Stephan Oepen

• Abzianidze, Lasha; Bos, Johan & Oepen, Stephan (2020). DRS at MRP 2020: Dressing up Discourse Representation Structures as Graphs, In Stephan Oepen; Omri Abend; Lasha Abzianidze; Johan Bos; Jan Hajic; Daniel Hershcovich; Bin Li; Tim O'Gorman & Daniel Zeman (ed.),  Proceedings of the CoNLL 2020 Shared Task:Cross-Framework Meaning Representation Parsing.  Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 9781952148644.  Chapter.  s 23 - 32
• Buljan, Maja; Nivre, Joakim; Oepen, Stephan & Øvrelid, Lilja (2020). A tale of three parsers: Towards diagnostic evaluation for meaning representation parsing., In Nicoletta Calzolari (ed.),  Proceedings of the 12th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference.  European Language Resources Association.  ISBN 979-10-95546-34-4.  Article.  s 1902 - 1909 Full text in Research Archive.
• Kurtz, Robin; Oepen, Stephan & Kuhlmann, Marco (2020). End-to-End Negation Resolution as Graph Parsing, In Gosse Bouma; Yuji Matsumoto; Stephan Oepen; Kenji Sagae; Djame Seddah; Weiwei Sun; Anders Søgaard & Reut Tsarfaty (ed.),  Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Parsing Technologies and the IWPT 2020 Shared Task on Parsing into Enhanced Universal Dependencies.  Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 978-1-952148-11-8.  Chapter.  s 14 - 24
• Oepen, Stephan; Abend, Omri; Abzianidze, Lasha; Bos, Johan; Hajic, Jan; Hershcovich, Daniel; Li, Bin; O'Gorman, Tim; Xue, Nianwen & Zeman, Daniel (2020). MRP 2020: The Second Shared Task on Cross-Framework and Cross-Lingual Meaning Representation Parsing, In Stephan Oepen; Omri Abend; Lasha Abzianidze; Johan Bos; Jan Hajic; Daniel Hershcovich; Bin Li; Tim O'Gorman & Daniel Zeman (ed.),  Proceedings of the CoNLL 2020 Shared Task:Cross-Framework Meaning Representation Parsing.  Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 9781952148644.  Chapter.  s 1 - 22
• Koller, Alexander; Oepen, Stephan & Sun, Weiwei (2019). Graph-Based Meaning Representations: Design and Processing, In Preslav Nakov & Alexis Palmer (ed.),  The 57th Annual Meetingof the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts.  Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 978-1-950737-50-5.  chapter.  s 6 - 11
• Oepen, Stephan; Abend, Omri; Hajic, Jan; Hershcovich, Daniel; Kuhlmann, Marco; O'Gorman, Tim; Xue, Nianwen; Chun, Jayeol; Straka, Milan & Urešová, Zdeňka (2019). MRP 2019: Cross-Framework Meaning Representation Parsing, In Stephan Oepen; Omri Abend; Jan Hajic; Daniel Hershcovich; Marco Kuhlmann; Tim O’Gorman & Xue Nianwen (ed.),  Proceedings of the Shared Task on Cross-Framework Meaning Representation Parsing at the 2019 Conference on Natural Language Learning.  Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 978-1-950737-60-4.  Chapter.  s 1 - 27
• Oepen, Stephan & Flickinger, Dan (2019). The ERG at MRP 2019: Radically Compositional Semantic Dependencies, In Stephan Oepen; Omri Abend; Jan Hajic; Daniel Hershcovich; Marco Kuhlmann; Tim O’Gorman & Xue Nianwen (ed.),  Proceedings of the Shared Task on Cross-Framework Meaning Representation Parsing at the 2019 Conference on Natural Language Learning.  Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 978-1-950737-60-4.  Chapter.  s 40 - 44
• Fares, Murhaf; Oepen, Stephan & Velldal, Erik (2018). Transfer and Multi-Task Learning for Noun–Noun Compound Interpretation, In Ellen Riloff (ed.),  Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing.  Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 978-1-948087-84-1.  Paper.  s 1488 - 1498 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  In this paper, we empirically evaluate the utility of transfer and multi-task learning on a challenging semantic classification task: semantic interpretation of noun--noun compounds. Through a comprehensive series of experiments and in-depth error analysis, we show that transfer learning via parameter initialization and multi-task learning via parameter sharing can help a neural classification model generalize over a highly skewed distribution of relations. Further, we demonstrate how dual annotation with two distinct sets of relations over the same set of compounds can be exploited to improve the overall accuracy of a neural classifier and its F1 scores on the less frequent, but more difficult relations.

• Fares, Murhaf; Oepen, Stephan; Øvrelid, Lilja; Björne, Jari & Johansson, Richard (2018). The 2018 Shared Task on Extrinsic Parser Evaluation: On the Downstream Utility of English Universal Dependency Parsers, In Daniel Zeman & Jan Hajic (ed.),  Proceedings of the CoNLL 2018 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies.  Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 978-1-948087-82-7.  Article.  s 22 - 33 Show summary

  We summarize empirical results and tentative conclusions from the Second Extrinsic Parser Evaluation Initiative (EPE 2018). We review the basic task setup, downstream applications involved, and end-to-end results for seventeen participating parsers. Based on both quantitative and qualitative analysis, we correlate intrinsic evaluation results at different layers of morphsyntactic analysis with observed downstream behavior.

