Arild Aspelund

• Aspelund, Arild; Azari, Mohammad Javadinia; Aglen, Andreas Flåt & Graff, Sondre Gullord (2017). The birth and development of a Born Global industry: The case of microelectronics in Norway. Journal of International Entrepreneurship.  ISSN 1570-7385.  s 1- 27 . doi: 10.1007/s10843-017-0206-3 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  It seems beyond discussion that nations benefit greatly from having internationally competitive knowledge-based or technology-intensive industries. However, the question of how to create and nurture such industries is still debated, and various schools offer different recipes. This study takes an international entrepreneurship approach to investigate the emergence of an industry that seeks international competitiveness and growth from inception—a born global industry. The case is the Norwegian microelectronics industry, which is a successful, profitable, and globally competitive industry, but interestingly also an industry that Norway has very few preconditions to have. The purpose of the study is to understand why this industry emerged in Norway and the underpinnings of its international competitiveness and growth. The study adopts a historical multilevel case study approach that tracks the story of the key entrepreneurs, their firms and competitors, and the key institutions that they have interacted with. The study concludes that, from a structural condition or path dependency point of view, few factors would suggest the establishment of this industry in Norway. Rather, the emergence of this industry seems to be based on a knowledge platform created by the state, and subsequently turned into robust international business activities through the work of a handful of very ambitious and extremely technically competent international entrepreneurs with global visions for all their business activities. The findings support the pivotal role of the state not only in building knowledge platforms, but also in nurturing an environment where international entrepreneurs can thrive. Hence, this study justifies the study of emerging industries and the competitiveness of nations within the framework of international entrepreneurship and encourages more research on the societal and economic effects of international entrepreneurship.

• Aspelund, Arild; Fjell, Lise & Rødland, Silje Erdal (2017). Doing good and doing well? International Entrepreneurship and Social Responsibility. International Journal of Entrepreneurship.  ISSN 1099-9264.  21(2) Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Many prominent international entrepreneurs, from Dame Anita Roddick, founder of the Body Shop, to Mohammad Yunus, founder of the Grameen Foundation and winner of the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize, have built their international ventures around social responsible (SR) business ideas. Moreover, the popular business literature is brimming with examples of newly established international firms that draw considerable competitive advantages from strategies based on corporate social responsibility (CSR). Yet, in the same popular literature, we see that the multinational company remains the major scapegoats when it comes to the blame for global social and environmental problems. Even if this debate is ongoing in the popular literature, the academic literature is surprisingly absent. What exactly is the relationship between internationalization of firms and social responsibility? And what implications does it have for international entrepreneurs and research in the field of international entrepreneurship? This study seeks to address these questions by performing a comprehensive literature review on the internationalization social responsibility relationship in order to establish what research has concluded so far and suggest some promising venues for further research within the field of entrepreneurship. The study identifies five research topics that dominate the literature on internationalization and social responsibility. We present these five issues and suggest eight propositions that summarize our knowledge to date. Furthermore, we present three gaps in the literature that constitutes promising research venues for the social responsibility and business ethics research community.

• Erikson, Truls; Løvdal, Nicolai Solberg & Aspelund, Arild (2015). Entrepreneurial judgment and value capture, the case of the nascent offshore renewable industry. Sustainability.  ISSN 2071-1050.  7(11), s 14859- 14872 . doi: 10.3390/su71114859 Vis sammendrag

  Entrepreneurship may be regarded as the mechanism of change towards sustainability. Any entrepreneur that seeks to start a new venture in an emerging industry will face resource and time constraints. The question we raise here is how the entrepreneur should prioritize use of time and resources to increase likeliness of success. To address this question we depart from a theoretical perspective of entrepreneurship seen as judgment, and bridges it over to entrepreneurship seen as co-creation. In other words, we combine the subjective with the intersubjective, and explore the effects of the actions successful green technology entrepreneurs in the emerging offshore renewable energy industry make in building their new ventures in nascent markets. Inspired by earlier studies on market entry, combined with new ways to understand new venture emergence, we find that independent entrepreneurs benefit from leapfrogging typical stages in the technology development process and rather devote time and efforts on resource acquisition. We also find that the most important value-capturing, decision-making heuristics are those related to “hybrid governance”. We discuss implications for theory, practice, and policy.

