Anja Sundal

• Sundal, Anja; Brennwald, Matthias S.; Aagaard, Per & Kipfer, Rolf (2019). Noble gas composition and 3H/3He groundwater ages in the Gardermoen Aquifer, Norway: Improved understanding of flow dynamics as a tool for water management. Science of the Total Environment.  ISSN 0048-9697.  660, s 1219- 1231 . doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.456
• Sundal, Anja & Hellevang, Helge (2019). Using Reservoir Geology and Petrographic Observations to Improve CO2 Mineralization Estimates; Examples from the Johansen Formation, North Sea, Norway. Minerals.  ISSN 2075-163X.  9(11) . doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/min9110671
• Elenius, Maria; Skurtveit, Elin; Yarushina, Viktoriya M.; Baig, Irfan; Sundal, Anja; Wangen, Magnus; Landschulze, Karin; Kaufmann, Roland; Choi, Jung Chan; Hellevang, Helge; Podladchikov, Yuri; Aavatsmark, Ivar & Gasda, Sarah (2018). Assessment of CO2 storage capacity based on sparse data: Skade Formation. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control.  ISSN 1750-5836.  79, s 252- 271 . doi: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2018.09.004 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Large North Sea aquifers of high quality are the likely major target for 12 Gt of European CO2 emissions that should be stored in the subsurface by 2050. This involves an upscaling of the present combined injection rate from all European projects, which requires careful examination of the storage feasibility. Many aquifers are closed or semi-closed, with storage capacity mainly constrained by consideration of caprock failure criteria. Because the induced overpressure can propagate to sensitive regions far from the injector, the risk of caprock failure must be examined in terms of large volumes and for long times. This poses challenges with respect to fluid-flow simulation in the presence of highly uncertain aquifer properties. In this work, experts on geology, geophysics, geomechanics and simulation technique collaborate to optimize the use of existing data in an efficient simulation framework. The workflow is applied to the large North Sea Skade Formation, with potential for secondary storage and pressure dissipation in the overlying Utsira Formation. Injection at three locations in Skade gives an overall practical capacity of 1–6 Gt CO2 injected over a 50-year period, depending on the reservoir permeability and compressibility. The capacity is limited by local pressure buildup around wells for the lowest estimated reservoir permeability, and otherwise by regional pressure buildup in shallow zones far from the injection sites. Local deformation of clay due to viscoelastoplastic effects do not have an impact on leakage from the aquifer, but these effects may modify the properties of clay layers within the aquifer, which reduces the risk of lateral compartmentalization. Uplift of the seafloor does not impose constraints on the capacity beyond those set by pressure buildup.

• Bergmo, Per Eirik Strand; Emmel, Benjamin; Anthonsen, K.L.; Aagaard, Per; Mortensen, G M & Sundal, Anja (2017). Quality Ranking of the Best CO2 Storage Aquifers in the Nordic Countries. Energy Procedia.  ISSN 1876-6102.  114, s 4374- 4381 . doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1589 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Skurtveit, Elin; Braathen, Alvar; Larsen, Eivind Bernhard; Sauvin, Guillaume; Sundal, Anja & Zuchuat, Valentin (2017). Pressure Induced Deformation and Flow Using CO2 Field Analogues, Utah. Energy Procedia.  ISSN 1876-6102.  114, s 3257- 3266 . doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1457 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Exhumed reservoirs providing evidence of CO2 accumulation and transport in geological history offer a unique possibility to supplement our knowledge on leakage processes observed along faults and fractures. A field location and drill core from Central Utah, USA has been used to characterize mechanical properties and fracture distributions in multiple reservoir-caprock couplets where bleaching pattern around fractures provides evidence of fluid flow. Analysis shows that fractures are mainly observed in low porosity units corresponding to layers with high strength and stiffness. Microstructural characterization substantiates evidence of fracture aperture separated by areas with mineral precipitation clogging aperture. Minerals observed filling fractures are calcite, gypsum and pyrite, suggestive of precipitation from reducing fluids. Fracture aperture distribution and identification of mineralogical changes along the fracture surface provides important input for improved, novel analyses of CO2 transport properties of fractures and faults.