• Lapponi, Emanuele; Søyland, Martin G.; Velldal, Erik & Oepen, Stephan (2018). The Talk of Norway: A Richly Annotated Corpus of the Norwegian Parliament, 1998–2016. Language Resources and Evaluation.  ISSN 1574-020X.  52(3), s 873- 893 . doi: 10.1007/s10579-018-9411-5 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  In this work we present the Talk of Norway (ToN) data set, a collection of Norwegian Parliament speeches from 1998 to 2016. Every speech is richly annotated with metadata harvested from different sources, and augmented with language type, sentence, token, lemma, part-of-speech, and morphological feature annotations. We also present a pilot study on party classification in the Norwegian Parliament, carried out in the context of a cross-faculty collaboration involving researchers from both Political Science and Computer Science. Our initial experiments demonstrate how the linguistic and institutional annotations in ToN can be used to gather insights on how different aspects of the political process affect classification.

• Eckart de Castilho, Richard; Ide, Nancy; Lapponi, Emanuele; Oepen, Stephan; Suderman, Keith; Velldal, Erik & Verhagen, Marc (2017). Representation and Interchange of Linguistic Annotation. An In-Depth, Side-by-Side Comparison of Three Designs, In Nathan Schneider & Nianwen Xue (ed.),  Proceedings of the 11th Linguistic Annotation Workshop.  Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 978-1-945626-39-5.  Chapter.  s 67 - 75
• Flickinger, Dan; Oepen, Stephan & Bender, Emily (2017). Sustainable Development and Refinement of Complex Linguistic Annotations at Scale, In Nancy Ide & James Pustejovsky (ed.),  Handbook of Linguistic Annotation.  Springer.  ISBN 978-94-024-0879-9.  Chapter.  s 353 - 377
• Kutuzov, Andrei; Fares, Murhaf; Oepen, Stephan & Velldal, Erik (2017). Word vectors, reuse, and replicability: Towards a community repository of large-text resources, In Jörg Tiedemann (ed.),  Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics (NoDaLiDa).  Linköping University Electronic Press.  ISBN 978-91-7685-601-7.  chapter.  s 271 - 276 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  This paper describes an emerging shared repository of large-text resources for creating word vectors, including pre-processed corpora and pre-trained vectors for a range of frameworks and configurations. This will facilitate reuse, rapid experimentation, and replicability of results.

