Jens Johan Kaasbøll

• Msendema, Martin; Chigona, Wallace; Kumwenda, Benjamin; Kaasbøll, Jens Johan & Kanjo, Chipo (2021). Legitimization of Data Quality Practices in Health Management Information Systems Using DHIS2. Case of Malawi. I Masiero, Silvia & Nielsen, Petter (Red.), IFIP 9.4 2021 – 1st Virtual Conference Conference Theme: Resilient ICT4D. Proceedings. Department of Informatics, University of Oslo. ISSN 978-82-7368-462-2. s. 924–935.
• Asah, Flora Nah & Kaasbøll, Jens Johan (2021). Deconstructing the Dichotomous Relationship Between "IT analysts and End-users": A Case of Implementing Standard Indicators in Cameroon. I Masiero, Silvia & Nielsen, Petter (Red.), IFIP 9.4 2021 – 1st Virtual Conference Conference Theme: Resilient ICT4D. Proceedings. Department of Informatics, University of Oslo. ISSN 978-82-7368-462-2. s. 957–968.
• Thodesen, Thea Hvalen; Tran, Uy; Kaasbøll, Jens Johan; Kanjo, Chipo & Manda, Tiwonge Davis (2021). MEDICAL GRAPHS IN PATIENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN PRIMARY CARE. I Masiero, Silvia & Nielsen, Petter (Red.), IFIP 9.4 2021 – 1st Virtual Conference Conference Theme: Resilient ICT4D. Proceedings. Department of Informatics, University of Oslo. ISSN 978-82-7368-462-2. s. 363–377.
• Kaur, Gagandeep; Kaasbøll, Jens Johan; Manda, Tiwonge Davis & Kanjo, Chipo (2021). Gluing Papers to Computers: How QR- and Bar-codes Enable Hybrid Information Systems. I Cunningham, Miriam & Cunningham, Paul (Red.), IST-Africa 2021 Conference Proceedings. IEEE. ISSN 978-1-905824-67-0. s. 1–8.
• Asah, Flora Nah; Kaasbøll, Jens Johan; Nielsen, Petter & Seukap, Roger (2021). Organizations failing to learn: Roadblocks to the Implementation of Standardized Information Systems. Journal of Health Informatics in Developing Countries. ISSN 1178-4407. 15(1), s. 1–31. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kanjo, Edith Chipo Hilda; Hara, Joshua & Kaasbøll, Jens Johan (2020). Digital Empowerment for Health Workers and Implications on EMRs Utilisation. Journal of Health Informatics in Africa. ISSN 2197-6902. 6(2), s. 74–83. doi: 10.12856/JHIA-2019-v6-i2-262. Vis sammendrag

  Background and Purpose: Utilization of Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) bring many benefits to patient record handling. Previous research has shown that medical doctors in hospitals in Africa had poor IT skills, partly disabling their use of EMRs. Working in health centres, we wanted to know how to improve the digital skills of their personnel. Methods: Qualitative methods including interviews, informal discussions and observation were used for data collection. The study was conducted in three health facilities in Malawi, selected purposively as these were the ones implementing the EMR under study. The study targeted all staff that were capturing data at point of care using the app between January and June 2019. Results: Personnel in the health centres were computer illiterate, even if they used phones, and some smart phones. After computer training, they were still not comfortable using EMRs because their typing speed was delaying the process. Improving the typing speed allowed the users to comfortably use the EMRs. Three levels of EMR empowerment were identified; being able to 1) use EMR where typing speed is less relevant, 2) use EMR at point of care, 3) guide colleagues on their EMR use and find new ways of exploiting the technology. For reaching level 2, 50-100 hours of typing practice would be necessary. Conclusions: Health workers who lack computer skills tend to shy away from using EMRs. Even if falling prices of equipment will enable more EMRs in rural areas, the digital empowerment process will still require significant resources.

• Ayebazibwe, Immaculate; Kimaro, Honest Christopher & Kaasbøll, Jens Johan (2019). System use and user satisfaction in the adoption of electronic medical records systems: A case of DHIS2 tracker implementation in Tanzania. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. ISSN 1868-4238. 551, s. 63–75. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-18400-1_6.
• Chhetri, Amrit; Iversen, Mari; Kaasbøll, Jens Johan & Kanjo, Chipo (2019). Evaluating mHealth Apps Using Affordances: Case of CommCare Versus DHIS2 Tracker. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. ISSN 1868-4238. 551, s. 619–632. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-18400-1_51.
• Kaasbøll, Jens Johan; Kanjo, Chipo & Kimaro, Honest C. (2019). Building Sustainable Collaborations and Academic Networks in Low Income Countries: Case of Master Programmes. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. ISSN 1868-4238. 552, s. 398–408. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-19115-3_33.
• Msiska, Brown Chawanangwa; Nielsen, Petter & Kaasbøll, Jens Johan (2019). Leveraging Digital Health Platforms in Developing Countries: The Role of Boundary Resources. I Nielsen, Petter & Kimaro, Honest C. (Red.), Information and Communication Technologies for Development: Strengthening Southern-Driven Cooperation as a Catalyst for ICT4D. 15th IFIP WG 9.4 International Conference on Social Implications of Computers in Developing Countries, ICT4D 2019, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, May 1–3, 2019, Proceedings, Part I. Springer Nature. ISSN 9783030183998. s. 116–126. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-18400-1_10.
• Wu, Tsung-Shu Joseph; Kagoli, Matthew; Kaasbøll, Jens Johan & Bjune, Gunnar Aksel (2018). Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) in Malawi: Implementation gaps and challenges for timely alert. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 13(11), s. 1–19. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200858. Vis sammendrag

  Objective: The emerging and recent 2014 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreaks rang the bell to call upon efforts from globe to assist resource-constrained countries to strengthen public health surveillance system for early response. Malawi adopted the Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) strategy to develop its national surveillance system since 2002 and revised its guideline to fulfill the International Health Regulation (IHR) requirements in 2014. This study aimed to understand the state of IDSR implementation and differences between guideline and practice for future disease surveillance system strengthening. Methods: This was a mixed-method observational study. Quantitative data were to analyze completeness and timeliness of surveillance system performance from national District Health Information System 2 (DHIS2). Qualitative data were collected through interviews with 29 frontline health service providers from the selected district and key informants of the IDSR system implementation and administration at district and national levels. Findings: The current IDSR system showed relatively good completeness (76.4%) but poor timeliness (41.5%) of total expected monthly reports nationwide and zero weekly reports. The challenges of IDSR implementation revealed through qualitative data included lack of supervision, inadequate resources for training and difficulty to implement weekly report due to overwhelming paperwork at frontline health services. Conclusions: The differences between IDSR technical guideline and actual practice were huge. The developing information technology infrastructure in Malawi and emerging mobile health (mHealth) technology can be opportunities for the country to overcome these challenges and improve surveillance system to have better timeliness for the outbreaks and unusual events detection.

