grímsvötn. The caldera floor is covered by an ice shelf thick up to 300 m. Ice flows into Grímsvötn area and is melted at the base of the ice self, which results in a rising lake level, eventually leading to a jökulhlaup that partially drains the lake. Several another jökulhlaups from the lake Grímsvötn are registered. Some of them were connected with an eruption, some of them not. The jökulhlaups caused damage just sometimes.
Keyword	Grímsvötn, Vatnajökull
Latitude	64,4223
Longitude	-17,3324
Max altitude	1740
Min altitude	73
Distance	50
Volume	1,6
Peak discharge	2200
Data source	IAHS (ICSI) – UNEP – UNESCO (1998): Fluctuations of glaciers 1990–1995, Vol. VII (Haeberli, W., Hoelzle, M., Suter, S., Frauenfelder, R.). World Glacier Monitoring Service, University of Zurich, Zürich. http://www.nimbus.it/glaciorisk/Glacier_view.asp?IdGlacier=3963 http://glaciorisk.grenoble.cemagref.fr/sec6_GLACIORISK.pdf
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -17.3324,64.42230000000001,0 TASMAN Rock fall Rock fall

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	TASMAN
Political Unit	New Zealand
ID in the Database	70
WGMS ID	1074
Type of event	Rock fall
Date	14.12.1991
Event description	On December 14, 1991, shortly after midnight, 500 m wide and 700 m high rock buttress failed without any apparent trigger from the Mount Cook (3 764 m a.s.l.), highest peak of the New Zealand. The summit was lowered by 10 m. An estimated 14 mio m3 of rock cascaded down the steep east face of the mountain. An initial fall height was about 1 500 m. Then it deflected along the local slope to descend over 1 000 m high icefall and across the Tasman Glacier. The total fall height was 2 720 m. When it came to rest, debris was spread to a horizontal distance of 7.5 km from its source.
Damage	No damage is recorded.
Remarks	N/d
Keyword	Mount Cook
Latitude	-43,59448
Longitude	170,14333
Max altitude	3764
Min altitude	1044
Distance	7,5
Volume	14
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	IAHS (ICSI) – UNEP – UNESCO (1998): Fluctuations of glaciers 1990–1995, Vol. VII (Haeberli, W., Hoelzle, M., Suter, S., Frauenfelder, R.). World Glacier Monitoring Service, University of Zurich, Zürich.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 170.14333,-43.59448,0 ALING Glacier length variation; Glacier flood; Rock fall Glacier length variation; Glacier flood; Rock fall

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	ALING
Political Unit	Pakistan
ID in the Database	71
WGMS ID	1630
Type of event	Glacier length variation; Glacier flood; Rock fall
Date	01.01.1992
Event description	Lokpar Glacier is a tributary of Aling Glacier located in Karakoram Himalaya Mountain range. A surge of the Lokpar tributary massively disturbed the main glacier Aling and triggered a rapid advance of the terminus by 2 to 3 km (1.5 km according to Hewitt, 1998). The surge occurred between 1989 and 1993. According to Hewitt, 2009 a rock avalanche was involved in this process, when it originated in glacier basins and travelled onto ice free valley floor. A volume of deposit was 20 mio m3 on an area of 3.0 km2. The Lokpar tributary descends in steep ice falls from the south bank in a north-east direction to join the Aling near its terminus. In 1992 a glacier lake outburst flood, apparently triggered by the surge destabilizing this large ice marginal lake, destroyed the “Gweh-Aling” summer village.
Damage	The “Gweh-Aling” summer village was destroyed.
Remarks	More detail description about the rock avalanche will be added later.
Keyword	Lokpar, Gweh-Aling, Karakoram
Latitude	35,48243
Longitude	76,24286
Max altitude	4000
Min altitude	N/d
Distance	3
Volume	N/d
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	IAHS (ICSI) – UNEP – UNESCO (1998): Fluctuations of glaciers 1990–1995, Vol. VII (Haeberli, W., Hoelzle, M., Suter, S., Frauenfelder, R.). World Glacier Monitoring Service, University of Zurich, Zürich. Hewitt, K. (2007): Tributary glacier surges: an exceptional concentration at Panmah Glacier, Karakoram Himalaya. Journal of Glaciology, 53(181), 181-188. Hewitt, K. (2009): Rock avalanches that travel onto glaciers and related developments, Karakoram Himalaya, Inner Asia. Geomorphology, 103, 66-79.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 76.24285999999999,35.48243,0 GREY AND MAUD Other Other