• Lapponi, Emanuele; Oepen, Stephan & Øvrelid, Lilja (2017). EPE 2017: The Sherlock Negation Resolution Downstream Application, In Stephan Oepen (ed.),  Proceedings of the 2017 Shared Task on Extrinsic Parser Evaluation at the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics and the 15th International Conference on Parsing Technologies.  Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 978-1-945626-74-6.  Article.  s 25 - 30
• Oepen, Stephan; Øvrelid, Lilja; Björne, Jari; Johansson, Richard; Lapponi, Emanuele; Ginter, Filip & Velldal, Erik (2017). The 2017 Shared Task on Extrinsic Parser Evaluation: Towards a Reusable Community Infrastructure, In Stephan Oepen (ed.),  Proceedings of the 2017 Shared Task on Extrinsic Parser Evaluation at the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics and the 15th International Conference on Parsing Technologies.  Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 978-1-945626-74-6.  Article.  s 1 - 16
• Ivanova, Angelina; Oepen, Stephan; Dridan, Rebecca; Flickinger, Dan; Øvrelid, Lilja & Lapponi, Emanuele (2016). On different approaches to syntactic analysis into bi-lexical dependencies: An empirical comparison of direct, PCFG-based, and HPSG-based parsers. Journal of Language Modelling.  ISSN 2299-856X.  4(1), s 113- 144 . doi: 10.15398/jlm.v4i1.101
• Kuhlmann, Marco & Oepen, Stephan (2016). Towards a catalogue of linguistic graph banks. Computational Linguistics.  ISSN 0891-2017.  42(4), s 819- 827 . doi: 10.1162/COLI_a_00268
• Oepen, Stephan; Kuhlmann, Marco; Miyao, Yusuke; Zeman, Daniel; Cinková, Silvie; Flickinger, Dan; Hajič, Jan; Ivanova, Angelina & Urešová, Zdeňka (2016). Towards Comparability of Linguistic Graph Banks for Semantic Parsing, In  Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2016).  European Language Resources Association.  ISBN 978-2-9517408-9-1.  Chapter.  s 3991 - 3995
• Oepen, Stephan; Read, Jonathon; Scheffler, Tatjana; Sidarenka, Uladzimir; Stede, Manfred; Velldal, Erik & Øvrelid, Lilja (2016). OPT: Oslo–Potsdam–Teesside. Pipelining Rules, Rankers, and Classifier Ensembles for Shallow Discourse Parsing, In Nianwen Xue (ed.),  Proceedings of the CoNLL-16 Shared Task.  Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 978-1-932432-66-4.  Chapter.  s 20 - 26
• Agić, Željko; Koller, Alexander & Oepen, Stephan (2015). Semantic Dependency Graph Parsing Using Tree Approximations, In Matthew Purver; Mehrnoosh Sadrzadeh & Matthew Stone (ed.),  Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics.  Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 978-1-941643-33-4.  chapter.  s 217 - 227
• Bender, Emily; Flickinger, Dan; Oepen, Stephan; Packard, Woodley & Copestake, Ann (2015). Layers of Interpretation: On Grammar and Compositionality, In Matthew Purver; Mehrnoosh Sadrzadeh & Matthew Stone (ed.),  Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics.  Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 978-1-941643-33-4.  chapter.  s 239 - 249
• Fares, Murhaf; Oepen, Stephan & Velldal, Erik (2015). Identifying Compounds: On The Role of Syntax, In Markus Dickinson; Erhard Hinrichs; Agnieszka Patejuk & Adam Przepiórkowski (ed.),  Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories (TLT14).  Institute of Computer Science, Polish Academy of Sciences (IPI-PAN).  ISBN 978-83-63159-18-4.  Article.
• Oepen, Stephan; Kuhlmann, Marco; Miyao, Yusuke; Zeman, Daniel; Cinková, Silvie; Flickinger, Dan; Hajič, Jan & Urešová, Zdeňka (2015). SemEval 2015 Task 18: Broad-Coverage Semantic Dependency Parsing, In Daniel Cer; David Jurgens; Preslav Nakov & Torsten Zesch (ed.),  Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval 2015).  Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 978-1-941643-40-2.  chapter.  s 915 - 926
• Flickinger, Dan; Bender, Emily & Oepen, Stephan (2014). Towards an Encyclopedia of Compositional Semantics: Documenting the Interface of the English Resource Grammar, In Nicoletta Calzolari; Khalid Choukri; Thierry Declerck; Hrafn Loftsson; Bente Maegaard; Joseph Mariani; Asuncion Moreno; Jan Odijk & Stelios Piperidis (ed.),  Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'14).  European Language Resources Association.  ISBN 978-2-9517408-8-4.  Chapter.  s 875 - 881
• Kouylekov, Milen & Oepen, Stephan (2014). RDF Triple Stores and a Custom SPARQL Front-End for Indexing and Searching (Very) Large Semantic Networks, In Lamia Tounsi & Rak Rafal (ed.),  Proceedings of COLING 2014, the 25th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations.  Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 978-1-941643-27-3.  Article.  s 90 - 94
• Kouylekov, Milen & Oepen, Stephan (2014). Semantic Technologies for Querying Linguistic Annotations: An Experiment Focusing on Graph-Structured Data, In Nicoletta Calzolari; Khalid Choukri; Thierry Declerck; Hrafn Loftsson; Bente Maegaard; Joseph Mariani; Asuncion Moreno; Jan Odijk & Stelios Piperidis (ed.),  Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'14).  European Language Resources Association.  ISBN 978-2-9517408-8-4.  Article. Full text in Research Archive.
• Lapponi, Emanuele; Velldal, Erik; Oepen, Stephan & Knudsen, Rune Lain (2014). Off-Road LAF: Encoding and Processing Annotations in NLP Workflows, In Nicoletta Calzolari; Khalid Choukri; Thierry Declerck; Hrafn Loftsson; Bente Maegaard; Joseph Mariani; Asuncion Moreno; Jan Odijk & Stelios Piperidis (ed.),  Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'14).  European Language Resources Association.  ISBN 978-2-9517408-8-4.  artikkel.  s 4578 - 4584
• Miyao, Yusuke; Oepen, Stephan & Zeman, Daniel (2014). In-House: An Ensemble of Pre-Existing Off-the-Shelf Parsers, In Preslav Nakov & Torsten Zesch (ed.),  Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval 2014).  Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 978-1-941643-24-2.  Chapter.  s 335 - 340
• Oepen, Stephan; Kuhlmann, Marco; Miyao, Yusuke; Zeman, Daniel; Flickinger, Dan; Hajič, Jan; Ivanova, Angelina & Zhang, Yi (2014). SemEval 2014 Task 8: Broad-Coverage Semantic Dependency Parsing, In Preslav Nakov & Torsten Zesch (ed.),  Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval 2014).  Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 978-1-941643-24-2.  Chapter.  s 63 - 72
• Packard, Woodley; Bender, Emily; Read, Jonathon; Oepen, Stephan & Dridan, Rebecca (2014). Simple Negation Scope Resolution through Deep Parsing: A Semantic Solution to a Semantic Problem, In Kristina Toutanova & Hua Wu (ed.),  Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics.  Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 978-1-937284-72-5.  Chapter.  s 69 - 78
• Skjærholt, Arne & Oepen, Stephan (2014). Estimating the Utility of Simplified Discriminants in Grammar-Based Treebanking, In Verena Henrich; Erhard Hinrichs; Daniel de Kok; Petya Osenova & Adam Przepiórkowski (ed.),  Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories (TLT13).  University of Tübingen.  ISBN 978-3-9809183-9-8.  Artikkel.  s 208 - 217 Show summary

  We investigate different types of discriminants in grammar-based treebanking, grounded in a review of earlier work; with an eye towards annotation by non-experts, we propose different simplifications of common discriminant types and quantify their ‘discriminative power’ as well as efficacy in the preparation of training data for a discriminative parse ranker.