• Ismanov, Zufarzhan; Iversen, Mari; Kaasbøll, Jens Johan; Manda, Tiwonge Davis & Ni, Ilia (2018). Patient information systems for hospitals versus primary health care – implications for data structures and user interaction. I Cunningham, Paul & Cunningham, Miriam (Red.), IST-Africa 2018 Conference Proceedings. IIMC International Information Management Corporation. ISSN 978-1-905824-60-1.
• Asah, Flora Nah; Chikumba, Patrick Albert; Kaasbøll, Jens Johan; Manya, Ayub Shisia; Moyo, Christon M. & Msiska, Brown Chawanangwa [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). From Sustainable to Continuously Adaptive Information Systems. I Cunningham, Paul & Cunningham, Miriam (Red.), IST-Africa 2018 Conference Proceedings. IIMC International Information Management Corporation. ISSN 978-1-905824-60-1. s. 1–10.
• Namatovu, Esther; Sæbø, Johan Ivar & Kaasbøll, Jens Johan (2017). Mobilities of the Community Health Work Practice: Mobile Health System Mediated Work. Journal of Community Informatics. ISSN 1712-4441. 13(3), s. 54–74. Vis sammendrag

  New technologies have been implicated in various forms of mobilities creating new realities and questioning normative categories and the order in contexts where they are applied. Our study argues that through understanding technology mobilities, we uniquely bring to light new forms of social phenomena that materialize with interactions between mHealth systems and the work of Community Health workers in Malawi. Through the analysis, we also elaborate the role of both human and non-human actants in work transformations. This is important in managing technological innovations and theorizing electronically supported work practices.

• Isaksen, Helene; Iversen, Mari; Kaasbøll, Jens Johan & Kanjo, Chipo (2017). Design of Tooltips for Health Data. I Cunningham, Paul & Cunningham, Miriam (Red.), IST-Africa 2017 Conference Proceedings. IIMC International Information Management Corporation. ISSN 978-1-905824-56-4. s. 1–8. doi: 10.23919/ISTAFRICA.2017.8102409.
• Isaksen, Helene; Iversen, Mari; Kaasbøll, Jens Johan & Kanjo, Chipo (2017). Methods for Evaluation of Tooltips. I Kurosu, Masaaki (Red.), Human-Computer Interaction. User Interface Design, Development and Multimodality. Springer. ISSN 978-3-319-58071-5. s. 297–312. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-58071-5_23.
• Isaksen, Helene; Iversen, Mari; Kaasbøll, Jens Johan & Kanjo, Chipo (2017). Design of Tooltips for Data Fields: A Field Experiment of Logging Use of Tooltips and Data Correctness. I Marcus, Aaron & Wang, Wentao (Red.), Design, User Experience, and Usability: Understanding Users and Contexts. Springer. ISSN 978-3-319-58640-3. s. 63–78. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-58640-3_6.
• Moyo, Christon M.; Kaasbøll, Jens Johan; Nielsen, Petter & Sæbø, Johan Ivar (2016). The information transparency effects of introducing league tables in the health system in Malawi. Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries. ISSN 1681-4835. 75:2, s. 1–16. doi: 10.1002/j.1681-4835.2016.tb00544.x.
• Moyo, Christon M.; Frøyen, Marte Hesvik; Sæbø, Johan Ivar & Kaasbøll, Jens (2015). Using Performance League Tables to Promote Acccounability and Feedback in Health management in Malawi. I Nielsen, Petter (Red.), Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Social Implications of Computers in Developing Countries. Universitetet i Oslo. ISSN 978-82-7368-465-3. s. 265–276.
• Bjørge, Ellen Marie; Jønsson, Anniken; Kaasbøll, Jens & Pinard, Matthieu (2015). Training Mentors of Health Information Systems through eLearning. I Nielsen, Petter (Red.), Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Social Implications of Computers in Developing Countries. Universitetet i Oslo. ISSN 978-82-7368-465-3. s. 312–319.
• Moyo, Christon M.; Nkhonjera, Tasokwa & Kaasbøll, Jens (2015). Assessing the Use of Mobile Technology to improve Timeliness of HMIS Reports in Malawi. I Cunningham, Paul & Cunningham, Miriam (Red.), IST-Africa 2015 Conference Proceedings. IIMC International Information Management Corporation. ISSN 978-1-905824-50-2. s. 1–9. doi: 10.1109/ISTAFRICA.2015.7190573.
• Bjørge, Ellen Marie; Jønsson, Anniken; Kaasbøll, Jens & Pinard, Matthieu (2015). From user training courses and central support To creating local user competence for mentoring colleagues: a preliminary study in Malawi. I Cunningham, Paul & Cunningham, Miriam (Red.), IST-Africa 2015 Conference Proceedings. IIMC International Information Management Corporation. ISSN 978-1-905824-50-2. doi: 10.1109/ISTAFRICA.2015.7190570.
• Chawani, Marlen Stacey; Kaasbøll, Jens & Finken, Sisse (2014). Stakeholder Participation in the development of an Electronic Medical Record system in Malawi. PDC. ISSN 2150-5896. 1, s. 71–80. doi: 10.1145/2661435.2661444. Vis sammendrag

  In this paper we are concerned with stakeholders’ participation in the development of an Electronic Medical Record (EMR) system for health facilities in Malawi, Africa. We draw on insights gained during the process of an Action Research project, which involved different stakeholders. We examine the different roles and forms of participation of these stakeholders. Through this, we illustrate how participation changes over time and coevolves with the progress of the project. Our analysis also reveals that, in rural low-resource settings, expected endusers of EMR systems do not always have the health domain knowledge or expertise to effectively participate in such design projects. Therefore, participation of managers and other health domain experts is essential in order to supplement users’ limited specialized knowledge of the domain.