• Sundal, Anja; Miri, Rohaldin; Hellevang, Helge; Tveranger, Jan; Midtkandal, Ivar; Zuchuat, Valentin; Aagaard, Per & Braathen, Alvar (2017). Movement of CO 2 charged fluids in low permeability rocks during deformation: migration patterns in the Carmel Formation, Utah. Energy Procedia.  ISSN 1876-6102.  114, s 4537- 4544 . doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1570
• Sundal, Anja; Nystuen, Johan Petter; Rørvik, Kari-Lise; Dypvik, Henning & Aagaard, Per (2016). The Lower Jurassic Johansen Formation, northern North Sea – Depositional model and reservoir characterization for CO2 storage. Marine and Petroleum Geology.  ISSN 0264-8172.  77, s 1376- 1401 . doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2016.01.021
• Sundal, Anja; Miri, Rohaldin; Ravn, Trude & Aagaard, Per (2015). Modelling CO2 migration in aquifers; considering 3D seismic property data and the effect of site-typical depositional heterogeneities. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control.  ISSN 1750-5836.  39, s 349- 365 . doi: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2015.05.021

Se alle arbeider i Cristin

• Aagaard, Per; Sena, Clara; Sundal, Anja & French, Helen Kristine (2019). In situ removal of iron and manganese, the Vyredox treatment system at Elverum.
• Andersen, Odd & Sundal, Anja (2019). Using 2D seismic line data to estimate impact of caprock morphology on CO2 migration in the Gassum formation. Vis sammendrag

  The Gassum Formation on the Norwegian Continental Shelf serves as the principal case study for the CO2-Upslope project. The top surface of this formation is gently sloping, and characterized by a number of macro-scale structural traps, a few large faults, a large number of small faults, and small-scale depth variations that can be inferred and extrapolated from the seismic data. In the study presented in this paper, we estimate the amount of macro- and sub-scale trapping potential of the formation based on interpreted 2D seismic lines and identified faults. The seismic lines provide the depth of the caprock at each point along straight lateral paths. In the available data, a few dozen such lines cross the study area at various angles. A number of medium and large faults could be explicitly identified and mapped, as they correlate between several of these lines. In addition, hundreds of small-scale faults are only visible as discontinuities along individual lines. The extent and shape of these small faults between the seismic sections cannot be explicitly known from the data. In order to investigate trapping potential, we start out by constructing multiple realizations of the top surface, constructed to be faithful to both large-scale topography and small-scale statistical properties. We use a tensor spline surface approximation to represent the surface trend, with added stochastic small-scale variations consistent with the statistical properties of the line data. Moreover, we include a distribution small-scale faults that are only visible as discontinuities in the seismic lines by adding assumptions on their general orientations and lengths. At the timescales associated with long-term CO2 plume migration, it can generally be assumed that vertical equilibrium has been reached and that the CO2 slowly flows as a thin wedge right under the top surface, driven by gravity forces. Based on this assumption, we apply spill-point analysis and upscaling techniques on our sets of top surface realizations to explore the possible range of values for total structural trapping and plume retardation potential, and how they depend on the assumptions made. We also study the impact of the placement of the injection site, and how much of the total structural storage potential can be actually realized based on the position of the site and the injection strategy.

• Sena, Clara; Sundal, Anja; Uglum, Maria C.; Kristiansen, Ingrid E. & Kvitsjøen, Julia (2019). Hydrogeological tools in urban runoff management – case study from Torshovdalen, Oslo.
• Sundal, Anja (2019). Application of noble gas signatures in monitoring schemes for CO2 storage offshore Norway. Vis sammendrag

  Short (1 slide) pitch about the ICO2P project

• Sundal, Anja (2019). Cost-effective monitoring by application of noble gas signatures.
• Sundal, Anja (2019). GEO-onsdag: Geologisk CO2-lagring – trygt og godt for alltid?. Vis sammendrag