• Dridan, Rebecca & Oepen, Stephan (2013). Document Parsing: Towards Realistic Syntactic Analysis, In Harry Bunt; Khalil Sima’an & Liang Huang (ed.),  Proceedings of The 13th International Conference on Parsing Technologies IWPT-2013.  Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 978-1-937284-76-3.  Document Parsing.  s 127 - 133
• Fares, Murhaf; Oepen, Stephan & Zhang, Yi (2013). Machine Learning for High-Quality Tokenization. Replicating Variable Tokenization Schemes, In Alexander Gelbukh (ed.),  Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing. 14th International Conference, CICLing 2013, Samos, Greece, March 24-30, 2013, Proceedings, Part I.  Springer.  ISBN 978-3-642-37247-6.  Chapter.  s 231 - 244
• Ivanova, Angelina; Oepen, Stephan; Dridan, Rebecca; Flickinger, Dan & Øvrelid, Lilja (2013). On Different Approaches to Syntactic Analysis Into Bi-Lexical Dependencies. An Empirical Comparison of Direct, PCFG-Based, and HPSG-Based Parsers, In Harry Bunt; Khalil Sima’an & Liang Huang (ed.),  Proceedings of The 13th International Conference on Parsing Technologies IWPT-2013.  Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 978-1-937284-76-3.  8. Full text in Research Archive.
• Ivanova, Angelina; Oepen, Stephan & Øvrelid, Lilja (2013). Survey on parsing three dependency representations for English, In Anik Dey; Sebastian Krause; Ivelina Nikolova; Eva Vecchi; Steven Bethard; Preslav I. Nakov & Feiyu Xu (ed.),  51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop.  Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 978-1-937284-53-4.  5.  s 31 - 37 Show summary

  In this paper we focus on practical is- sues of data representation for dependency parsing. We carry out an experimental comparison of (a) three syntactic depen- dency schemes; (b) three data-driven de- pendency parsers; and (c) the influence of two different approaches to lexical cate- gory disambiguation (aka tagging) prior to parsing. Comparing parsing accuracies in various setups, we study the interactions of these three aspects and analyze which configurations are easier to learn for a de- pendency parser.

• Lapponi, Emanuele; Velldal, Erik; Vazov, Nikolay Aleksandrov & Oepen, Stephan (2013). HPC-ready Language Analysis for Human Beings, In Stephan Oepen; Kristin Hagen & Janne Bondi Johannessen (ed.),  Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics (NODALIDA 2013).  Linköping University Electronic Press.  ISBN 978-91-7519-589-6.  article.  s 447 - 452 Full text in Research Archive.
• Lapponi, Emanuele; Velldal, Erik; Vazov, Nikolay Aleksandrov & Oepen, Stephan (2013). Towards large-scale language analysis in the cloud, In Koenraad De Smedt; Lars Borin; Krister Lindén; Bente Maegaard; Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson & Kadri Vider (ed.),  Proceedings of the workshop on Nordic language research infrastructure at NODALIDA 2013.  Linköping University Electronic Press.  ISBN 978-91-7519-585-8.  article.  s 1 - 10 Full text in Research Archive.
• Read, Jonathon; Dridan, Rebecca & Oepen, Stephan (2013). Simple and Accountable Segmentation of Marked-up Text, In Stephan Oepen; Kristin Hagen & Janne Bondi Johannessen (ed.),  Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics (NODALIDA 2013).  Linköping University Electronic Press.  ISBN 978-91-7519-589-6.  Simple and Accountable Segmentation of Marked-up Text.  s 365 - 373
• Berg, Øyvind Raddum; Oepen, Stephan & Read, Jonathon (2012). Towards High-Quality Text Stream Extraction from PDF. Technical Background to the ACL 2012 Contributed Task, In Rafael Banchs (ed.),  Proceedings of the ACL-2012 Special Workshop on Rediscovering 50 Years of Discoveries.  Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 978-1-937284-29-9.  paper.  s 98 - 103
• Dridan, Rebecca & Oepen, Stephan (2012). Tokenization: Returning to a Long Solved Problem. A Survey, Contrastive Experiment, Recommendations, and Toolkit, In Chin-Yew Lin & Miles Osborne (ed.),  Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers).  Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 978-1-937284-25-1.  Chapter.  s 378 - 382
• Ivanova, Angelina; Oepen, Stephan; Øvrelid, Lilja & Flickinger, Dan (2012). Who Did What to Whom? A Contrastive Study of Syntacto-Semantic Dependencies, In Nancy Ide & Fei Xia (ed.),  Proceedings of the Sixth Linguistic Annotation Workshop.  Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 978-1-937284-32-9.  Chapter.  s 2 - 11
• Read, Jonathon; Dridan, Rebecca; Oepen, Stephan & Solberg, Lars Jørgen (2012). Sentence Boundary Detection: A Long Solved Problem?. International Conference on Computational Linguistics (ICCL) (COLING).  ISSN 1525-2477.  s 985- 994
• Read, Jonathon; Flickinger, Dan; Dridan, Rebecca; Oepen, Stephan & Øvrelid, Lilja (2012). The WeSearch Corpus, Treebank and Treecache: A Comprehensive Sample of User-Generated Content, In Nicoletta Calzolari; Khalid Choukri; Thierry Declerck; Mehmet Ugur Dogan; Bente Maegaard; Joseph Mariani & Jan Odijk (ed.),  Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation.  European Language Resources Association.  ISBN 978-2-9517408-7-7.  paper.
• Read, Jonathon; Velldal, Erik; Øvrelid, Lilja & Oepen, Stephan (2012). UiO1: Constituent-Based Discriminative Ranking for Negation Resolution, In Eneko Agirre; Johan Bos & Mona Diab (ed.),  *SEM 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics --- Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task.  Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 978-1-937284-21-3.  paper.  s 310 - 318
• Schafer, Ulrich; Read, Jonathon & Oepen, Stephan (2012). Towards an ACL Anthology Corpus with Logical Document Structure. An Overview of the ACL 2012 Contributed Task, In Rafael Banchs (ed.),  Proceedings of the ACL-2012 Special Workshop on Rediscovering 50 Years of Discoveries.  Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 978-1-937284-29-9.  Session: The Anthology.  s 88 - 97 Show summary