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	GREY AND MAUD
Political Unit	New Zealand
ID in the Database	72
WGMS ID	1580
Type of event	Other
Date	02.05.1992
Event description	The rock avalanche, inspected on May 5, 1992, removed 250 m long section of the ridge immediately to the northeast of Mount Fletcher. A large buttress supporting a small glacier on the face also collapsed indicating failure over the full height of the dome. The volume of this avalanche was 5-10 mio m3. The avalanche blanketed the Maud Glacier with debris and entered into a proglacial lake.
Damage	No damage is recorded.
Remarks	N/d
Keyword	Mount Fletcher
Latitude	-43,44167
Longitude	170,49834
Max altitude	N/d
Min altitude	N/d
Distance	N/d
Volume	10
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	IAHS (ICSI) – UNEP – UNESCO (1998): Fluctuations of glaciers 1990–1995, Vol. VII (Haeberli, W., Hoelzle, M., Suter, S., Frauenfelder, R.). World Glacier Monitoring Service, University of Zurich, Zürich.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 170.49834,-43.44167,0 GREY AND MAUD Other Other

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	GREY AND MAUD
Political Unit	New Zealand
ID in the Database	73
WGMS ID	1580
Type of event	Other
Date	20.09.1992
Event description	The rock avalanche, inspected on September 20, 1992, removed a long section of the ridge line. The ridge did not probably fail over the full height of the slope, but a smaller volume perhaps 5 mio m3 failed. However, it remobilized most of the earlier deposits and thus ended up with an increased depositional volume. The avalanche blanketed the Maud Glacier with debris and entered into a proglacial lake.
Damage	No damage is recorded.
Remarks	N/d
Keyword	Mount Fletcher
Latitude	-43,44167
Longitude	170,49834
Max altitude	N/d
Min altitude	N/d
Distance	N/d
Volume	5
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	IAHS (ICSI) – UNEP – UNESCO (1998): Fluctuations of glaciers 1990–1995, Vol. VII (Haeberli, W., Hoelzle, M., Suter, S., Frauenfelder, R.). World Glacier Monitoring Service, University of Zurich, Zürich.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 170.49834,-43.44167,0 MULINET Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	MULINET
Political Unit	Italy
ID in the Database	74
WGMS ID	2351
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	25.09.1993
Event description	After 3 days of very heavy rainstorm, an enormous collapse involved the LIA (Little Ice Age) moraine of Southern Mulinet Glacier. The initiation mechanism was moraine saturation. In the upper small valley of Bramafam stream (2 525 m) a great incision long 450 m, wide up to 200 m and deep 40-50 m (15-50 m deep according to different data source), formed in the moraine. Parts of the right moraine also collapsed. The large mass of debris, rock and water (800 000 m3) propagated along Bramafam stream and then along Gura stream, reached and flooded the plain of Gias Gaby huts. The debris flow stopped just below village Forno Alpi Graie, 4.5 km (5.66 km according to different data source) far from it starts. The event duration was about 2 h.
Damage	The Gias Gaby huts were flooded. The debris flow severely damaged the village of Forno Alpi Graie. Stura di Valgrande River changed its stream, streets and meadows were covered by debris up to 4-5 m thick, road with aqueduct and sewages were swept away and ground floor of houses was invaded by water and debris.
Remarks	N/d
Keyword	Forno Alpi Graie
Latitude	45,3639
Longitude	7,1694
Max altitude	2525
Min altitude	1230
Distance	4,5
Volume	0,8
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	IAHS (ICSI) – UNEP – UNESCO (1998): Fluctuations of glaciers 1990–1995, Vol. VII (Haeberli, W., Hoelzle, M., Suter, S., Frauenfelder, R.). World Glacier Monitoring Service, University of Zurich, Zürich. Chiarle, M., Iannotti, S., Mortara, G. and Deline, P. (2007): Recent debris flow occurrences associated with glaciers in the Alps. Global and Planetary Change 56, 123-136.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 7.1694,45.36390000000001,0 GRIESSERNUHORN Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	GRIESSERNUHORN
Political Unit	Switzerland
ID in the Database	75
WGMS ID	1672
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	24.09.1993