  Foredraget er publisert på nett: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=artSoVqp-F0

• Sundal, Anja; French, Helen Kristine & Aagaard, Per (2019). Hydrogeology for students and society: outreach integration in education.
• Sundal, Anja; Miri, Rohaldin; Andersen, Odd; Hellevang, Helge; Gregersen, Ulrik; Olivarius, Mette; Nielsen, Lars Henrik; Møyner, Olav; Baig, Irfan; Heeremans, Michel; Lecomte, Isabelle; Nilsen, Halvor Møll; Frykman, Peter & Aagaard, Per (2019). Optimized CO2 storage in sloping aquifers: Estimation of physical and chemical immobilization potential and retardation along migration path in open storage solutions.
• Sundal, Anja; Tuttle, Kevin J.; Aagaard, Per; Fikse, Andrea Nymoen; Moe, K.G. & Øvstedal, Jarl (2019). Managing and monitoring dynamic ravinement processes.
• Weber, Ulrich Wolfgang; Kipfer, Rolf; Brennwald, Matthias S.; Ringrose, Philip & Sundal, Anja (2019). Noble Gases as Monitoring Tracers: Sampling Campaigns at Capture Sites Technology Center Mongstad and Melkøya.
• Weber, Ulrich Wolfgang & Sundal, Anja (2019). Application of noble gas signatures in monitoring schemes for offshore CO2 storage (ICO2P).
• Weber, Ulrich Wolfgang; Sundal, Anja; Brennwald, M.S. & Kipfer, Rolf (2019). Temporal Variation in Noble Gas Signatures of Captured CO2.
• Bromander, Nikoline; da Costa, Sigrid; Skurtveit, Elin; Evans, Jim; Midtkandal, Ivar; Zuchuat, Valentin; Braathen, Alvar & Sundal, Anja (2018). Regional evaluation of structural collapse in sandstone reservoirs and impact on reservoir quality: a case study from the Entrada Sandstone, Utah, USA.
• daCosta, Sigrid Østmo; Bromander, Nikoline; Zuchuat, Valentin; Braathen, Alvar; Sundal, Anja & Midtkandal, Ivar (2018). Topographic Development as a result of regional incision, faulting, and deposition at the onset of relative sea-level rise; The upper Entrada Sandstone and the lower Curtis Formation, Utah, USA..
• Gasda, Sarah; Elenius, Maria; Skurtveit, Elin; Sundal, Anja; Yarushina, Viktoriya M.; Baig, Irfan; Wangen, Magnus; Landschulze, Karin; Kaufmann, Roland; Choi, Jung Chan; Hellevang, Helge; Podladchikov, Yuri P. & Aavatsmark, Ivar (2018). Skade Case Study.
• Gregersen, Ulrik; Baig, Irfan; Sundal, Anja; Nielsen, Lars Henrik; Olivarius, Mette & Weibel, Rikke (2018). Seismic interpretation of a slopping offshore potential CO2 aquifer; the Gassum Formation in Skagerrak between Norway and Denmark.
• Gregersen, Ulrik; Baig, Irfan; Sundal, Anja; Nielsen, Lars-Henrik; Olivarius, Mette & Weibel, Rikke (2018). Seismic interpretation of a potential CO2 reservoir; the Gassum Formation, a sloping aquifer in Skagerrak between Norway and Denmark.
• Grimstad, Alv-Arne; Sundal, Anja; Ringstad, Cathrine & Hagby, Klaus Falk (2018). Modelling medium-depth CO2 injection at the Svelvik CO2 field laboratory in Norway.
• Kaufmann, Roland; Gasda, Sarah Eileen; Elenius, Maria; Skurtveit, Elin; Choi, Jung Chan; Braathen, Alvar; Mulrooney, Mark; Sundal, Anja & Wangen, Magnus (2018). Large-scale CO2-injection in Smeaheia.
• Kaufmann, Roland; Gasda, Sarah Eileen; Elenius, Maria; Skurtveit, Elin; Choi, Jung Chan; Sundal, Anja; Braathen, Alvar; Mulrooney, Mark & Wangen, Magnus (2018). Arbeidsflyt for trykk-basert kapasitets-anslag: En eksempelstudie på Smeaheia.
• Kristiansen, Ingrid E.; Uglum, Maria C.; Sena, Clara; Sundal, Anja & Kvitsjøen, Julia (2018). ASSESSMENT OF THE URBAN RUNOFF AND GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN THE RECREATIONAL AREA OF TORSHOVDALEN (OSLO, NORWAY).
• Midtkandal, Ivar; Sundal, Anja; Braathen, Alvar; Petrie, Elizabeth; Evans, James R.; Zuchuat, Valentin; Skurtveit, Elin; Tveranger, Jan; Torabi, Anita & Gutierrez, Marte (2018). Project summary: CO2 seal bypass - a multidisciplinary approach to CO2 migration and storage.
• Olivarius, Mette; Sundal, Anja; Gregersen, Ulrik; Thomsen, T.B.; Weibel, Rikke & Nielsen, Lars-Henrik (2018). Using petrography and provenance data to assess the CO2 trapping potential in sloping sandstones in the Skagerrak Strait. EAGE extended abstracts. . doi: 10.3997/2214-4609.201801148 Vis sammendrag