  The ACL 2012 Contributed Task is a community effort aiming to provide the full ACL Anthology as a high-quality corpus with rich markup, following the TEI P5 guidelines— a new resource dubbed the ACL Anthology Corpus (AAC). The goal of the task is threefold: (a) to provide a shared resource for experimentation on scientific text; (b) to serve as a basis for advanced search over the ACL Anthology, based on textual content and citations; and, by combining the aforementioned goals, (c) to present a showcase of the benefits of natural language processing to a broader audience. The Contributed Task extends the current Anthology Reference Corpus (ARC) both in size, quality, and by aiming to provide tools that allow the corpus to be automatically extended with new content—be they scanned or born-digital.

• Velldal, Erik; Øvrelid, Lilja; Read, Jonathon & Oepen, Stephan (2012). Speculation and Negation: Rules, Rankers, and the Role of Syntax. Computational Linguistics.  ISSN 0891-2017.  38(2), s 369- 410 . doi: 10.1162/COLI_a_00126 Show summary

  This article explores a combination of deep and shallow approaches to the problem of resolving the scope of speculation and negation within a sentence, specifically in the domain of biomedical research literature. The first part of the article focuses on speculation. After first showing how speculation cues can be accurately identified using a very simple classifier informed only by local lexical context, we go on to explore two different syntactic approaches to resolving the in-sentence scopes of these cues. Whereas one uses manually crafted rules operating over dependency structures, the other automatically learns a discriminative ranking function over nodes in constituent trees. We provide an in-depth error analysis and discussion of various linguistic properties characterizing the problem, and show that although both approaches perform well in isolation, even better results can be obtained by combining them, yielding the best published results to date on the CoNLL-2010 Shared Task data. The last part of the article describes how our speculation system is ported to also resolve the scope of negation.With only modest modifications to the initial design, the system obtains state-of-the-art results on this task also.