• Netland, Torbjørn H & Aspelund, Arild (2014). Multi-plant improvement programmes: a literature review and research agenda. International Journal of Operations & Production Management.  ISSN 0144-3577.  34(3), s 390- 418 . doi: 10.1108/IJOPM-02-2012-0087 Vis sammendrag

  Purpose – To advance the productivity of all plants in the network, multinational corporations develop and deploy multi-plant improvement programmes. In this paper, the authors systematically review and synthesise the emerging literature on multi-plant improvement programmes. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Through a systematic manual search, the authors examine 15 top journals from operations management, general management and international business literature in the time span between 1998 and 2011. Findings – The authors found 30 papers that specifically deal with operational improvement programmes in a multi-plant international setting, of which only nine take a headquarter perspective. This low number contrasts sharply with the magnitude and importance of such programmes in industry. The authors discuss key dimensions that explain how multi-plant improvement programmes result in the adopting, adapting, acting or avoiding of programme practices in subsidiaries and propose a related research agenda. Research limitations/implications – The authors affirm that a new field is in the making, with IJOPM as the leading professional journal. Further empirical research is called for, but particular methodological caution must be paid to the phenomenon of acting in subsidiaries. Originality/value – No coherent stream of research has addressed multi-plant improvement programmes. This paper represents a focused review that supports the further development of the field.

• Netland, Torbjørn H & Aspelund, Arild (2013). Company-specific production systems and competitive advantage: A resource-based view on the Volvo Production System. International Journal of Operations & Production Management.  ISSN 0144-3577.  33(11-12), s 1511- 1531 . doi: 10.1108/IJOPM-07-2010-0171 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Aspelund, Arild & Flaam Moen, Carina (2012). International New Ventures and Governance Structures – Are International Entrepreneurs Strategic or Entrepreneurial?. Journal of Management and Governance.  ISSN 1385-3457.  16(1), s 125- 146 . doi: 10.1007/s10997-010-9144-3 Vis sammendrag

  Born Global firms have attracted significant research interest over the past decade and one of the recurring research questions is how Born Global firms are able to overcome resource limitations to establish effective international sales and marketing channels so rapidly. Several qualitative studies have been performed in order to investigate this question and most conclude that Born Global firms do it by using entrepreneurial hybrid structures to govern their international activities. This study offers a quantitative analysis on whether there are significant differences between the international activities of small international firms and seeks to determine whether Born Global firms are more ‘entrepreneurial’ in terms of governance of their international activities and resources than other small international firms. The study adopts Aspelund and Moen’s (2005) classification of small international firms according to their time to internationalization and share of foreign sales and investigates differences in characteristics and governance of international activities. As expected, the study found differences in a broad range of characteristics between the firms that had adopted the different internationalization strategies. More surprisingly, the study fails to identify any differences between the firms on international governance structures for international operations. This a very intriguing result as it opposes a lot of qualitative work over the past decade and it also implies that Born Global firms are strategic in deciding their governance structures for international marketing activities regardless of their resource situation. Implications of the findings are discussed and alternative venues for further research are proposed.

• Aspelund, Arild & Moen, Øystein (2012). Born Globals - Det Nye Norske Næringsliv, I:  Perspektiver på Entreprenørskap.  Cappelen Damm Akademisk.  ISBN 978-82-7634-956-6.  Kapittel 7.  s 146 - 158
• Bjørnåli, Ekaterina S. & Aspelund, Arild (2012). The role of the entrepreneurial team and the board of directors in the internationalization of academic spin-offs. Journal of International Entrepreneurship.  ISSN 1570-7385.  10(4), s 350- 377 . doi: 10.1007/s10843-012-0094-5 Vis sammendrag

  This study addresses the roles of the entrepreneurial team and the board of directors in the internationalization of academic spin-off companies. The study is based on a quantitative analysis of 109 spin-offs from Norwegian academic institutions. The findings suggest that academic spin-offs are more likely to achieve both international strategic alliances and international sales with entrepreneurial teams having industrial experience that is both highly homogeneous (where each member has work experience in the same industry) and highly diverse (where each member has work experience in different industries) and board members that have diverse functional backgrounds. Firms that are less dependent on networking by board members to increase legitimacy and build relationships with potential foreign customers are more likely to achieve international sales.