Event description	Two lakes in the Sirwolte area, situated at an elevation of 2 420 m a.s.l. (eastern lake) and 2 436 m a.s.l. (western lake), are fed by meltwater from small glaciers and firn fields on the northern slope of the Fletschhorn massif in the southern Swiss Alps. Both lakes lie in a glacial cirque at the bottom of a steep rock wall with debris cones and are not in direct contact with the Griessernuhorngletscher (Gletscher = glacier). The western lake drains through an incision in the bedrock. The eastern proglacial lake called Sirwolte was formerly dammed by a Little Ice Age moraine with a shallow overflow channel and broke out in September 1993. The failure of the moraine dam was probably caused by enhanced overflow from the lake during a period of heavy rainfall. As a consequence, overflowing water provoked erosion on the outer slope of the moraine and possibly subsequent total breaching of the moraine. The dimension of the breach was about 200 m in length and 150 000 m3 in volume. The debris flow generated by mobilization of large amounts of loose moraine material swept over a steep rock cascade down to a less inclined section where part of the solid material accumulated. The flow finally reached the torrent Chrummbach (Bach=river) in the main valley of Simplon Pass and spread out on a cone line slope used as pasture where a hut was destroyed. The initial lake volume was determined to be 300 000 m3. The maximum discharge of the outburst was estimated at 50-90 m3/s which was probably a water only estimate. When the size of the breach is taken into account, a peak discharge estimate of the water sediment mixture should probably be in the range of a few hundred m3/s.
Damage	The sediment load caused considerable damage on the Simplon highway further down the valley of Simplon Pass. A gauge station in the main river, located 300 m below the confluence, was destroyed during the outburst event.
Remarks	It is also possible that moraine failure occurred due to an overtopping wave generated by rock fall, debris flow, or due to piping.
Keyword	Sirwolte, Fletschhorn
Latitude	46,21074
Longitude	7,99718
Max altitude	2420
Min altitude	1600
Distance	4
Volume	0,3
Peak discharge	90
Data source	IAHS (ICSI) – UNEP – UNESCO (1998): Fluctuations of glaciers 1990–1995, Vol. VII (Haeberli, W., Hoelzle, M., Suter, S., Frauenfelder, R.). World Glacier Monitoring Service, University of Zurich, Zürich. Huggel, C., Kääb, A., Haeberli, W., Teysseire, P. and Paul, F. (2002): Remote sensing based assessment of hazards from glacier lake outbursts: a case study in the Swiss Alps. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 39(2), 316-330. Http://glaciology.ethz.ch/inventar/download/sirvolte.pdf
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 7.997179999999999,46.21074,0 LUGGE Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	LUGGE
Political Unit	Bhutan
ID in the Database	76
WGMS ID	N/d
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	07.10.1994
Event description	In October 1994, an outburst of the Lugge Tsho (tsho = lake) in the Lunana Basin in Bhutan occurred. The outburst was triggered by moraine collapse. The flood had a volume of 28 mio m3 and a peak discharge of more than 2 500 m3/s.
Damage	In total 26 people died. A significant property damage occurred 86 km downstream in the village of Punakha where 12 houses were damaged, 5 water mills washed away and about 800 acres of land damaged.
Remarks	Between 1988 and 1993 the Lugge Lake had the largest mean annual rate of expansion (160 m/year) due to remarkable retreat of debris covered glacier. Lugge Lake is classified as a dangerous when constant and regular monitoring is urgently required to prepare necessary mitigation activities.
Keyword	Lugge Tsho, Lunana Basin, Punakha
Latitude	28,09328
Longitude	90,29696
Max altitude	4520
Min altitude	1100
Distance	200
Volume	28
Peak discharge	2500
Data source	Watanbe, T., Rothacher, D. (1996): The 1994 Lugge Tsho glacial lake outburst flood, Bhutan Himalaya. Mountain Research and Development, 16(1), 77-81. Iwata, S., Karma, A. Y., Sakai, A., Narama, Ch. And Naito, N. (2004): Glacial goemorphology in the Lunana area in the Bhutan Himalaya: Moraine stages, glacial lakes, and rock glaciers. Himalayan Journal of Sciences, 2(4), 164-165. Bajracharya, S. R., Mool, P. K. And Shrestha, B. R. (2006): The impact of global warming on the glaciers of the Himalaya. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Geo-disasters, infrastructure management and protection of world heritage sites, Nepal Engineering College, Ehime College and National Society for Earthquake Technology Nepal, Kathmandu, 231-242.
Imagery	Sensor: ASTER, date: 20 Jan 2001