• Bender, Emily; Flickinger, Dan; Oepen, Stephan & Zhang, Yi (2011). Parser Evaluation over Local and Non-Local Deep Dependencies in a Large Corpus, In Regina Barzilay & Mark Johnson (ed.),  Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing.  Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 978-1-937284-11-4.  Chapter.  s 397 - 408
• Bond, Francis; Oepen, Stephan; Nichols, Eric; Flickinger, Dan; Velldal, Erik & Haugereid, Petter (2011). Deep open-source machine translation. Machine Translation.  ISSN 0922-6567.  25(2), s 87- 105 . doi: 10.1007/s10590-011-9099-4
• Dridan, Rebecca & Oepen, Stephan (2011). Parser Evaluation Using Elementary Dependency Matching, In Harry Bunt & Joakim Nivre (ed.),  Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Parsing Technologies.  Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 978-1-932432-04-6.  Parser Evaluation Using Elementary Dependency Matching.  s 225 - 230
• Emily M., Bender; Flickinger, Dan & Oepen, Stephan (2011). Grammar Engineering and Linguistic Hypothesis Testing: Computational Support for Complexity in Syntactic Analysis, In Bender Emily M. & Arnold Jennifer E. (ed.),  Language from a Cognitive Perspective: Grammar, Usage, and Processing. Studies in Honor of Tom Wasow.  CSLI Publications.  ISBN 9781575866109.  Chapter 2.  s 5 - 29
• MacKinlay, Andrew; Dridan, Rebecca; Flickinger, Dan; Oepen, Stephan & Baldwin, Timothy (2011). Treeblazing: Using External Treebanks to Filter Parse Forests for Parse Selection and Treebanking, In Haifeng Wang & David Yarowsky (ed.),  Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing.  Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing.  ISBN 978-974-466-564-5.  Chapter 28.  s 246 - 254
• Read, Jonathon; Velldal, Erik; Oepen, Stephan & Øvrelid, Lilja (2011). Resolving speculation and negation scope in biomedical articles with a syntactic constituent ranker, In Helena Hong Gao & Minghui Dong (ed.),  Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, and the Fourth International Symposium on Languages in Biology and Medicine.  Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation.  ISBN 978-4-905166-02-3.  Conference Paper.
• Flickinger, Dan; Oepen, Stephan & Ytrestøl, Gisle (2010). WikiWoods: Syntacto-Semantic Annotation for English Wikipedia, In Nicoletta Calzolari; Khalid Choukri; Bente Maegaard; Joseph Mariani; Jan Odijk; Stelios Piperidis; Mike Rosner & Daniel Tapias (ed.),  Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'10).  European Language Resources Association.  ISBN 2-9517408-6-7.  432.  s 1665 - 1671 Full text in Research Archive.
• Fujita, Sanae; Bond, Francis; Oepen, Stephan & Tanaka, Takaaki (2010). Exploiting Semantic Information for HPSG Parse Selection. Research on Language & Computation.  ISSN 1570-7075.  7 . doi: 10.1007/s11168-010-9069-7
• Velldal, Erik; Øvrelid, Lilja & Oepen, Stephan (2010). Resolving Speculation: MaxEnt Cue Classification and Dependency-Based Scope Rules, In Richárd Farkas (ed.),  Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning -- Shared Task.  Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 978-1-932432-84-8.  artikkel nr. 7.  s 48 - 55
• Zhang, Yi; Oepen, Stephan & Carroll, John (2010). Efficiency in Unification-Based N-Best Parsing, In Harry Bunt; Paola Merlo & Joakim Nivre (ed.),  Trends in Parsing Technology. Dependency Parsing, Domain Adaptation, and Deep Parsing.  Springer Science+Business Media B.V..  ISBN 978-90-481-9351-6.  13.  s 223 - 241
• Øvrelid, Lilja; Velldal, Erik & Oepen, Stephan (2010). Syntactic Scope Resolution in Uncertainty Analysis, In Dan Jurafsky (ed.),  Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2010).  Daheng Electronic Press.  ISBN 978-7-900268-00-6.  artikkel.  s 1379 - 1387
• Bungum, Lars & Oepen, Stephan (2009). Automatic Translation of Norwegian Noun Compounds, In Lluís Màrquez & Harald Somers (ed.),  Proceedings of the 13th Annual Conference of the European Association for Machine Translation.  European Association for Machine Translation (EAMT).  ISBN 978-84-692-3943-8.  20.  s 136 - 143
• Ytrestøl, Gisle; Flickinger, Dan & Oepen, Stephan (2009). Extracting and Annotating Wikipedia Sub-Domains, In Frank van Eynde; Anette Frank; Koenraad De Smedt & Gertjan van Noord (ed.),  Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theory (TLT7).  Landelijke Onderzoekschool Taalwetenschap.  ISBN 9789078328773.  18.  s 185 - 197
• Zhang, Yi; Wang, Rui & Oepen, Stephan (2009). Hybrid Multilingual Parsing with HPSG for SRL, In Jan Hajič (ed.),  Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning (CoNLL): Shared Task.  Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 9781932432299.  Chapter 4.  s 31 - 36
• Adolphs, Peter; Oepen, Stephan; Callmeier, Ulrich; Cryssmann, Berthold; Flickinger, Dan & Kiefer, Bernd (2008). Some Fine Points of Hybrid Natural Language Processing, In Nicoletta Calzolari (ed.),  Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation.  European Language Resources Association.  ISBN 2-9517408-4-0.  kapitel.
• Fujita, Sanae; Bond, Francis; Oepen, Stephan & Tanaka, Takaaki (2007). Exploiting Semantic Information for HPSG Parse Selection, In Timothy Baldwin; Mark Dras; Julia Hockenmaier; Tracy Holloway King & Gertjan van Noord (ed.),  Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Deep Linguistic Processing.  Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 978-1-932432-88-6.  Chapter 4.  s 25 - 32
• Oepen, Stephan; Velldal, Erik; Lønning, Jan Tore; Meurer, Paul; Rosén, Victoria & Flickinger, Dan (2007). Towards Hybrid Quality-Oriented Machine Translation. On Linguistics and Probabilities in MT, In Andy Way & Barbara Gawronska (ed.),  Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Theoretical Issues in Machine Translation.  Skövde University Studies in Informatics.  ISBN 978-91-977095-0-7.  Chapter 18.  s 144 - 153
• Zhang, Yi; Oepen, Stephan & Carroll, John (2007). Efficiency in Unification-Based N-Best Parsing, In Harry Bunt (ed.),  Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Parsing Technologies.  Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 978-1-932432-90-9.  Chapter 7.  s 48 - 59
• Nygaard, Lars; Lønning, Jan Tore; Nordgård, Torbjørn & Oepen, Stephan (2006). Using a bi-lingual dictionary in lexical transfer, In Jan Tore Lønning & Stephan Oepen (ed.),  Proceedings of the 11th Conference of the European Association for Machine Translation.  European Association for Machine Translation (EAMT).  ISBN 82-7368-294-3.  kapittel.  s 233 - 238
• Oepen, Stephan & Lønning, Jan Tore (2006). Discriminant-Based MRS Banking, In Nicoletta Calzolari (ed.),  Proceedings of the 5th international conference on language resources and evaluation.  European Language Resources Association.  ISBN 2-9517408-2-4.  kapittel.  s 1250 - 1255
• Velldal, Erik & Oepen, Stephan (2006). Statistical Ranking in Tactical Generation, In Dan Jurafsky & Eric Gaussier (ed.),  Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing.  Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 1-932432-73-6.  KAPITTEL.  s 517 - 525
• Baldwin, Timothy; Beavers, John; Bender, Emily; Flickinger, Daniel Paul; Kim, Ara & Oepen, Stephan (2005). Beauty and the Beast: What Running a Broad-Coverage Precision Grammar over the BNC Taught us about the Grammar -- and the Corpus, In Stephan Kepser & Marga Reis (ed.),  Linguistic Evidence: Empirical, Theoretical and Computational Perspectives.  Mouton de Gruyter.  ISBN 3-11-018312-9.  4.  s 49 - 70
• Flickinger, Dan; Lønning, Jan Tore; Dyvik, Helge J. Jakhelln; Oepen, Stephan & Bond, Francis (2005). SEM-I rational MT. Enriching deep grammars with a semantic interface for scalable machine translation, In Hitoshi Isahara (ed.),  Proceedings of the 10th Machine Translation Summit.  Asia-Pacific Association for Machine Translation (AAMT).  ISBN 974-7431-26-2.  Kapittel.  s 165 - 172
• Oepen, Stephan; Dyvik, Helge J. Jakhelln; Flickinger, Dan; Lønning, Jan Tore; Meurer, Paul & Rosén, Victoria (2005). Holistic regression testing for high-quality MT. Some methodological and technological reflections, In Bente Maegaard (ed.),  Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference of the European Association for Machine Translation.  The Faculty of Information Technology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University.  ISBN 963-9206-04-0.  Kapittel.
• Oepen, Stephan; Flickinger, Dan; Toutanova, Kristina & Manning, Christopher (2005). LinGO Redwoods. A Rich and Dynamic Treebank for HPSG. Research on Language & Computation.  ISSN 1570-7075.  3(1), s 83- 105
• Velldal, Erik & Oepen, Stephan (2005). Maximum Entropy Models for Realization Ranking, In Jun-ichi Tsujii (ed.),  Proceedings of the 10th Machine Translation Summit.  Asia-Pacific Association for Machine Translation.  ISBN 974-7431-26-2.  KAPITTEL.
• Oepen, Stephan & Callmeier, Ulrich (2004). Measure for measure. Towards increased component comparability and exchange, In Harry Bunt; John Carroll & Giorgio Satta (ed.),  New Developments in Parsing Technology.  Springer.  19.