• Løvdal, Nicolai & Aspelund, Arild (2012). Characteristics of Born Global Industries - The Birth of Offshore Renewables, In Mika Gabrielsson & Manek Kirplani (ed.),  Handbook of Research on Born Globals.  Edward Elgar Publishing.  ISBN 978 1 84844 953 4.  Chapter 15.  s 285 - 309
• Miloud, Tarek; Aspelund, Arild & Cabrol, Mathieu (2012). Start-Up Valuation by Venture Capitalists: An Empirical Study. Venture Capital : an International Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance.  ISSN 1369-1066.  14(2-3), s 151- 174 . doi: 10.1080/13691066.2012.667907 Vis sammendrag

  How to value a new venture is critical in entrepreneurial financing. This article develops an integrated theoretical framework to examine whether venture capitalists' valuation of a new venture can be explained by factors identified in the strategy theories as important to firm performance. Empirical results from the analyses of 184 rounds of early-stage venture capital investments in 102 new ventures support the central proposition that venture capitalists do take into consideration those factors that are important to firm performance in their valuation of new ventures. More specifically, this article finds that attractiveness of the industry, the quality of the founder and top management team, as well as external relationships of a new venture significantly and positively affect its valuation by venture capitalists when it seeks venture capital financing in its early stages of development. These empirical findings help to establish an initial linkage between the well-developed theories in strategic management and under-researched venture capital valuation practice. It brings more theoretical rigor to the venture capital investment literature by introducing a systematic approach to identify and measure factors important to new venture valuation. It explores a possibility to develop a supplementary method to value an early-stage new venture when extant valuation methods fail to yield consistent results because these methods require accounting information that a new venture typically cannot provide.

• Løvdal, Nicolai & Aspelund, Arild (2011). International Entrepreneurship in the Offshore Renewable Energy Industry, In Rolf Wüstenhagen & Robert Wuebker (ed.),  Handbook of Research on Energy Entrepreneurship.  Edward Elgar Publishing.  ISBN 978 1 84844 551 2.  Chapter 7.  s 121 - 141
• Aspelund, Arild & Butsko, Vitali (2010). Small and middle-sized enterprises' offshoring production: a study of firm decisions and consequences. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie.  ISSN 0040-747X.  101(3), s 262- 275 . doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9663.2009.00585.x Vis sammendrag

  The current massive offshoring of manufacturing represents a significant relocation of employment. Therefore it constitutes an interesting phenomenon from the perspectives of economic geography, geopolitical policy and international small business management. In this qualitative study, we investigate the offshoring decisions in 10 Norwegian small and middle-sized enterprises (SMEs) that have established manufacturing capabilities in low cost countries. The focus lies on their initial motivation for offshoring production, selection of location, choice of entry mode, evolution of foreign production capabilities, and finally, foreign market sales initiation and development. By analysing the findings in this study from different theoretical perspectives we conclude that combining Dunning's eclectic paradigm with behavioural internationalisation models offers valuable insight in the initiation and organisation of offshore manufacturing facilities among small firms. However, to fully understand the external influence on offshore location decisions among SMEs we should incorporate business network theories and theories from economic and social geography.