  80th EAGE Conference and Exhibition 2018 CO2 Capture, Storage and Utilization http://www.earthdoc.org/publication/publicationdetails/?publication=92535

• Sacco, Tatiana; Sundal, Anja & Hellevang, Helge (2018). Mass estimation of CO2 trapping potential in the Smeaheia reservoir.
• Skurtveit, Elin; Sundal, Anja; Soldal, Magnus; Sauvin, Guillaume & Bjørnarå, Tore Ingvald (2018). CO2 Flow, Alteration And Geomechanical Response In Confining Units – An Experimental ApproachGreen Open Access. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Seal integrity during injection operations is a topic of great interest both within the CO2 storage community, for wastewater injection and traditional reservoir pressure support. The Little Grand Wash fault, central Utah, USA, provides an excellent location for studying seal bypass systems in a siliciclastic sedimentary sequence. Two mode I siltstone fractures with significantly different apertures and varying degree of sample bleaching due to alterations from reactive fluid flow are studied together with two intact rock reference samples from the same depth level in the core. The experimental work addresses fracture flow and stiffness relationships. Observed differences in fracture closure trends may be explained as a rapid decrease in stiffness and flow for altered samples due to the fluid rock interaction process altering the fracture surface contact area for this sample

• Sundal, Anja; Hellevang, Helge; Olivarius, Mette; Miri, Rohaldin; Nielsen, Lars-Henrik; Gregersen, Ulrik; Andersen, Odd; Møll-Nilsen, Halvor; Weibel, Rikke & Aagaard, Per (2018). Geological Constraints on the immobilization potential for CO2 in the Gassum Fm. (Skagerrak, Norway).
• Sundal, Anja; Hellevang, Helge & Sacco, Tatiana (2018). CO2 trapping in the Smeaheia reservoir - time mass estimation using geochemical models.
• Sundal, Anja; Weber, Ulrich Wolfgang; Brennwald, Matthias S.; Ringrose, Philip; enaasen flø, nina; Johnsen, Kim; Leila, Faramarzi; Per, Aagaard & Kipfer, Rolf (2018). Monitoring real time, in-line variations of noble gas concentrations during CO2 capture operations by means of a portable mass spectrometer.
• Uglum, Maria C.; Sundal, Anja; Sena, Clara & Kvitsjøen, Julia (2018). CONSIDERING GROUNDWATER RECHARGE AND FLOW IN URBAN DEVELOPMENT PLANNING – A CASE STUDY FROM TORSHOVDALEN, OSLO.
• Weber, Ulrich Wolfgang; Sundal, Anja; Brennwald, M.S.; Ringrose, Philip; Aagaard, P. & Kipfer, Rolf (2018). CO2 Capture Processes Monitored with Noble Gas Measurements. Vis sammendrag