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• Bouma, Gosse; Matsumoto, Yuji; Oepen, Stephan; Sagae, Kenji; Seddah, Djame; Sun, Weiwei; Søgaard, Anders & Tsarfaty, Reut (ed.) (2020). Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Parsing Technologies and the IWPT 2020 Shared Task on Parsing into Enhanced Universal Dependencies. Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 978-1-952148-11-8.  265 s.
• Oepen, Stephan; Abend, Omri; Abzianidze, Lasha; Bos, Johan; Hajic, Jan; Hershcovich, Daniel; Li, Bin; O'Gorman, Tim & Zeman, Daniel (ed.) (2020). Proceedings of the CoNLL 2020 Shared Task:Cross-Framework Meaning Representation Parsing. Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 9781952148644.  99 s.
• Nivre, Joakim; Derczynski, Leon; Ginter, Filip; Lindi, Bjørn; Oepen, Stephan; Søgaard, Anders & Tidemann, Jorg (ed.) (2019). Proceedings of the First NLPL Workshop on Deep Learning for Natural Language Processing. Linköping University Electronic Press.  ISBN 978-91-7929-999-6.  66 s.
• Oepen, Stephan; Abend, Omri; Hajic, Jan; Hershcovich, Daniel; Kuhlmann, Marco; O’Gorman, Tim & Nianwen, Xue (ed.) (2019). Proceedings of the Shared Task on Cross-Framework Meaning Representation Parsing at the 2019 Conference on Natural Language Learning. Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 978-1-950737-60-4.  187 s.
• Oepen, Stephan (ed.) (2017). Proceedings of the 2017 Shared Task on Extrinsic Parser Evaluation at the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics and the 15th International Conference on Parsing Technologies. Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 978-1-945626-74-6.  99 s.
• Carroll, John; Gojenola, Koldo & Oepen, Stephan (ed.) (2015). Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Parsing Technologies. Association for Computational Linguistics.  ISBN 978-1-941643-98-3.  129 s.
• Oepen, Stephan; Hagen, Kristin & Johannessen, Janne Bondi (ed.) (2013). Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics (NODALIDA 2013). Linköping University Electronic Press.  ISBN 978-91-7519-589-6.  474 s.
• Flickinger, Dan & Oepen, Stephan (ed.) (2010). Collected Papers of Martin Kay. A Half Century of Computational Linguistics. CSLI Publications.  ISBN 978-1-57586-571-3.  639 s.
• Lønning, Jan Tore & Oepen, Stephan (ed.) (2006). Proceedings of the 11th Conference of the European Association for Machine Translation. European Association for Machine Translation (EAMT).  ISBN 82-7368-294-3.  252 s.