• Cabrol, Mathieu; Nlemvo, Frédéric; Rasmussen, Erik; Servais, Per & Aspelund, Arild (2010). Growth and Internationalization of French and Danish SMEs, In Niina Nummela (ed.),  International Growth of Small and Medium Enterprises.  Routledge.  ISBN 978-0-415-87270-6.  Chapter 6.  s 83 - 95
• Aspelund, Arild & Cabrol, Mathieu (2009). Internationalization as an Acto of Entrepreneurship: Economic Effects and Examples, In Maria V. Bradshaw & Patricia T. Carrington (ed.),  Entrepreneurship and its Economic Significance, Behavior and Effects.  Nova Science Publishers, Inc..  ISBN 978-1-60692-669-7.  Chapter 11.  s 179 - 192
• Aspelund, Arild & Madsen, Tage Koed (2009). The Role of Innovative and Entrepreneurial Behavior in Internationalization Processes. Advances in International Marketing.  ISSN 1474-7979.  20, s 155- 176 . doi: 10.1108/S1474-7979(2009)0000020009
• Aspelund, Arild; Madsen, Tage Koed & Moen, Øystein (2009). Innovasjon og Entreprenørskap i Bedrifters Internasjonalisering, I: Arild Aspelund; Øystein Moen; Alf Steinar Sætre; Roger Sørheim & Lars Øystein Widding (red.),  Teknologibasert nyskaping i Norge.  Tapir Akademisk Forlag.  ISBN 978-82-519-2481-8.  Kapittel 7.  s 125 - 142
• Aspelund, Arild & Moen, Øystein (2009). Small International Firms: - Typology, Performance and Implications, In Rod B McNaughton & Jim D Bell (ed.),  Entrepreneurship and Globalization.  Sage Publications.  ISBN 9781847875006.  Volume 4 - International Entrepreneurship.
• Aspelund, Arild; Moen, Øystein; Sætre, A.S.; Sørheim, Roger & Widding, Lars Øystein (2009). Innledning til Teknologibasert nyskaping i Norge, I: Arild Aspelund; Øystein Moen; Alf Steinar Sætre; Roger Sørheim & Lars Øystein Widding (red.),  Teknologibasert nyskaping i Norge.  Tapir Akademisk Forlag.  ISBN 978-82-519-2481-8.  -.  s 7 - 11
• Aspelund, Arild; Sørheim, Roger & Berg, Magne Sivert (2009). International New Ventures and the Development of Partnerships: - a social capital approach, In Kevin Ibeh & Sheena Davis (ed.),  Contemporary Challenges to International Business.  Palgrave Macmillan.  ISBN 9780230218451.  Part II.  s 148 - 163
• Berg, Magne Sivert; Aspelund, Arild & Sørheim, Roger (2008). The Hybrid Structures of International New Ventures - A Social Capital Approach and Research Agenda. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation.  ISSN 1465-7503.  9(1), s 33- 42 Vis sammendrag

  This paper gives a social capital perspective on the internationalization process of new firms. The point of departure is international new ventures (INVs) and their frequent use of hybrid structures for government of international activities. The purpose is to shed new light on the INV phenomenon by studying the role of social relationships in the establishment, management and performance of international governance structures and access to resources for international market expansion. By combining knowledge from the international entrepreneurship literature with social capital theory, the authors construct several propositions on the relationship between properties of social capital embedded in the new firm and their ability to form effective international market channels and deliver high long-term performance. This conceptual study suggests that social capital is indeed conducive to the overall performance of INVs. However, empirical research is desirable - and, based on the propositions from this study, the authors propose a research agenda emphasizing the need for a longitudinal study of INV organizations with regard to the role of social capital in attracting and controlling international market resources.

• Moen, Øystein; Madsen, Tage Koed & Aspelund, Arild (2008). The importance of the Internet in international business-to-business markets. International Marketing Review.  ISSN 0265-1335.  25(5), s 487- 503 . doi: 10.1108/02651330810904053
• Aspelund, Arild; Madsen, Tage Koed & Moen, Øystein (2007). A review of the foundation, international marketing strategies and performance of international new ventures. European Journal of Marketing.  ISSN 0309-0566.  41(11-12), s 1423- 1448 . doi: 10.1108/03090560710821242
• Aspelund, Arild & Moen, Øystein (2005). Small International Firms: Typology, Performance and Implications. Management International Review.  ISSN 0025-181X.  45(3), s 37- 57
• Aspelund, Arild; Berg-Utby, Terje & Skjevdal, Rune (2005). Initial Resources' Influence on New Venture Survival: A Longitudinal Study of New Technology-Based Firms. Technovation.  ISSN 0166-4972.  25, s 1337- 1347
• Aspelund, Arild & Moen, Øystein (2004). Internationalization of Small High-Tech Firms: - The role og Information Technology, In Erdener Kaynak (ed.),  European Perspectives in Marketing.  International Business Press.  ISBN 0-7890-2568-X.  Chapter 5.
• Aspelund, Arild & Moen, Øystein (2004). Internationalization of Small High-Tech Firms: The Role of Information Technology. Journal of Euromarketing.  ISSN 1049-6483.  13(2/3), s 85- 105