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 90.29696,28.09328,0 BODMER Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	BODMER
Political Unit	Switzerland
ID in the Database	77
WGMS ID	1671
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	24.09.1994
Event description	In September 1994 a heavy precipitation caused an erosion of a roughly 10 to 20 m deep breach within thick and steeply inclined historical moraines in forefield of Bodmer Glacier (2 300 m). A corresponding debris flow event in a meltwater of the Lauigrabe stream consisted of numerous pulses and damages nearby the villages of Simplon Dorf and Gabi.
Damage	The debris flow destroyed a cantonal bridge and road at the nearby village of Simplon Dorf. The debris entering a torrent in the main valley caused further damage in the settlement of Gabi (a few km to the south) and on the main Simplon highway. Evacuations of people were necessary at Gabi.
Remarks	The exact location of event is not known.
Keyword	Simplon Dorf, Gabi
Latitude	46,1742
Longitude	8,0245
Max altitude	2300
Min altitude	1450
Distance	1,8
Volume	0,1
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	IAHS (ICSI) – UNEP – UNESCO (1998): Fluctuations of glaciers 1990–1995, Vol. VII (Haeberli, W., Hoelzle, M., Suter, S., Frauenfelder, R.). World Glacier Monitoring Service, University of Zurich, Zürich. Chiarle, M., Iannotti, S., Mortara, G. and Deline, P. (2007): Recent debris flow occurrences associated with glaciers in the Alps. Global and Planetary Change 56, 123-136.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 8.0245,46.1742,0 LAGUNILLAS Glacier flood; Volcanic earthquake interruption Glacier flood; Volcanic earthquake interruption

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	LAGUNILLAS
Political Unit	Colombia
ID in the Database	78
WGMS ID	1528
Type of event	Glacier flood; Volcanic earthquake interruption
Date	15.01.1995
Event description	In January 1995 a debris flow was generated in the upper part of Lagunillas Valley on the east flank of Nevado del Ruiz volcano. The phenomenon was caused by strong melting at the Lagunillas Glacier located on the summit of the volcano. The meltwater had slowly saturated a deposit left by a landslide in 1994 and on January 15 it received important contributions from sliding seracs (blocks of ice formed in the fractured glacier surface). All this material travelled down the valley along a horizontal distance of 6 km.
Damage	The flow buried the bridge between the cities of Manizales and Murillo, so they remained temporaly isolated.
Remarks	Several small flows occured during the following days and the last one was recorded on January 20.
Keyword	Nevado del Ruiz, Lagunillas
Latitude	4,88
Longitude	-75,3
Max altitude	4800
Min altitude	N/d
Distance	6
Volume	N/d
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	IAHS (ICSI) – UNEP – UNESCO (1998): Fluctuations of glaciers 1990–1995, Vol. VII (Haeberli, W., Hoelzle, M., Suter, S., Frauenfelder, R.). World Glacier Monitoring Service, University of Zurich, Zürich.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -75.3,4.88,0 SKEIDARARJOKULL Glacier flood; Volcanic earthquake interruption Glacier flood; Volcanic earthquake interruption

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	SKEIDARARJOKULL
Political Unit	Island
ID in the Database	79
WGMS ID	281
Type of event	Glacier flood; Volcanic earthquake interruption
Date	04.11.1996
Event description	Skeidarárjökull is one of the largest outlet glaciers of the ice cap Vatnajökull (8100 km2) located in the South Iceland. The jökulhlaup (type of the glacial lake outburst) originated from the subglacial lake Grímsvötn situated north of this outlet glacier within the caldera floor of the Grímsvötn volcano. This location is one of the most active parts of the volcanic zone beneath Vatnajökull, where geothermal and volcanic activity have created 10-12 km wide and 200-300 m deep depression in the ice surface. This extraordinary jökulhlaup was preceded and indirectly triggered by the Gjálp eruption, which took place in the drainage basin of Grímsvötn from September 30 to October 14. The meltwater accumulated in the Grímsvötn lake until it drained through the jökulhlaup on 4 November. Approximately in 10.5 h, after start of the lake drainage, water emerged from the margin of Skeidarárjökull in the most rapid jökulhlaup ever recorded at the Grímsvötn. Discharge increased linearly with time, reached a peak value of 40 000 m3/s in 16 h and again 0 in 27 h later. The total volume of the outburst flood was estimated at 3.6 km3. The jökulhlaup flowed beneath Skeidarárjökull a distance of 50 km to the terminus of the outwash plain Skeidarársandur area. During the drainage the lake surface subsided by 175 m, and the floating ice cover was reduced from 40 km2 to less than 5 km2. The event duration was 3 days.
Damage	No damage documented.
Remarks	After the eruption, but before the onset of the jökulhlaup, a data logger that recorded barometric pressure and temperature was set up on the ice shelf of the lake Grímsvötn. The ice shelf covered the caldera floor is up to 300 m thick. Volcanic eruptions outside the lake can result in rapid rise of the lake level, producing anomalously large jökulhlaup. Several another jökulhlaups from the lake Grímsvötn are registered. Some of them were connected with an eruption, some of them not. The jökulhlaups caused damage just sometimes.
Keyword	Grímsvötn, Vatnajökull
Latitude	64,4223
Longitude	-17,3324
Max altitude	1725
Min altitude	0
Distance	50
Volume	3600
Peak discharge	40000
Data source	http://www.nimbus.it/glaciorisk/Glacier_view.asp?IdGlacier=3963 http://glaciorisk.grenoble.cemagref.fr/sec6_GLACIORISK.pdf
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -17.3324,64.42230000000001,0 BRENVA Ice avalanche; Rock fall Ice avalanche; Rock fall