  In the ICO2P project [1] a monitoring scheme for carbon capture and storage is developed with the aim to use noble gases as signatures for capture products. One approach to capture CO2 is amine-based temperature swing absorption. During such processes there is a potential for depletion of radiogenic noble gases from the fossil source, due to the addition of a gas phase void of radiogenic noble gases. The influence on the noble gas fingerprints of such techniques is investigated by single, analysed samples with full isotope resolution. This is combined with in-line, continuous noble gas measurements with a portable mass spectrometer [2]. This is a new approach that will provide knowledge of the uniqueness and temporal variations of noble gas fingerprints in the product stream from CO2 capture operations. The feasibility of such an on-site measurement system was successfully tested at a CO2 capture testing facility in Norway (TCM). Matching of the data with the reservoir source combusted at that time, forms the basis for setting up geochemical analytical schemes in mixing scenarios. Monitoring data from CO2 product streams are key in designing leakage detection schemes for future storage sites.

• Zuchuat, Valentin; Midtkandal, Ivar; Miquel, Poyatos-More; Da Costa, Sigrid; Halvorsen, Kristine Årland; Sundal, Anja; Cote, Nathan & Braathen, Alvar (2018). Unconformities matter: The spatial and temporal information contained in the J-3 Unconformity and the Curtis Formation, east-central Utah, USA. Vis sammendrag

  Unconformities matter: The spatial and temporal information contained in the J-3 Unconformity and the Curtis Formation, east-central Utah, USA

• Andersen, Odd & Sundal, Anja (2017). Slik kan vi lagre CO2 under havbunnen for alltid. Aftenposten Viten. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Berggrunnen under Nordsjøen har et stort potensial som felles lagringssted for CO₂ fra industri i hele Nord-Europa.

• Elenius, Maria; Hellevang, Helge; Skurtveit, Elin; Yurushina, Viktoriya; Baig, Irfan; Sundal, Anja; Wangen, Magnus; Landschulze, Karin; Gasda, Sarah Eileen; Kaufmann, Roland; Pettersson, Per & Aavatsmark, Ivar (2017). Storage feasibility in North Sea aquifers.
• Elenius, Maria; Hellevang, Helge; Skurtveit, Elin; Yurushina, Viktoriya; Baig, Irfan; Sundal, Anja; Wangen, Magnus; Landschulze, Karin; Gasda, Sarah Eileen; Kaufmann, Roland; Pettersson, Per & Aavatsmark, Ivar (2017). Workflow for assessment of storage based on sparse data: Skade.
• Elenius, Maria; Hellevang, Helge; Skurtveit, Elin; Yurushina, Viktoriya; Baig, Irfan; Sundal, Anja; Wangen, Magnus; Landschulze, Karin; Gasda, Sarah Eileen; Kaufmann, Roland; Pettersson, Per & Aavatsmark, Ivar (2017). Workflow for evaluation of large-scale CO2 storage feasibility: Skade.
• Midtkandal, Ivar; Zuchuat, Valentin; Braathen, Alvar; Sundal, Anja & Evans, James (2017). Syn-sedimentary subsurface liquefaction and collapse; injectites, pseudo-channels and pseudo-clinoforms in the Jurassic Entrada and Curtis Formations, Utah, USA.
• Petrie, Elizabeth; Sundal, Anja; Guiterrez, Marte & Braathen, Alvar (2017). Kinematics of deformation band formation and reactivation associated with a Laramide fault propagation fold.
• Skurtveit, Elin; Sundal, Anja; Sauvin, Guillaume; Soldal, Magnus; Zuchuat, Valentin & Braathen, Alvar (2017). Fracture flow experiments addressing CO2 migration in fault zone.
• Sleveland, Arve Rein Nes; Zuchuat, Valentin; Rimkus, Algirdas; Midtkandal, Ivar; Sundal, Anja & Braathen, Alvar (2017). Spatial and temporal distribution of tidally modified sandstone reservoirs – implications for CCS and petroleum exploration.
• Sundal, Anja (2017). KARBONLAGRING: CO2 + Undergrunn = Sant.
• Sundal, Anja (2017). KARBONLAGRING: Undergrunn + CO2 = trygt. Vis sammendrag