• Dittrich, Yvonne; de la Harpe, Retha; Korpela, Mikko; Gertrudes, Macueve; Bekele, Rahel & Kaasbøll, Jens (2014). Participation for Development. I Clement, Andrew; Winschiers, Heike; D'Andrea, Vincenzo & Bødker, Keld (Red.), Proceedings of the 13th Participatory Design Conference: Short Papers, Industry Cases, Workshop Descriptions, Doctoral Consortium papers, and Keynote abstracts - Volume 2. ACM Digital Library. ISSN 978-1-4503-3214-9. s. 213–214. doi: 10.1145/2662155.2662207.
• Chawani, Marlen Stacey; Kaasbøll, Jens; Finken, Sisse; Herstad, Jo & Malata, Address (2014). Balancing work practices and protocols in the design of EMR systems: The case of developing an EMR system for antenatal care services in Malawi. Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries. ISSN 1681-4835. 63(1), s. 1–26. doi: 10.1002/j.1681-4835.2014.tb00446.x. Vis sammendrag

  Implementing ICTs in healthcare settings has proved to be very challenging such that progress towards widespread adoption and use of Electronic Medical Record (EMR) systems has been slow. The challenges of implementing these technologies have been described as complex, diverse, and locally situated. One of the challenging aspects of designing EMR systems is the need for inscribing standardised protocols whilst taking into account local work practices. Previous research has called for the need to balance work practices and protocols in the design of EMR systems. We present an attempt to balance the work practices and protocols in the development of an EMR system for antenatal care in a developing country, Malawi. This was done through implementing weak inscriptions of the protocols in some cases and strong inscriptions in other cases. The study highlights the important role that clients play in healthcare work and thus, influence the design of EMR systems.

• Kaasbøll, Jens (2014). Suitability of diagrams for IT user learning. I Costa, Carlos J. & Manuela, Aparicio (Red.), ISDOC '14 Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems and Design of Communication. ACM Publications. ISSN 978-1-4503-2713-8. s. 56–62. doi: 10.1145/2618168.2618177.
• Kaasbøll, Jens Johan (2013). A Three-level Content Model of Learning IT Use. I Fallmyr, Terje; Bygstad, Bendik; Fog, Jørgen; Habib, Laurence; Munkvold, Bjørn Erik; Opdahl, Andreas Lothe & Sindre, Guttorm (Red.), NOKOBIT 2013 : Universitetet i Stavanger 18. - 20. november 2013 : Norsk konferanse for organisasjoners bruk av informasjonsteknologi. Akademika forlag. ISSN 978-82-321-0373-7. s. 173–188.
• Ngoma, Caroline Abdul; Kimaro, Honest Christopher; Igira, Faraja Teddy; Mukulu, John; Kaasbøll, Jens Johan & Yona, Alice [Vis alle 15 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2012). Challenges in Implementing a Computerized Name-based Information Tracking System: Practical Experiences from Maternal Health Care. I Cunningham, Paul & Cunningham, Miriam (Red.), IST-Africa 2012 Conference Proceedings. International Information Management Corporation Limited. ISSN 978-1-905824-34-2. s. 1–9. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Pascoe, Luba; Lungo, Juma Hemed; Kaasbøll, Jens Johan & Koleleni, Ismael (2012). Collecting Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response Data through Mobile Phones. I Cunningham, Paul & Cunningham, Miriam (Red.), IST-Africa 2012 Conference Proceedings. International Information Management Corporation Limited. ISSN 978-1-905824-34-2. s. 1–6.
• Damtew, Zufan Abera; Moges, Amsalu Shiferaw & Kaasbøll, Jens Johan (2012). Revisiting the Quality of Health Extension Workers’ Training: Case study from Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Health Development. ISSN 1021-6790. 25(3), s. 201–205.
• Klungland, Ingeborg M F & Kaasbøll, Jens Johan (2011). Non Governmental Organisations as Change Agents in Implementation of new Software in the Health Information System in Tanzanian Regions - Ways of Handling Conflicts. I Fallmyr, Terje (Red.), Proceeding from Norsk konferanse for organisasjoners bruk av informasjonsteknologi, 2011. Tapir Akademisk Forlag. ISSN 978-82-519-2845-8. s. 53–66.
• Mahundi, Masoud; Kaasbøll, Jens Johan & Twaakyondo, H.M (2011). Health Information Systems Integration in Tanzania: Tapping the Contextual Advantages. I Cunningham, Paul & Cunningham, Miriam (Red.), IST-Africa 2011 Conference Proceedings. IIMC International Information Management Corporation. ISSN 978-1-905824-24-3. s. 1–11.
• Damtew, Zufan Abera & Kaasbøll, Jens Johan (2011). Target Setting Procedures for Immunisation Services in Ethiopia: Discrepancies between Plans and Reality. Journal of Health Management. ISSN 0972-0634. 13(1), s. 39–58. doi: 10.1177/097206341001300103. Vis sammendrag

  This study identifies the problems related with target setting for immunisation service in Ethiopia. We adopted qualitative case study and drew concepts from institutional theory to collect data and analyse our findings. The findings showed that the plan of district health offices depends on the population data projected from census. Peripheral level health workers, on the other hand, enumerate the number of population in their respective localities. Subsequently, the ambiguity occurs from mismatch between the target from census and number of eligible children counted by health workers. Health facilities are expected to follow the target given from district health offices, which is higher than the local count in most cases. Thus, we found most peripheral level health workers considered that the inflated target given from the projected census lowers their achievements, since their performance should be calculated against the given target. This in turn affects the incentive given, thus, has implication on job satisfaction and performance. The need of considering the reality at the ground, rather than following only the formal institutional rules is emphasised in order to address the identified impediments.