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	BRENVA
Political Unit	Italy
ID in the Database	80
WGMS ID	615
Type of event	Ice avalanche; Rock fall
Date	18.01.1997
Event description	On January 18, 1997, in the early afternoon, a large rock slide of granite rock (2-3 mio m3) originated on the “Sperone della Brenva”, a high buttress on the western flank of Mount Blanc (the Mont Blanc east flank according to different data source), at an elevation of 3 750m a.s.l. in the upper Aosta Valley. The rock material partly deposited on the Brenva glacier and partly moved along the glacier surface by mobilizing a significant volume of snow and ice. One lobe of the rock and ice avalanche overflowed the right lateral moraine and the other part was channeled by the right lateral moraine and reached the glacier front. The rock avalanche was preceded by a deep roaring sound and took place as an airborne powder avalanche. On the opposite valley side, hundreds of conifers were thrown down due to the air wave. Total volume was estimated at 7 mio m3. The run out was approximately 5.5km with a total fall height of 2 300m (2 150 m according to different data source) and the angle of reach was 21.6°.
Damage	In total 2 skiers lost their lives and 10 people were injured. On the opposite valley side hundreds of conifers were thrown down due to the air wave.
Remarks	A very similar phenomenon occurred in the same area between 14 and 19 of November 1920, when two large rockslides triggered a rock and ice avalanche of 6-7 mio m3 along the Brenva glacier , which dammed the valley and ascended the opposite slope.
Keyword	Mount Blanc
Latitude	45,83599
Longitude	6,88503
Max altitude	3750
Min altitude	1450
Distance	5,5
Volume	7
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	Barla, G., Dutto, F., Mortara G. (2000): Brenva Glacier rock avalanche of 18 January 1997 on the Mount Blanc Range, Northwest Italy. Landslide News, 13, 2-5. Giani, G.P., Silvano, S., Zanon, G. (2001): Avalanche of 18 January 1997 on Brenva Glacier, Mont Blanc Group, Western Italian Alps: an unusual process of formation. Annals of Glaciology, 32, 333-338. Nötzli, J., Huggel, C., Hoelzle, M., and Haeberli, W. 2006. GIS-based modelling of rock/ice avalanches from Alpine permafrost areas. Computational Geosciences, 10, 161-178.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 6.88503,45.83599,0 DIADEM Glacier flood; Ice avalanche Glacier flood; Ice avalanche

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	DIADEM
Political Unit	Canada
ID in the Database	81
WGMS ID	N/d
Type of event	Glacier flood; Ice avalanche
Date	12.08.1997
Event description	On August 12-13, 1997 an ice avalanche from the glacier Diadem (informal name), in British Columbia, triggered an impact wave, which overtopped the Little Ice Age moraine dam of Queen Bess Lake (1 692 a.s.l.). The wave overrode 600 m length of the moraine crest to depths of 15-25 m. The lake level dropped by 8 m. Approximately 8 mio m3 water drained from the lake 9 km down the west fork of Nostetuko River to the main Nostetuko valley and another 12 km to Homathko River down Homathko valley. The flood was still noticed by forestry personnel at the mouth of Homathko River, 100 km from the source.
Damage	The floodwaters extensively eroded Quaternary deposits and vegetation from the valley floor below the dam in the west fork of Nostetuko valley, damaged tracts of forest, and left wood debris and coarse sediment on river banks and channel margins.
Remarks	The avalanche occurred during a warm rainy period when large amounts of water were discharging from the base of the glacier Diadem. Incision of the moraine was limited by bedrock cropping out on the floor of the ravine at its north end.
Keyword	Queen Bess Lake, Nostetuko
Latitude	51,25264
Longitude	-124,51569
Max altitude	N/d
Min altitude	N/d
Distance	100
Volume	8
Peak discharge	1000
Data source	Clague, J. J., Evans, S. G. (2000): A review of catastrophic drainage of moraine-dammed lakes in British Columbia. Quaternary Science Reviews, 19, 1763–1783.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -124.51569,51.25264,0 SABAI Glacier flood; Ice avalanche Glacier flood; Ice avalanche