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• Fares, Murhaf; Oepen, Stephan & Velldal, Erik (2015). Identifying Compounds: On The Role of Syntax.
• Lapponi, Emanuele; Oepen, Stephan; Skjærholt, Arne & Velldal, Erik (2015). LAP: The CLARINO Language Analysis Portal.
• Oepen, Stephan (2011). Parser Evaluation over Local and Non-Local Deep Dependencies in a Large Corpus.
• Flickinger, Dan & Oepen, Stephan (2010). Foreword, In Dan Flickinger & Stephan Oepen (ed.),  Collected Papers of Martin Kay. A Half Century of Computational Linguistics.  CSLI Publications.  ISBN 978-1-57586-571-3.  0.
• Flickinger, Dan; Oepen, Stephan & Ytrestøl, Gisle (2010). WikiWoods: Syntacto-Semantic Annotation for English Wikipedia.
• Oepen, Stephan (2010). Language Technology for the Web. META.  ISSN 1890-1956.  (2), s 16- 19
• Nygaard, Lars; Lønning, Jan Tore; Nordgård, Torbjørn & Oepen, Stephan (2006). Using a bi-lingual dictionary in lexical transfer.
• Flickinger, Dan; Lønning, Jan Tore; Dyvik, Helge J. Jakhelln; Oepen, Stephan & Bond, Francis (2005). SEM-I rational MT. Enriching deep grammars with a semantic interface for scalable machine translation.
• Oepen, Stephan; Dyvik, Helge J. Jakhelln; Flickinger, Dan; Lønning, Jan Tore; Meurer, Paul & Rosén, Victoria (2005). Holistic regression-testing for high-quality MT. Some methodological and technological reflections.
• Oepen, Stephan; Dyvik, Helge; Flickinger, Daniel Paul; Lønning, Jan Tore; Meurer, Paul & Rosén, Victoria (2005). Holistic regression testing for high-quality MT. Some methodological and technological reflections.
• Rosén, Victoria; Dyvik, Helge J. Jakhelln; Flickinger, Dan; Beermann, Dorothee; Carroll, John; Hellan, Lars; Johannessen, Janne Bondi; Lønning, Jan Tore; Meurer, Paul; Nordgård, Torbjørn; Oepen, Stephan & Velldal, Erik (2005). LOGON:Towards a Machine Translation System Integrating LFG and HPSG.
• Oepen, Stephan; Dyvik, Helge Julius; Lønning, Jan Tore; Velldal, Erik; Beermann, Dorothee; Carroll, John; Flickinger, Dan; Hellan, Lars; Johannessen, Janne Bondi; Meurer, Paul; Nordgård, Torbjørn & Rosén, Victoria (2004). Som å kapp-ete med trollet? Towards MRS-based Norwegian-English Machine Translation.
• Oepen, Stephan; Dyvik, Helge; Lønning, Jan Tore; Velldal, Erik; Beermann, Dorothee; Carroll, John; Flickinger, Dan; Hellan, Lars; Johannessen, Janne Bondi; Meurer, Paul; Nordgård, Torbjørn & Rosén, Victoria (2004). Som å kappete med trollet? Towards MRS-Based Norwegian-English Machine Translation.
• Oepen, Stephan; Flickinger, Dan & Bond, Francis (2004). Towards Holistic Grammar Engineering and Testing. Grafting Treebank Maintenance into the Grammar Revision Cycle.
• Velldal, Erik; Oepen, Stephan & Flickinger, Dan (2004). Paraphrasing Treebanks for Stochastic Realization Ranking.
• Lønning, Jan Tore; Oepen, Stephan; Beermann, Dorothee; Carroll, John; Dyvik, Helge Julius; Flickinger, Dan; Hellan, Lars; Johannessen, Janne Bondi; Meurer, Paul; Nordgård, Torbjørn; Rosén, Victoria & Velldal, Erik (2004). LOGON. A Norwegian MT effort.
• Lønning, Jan Tore; Oepen, Stephan; Beermann, Dorothee; Hellan, Lars; Carroll, John; Dyvik, Helge; Flickinger, Dan; Johannessen, Janne Bondi; Meurer, Paul; Nordgård, Torbjørn; Rosén, Victoria & Velldal, Erik (2004). LOGON - A Norwegian MT Effort.

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