• Damtew, Zufan Abera; Kanjo, Chipo; Kaasbøll, Jens Johan & Williamson, Louisa Joan (2010). Using and sharing locally generated information for action: the case from three developing countries, IADIS International Conference Information Systems 2010. IADIS Press. ISSN 978-972-8939-09-0. s. 85–93.
• Kaasbøll, Jens Johan; Galimoto, Marlen Stacey; Hamre, Gro Alice & Sandvand, Jon (2010). Competencies and Learning for Management Information Systems. Journal of Information, Information Technology, and Organizations. ISSN 1557-1319. 5, s. 85–100. Vis sammendrag

  Previous research has established that users need competence in both computing and the context of the software. Information systems often fail due to low competence amongst users, and no study is known to provide a systematic account of the user competence needed. This research concerns competence needs amongst prospective users of a computerised management information system where there is no operational computer based IS from which to obtain data. The study shows that three subject matter areas of user competence are needed for people who will use computerised IS -- knowledge on how the domain is represented, work competence, and computer literacy. Work competence is mainly practice based, while the domain related knowledge and computer literacy are based on explicit concepts, grounded in science or technology. User training should therefore start with practice in the case of work competence, while presentation of principles, concepts, and structures would constitute a better starting point when teaching computer literacy and how the domain is represented

• Lagebo, Birkinesh Woldeyohannes & Kaasbøll, Jens Johan (2009). Lessons learned from Local Videoconferencing Tool for Training Health Staff. I Molka-Danielsen, Judith (Red.), Proceedings of the 32nd Information Systems Research Seminar in Scandinavia, IRIS 32, Inclusive Design. Molde University College. ISSN 978-82-7962-120-1. s. 1–18.
• Kanjo, Chipo & Kaasbøll, Jens Johan (2009). Rules, Reality and Results: Inter-Institutional Coordination and Impact on Health Information Systems in Developing Countries. I Molka-Danielsen, Judith (Red.), Proceedings of the 32nd Information Systems Research Seminar in Scandinavia, IRIS 32, Inclusive Design. Molde University College. ISSN 978-82-7962-120-1.
• Williamson, Louisa Joan & Kaasbøll, Jens Johan (2009). Health Information and Managerial Work: Exploring the Link. I Byrne, Elaine; Nicholson, Brian & Salem, Fadi (Red.), Assessing the Contribution of ICT to Development Goals. Dubai School of Government and International Federation for Information Processing. ISSN 978-0-903808-05-7. s. 291–304.
• Damtew, Zufan Abera; Kaasbøll, Jens Johan & Williamson, Louisa Joan (2009). From information for decision making to information for keeping core knowledge updated – health managers who know their population. I Byrne, Elaine; Nicholson, Brian & Salem, Fadi (Red.), Assessing the Contribution of ICT to Development Goals. Dubai School of Government and International Federation for Information Processing. ISSN 978-0-903808-05-7. s. 381–388.
• Ngoma, Caroline; Kaasbøll, Jens Johan & Aanestad, Margunn (2008). From User Training to In-Service Support. I Cunningham, Paul & Cunningham, Miriam (Red.), IST-Africa 2008 Conference Proceedings. International Information Management Corporation Limited. ISSN 978-1-905824-07-6. s. 1–11.
• Williamson, Louisa Joan; Kaasbøll, Jens Johan; Braa, Jørn & Sun, Violeta (2008). South-South collaboration: adapting information systems integration strategies in Namibia. I Cunningham, Paul & Cunningham, Miriam (Red.), IST-Africa 2008 Conference Proceedings. International Information Management Corporation Limited. ISSN 978-1-905824-07-6.
• Damtew, Zufan Abera & Kaasbøll, Jens Johan (2008). Working towards precise and ambiguous targets: - the challenge for Health Extension Workers of Ethiopia. I Asproth, Viveca (Red.), Proceedings of IRIS 31. The IRIS association. ISSN 978-91-86073-12-1.
• Hamre, Gro Alice & Kaasbøll, Jens Johan (2008). Motivation and Demotivation: a Case Study of the Malawian Health Management Information System. Electronic Journal of Health Informatics. ISSN 1446-4381. 3(2), s. 1–11. Vis sammendrag

  This paper addresses the problems of utilisation of health management information systems (HMIS) in developing countries due to the critical shortage of qualified and motivated human resources. The study employed qualitative research methods in an interpretive in-depth case study, and the study was carried out in two districts in Malawi. Analyses are based on motivational theory and the six categories of good and bad critical motivational incidents defined by Machungwa and Schmitt [1]. Gasser’s [20] theory of integration of computing and routine work was applied to address the secondary, and supportive, nature of HMIS computing work. This research suggests that motivational items identified by Machungwa and Schmitt [1] are chiefly relevant to the Malawian context, but since the HMIS work is of a secondary type compared to core health activities, the work motivation that comes from work itself has little motivating effects. Supervision visits and a recognition scheme were social arenas which motivated the health workers.

• Samuelsen, Terje & Kaasbøll, Jens (2007). Hvordan veiledning kan bidra til problemløsing og begrepsbygging innenfor objektorientert programmering, NIK 2007 : Norsk informatikkonferanse. Tapir Akademisk Forlag. s. 87–96.
• Samuelsen, Terje & Kaasbøll, Jens Johan (2007). Hvordan veiledning kan bidra til problemløsning og begrepsbygging innenfor objekt-orientert programmering. I Sandnes, Frode Eika (Red.), Norsk informatikkonferanse NIK 2007. Tapir Akademisk Forlag. ISSN 978-82-519-2272-2.
• Stamatova, Elena Ivanova & Kaasbøll, Jens Johan (2007). Users’ Learning of Principles of Computer Operations. Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology (IISIT). ISSN 1547-5840. 4, s. 291–306.
• Granerud, Roar; Kaasbøll, Jens Johan; Borge, Richard; Holmboe, Christian & Smørdal, Ole (2006). Children's understanding of object-orientation. I Fjuk, Annita; Karahasanovic, Amela & Kaasbøll, Jens Johan (Red.), Comprehensive Object-Oriented Learning: The Learner's Perspective. Informing Science Press. ISSN 83-922337-4-3. s. 27–48.
• Kaasbøll, Jens Johan; Fjuk, Annita; Karahasanovic, Amela & Groven, Arne-Kristian (2006). Improvements of teaching and tools for learning object-orientation. I Fjuk, Annita; Karahasanovic, Amela & Kaasbøll, Jens Johan (Red.), Comprehensive Object-Oriented Learning: The Learner's Perspective. Informing Science Press. ISSN 83-922337-4-3. s. 205–220.
• Kaasbøll, Jens Johan (2006). The learners’ environment in OO first: implications for sequence of teaching and tools. I Rong, Chunming & Løkketangen, Arne (Red.), NIK'2006 : Norsk informatikkonferanse. Tapir Akademisk Forlag. ISSN 82-519-2186-4. s. 167–176.
• Berge, Ola; Fjuk, Annita; Groven, Arne-Kristian; Hegna, Håvard & Kaasbøll, Jens Johan (2003). Comprehensive Object-Oriented Learning - an Introduction. Computer Science Education. ISSN 0899-3408. 13(4). doi: 10.1076/csed.13.4.331.17490.
• Mirmotahari, Omid; Holmboe, Christian & Kaasbøll, Jens Johan (2003). Difficulties Learning Computer Architecture. Proceedings / ITiCSE. 1(1), s. 247–248.