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• Sundal, Anja; Brennwald, Matthias S.; Per, Aagaard; Philip, Ringrose & Rolf, Kipfer (2017). APPLICATION OF NOBLE GAS SIGNATURES IN MONITORING SCHEMES FOR CO2 STORAGE.
• Sundal, Anja; Kipfer, Rolf & Brennwald, Matthias S. (2017). Apparent Heating of Groundwater in the Gardermoen Aquifer, Norway.
• Zuchuat, Valentin; Midtkandal, Ivar; Braathen, Alvar; Sundal, Anja; Skurtveit, Elin; Hellevang, Helge; Tveranger, Jan; Evans, James & Petrie, Elizabeth (2017). COPASS - CO2 seal bypass.
• Zuchuat, Valentin; Midtkandal, Ivar; Da Costa, Sigrid; Sundal, Anja & Braathen, Alvar (2017). Schizophrenia in sedimentology: The J-3 Unconformity and the Curtis Formation, Central-Eastern Utah, USA. Vis sammendrag

  The tide-dominated, Upper Jurassic Curtis Formation crops out in Eastern-Central Utah, overlying the continental to marginal marine Entrada Sandstone. The contact between the two sedimentary formations is formally identified as the J-3 Unconformity, which can be traced over significant distances. It has since been regarded as a “simple” subaerial unconformity, followed by a third order transgression within an enclosed basin and the resulting deposition of the tide-influenced Curtis Formation. However, careful inspection of the different facies and their sub-regional correlation clearly shows that the essence of the J-3 Unconformity is not merely characterised by a long-lasting phase of subaerial exposure. It instead displays evidence of an intricate poly-erosional history, happening during short-lived syn-depositional transgressive and regressive periods. The initial bounding surface was locally altered by processes associated with development of the Curtis Formation, and the nature of their impact is strongly process-dependent. Pre-Curtis erosional processes mainly involved aeolian deflation and fluvial incision, creating a basinwide gentle relief. Syn-Curtis erosional mechanisms were controlled by the distribution and magnitude of tidal forces within the basin, resulting in a steeper and more localised relief in comparison with pre-Curtis widespread denudation. Furthermore, sedimentary processes alone can’t explain the present-day relief observed with the J-3 Unconformity. Indeed, tectonic played, at various scale, a key role in the funnelling of the various erosional forces and the distribution of the depocentres, with (i) m-scale grabens and horsts structures, and (ii) hydroplastic sand remobilisation, both observed within the uppermost strata of the Entrada Sandstone, as well as (iii) syn-Curtis sub-regional tectonic uplift. This study shows that reducing an unconformity to a single process is insufficient. Instead, careful mapping and understanding of such a schizophrenic surface can provide a non-negligible amount of information regarding the dynamic of a basin and its subsequent infill.

• Guiterrez, Marte; Sundal, Anja & Petrie, Elizabeth (2016). Geomechanical Modeling of Deformation Banding in the Navajo Sandstone, San Rafael Monocline, Utah.
• Sundal, Anja; Midtkandal, Ivar; Benning, Liane; Steele, Andrew; Lutz, Stefanie; Vogel, Marilyn & Swarth, Christopher (2016). Sedimentological setting and biogeochemistry of "sandberries" in the Carboniferous Ebbadalen Formation (Spitsbergen, Norway) – A potential Mars analogue?.
• Sundal, Anja; Miri, Rohaldin; Hellevang, Helge; Tveranger, Jan; Midtkandal, Ivar; Zuchuat, Valentin & Braathen, Alvar (2016). Movement of CO2 charged fluids in low permeability rocks during deformation: migration patterns in the Carmel Formation, Utah.
• Sundal, Anja; Petrie, Elizabeth; Hellevang, Helge; Midtkandal, Ivar & Braathen, Alvar (2016). REACTIVE FLUID EXPULSION DURING PROGRESSIVE DEFORMATION IN THE FOLD LIMB OF THE SAN RAFAEL SWELL, UTAH, USA. Vis sammendrag