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	SABAI
Political Unit	Nepal
ID in the Database	82
WGMS ID	N/d
Type of event	Glacier flood; Ice avalanche
Date	03.09.1998
Event description	The lake Tam Pokhari, also known as Sabai Tsho (tsho = lake), is situated at an altitude 4 420 m of the upper Hinku Valley in the Mt. Everest (Khumbu) region in the Solukhubu District of Nepal. The lake is formed on the terminus of Sabai Glacier. The Inkhu River, originated from the lake mouth as a small stream, is a tributary of the Dudh Koshi River. Around 5 a.m. on September 3, 1998, an ice avalanche from Sabai glacier fell into Tam Pokhari Lake and generated a displacement wave which destroyed the impounding moraine and caused a GLOF (glacial lake outburst flood). The GLOF was dominated by massive transportation of sediment associated with a large scale debris flow, which was the primary cause of the devastation. The erosion and deposition took place intermittently but approximately 440 000 m3 of sediment was deposited about 14 km downstream from the lake mouth. The calculated peak of the water and sediment mixture was found to be 30 000 m3/s. Approximately 17 mio m3 (18 mio m3 according to different data source) of water was released from the lake. The velocity of the debris flow was 18 m/s, which is much higher than by the water only flow. Therefore the GLOF was more destructive.
Damage	The GLOF was very strong and damaging. The flood caused widespread damage to downstream areas. A small and sparsely populated village Tangnag , located approximately 1 km downstream from the lake at an altitude of 4 200 m was the first affected. Many people died from the downstream settlements (various Sherpa from the region reported around 300 casualties but this is an unconfirmed figure) and nearly 2 mio US $ of damages were occurred. The human and economic losses were caused by the associated massive flow of sediment and the robust water flow in the downstream areas.
Remarks	The field investigation found that the lake was dammed by an end moraine consisting of very loose and unconsolidated debris that was carried by glacier. The moraine was 50 m high and 100 wide. Field observation and Landsat satellite images taken in 1992 and 2000 suggest that the surface area of the lake was reduced by 44 % after the 1998 dam break event. According to the local residence, a very high water jet at the mouth of the lake lasted 30 min, which is perhaps represented by the water discharge of over 4 000 m3/s. The calculated GLOF depth in the river ranged mostly from 5 to 15 m. The 14 km long river channel was heavily eroded after the flood.
Keyword	Tam Pokhari, Sabai Tsho, Hinku Valley
Latitude	27,74289
Longitude	86,84441
Max altitude	4432
Min altitude	2960
Distance	15
Volume	17
Peak discharge	30000
Data source	http://www.geocities.com/yosemite/rapids/9713/lake98.htm Osti, R. and Egashira, S. (2009): Hydrodynamic characteristics of the Tam Pokhari Glacial Lake outburst flood in the Mt. Everest region, Nepal. Hydrological Processes, 23(20), 2943–2955.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 86.84441,27.74289,0 SALCANTAY Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	SALCANTAY
Political Unit	Peru
ID in the Database	83
WGMS ID	N/d
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	01.01.1998
Event description	Failure of saturated proglacial sediments turned into debris flow. The debris flowed from the glacier forefield of Nevado Salcantay, located in south-east Peru, and blocked the main valley. The aluvión (Peruvian expression for a large debris flow type event) flooded the Machupicchu power station.
Damage	The hydropower station Machupicchu was destroyed with a total cost of $ 160 mio.
Remarks	N/d
Keyword	Machupicchu power station
Latitude	-13,35032
Longitude	-72,55664
Max altitude	4300
Min altitude	N/d
Distance	N/d
Volume	N/d
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	http://www.geologyuk.com/mountain_hazards_group/pdf/Chapters_1_4.pdf
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -72.55664,-13.35032,0 ALLALIN Ice avalanche Ice avalanche