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• Fallmyr, Terje; Fog, Jørgen; Kaasbøll, Jens; Netteland, Grete; Opdahl, Andreas Lothe & Munkvold, Bjørn Erik [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2014). NOKOBIT 2014, Norsk konferanse for organisasjoners bruk av informasjonsteknologi, Høgskolen i Østfold 17 - 19. november 2014. Norsk konferanse for organisasjoners bruk av informasjonsteknologi. ISBN 9788251928458. 22(1). 255 s.
• Fjuk, Annita; Karahasanovic, Amela & Kaasbøll, Jens Johan (2006). Comprehensive Object-Oriented Learning: The Learner's Perspective. Informing Science Press. ISBN 83-922337-4-3. 229 s.
• Fjuk, Annita; Karahasanovic, Amela & Kaasbøll, Jens (2006). Comprehensive Object-Oriented Learning: The Learner’s Perspective. Informing Science Press. ISBN 83-922337-4-3. 226 s.

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• Kaasbøll, Jens Johan (2021). Hva kan Norge lære om eHelse fra lavinntektsland? Vis sammendrag

  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1XskFsP6i0&list=PLnJR1cwhRTrMYAu7JOKD9q9vBJ-b2Rxqr&index=46

• Kanjo, Chipo; Hara, Joshua & Kaasbøll, Jens Johan (2019). Digital Empowerment for Health Workers and Implications on EMRs Utilisation .
• Ayebazibwe, Immaculate; Kimaro, Honest Christopher & Kaasbøll, Jens Johan (2019). System Use And User Satisfaction In The Adoption Of Electronic Medical Records Systems: A Case Of Dhis2 Tracker Implementation In Tanzania.
• Amrit, Chhetri; Iversen, Mari; Kaasbøll, Jens Johan & Kanjo, Chipo (2019). Evaluating mHealth Apps: From Front-End Usability to Three Front-Ends and one Back-End Affordance.
• Kaasbøll, Jens Johan; Kanjo, Chipo & Kimaro, Honest Christopher (2019). Building Sustainable Collaborations and Academic Networks in Low Income Countries: Case of Master Programmes.
• Kaasbøll, Jens Johan; Kanjo, Chipo & Kimaro, Honest Christopher (2018). Sustainable Health Informatics Master Programmes In Low And Middle Income Countries. Vis sammendrag

  We present the process, outcomes and lessons learnt in sustaining Master Programmes implemented across a number of low and middle-income countries in collaboration with the University of Oslo (UiO) where the Health Information System Programme (HISP) is hosted. UiO has been engaged in supporting health information systems in developing countries for two decades. One necessary component has been educating health informatics specialists, of which research education was deemed necessary. This led to introduction of 9 Master programmes in 6 countries between 2001–2014. STRATEGIES AND CHALLENGES The programmes have gone through three stages: 1) planning and application for funds; 2) implementation with project funding; 3) continued implementation after project closure. The three stages and the assessment of programme outcomes were guided by the Collaborative Governance Model. 1. STRATEGY FOR BUILDING LOCAL COMPETENCE A strategy was devised to have lecturers from UiO and other partners teaching and supervising in the programmes together with local lecturers at the start of Stage 2 and phasing out the international support when the local lecturers could take over. Some lecturers from the partner universities would at the same time be enrolled in PhD studies at UiO to build their capacity. A number of thesis supervisors were recruited from local organisations to reduce the burden of the faculty members and to broaden the scope of topics. This plan worked until there were local lecturers with sufficient background to take over the courses. In some instances, the locals were not up to it, and these course modules were thus abandoned in Stage 3. 2. CHALLENGES The planning Stage (1) encountered two main challenges; lack of local competence to run the programmes, and challenge with funding after the initial support ceased. In Stage 2, two other challenges surfaced; where it was noted that students were not having time for thesis work and another hiccup was the locals being overburdened by both trying to teach in the master programme whilst doing their own PhD. Since teaching is a short horizon activity, this was often prioritized, and the PhD was consequently delayed. Fortunately, UiO could extend their PhD scholarship (Norwegian State Educational Loan Fund rates, not salaries) until they completed. When Stage 3 arrived, enough local competence had been built to continue the teaching. UiO staff have contributed in supervising a few master students of mutual interest in Stage 3. 3. SUSTAINED FUNDING The initial funding covered salaries for partner university staff, scholarships for 4-8 students per cohort and running costs, including UiO staff travels. The partner universities needed 15-20 tuition fee paying students per cohort for sustainable funding in Stage 3. To achieve sufficient number of applicants, the partner universities had a deliberate strategy where they announced the programmes with tuition fees from the start of the project. The number of applicants were around twice the number of scholarships, hence the universities received additional income from the start of Stage 2. The students and graduates spread information about the programmes through word of mouth, and this has secured the number of fee paying students after the initial funding ceased. 4. FULL TIME WORKING STUDENTS Nearly all students enrolled work full time, and have immediate and extended families take care of. Coursework force most of them into a structured setting such that they pass their exams. Finding time needed for concentrating on thesis writing has been difficult and impossible for some students. Completion time is therefore extended in some cases up to four years and a significant portion of the students only end up with a diploma confirming their coursework. One way of improving completion has been to organize one week thesis workshops where the students work intensively, discuss with each other and with supervisors. Additional retreats

• Kanjo, Chipo; Msiska, Brown Chawanangwa & Kaasbøll, Jens Johan (2018). Complimenting DHIS2 Tracker browser app with medical sensors for maternal health care delivery.
• Kanjo, Chipo; Msiska, Brown Chawanangwa & Kaasbøll, Jens Johan (2018). Complimenting DHIS2 Tracker browser app with medical sensors for maternal health care delivery. Vis sammendrag

