H2 production at IntermediAte temperAture (completed)

• Dayaghi, Amir Masoud; Haugsrud, Reidar; Stange, Marit Synnøve Sæverud; Larring, Yngve; Strandbakke, Ragnar & Norby, Truls Eivind (2021). Increasing the thermal expansion of proton conducting Y-doped BaZrO3 by Sr and Ce substitution. Solid State Ionics. ISSN 0167-2738. 359. doi: 10.1016/j.ssi.2020.115534. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Proton conducting oxide electrolytes find potential application in proton ceramic fuel cells and electrolyzers operating at intermediate temperatures, e.g. 400–600 °C. However, state-of-the-art proton conducting ceramics based on Y-doped BaZrO3 (BZY) have lower thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) than most commonly applied or conceived supporting electrode structures, making the assembly vulnerable to degradation due to cracks or spallation. We have increased the TEC of 20 mol% Y-doped BZY (BZY20) by partially substituting Ba and Zr with Sr and Ce, respectively, to levels which still maintain the cubic structure and sufficiently minor n-type conduction; (Ba0.85Sr0.15)(Zr0.7Ce0.1Y0.2)O2.9 (BSZCY151020). High temperature XRD shows that this material has a cubic structure (space group ) in the temperature range of 25–1150 °C and a linear TEC of ~10 × 10−6 K−1, as compared to the ~8 × 10−6 K−1 for BZY. It exhibited a DC conductivity of ~5 mS cm−1 at 600 °C in wet H2. This electrolyte with increased TEC may find application in proton ceramic electrochemical cells in general and metal supported ones in particular.

• Han, Feng; Zhou, Xingping; Dayaghi, Amir Masoud; Norby, Truls Eivind; Stange, Marit Synnøve Sæverud & Sata, Noriko [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Development of Metal Supported Cells Using BaZrO3-Based Proton Conducting Ceramics . ECS Transactions. ISSN 1938-5862. 91(1), p. 1035–1045. doi: 10.1149/09101.1035ecst.
• Stefan, Elena; Denonville, Christelle; Larring, Yngve; Stange, Marit Synnøve Sæverud & Haugsrud, Reidar (2019). Oxidation study of porous metal substrates for metal supported proton ceramic electrolyzer cells. Corrosion Science. ISSN 0010-938X. 164. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2019.108335.
• Stange, Marit Synnøve Sæverud; Dayaghi, Amir Masoud; Denonville, Christelle; Larring, Yngve; Rørvik, Per Martin & Haugsrud, Reidar [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Fabrication of metal-supported proton-conducting electrolysers with thin film Sr- And Ce-doped BZY electrolyte. ECS Transactions. ISSN 1938-5862. 91(1), p. 941–949. doi: 10.1149/09101.0941ecst. Show summary

  n this work, we present fabrication and initial testing of metal-supported proton ceramic electrolyser (MS-PCEC) single cells with a thin electrolyte. Plansee ITM porous metal is used as metal support. Spray-coating is used to deposit a conducting layer of La1-xSrxTi1-yNiyO3-δ (LSTN) which is used for low temperature (600-800 °C) deposition of a gas-tight, thin-film layer (~2 μm) of electrolyte by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Post-annealing of the electrolyte is evaluated to improve its performance. In order to have a smaller thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) mismatch towards LSTN (~10-11 × 10-6 K-1), we developed a new Sr- and Ce-doped proton-conducting electrolyte, yielding a larger TEC (~10-11 × 10-6 K-1) compared to BZY (~8 × 10-6 K-1). The cell with Pt as air electrode shows acceptable open circuit voltage and low overpotentials at 600 °C, demonstrating the potential of developing the first working MS-PCEC.

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• Norby, Truls (2022). Proton ceramics for energy applications.
• Norby, Truls Eivind (2021). Electrode kinetics in fuel cells and electrolysers. Show summary

  Fuel cells constitute the technology of choice to convert hydrogen to electricity, while electrolyzers will be a major technology for producing that hydrogen from electricity from renewable sources, notably indirect (hydroelectric, wind, wave) and direct (photovoltaic) solar energy. They are hence not directly the topic of a workshop on solar fuels, but photoelectrochemical (PEC) electrode kinetics is such a complex matter that it is useful to have electrode kinetics of fuel cells and electrolyzers as kind of reference. Both PEC and fuel cells and electrolyzers have in common that established state-of-the-art versions have aqueous liquid electrolytes, while solid-state electrolytes are of increasing interest. We will cover both, and dwell on various intermediate cases. While various charge carrying ions are in use in different ranges of temperature (O2-, CO32-, H+, OH-, H3O+), protonic electrolytes are most central to PEC and we will focus on them, with examples from proton ceramics, proton exchange membranes (PEMs), hydroxide ion conducting polymers, and surface protonic conduction. The electrode reaction comprises faradaic charge transfer over the electrolyte-electrode interface. This can be an electron transfer (redox) or – in the case of mixed ion electron conducting electrodes – ion transfer, in which case the electron transfer must take place somewhere else, e.g. on the electrode surface. The charge transfer – which is our means of driving the reaction with a voltage or recording a current in a chemically driven fuel cell – may be hindered by the supply of reactants, making adsorption and dissociation appear in the polarization resistance. In addition, diffusion in gas phase, over surfaces, and in the bulk of the electrode or electrolyte slows the reaction further and may eventually limit the current. While charge transfer takes place over the double layer capacitance of the electrolyte-electrode interface, the other processes may store reactants and products as much higher chemical capacitance, whereby the different processes have different time constants and may be separated in impedance spectroscopy. The talk will go through materials, processes, and methods, look to general principles that can be applied across systems and technologies, where possible also photoelectrochemical cells for solar hydrogen and artificial photosynthesis.