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• Aspelund, Arild (2010). Small International Firms. VDM Verlag Dr. Müller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG.  ISBN 978-3-639-10720-3.  155 s.
• Aspelund, Arild; Moen, Øystein; Sætre, Alf Steinar; Sørheim, Roger & Widding, Lars Øystein (red.) (2009). Teknologibasert nyskaping i Norge. Tapir Akademisk Forlag.  ISBN 978-82-519-2481-8.  174 s.
• Aspelund, Arild & Moen, Øystein (2001). A generation perspective on small firm internationalization: from traditional exporters and flexible specialists to born globals. JAI; An Imprint of Elsevier Science.  ISBN 0-7623-0795-1.  197 s.

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• Platou, Rikke Stoud; Aspelund, Arild; Johansen, Nina Buer & Malmedal, Maren Flugstad (2016). Top managers' future orientation and corporate strategy under changing environments.
• Weaver, Tyson; Aspelund, Arild & Steen, Markus (2016). The Role of Firm Level Motivations, Barriers and Managerial Capabilities for Diversification in Energy System Transitions.
• Aspelund, Arild (2015). Innovasjon for Fremtiden i Fiskeri og Havbruk.
• Aspelund, Arild (2015). Leserbrev fra "indignert" vitenskapsmann. Romsdals Budstikke..  ISSN 0806-5160.
• Aspelund, Arild (2015). The Fall of the Conglomerate and the Rise of Open Innovation Processes.
• Aspelund, Arild; Azari, Mohammad Javadinia; Aglen, Andreas Flåt & Graff, Sondre Gullord (2015). Internationalization Pattern of a Born Global Industry: The Case of Microelectronics in Norway.
• Aspelund, Arild; Fjell, Lise & Rødland, Silje Erdal (2015). Doing Good and Doing Well? - On the Relationship between Internationalization and Social Responsibility.
• Aspelund, Arild; Rødland, Silje Erdal & Fjell, Lise (2015). Green Planet Strategy- How Social Responsible Multinational Manufacturers Can Create Shared Value Strategies.
• Azari, Mohammad Javadinia & Aspelund, Arild (2015). Innovation and Export Activity in SMEs: A Review of the Empirical Literature.
• Weaver, Tyson; Aspelund, Arild & Steen, Markus (2015). The Role of Firm Level Motivations, Barriers and Managerial Capabilities for Diversification in Energy System Transitions.
• Aspelund, Arild (2014). Hva skal til for at innovasjonskraften skal styrkes?.
• Aspelund, Arild (2014). Internationalization, CSR and Shared Value Creation.
• Aspelund, Arild (2014). Venture Cup Multimediestøtte.
• Aspelund, Arild (2014). WP1 – Internationalization and Shared Value Creation.
• Aspelund, Arild & Okure, Mackay A.E. (2014). Master of Science in Innovation and Industrial Development.
• Azari, Mohammad J.; Aspelund, Arild; Aglen, Andreas Flåt & Graff, Sondre Gullord (2014). Internationalization Pattern of a Born Global Industry: The Case of the Microelectronics Industry in Norway.
• Erikson, Truls; Aspelund, Arild & Løvdal, Nicolai Solberg (2014). Value Capture in Nascent Industries: The Case of the Emerging Offshore Renewable Industry.
• Aspelund, Arild (2013). Hvordan når vi verden?.
• Aspelund, Arild (2013). Innovation and the Way Forward for Aquaculture.
• Aspelund, Arild (2013). Reaching the World - The GLobal Entrepreneur.
• Aspelund, Arild (2013). What is driving Innovation?.
• Aspelund, Arild (2013). What is driving Innovation? Theory and Practice.
• Van de Ven, Andrew; Aspelund, Arild; Platou, Rikke Stoud & Morais-Storz, Marta (2012, 15. september). - Innovasjonsutdanning i verdensklasse.  Adresseavisen.
• Aspelund, Arild (2010). Internasjonalisering av SMB - Hva skal til for å lykkes?.
• Aspelund, Arild (2010). Introduksjon til Caseundervisning.
• Løvdal, Nicolai; Aspelund, Arild & truls, erikson (2010). Developing Technological Artifacts or Developing Business: Successful Energy Entrepreneurs Avoid Technological Myopia.
• Aspelund, Arild (2009, 13. juni). Finanskrisen sett fra månen. [TV].  NRK2 Kunnskapskanalen.