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	ALLALIN
Political Unit	Switzerland
ID in the Database	84
WGMS ID	394
Type of event	Ice avalanche
Date	30.07.2000
Event description	In the morning at 8:52 of local time, on July 30, 2000 a massive ice avalanche broke off from the tongue of Allalin Glacier, in the canton Valais of the Swiss Alps. The next morning at 7:23 on July 31, an even larger ice mass broke off. The debris reached the valley floor close to the west buttress of the Mattmark hydroelectric dam. The total volume of the two ice avalanches was estimated at more than 1 mio m3.
Damage	No damage was occurred.
Remarks	No damage was occurred because of safety measures when a monitoring program to observe the behavior of Allalin Glacier was initiated and later in the 1990s an automatic camera was installed. Approximately 26 smaller events of rupture of the ice dammed lake Mattmark were recorded at Allalin from 1589 until 1920.
Keyword	Mattmark dam
Latitude	46,04875
Longitude	7,94343
Max altitude	2500
Min altitude	2000
Distance	1,8
Volume	1
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	www.glacierhazards.ch http://glaciology.ethz.ch/inventar/download/allalin.pdf http://www.nimbus.it/glaciorisk/Glacier_view.asp?IdGlacier=1968
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 7.943429999999999,46.04875,0 RUNDVASSBREEN Glacier flood Glacier flood

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	RUNDVASSBREEN
Political Unit	Norway
ID in the Database	85
WGMS ID	2306
Type of event	Glacier flood
Date	06.09.2001
Event description	Rundvassbreen is a north-eastern glacier outlet of the icecap Blåmannsisen, which drains past the upper Messingmalmvatn (vant = lake) in Nordland county. In September 2001 a subglacial drainage of this glacier dammed lake, called Vant 1051, occured. The event lasted 35 hours with an estimated peak discharge of 800-900 m3/s. The drained lake was almost completely emptied. A water level of the lake dropped approximately by 50 m and caused an increasing of the water level in the hydropower reservoir approximately by 2.5 m in. The drainage added an unforeseen 40 mio m3 of water to the Siso powerplant reservoir.
Damage	No damage is recorded.
Remarks	It was the first recorded jökulhlaup (type of the glacial lake outburst) from the Vant 1051 and was probably a direct cause of climate change. The glacier became thinner and could not dam the lake efficiently longer.
Keyword	Blåmannsisen, Messingmalmvatn, Vant 1051, Siso
Latitude	67,31244
Longitude	16,09919
Max altitude	700
Min altitude	N/d
Distance	N/d
Volume	40
Peak discharge	800
Data source	http://www.nimbus.it/glaciorisk/Glacier_view.asp?IdGlacier=3277
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 16.09919,67.31244,0 KOLKA Glacier flood; Ice avalanche; Rock fall Glacier flood; Ice avalanche; Rock fall

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	KOLKA
Political Unit	Russia
ID in the Database	86
WGMS ID	N/d
Type of event	Glacier flood; Ice avalanche; Rock fall
Date	20.09.2002
Event description	In the evening on 20 of September 2002, a massive rock and ice avalanche occurred on the northern slope of the Kazbek massif in the North Ossetia, Russian Caucasus. The avalanche started as a slope failure from about 500 m below the summit of Dzhimarai-khokh (4 780 m a.s.l.) and involved a massive volume of rock and ice (from hanging glaciers). The slide impacted Kolka glacier which was almost completely entrained. The ice and rock avalanche formed then had a volume of about 100 mio m3, which traveled down the Genaldon valley for 20 km and stopped at the entrance of the Karmadon gorge. A mudflow continued downvalley for another 15 km and stopped 4 km before reaching the town of Gisel. Several millions of m3 of sediments were deposited along the Genaldon and Giseldon river beds.
Damage	The avalanche and the distal mudflow were completely devastating. The event killed 140 people and caused a massive destruction of residential buildings, important traffic routes and other infrastructures.
Remarks	Several aspects of the event are extraordinary. The large ice volume involved, the extreme initial acceleration of the avalanche mass on a moderately inclined slope, the high flow velocity, the long travel distance and particularly the almost complete erosion of a valley type glacier, which does not have any comparable case documented worldwide so far. The analysis of these aspects is essential for process understanding and worldwide glacial hazard assessments. The erosion of Kolka glacier is not yet well understood but reasonable assumptions suggest that a high energy impact on the glacier in critical conditions of stability occurred. The ice and debris deposits at Karmadon dammed several marginal lakes of water volume up to 5 mio m3. Potential floods from these lakes were an imminent threat to the downstream areas after the disaster.
Keyword	Genaldon Valley, Dzhimarai-khokh, Kazbek massif, Russian Caucasus
Latitude	42,72154
Longitude	44,42365
Max altitude	4000
Min altitude	750
Distance	40
Volume	100
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	Huggel, C., Zgraggen - Oswald, S., Haeberli, W., Kääb, A., Polkvoj, A., Galushkin, I., Evans, S. G. (2005): The 2002 rock / ice avalanche at Kolka / Karmadon, Russian Caucasus: assessment of extraordinary avalanche formation and mobility, and application of QuickBird satellite imagery. Natural Hazards and Earth System Science, 5, 173-187. Haeberli,W., Huggel, C., Kääb, A., Oswald, S., Polvoj, A., Zotikov, I., and Osokin, N. (2004): The Kolka-Karmadon rock/ice slide of 20 September 2002 - an extraordinary event of historical dimensions in North Ossetia (Russian Caucasus). Journal of Glaciology, 50(171), 533-546.
Imagery