  The EU Horizon funded project mHealth4Afrika (2015-2019) aimed at developing a system to support quality community-based primary maternal healthcare delivery at semi-urban, rural and deep rural clinics for 4 African countries; Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi and South Africa. In its initial phase, mHealth4Afrika developed an antenatal care system only. Currently, it has been expanded to all reproductive health services (maternity, postnatal, and under five). Other than the timely capturing of data and systematic storage of important data points in the patient electronic record; mHealth4Afrika utilises sensors. The sensors are used to identify non-communicable diseases (hypertension, diabetes) at the point of care and facilitate triage (not currently practiced at clinic level). mHealth4Afrika therefore contributes with a custom browser app and sensors. Unlike the standard Tracker Capture app, the mHealth4Afrika app has a user interface adapted to the workers in health clinics. The app has been developed by the University of Malawi and Nelson Mandela University. A basic design feature of DHIS2 is a separation between input and output. Input is done in a data capture app, and output is presented in reports apps and the dashboard the next day, after the system has run analytics during the night. Much as the separation of input and output works for routine reporting, point-of-care systems require patient outputs to be displayed immediately. The alerts and other program rules provide some output at the data entry screen, but display of graphs and other visuals are to be done with separate apps. Point-of-care systems need a user interface more like a spreadsheet than that of searching and retrieving. The mHealth4Afrika app mixes input and output, eg, displaying oxygen saturation (SpO2) and pulse rate While there is a general shortage of medical equipment in resource poor settings, some sensors are reasonably priced and useful for maternal health. The sensors as shown in fig 3 have been identified for use: Visiomed sensors for blood pressure, Oximeter (foxygen and pulse rate), and temperature. The sensors uploads data to an Android app, which forwards the data to the DHIS2 through its API.

• Tronerud, Kristoffer; Vassbotten, Martin Theodor; Kaasbøll, Jens Johan & Sæbø, Johan Ivar (2017). Usability for Novices and Experts: a layered design in a case study in Malawi. I Cunningham, Paul & Cunningham, Miriam (Red.), IST-Africa 2017 Conference Proceedings. IIMC International Information Management Corporation. ISSN 978-1-905824-56-4. s. 1–9. doi: 10.23919/ISTAFRICA.2017.8102298.
• Saugene, Zeferino & Kaasbøll, Jens (2014). Foregrounding invisible work practices: The customization of generic software systems.
• Shidende, Nima Herman; Chawani, Marlen Stacey & Kaasbøll, Jens (2014). Challenges in participation and implications on human development: Experiences from Health Information Systems implementations in Tanzania and Malawi.
• Kaasbøll, Jens (2014). Implementation and implementation research in District Health Informatics.
• Kaasbøll, Jens (2014). Evaluation of longitudinal processes consisting of many projects.
• Chawani, Marlen Stacey; Mwakilama, Shawo; Kanjo, Chipo & Kaasbøll, Jens Johan (2011). A SCRUTINY OF THE INTEGRATION STATUS AND STANDARDIZATION PROCESS OF ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORD SYSTEMS IN MALAWI. Vis sammendrag

  Achieving integration remains a challenge in many developed countries partly attributed to the presence of many different EMR systems which makes standardization and achieving interoperability a difficult and complex undertaking. Unfortunately, there is a lack of literature on whether and how developing countries in Africa are addressing issues related to integration of EMRs in their HIS agendas. A study was therefore conducted to assess the integration status, efforts and strategies in the implementation of EMR systems in Malawi in order to identify integration strategies and processes appropriate for the Malawian context. Thus, this paper presents the integration status and standardization efforts in Malawi and makes recommendations on how to progress towards standardization.

• Kanjo, Chipo & Kaasbøll, Jens Johan (2011). Data, Information, and Knowledge: The Greatest of All is Knowledge.
• Kanjo, Chipo & Kaasbøll, Jens Johan (2011). Influence of Information Generated from Traditional Practices on Health Information Systems.
• Kaasbøll, Jens Johan (2009). Integration and scaling of health information systems to strengthen vaccination services delivery in India.
• Galimoto, Marlen Stacey; Kaasbøll, Jens Johan; Hamre, Gro Alice & Sandvand, Jon (2008). Competencies and learning for management information systems – the case of a health information system in Malaŵi. Vis sammendrag

  Previous research has established that users need competence in both computing and the context of the software. Information systems often fail due to low competence amongst users, and no study is known to provide a systematic account of the user competence needed. This research concerns competence needs amongst users of a management information system where there is no operational IS from which to obtain data for the MIS. The study shows that three subject matter areas of user competence are needed for IS, domain knowledge, work competence and computer literacy, and numeracy is a fourth area needed for MIS. Nonaka’s (1994) model of organisational learning distinguishes between tacit competence learnt through internalisation and socialisation and explicit knowledge developed through externalisation and combination. Work competence, being management in this case, is basically tacit competence, while domain knowledge, computer literacy and numeracy are based on explicit concepts. User training should therefore start with practice in the case of work competence and presentation of concepts in the three other subject matter areas.

• Mørch, Anders Irving; Nygård, Kathrine Amundsen; Kaasbøll, Jens Johan & Mushtaq, Shazia (2008). Multiple Design Techniques for Participatory and Evolutionary Design.
• Samuelsen, Terje & Kaasbøll, Jens (2007). Hvordan veiledning kan bidra til problemløsing og begrepsbygging innenfor objektorientert programmering.
• Lagebo, Birkinesh & Kaasbøll, Jens Johan (2007). ICT solutions for human resource capacity building in the Health Sector: case Ethiopia.
• Kaasbøll, Jens Johan (2006). Conceptual influence from computer science.
• Kaasbøll, Jens Johan & Lagebo, Birkinesh Woldeyohannes (2006). Factors Influencing User Training and Possible Strategies to Remove Obstacles.
• Kaasbøll, Jens; Berge, Ola; Borge, Richard; Fjuk, Annita; Holmboe, Christian & Samuelsen, Terje (2004). Learning Object-Oriented Programming. Vis sammendrag

  Loud discussions concerning various ways of teaching object-orientation have taken place without much empirical evidence for any position. This paper reports qualitative observations of learning of object-oriented programming in an introductory course.The students were found to cope reasonably well with the object-oriented concepts, and they had learnt procedural programming first. However, when modelled the real world domain to be represented in the program, they imagined the model and coded it without explicit analysis and design. Their problems may be attributed to the high complexity generated by the five different areas of attention the students have to cope with. In addition to representing the problem domain in the program execution, they have to design the other components of the program, like user interface and file handling, andrelate these to the reality model. Three ways of improving teaching are suggested, making the areas of attention and the ways to relate them more explicit for the students, forcing modelling by means of a tool, and reducing complexity by meansof programming environments that visualize objects and theirbehaviour.