  A series of reaction fronts radiating from fractures are observed in the Navajo Formation in the eastern flank of the San Rafael Swell (monocline structure) in central Utah, USA. Mobilization of metals by reducing fluids and reprecipitation of oxides may be linked to the structural deformation history and the successive opening and closing of fractures and faults, facilitating pumping of fluids. In the field area the Navajo Formation comprises crossbedded sandstone units interpreted as sand dunes deposited in an aeolian environment during early Jurassic. During the Laramide orogeny the sedimentary succession of Jurassic sandstones and mudstones were uplifted and folded over NS striking underlying faults. Later uplift and erosion has exposed the section and the geology may be investigated in numerous cross cutting gullies. Relict plumes sourced from in between bedding surfaces and from fractures are observed at the field locality as successive reaction fronts where oxides have precipitated and formed solid rims, interpreted as resulting from pressure driven intrusion of reducing fluids. Dendritic growth of Mnoxides is observed from solid precipitation fronts, indicating that diffusiondriven transport succeeds advection and carry large mass fractions. Numerous deformation bands in six directional populations are observed to both obstruct and allow fluid migration between generations of expulsion events. The latest generation of fractures is roughly perpendicular to the regional foldaxis, displaces reaction fronts and deformation bands, and do not appear to expel fluids before becoming completely sealed by oxide precipitates, quartz and carbonate. Thus it appears that the bulk part of advective and diffusive mass transfer took place during the earlier stages of deformation. Understanding these processes is of importance in reservoirseal characterization for CO2 storage, as leakage and reactive transport may be quantified in relation to deformation type and force.

• Algirdas, Rimkus; Sundal, Anja; Sleveland, Arve Rein Nes; Zuchuat, Valentin & Midtkandal, Ivar (2015). Sedimentology and reservoir quality of a tidally modified marginal marine succession; the Middle Jurassic Curtis Formation, southeastern Utah, USA..
• Rimkus, Algirdas; Sundal, Anja; Sleveland, Arve Rein Nes; Zuchuat, Valentin; Braathen, Alvar & Midtkandal, Ivar (2015). Sedimentology and reservoir quality of a Middle Jurassic marginal marine succession; the Curtis Formation, southeastern Utah, USA. Vis sammendrag

  The objective of this study is to investigate the depositional architecture of the Curtis Formation, and evaluate how the observed facies distributions would affect overall reservoir quality. This tidally influenced marginal marine succession is well exposed in southeastern Utah (Humbug Flats, San Rafael Swell) and provides a high-resolution analogue to subsurface reservoirs. In order to constrain the distribution of reservoir-grade sandstone bodies and characterize their heterogeneities, traditional sedimentological field methods were applied and LIDAR-scan data were collected. Permeability, porosity and diagenetic imprint parameters were evaluated from thin sections and used to constrain the model. The Middle Jurassic (Callovian) Curtis and Summerville formations represent a complex set of vertical and lateral facies transitions from tidal shallow marine and supratidal sabkha deposits, respectively. The Curtis Formation developed in a transgressive to regressive, low-gradient epicontinental setting where vertical stacking of sandstone bodies was limited by accommodation. Determining reservoir quality in tidal sediments is extremely challenging due to complex and heterogeneous sand distribution. In this study of the Curtis Formation, sub-seismic scale reservoir heterogeneities are the main focus. Sedimentological characterization is used for classification of significant structures and layers forming potential baffles to fluid flow within genetically related units. Excellent outcrop quality allowed lateral correlation between log sites, supplemented by conventional photographs and LIDAR imagery. The reservoir quality of Curtis Formation shows a general water-depth related trend: sand-to-mud ratio increases with increasing water-depth during the transgressive phase. The lower succession contains channelized sandstone bodies in a heterolithic matrix, leading to limited connectivity. Tidal flat settimg. High permeability A cleaning upwards trend towards the middle part, corresponds with a transition into a deeper shoreface environment, which in turn represents improved reservoir quality with laterally extensive relatively homogeneous sandstones. The uppermost part displays a dirtying-upwards trend into increasingly heterolithic strata. Lateral connectivity is generally high, whereas siltstone interlayers provide frequent vertical flow baffles. Locally, mud-drapes and shifts in depositional transport directions cause high variance in directional permeability. This depositional model for the Curtis Formation is an inter-well-scale analogue with respect to reservoir property distributions in tidally influenced, heterogeneous reservoirs (e.g. the Tilje, Cook and Knurr formations on the Norwegian continental shelf). Evaluation of the diagenetic imprint proved essential, as reservoir behavior at the original burial depth has to be characterized for relevant comparison. Further studies aim to investigate facies distribution within the succession on a regional scale.