• Stange, Marit Synnøve Sæverud; Stefan, Elena; Denonville, Christelle; Dayaghi, Amir Masoud; Larring, Yngve & Rørvik, Per Martin [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2021). Processing route for Metal Supported Proton Conducting Ceramic Cells.
• Norby, Truls; Dayaghi, Amir Masoud; Storhaug, Sjur; Chen, Henry; Haugsrud, Reidar & Stange, Marit Synnøve Sæverud [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2021). BSZCY151020: A proton ceramic electrolyte with increased TEC for planar applications .
• Stange, Marit Synnøve Sæverud; Stefan, Elena; Dayaghi, Amir Masoud; Denonville, Christelle; Larring, Yngve & Rørvik, Per Martin [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Pulsed Laser Deposition of Electrolytes for Metal-Supported Proton-Conducting Electrolysis Cells.
• Norby, Truls Eivind (2020). Ceramic proton conductors and photoelectrochemistry for hydrogen .
• Norby, Truls Eivind (2020). Ceramic proton conductors for natural gas, hydrogen, and ammonia.
• Norby, Truls Eivind (2020). Electrodics for Protonics.
• Norby, Truls Eivind (2019). Proton ceramic electrochemical cells for efficient hydrogen production .
• Dayaghi, Amir Masoud; Stange, Marit Synnøve Sæverud; Denonville, Christelle; Larring, Yngve; Rørvik, Per Martin & Haugsrud, Reidar [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Thin-film electrolyte with TEC optimized for metal-supported proton ceramic electrochemical cell.
• Norby, Truls Eivind & Sun, Xinwei (2019). Hydrogen and clean air - Norway and China.
• Norby, Truls Eivind & Sun, Xinwei (2019). Novel UiO Technologies for Green Energy and Clean Air in China.
• sata, noriko; han, feng; costa, remi; Zhou, Xingping; Stange, Marit Synnøve Sæverud & Dayaghi, Amir Masoud [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Development of Metal Supported Cells Using BaZrO3-Based Proton Conducting Ceramics.
• Stange, Marit Synnøve Sæverud; Dayaghi, Amir Masoud; Denonville, Christelle; Larring, Yngve; Rørvik, Per Martin & Haugsrud, Reidar [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Fabrication of Metal-Supported Proton-Conducting Electrolysers with Thin Film Sr- and Ce-Doped BZY Electrolyte.
• Norby, Truls Eivind (2018). Hydrogen (prisforedrag for Guldberg-Waage-medaljen 2018). Show summary

  Starting my first research in inorganic chemistry, I stumbled across hydrogen where and when I and everyone else did not expect to find it – it is so common and yet so un-common. It makes bonds more different than any other element – polar and purely covalent as protons and atoms, metallic when it pleases, and ionic as hydride ions. Consequently, it shows up in very different forms and locations and has taken me for a journey to my roots in physical chemistry and to electrochemistry – some things discovered and some mysteries remaining. Hydrogen holds a historical role in the establishment of major Norwegian industry, and we today host world-leading production of electrolyzers for the emerging markets of hydrogen for storage and as carrier of renewable electrical energy. Many different types of solids contain or may take up water and become solid-state proton conductors by various mechanisms of transport. They may be used as electrolytes in novel types of fuel cells and electrolyzers for hydrogen and renewable energy, as well as in electrocatalytic reactors for upgrading natural gas to liquids or hydrogen with minimal carbon emissions or with carbon capture and storage. The research involves experimental and ab initio computational methods to understand hydrogen in its various forms from gas phase, via surfaces and charge transfer at electrode interfaces, into mobile ions in crystalline or liquid-like condensed phases.

• Norby, Truls Eivind (2018). The chemistries of proton ceramic electrochemical cells.
• Stange, Marit Synnøve Sæverud; Dayaghi, Amir Masoud; Denonville, Christelle; Rørvik, Per Martin; Larring, Yngve & Norby, Truls Eivind (2018). Fabrication of Metal Supported Protonic Ceramic Electrolyser Cells (PCEC).
• Norby, Truls Eivind (2018). Proton ceramic cells for fuel cells, electrolyzers, and natural gas conversion.
• Norby, Truls Eivind (2018). Electrodics for proton ceramic electrochemical cells (PCECs).
• Dayaghi, Amir Masoud; Stange, Marit Synnøve Sæverud; Denonville, Christelle; Larring, Yngve; Rørvik, Per Martin & Norby, Truls Eivind (2018). Key challenges in fabrication of metal-supported proton conducting electrolyser cells .
• Stange, Marit Synnøve Sæverud; Denonville, Christelle; Larring, Yngve; Stefan, Elena; Rørvik, Per Martin & Haugsrud, Reidar [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Manufacturing of Metal Supported Protonic Ceramic Electrolyser Cells (PCEC).
• Norby, Truls Eivind (2017). Advances in proton ceramic fuel cells, steam electrolyzers, and dehydrogenation reactors based on materials and process optimizations.

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