• Nhampossa, Jose Leopold; Kaasbøll, Jens Johan & Braa, Jørn (2004). Participation in the information system adaptation process in the public sector in Mozambique.
• Kaasbøll, Jens Johan; Berge, Ola; Borge, Richard Edvin; Fjuk, Annita; Holmboe, Christian & Samuelsen, Terje (2004). Learning Object-Oriented Programming. Vis sammendrag

  Loud discussions concerning various ways of teaching object-orientation have taken much empirical evidence for any position. This paper reports qualitative observations object-oriented programming in an introductory course. The students were found well with the object-oriented concepts, and they had learnt procedural programming when modelled the real world domain to be represented in the program, they imagined coded it without explicit analysis and design. Their problems may be attributed to the high complexity generated by the five different attention the students have to cope with. In addition to representing the problem domain program execution, they have to design the other components of the program, like file handling, and relate these to the reality model. Three ways of improving teaching are suggested, making the areas of attention and them more explicit for the students, forcing modelling by means of a tool, and reducing means of programming environments that visualize objects and their behaviour.

• Kaasbøll, Jens Johan; Arntzen Bechina, Aurilla Aurelie; Sanders, David & Reagon, Gavin (2004). Health Information Systems Programme.
• Berge, Ola; Borge, Richard; Fjuk, Annita; Kaasbøll, Jens & Samuelsen, Terje (2003). Learning object-oriented programming. Vis sammendrag

  Loud discussions concerning various ways of teaching object-orientation have taken place without much empirical evidence for any position. This paper reports qualitative observations of learning of object-ori-ented programming in an introductory course. The students were found to cope reasonably well with the object-oriented concepts, and they had learnt procedural programming first. However, they modeled the real world domain to be represented in the program by imagination and through coding. Their problems may be attributed to the high complexity generated by having to relate to four – six areas of attention. Three ways of improving teaching are suggested, making the areas of attention and the ways to relate them more explicit for the students, forcing modeling by means of a tool, and reducing complexity by means of programming environments that visualize objects and their behavior.

• Kaasbøll, Jens & Samuelsen, Terje (2003). The use of language in object-oriented teaching.
• Berge, Ola; Borge, Richard Edvin; Fjuk, Annita; Kaasbøll, Jens Johan & Samuelsen, Terje (2003). Learning Object-Oriented Programming. I Langmyhr, Dag Frette (Red.), Norsk informatikkonferanse NIK'2003. Tapir Akademisk Forlag. ISSN 82-519-1916-9. s. 37–47.
• Kaasbøll, Jens Johan & Samuelsen, Terje (2003). The use of Language in Object-oriented Teaching.
• Kaasbøll, Jens Johan & Borge, Richard Edvin (2003). What is "OO first"?
• Muquingue, Humberto; Kaasbøll, Jens Johan & Berg, Ole Trond (2002). The status of health management and information management in the Mozambican health districts: overview and preliminary findings. Vis sammendrag

  An old tradition in the Mozambican health system is the appointment of doctors to perform both clinical and managerial tasks in the health districts. As a consequence, a paradox embedded with conflict and potential arises when we take into account the often neglected but essential role of the districts in the health information system and the diverging perspectives of medical duty and management responsibility. Although doctors might be comfortable with clinical data, there might be problems with the collection and use of health managerial information therefore putting at stake the critical role of the health sector in the larger socio-economical development of the country. In addition, with the health sector reform and the deployment of ICT, news forms of pressure and intensification are brought to the paradox. In this paper we provide a descriptive and analytical account of the relationship between health management and health information in the typical Mozambican health district. The place of information as a tool for health management and as an indicator of the doctor's personal interest and involvement with the district setting is also discussed.

• Kaasbøll, Jens Johan & Nhampossa, Jose Leopoldo (2002). Transfer of public sector information systems between developing countries: south-south cooperation. Vis sammendrag

  Technology transfer from north to south has been studied in several research projects. This paper describes a case of transfer of technology from one developing country to another. It describes the process of selection, installation, assimilation and adaptation of a district health information system for Mozambique based on the South African health information system. While north-south transfer has been hampered by problems related to economic and cultural differences, one might hope that south-south transfer avoids these problems. The case shows that also transfer between two neighbour countries in the south entails problems of assimilation and adaptation. A model of donor funded transfer is adapted to fit the observed case.

• Kaasbøll, Jens Johan (2001). Research on third world problems. Vis sammendrag

  Target groups. Action research. Development of sustainable systems under difficult circumstances

• Kaasbøll, Jens Johan (2001). Supporting IT users.
• Kaasbøll, Jens Johan (2001). Supporting IT users.
• Kaasbøll, Jens Johan (2001). Computerized health information systems for increased local training and responsibility.
• Kaasbøll, Jens Johan; Monteiro, Eric & Asah, Flora Nah (2021). Challenges and Approaches of Implementing Standard Health Indicators in Hierarchical Organizations: A multisited study. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Landén, Esther Namatovu & Kaasbøll, Jens Johan (2019). MHealth systems, Transformations in Work and Implications for Sustainability. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Duc, Anh Nguyen; Eikebrokk, Tom Roar; Johannessen, Trond Vegard; Karlsen, Anniken Th; Kaasbøll, Jens Johan & Toussaint, Pieter Jelle (2019). Vol. 27 No. 1 (2019): Proceedings from the annual NOKOBIT conference held in Narvik 26-27 November 2019. NOKOBIT/OJS Norge. Vis sammendrag

  Siden 1993 har NOKOBIT vært en nasjonal konferanse innen informasjonsvitenskap/informasjonssystemer. Den tar opp aktuelle temaer knyttet til utvikling, implementering og bruk av IKT i organisasjoner, samt samfunnsmessige problemstillinger ved IKT. Alle artikkelbidrag går gjennom blind-review. Aksepterte bidrag blir publisert og er meritterende på nivå 1.