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround 44.42365,42.72154,0 BLACK RAPIDS Ice avalanche; Rock fall; Volcanic earthquake interruption Ice avalanche; Rock fall; Volcanic earthquake interruption

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	BLACK RAPIDS
Political Unit	U.S.A.
ID in the Database	87
WGMS ID	80
Type of event	Ice avalanche; Rock fall; Volcanic earthquake interruption
Date	03.11.2002
Event description	In the morning on November 3, 2002 south central Alaska and the Alaska Range were severely shaken by an earthquake (M 7.9) associated with the Denali fault. The shaking triggered a large rock and ice avalanches on the Black Rapids Glacier. Three rock falls, originated from the south walls of the glacier, crossed a medial moraine (approximately 30 m high) and continued more than 2 km across the entire glacier valley. The rock blanket covered an estimated 13 km2 of the glacier ablation zone (5 % of the total glacier area). A very crude estimate suggests that the total volume exceeds 10 mio m3.
Damage	No damage is recorded.
Remarks	Any large rock and ice fall debris cover was not evident on the glaciers of the region, which suggests that an event of similar consequences has not occurred in the recent past. Approximately a half of the Denali Fault (130 km) lies under glaciers.
Keyword	Denali fault, Alaska Range
Latitude	63,45668
Longitude	-146,17282
Max altitude	1900
Min altitude	1200
Distance	2
Volume	10
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	Truffer, M., Craw, P., Trabant, D., March, R.: Effects of the M7.9 Denali Fault Earthquake on glaciers in the Alaska Range. U.S. Geological Survey. Http://ak.water.usgs.gov/glaciology/m7.9_quake/
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -146.17282,63.45667999999999,0 PUCAJIRCA Glacier flood; Other Glacier flood; Other

Field Name	Field Value
Glacier name	PUCAJIRCA
Political Unit	Peru
ID in the Database	88
WGMS ID	N/d
Type of event	Glacier flood; Other
Date	22.04.2002
Event description	In April 2002 a rock avalanche occurred immediately to the south west of Laguna Safuna Alta (formed in 1950 in 4 323 m a.s.l.) in the Cordillera Blanca. Field mapping indicated that the avalanche deposited 8-20 mio m3 of rock into the lake Safuna Alta and onto the surface of the frontal section of glacier Pucajirca, which flows into the lake. The moraine dam remained substantially intact and the resulting flood was largely contained within a lower lake, Laguna Safuna Baja.
Damage	The resulting flood damaged security structures installed to secure the lake and killed cattle grazing in the area.
Remarks	The moraine dam cannot be expected to resist a second large displacement wave and therefore mitigation strategies had to be developed.
Keyword	Laguna Safuna Alta, Laguna Safuna Baja
Latitude	-8,84249
Longitude	-77,61898
Max altitude	4745
Min altitude	4250
Distance	3
Volume	14
Peak discharge	N/d
Data source	Hubbard et al. (2005): Impact of a rock avalanche on a moraine-dammed proglacial lake: Laguna Safuna Alta, Cordillera Blanca, Peru. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 30, 1251-1264. Lliboutry, L., Arnao, B. M., Pautre, A., Schneider, B. (1977): Glaciological problems set by the contol of dangerous lakes in Cordillera Blanca, Peru. I. Historical failures of morainic dams, their causes and prevention. Journal of Glaciology, 18 (79), 239 – 254.
Imagery	N/d

]]> #IconStyle00 relativeToGround -77.61897999999999,-8.84249,0