• Sundal, Anja (2015). Could enhanced oil or gas recovery enable globally-significant CCS?.
• Sundal, Anja (2015). Geological reservoir selection criteria for long-term CO2 storage.
• Sundal, Anja (2015). Geological storage of CO2 and potential EOR synergies.
• Sundal, Anja; Per, Aagaard; Nystuen, Johan Petter & Dypvik, Henning (2015). Geological reservoir characterization for subsurface CO2 storage: Methodologies for evaluation of reservoir quality and effects of depositional heterogeneities.
• Sundal, Anja (2014). Trapping mechanisms for CO2 storage, Variations in mineralization potential for CO2 related to sedimentary facies setting and burial depth – a comparative study from the North Sea.
• Sundal, Anja (2014). Trygg deponering av CO2 under havets bunn. ER DET MULIG?.
• Sundal, Anja; Aagaard, Per; Wejden, Bente & Brennwald, Matthias (2014). 3H/3He dating of groundwater for calibration of flow models.
• Sundal, Anja; Hellevang, Helge; Miri, Rohaldin & Aagaard, Per (2014). On layer specific CO2 plume distributions and variability in mineralization potential.
• Sundal, Anja; Hellevang, Helge; Miri, Rohaldin; Dypvik, Henning; Nystuen, Johan Petter & Per, Aagaard (2014). Variations in mineralization potential for CO2 related to sedimentary facies and burial Depth - a comparative study from the North Sea. Energy Procedia.  ISSN 1876-6102.
• Sundal, Anja; Aagaard, Per; Wejden, Bente & Brennwald, Matthias (2013). Flow dynamics and 3H/3He ages of deep groundwater at Gardermoen.
• Sundal, Anja; Miri, Rohaldin; Nystuen, Johan Petter; Dypvik, Henning & Aagaard, Per (2013). Geologic controls on CO2 injectivity and distribution in the Johansen Formation, northern North Sea.
• Sundal, Anja; Miri, Rohaldin; Nystuen, Johan Petter; Dypvik, Henning & Aagaard, Per (2013). Modeling CO2 distribution in a heterogeneous sandstone reservoir: the Johansen Formation, northern North Sea.
• Sundal, Anja (2012). Lagring av CO2 i undergrunnen – Er det mulig? Er det trygt? Og er det lurt?.
• Sundal, Anja; Nystuen, Johan Petter; Dypvik, Henning; Miri, Rohaldin & Aagaard, Per (2012). Effects of geological heterogeneity on CO2 distribution and migration – A case study from the Johansen Formation, Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Aagaard, Per; Hellevang, Helge; Alemu, Binyam; Pham, Van T.H. & Sundal, Anja (2011). Potential for mineral trapping during CO2 storage in sedimentary basins.
• Sundal, Anja; Nystuen, Johan Petter; Dypvik, Henning & Aagaard, Per (2011). Testing the Injectivity of CO2 in a Subsurface Heterogenous Reservoir.

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