• Aspelund, Arild (2009). Management of International Activities in MNCs.
• Aspelund, Arild (2009). Perspektiver på Internasjonalisering.
• Aspelund, Arild (2009). Vår globale verden - Finanskrisen sett fra månen.
• Aspelund, Arild; Moen, Øystein; Sætre, Alf Steinar; Sørheim, Roger & Widding, Lars Øystein (2009). Innledning til Teknologibasert Nyskaping i Norge, I: Arild Aspelund; Øystein Moen; Alf Steinar Sætre; Roger Sørheim & Lars Øystein Widding (red.),  Teknologibasert nyskaping i Norge.  Tapir Akademisk Forlag.  ISBN 978-82-519-2481-8.  Innledning.  s 7 - 12
• Flaam Moen, Carina & Aspelund, Arild (2009). International New Ventures and Governance Structures - Are International Entrepreneurs Strategic or Entrepreneurial?.
• Løvdal, Nicolai & Aspelund, Arild (2009). International Entrepreneurship in the Offshore Renewable Energy Industry.
• Aspelund, Arild (2008). Some Perspectives on Innovation.
• Aspelund, Arild; Cabrol, Mathieu & Nlewko, Frédéric (2008). Le Role de l'Experience de l'Entrepreneur dans le Niveau d' Internationalisation des Jeunes Enterprise.
• Cabrol, Mathieu; Nlemvo, Frédéric & Aspelund, Arild (2008). The Impact of Entrepreneurs' Past Experience on the Internationalization of French New Ventures.
• Sørheim, Roger; Aspelund, Arild & Berg, Magne Sivert (2008). International New Ventures and the Development of Partnerships - A Social Capital Approach.
• Aspelund, Arild & Butsko, Vitali (2007). Offshoring Production and Sales in Low Cost Countries.
• Aspelund, Arild (2006). Offshoring Production - A venue for international market expansion.
• Aspelund, Arild (2005). International Marketing - Some KUNI Findings.
• Aspelund, Arild (2005). Small International Firms - The Emergence of International New Ventures.
• Aspelund, Arild; Sørheim, Roger & Berg, Magne sivert (2005). The Hybrid Structures of International New Ventures � a social capital approach.
• Høy Jacobsen, Therese & Aspelund, Arild (2005). The Role of Institutions in Fostering Entrepreneurship - Experiences from Macedonia.
• Moen, Øystein & Aspelund, Arild (2005). International Marketing - Some findings from the KUNI program.
• Aspelund, Arild (2004). Forskning på Born Globals – Implikasjoner for Policy.
• Aspelund, Arild (2004). Forskning på Born Globals – Noen Teoretiske Implikasjoner.
• Skjevdal, R.; Bakås, O.; Cali, Z. & Aspelund, Arild (2004). Youth Entrepreneurial Support (YES) Pilot.
• Aspelund, Arild (2002). Survival and Growth of Born Global Firms. Vis sammendrag

  This study deals with long-term survival and growth of small international firms. Early models of firm internationalization depict the internationalization as a slow incremental learning process where the firms first develop a solid platform on the domestic market before gradually moving to international markets. However, recent years there has been reported evidence of a different kind of firms that internationalize right after inception, labeled Born Global firms. The study compares firms from the two categories of firms in terms of survival and growth. The results indicate that there are no differences between incrementally internationalizing firms and Born Global firms in terms of these key performance measures. Further a resource-based model of growth in Born Global firms is tested. The results indicate that growth of Born Global firms is highly dependent of the firms� international entrepreneurial orientation, or their ability to actively seek and exploit new market opportunities on international markets.

• Aspelund, Arild (2002). Team Resources at Firm Founding.
• Aspelund, Arild; Steeneveldt, Rosetta; Waagø, Lillian & Waagø, Sigmund Johan (2000). Internet and market driven new business development.

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