• Rolland, Knut-H.; Kaasbøll, Jens Johan; Karlsen, Anniken Th; Eikebrokk, Tom Roar & Netteland, Grete (2018). Vol. 26 No. 1 (2018): Proceedings from the annual NOKOBIT conference held at Svalbard the 18th-20th of September 2018. NOKOBIT/OJS. Vis sammendrag

  Siden 1993 har NOKOBIT vært en nasjonal konferanse innen informasjonsvitenskap/informasjonssystemer. Den tar opp aktuelle temaer knyttet til utvikling, implementering og bruk av IKT i organisasjoner, samt samfunnsmessige problemstillinger ved IKT. Alle artikkelbidrag går gjennom blind-review. Aksepterte bidrag blir publisert og er meritterende på nivå 1.

• Rolland, Knut-Helge Ronæs; Netteland, Grete; Kaasbøll, Jens Johan; Karlsen, Anniken Th & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2017). Proceedings from the annual NOKOBIT (&UDIT) conference held in Oslo the 27th-29th of November 2017. NOKOBIT/Bibsys OJS. ISSN 1892-0748. 25( 1). Vis sammendrag

  NOKOBIT (Norsk Konferanse om Organisasjoners Bruk av IT) er en etablert nasjonal konferanse for formidling av forskningsresultater rundt informasjonsteknologi i en organisatorisk sammenheng. Proceedings inneholder 18 fagfellevurderte artikler som ble presentert på NOKOBIT i Oslo 27.-29. november 2017. Vi mottok i utgangspunktet 24 innsendte bidrag, og etter fagfellevurdering ble 18 artikler valg ut til publisering i dette tidsskriftet. Nummeret inneholder også 6 av artiklene som ble presentert på UDIT, en samlokalisert konferanse om Utdanning og Didaktikk i IT-fag. Samlet mottok UDIT 17 bidrag og publiserer 11. Disse bidragene ble fagfellevurdert av en egen programkomite for UDIT. UDIT har også denne gangen 3 korte praksisbidrag som ikke har vært gjennom fagfellevurdering, men som har blitt godkjent av redaksjonskomité. Øvrige bidrag på UDIT ble publisert i tidsskriftet til NIK. NOKOBIT’s redaksjonskomité ønsker å gi en spesiell takk til den lokale arrangementskomiteen ved Westerdals Oslo ACT: Siri Fagernes, Tor-Morten Grønli, Knut H. Rolland og Wanda Presthus. Samt Andreas Biørn-Hansen, som har bidratt sterkt med tilrettelegging av websider og annet praktisk håndverk. Redaksjonskomité for tidsskriftet i 2017, har bestått av • Knut Helge Rolland, Universitetet i Oslo • Grete Netteland, Høgskolen i Sogn og Fjordane • Jens Kaasbøll, Universitetet i Oslo • Anniken Karlsen, NTNU • Tom Roar Eikebrokk, Universitetet i Agder

• Sindre, Guttorm; Eikebrokk, Tom Roar; Karlsen, Anniken Th; Kaasbøll, Jens Johan; Netteland, Grete & Opdahl, Andreas Lothe [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). NOKOBIT - Norsk konferanse for organisasjoners bruk av informasjonsteknologi, Proceedings fra NOKOBIT 2016, Bergen, 29.-30. november 2016. Bibsys OJS. ISSN 1892-0748. 24(1).
• Sindre, Guttorm; Fog, Jørgen; Kaasbøll, Jens Johan; Netteland, Grete; Opdahl, Andreas Lothe & Munkvold, Bjørn Erik [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). NOKOBIT - Norsk konferanse for organisasjoners bruk av informasjonsteknologi, Proceedings fra NOKOBIT 2015, Ålesund, 24.-25. november 2015. Bibsys OJS. ISSN 1892-0748. 23(1).
• Øgland, Petter; Kaasbøll, Jens; Henfridsson, Ola & Bratthall, Lars (2013). Mechanism design for total quality management: Using the bootstrap algorithm for changing the control game. Akademika forlag. ISSN 1501-7710. Vis sammendrag

  As society continues to develop in technological ways, side-effects of yesterday’s solutions are becoming today’s problems and systems tend to fail in increasingly spectacular ways. The more severe the consequences of organisational failure are, the greater is the need for approaches like total quality management (TQM) to control the organisation from a holistic perspective, but to design and implement optimal control can be difficult, and about 80% of all TQM implementation projects tend to fail. High failure rates in environments characterised by technological complexity and social distrust can be understood through game theory. Management and workforce are involved in a control game, and the TQM designer is playing a game with the organisation as a whole in trying to change the economic mechanisms that define the control game. The goal is to design mechanisms that make the control game align with TQM philosophy, but the easiest and most stable solution to this game often end up being both TQM designer and organisation developing policies and quality systems while forgetting to implement or only pretending to do so. By thinking more widely about the quality management system supporting the TQM policy as information infrastructure (II), however, and making use of the Monopoly game model for understanding the growth and development of II, the II design strategy known as the bootstrap algorithm (BA) becomes an interesting option to explore. The hypothesis in this study is that the BA is an optimal strategy for gradually changing the game in a manner that will lead to sustainable TQM at the highest level of excellence. The claim is analysed by looking at twenty years of information systems action research that involves three Norwegian public sector organisations. The outcome of research reports experiences in BA design using Total Systems Intervention (TSI) implementation methodology. Although the research focuses on challenges and weaknesses in the practical BA designs, resulting in problems and partial failures in TQM implementation, the outcome supports the BA hypothesis. The analysis is based on considering three levels of gameplay. On the shop floor level, an audit game is played out between the TQM auditor and IT personnel. The “what gets measured gets done” motivational theory is a key to success for TQM implementation on this level, but depends on having established management commitment by winning the trust game on higher organisational levels. As the trust game is not a single-shot game, various techniques have to be used to gain trust in various situations for various elapses of time. Different game models are introduced and discussed for elaborating useful ways of thinking about different conflicts and challenges. The highest level of gameplay is the mechanism design game where the TQM designer fights the resistance of the organisation by trying to change the strategy sets and payoffs of the trust game and audit game in order to increase the basis of attraction for the game equilibrium that suggests walking the TQM talk and reducing the basis of attraction for TQM talk without walk. The research makes contributions to II/BA and TSI theory through the Monopoly model of II dynamics, the reformulation of the BA as a genetic algorithm, and by suggesting game theory as an overall theoretical framework for TSI action research. The implications for practice are reduced failure rates for TQM implementation.

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