Publications
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Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson; Matthiasen, Eivind Hjorth & Sareen, Siddharth
(2026).
Coherent, credible and comprehensive or diffuse and ineffective? The energy poverty policy mix in Norway during geopolitical changes.
Energy Policy.
ISSN 0301-4215.
220,
p. 115615–115615.
doi:
10.1016/j.enpol.2026.115615.
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Unlike numerous European Union member states, Norway lacks an explicit definition of energy poverty and targeted alleviation policies. Historically associated with energy abundance thanks to its early capitalisation on hydropower attributes, the country offers a fertile context to investigate the changing impact of Europe's turn towards energy security amid geopolitical turbulence and resultant impacts at household level. We report on the first study to address this directly in Norway by analysing its energy poverty policy mix. The policy mix literature has identified coherence, credibility and comprehensiveness as desirable aspects for effectiveness. Based on a top-down approach through a desk study of relevant policies, and a bottom-up approach using an expert focus group discussion, we identify and explain the implications of Norway's diffuse energy poverty policy mix. Measures address symptoms rather than underlying causes through short-term populist policies and misdirect support in ways that risk increasing inequity while failing to ameliorate energy poverty for vulnerable households. While Norway's broader welfare system offers social protection, the lack of a definition of energy poverty, ambiguous institutional responsibility, and weak coherence of policy measures limit policy mix effectiveness, while failing to furnish a firm base for its credible and comprehensive treatment.
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Sareen, Siddharth; Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson; Lindahl, Johan; Haukkala, Teresa; Nielsen, Helle Ørsted & Rinkinen, Jenny
[Show all 7 contributors for this article]
(2026).
Solar photovoltaics expansion in the Nordics: A wealthy latecomer perspective.
Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning and Policy.
ISSN 1556-7249.
21(1).
doi:
10.1080/15567249.2026.2654611.
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Despite comparable solar irradiation and strong economic capacity, Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden exhibit markedly different solar photovoltaics (PV) deployment trajectories. By 2025, Denmark and Sweden had each surpassed 5 GW of installed PV capacity, while Finland and Norway had only recently reached 1 GW. This paper explains these divergent outcomes by comparing market dimensions, energy resource endowments, and policy development across these four Nordic countries. Secondary data on PV deployment, electricity prices, cost of capital, energy mixes, and policy instruments shows that differences in solar diffusion cannot explain the different deployment rates. Instead, deployment patterns are strongly shaped by policy design, timing, and stability, and by how PV competes with incumbent low-carbon resources. Countries with early, generous, but unstable support schemes experienced rapid yet volatile growth, while more gradual and predictable policy frameworks enabled steadier expansion. Further, high end-user electricity prices and access to low-cost capital have favored distributed, self-consumption-oriented PV, whereas weak incentives and complex permitting have constrained utility-scale deployment. These findings highlight how accountable energy governance—through clear targets, stable policy frameworks, and limited politicization—conditions solar PV diffusion in wealthy latecomer countries. The identified key dynamics are broadly applicable to wealthy latecomers in national energy transitions.
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Gulbrandsen, Lars Harald; Stokke, Knut Bjørn; Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Peters, Sebastian
(2025).
What legitimises local nature encroachment? comparing planning processes for second homes and wind power in Norway.
Local Environment : the International Journal of Justice and Sustainability.
ISSN 1354-9839.
p. 1–20.
doi:
10.1080/13549839.2025.2576667.
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The topic of land-use pressures from wind power and second homes is crucial due to the significant challenges they pose to land use, biodiversity and wilderness areas. But the local legitimacy each kind of development enjoys, stemming to a large degree from the respective planning processes they go through, can be starkly different. This article investigates legitimacy and planning outcomes by comparing top-down and bottom-up planning processes for wind power and second homes development in a Norwegian municipality. The study employs energy justice theory, focusing on recognition, procedural, and distributive justice, and uses a comparative case study approach to analyse the planning processes and outcomes. The findings reveal that, compared to wind power development, second homes development is perceived as fairer and more beneficial for the local community. Second homes are perceived to provide local income, employment, and have positive economic ripple effects, while wind power projects are considered to mainly benefit national energy needs and owners of the plants. The top-down planning process for wind power leads to increased resistance and perceptions of unfairness, whereas the bottom-up approach for second homes is seen as more inclusive and legitimate. These differences, combined with local benefits of second homes development, helps to explain the widespread opposition to wind power development and the strong support for second homes in many municipalities, even though second homes development has resulted in the greatest loss of wilderness areas in Norway.
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Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson; Gulbrandsen, Lars Harald & Saglie, Inger-Lise
(2025).
Arealpåvirkning fra vindkraft og hytteområder: Sammenligning over tid.
Tidsskriftet Utmark.
p. 1–25.
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Artikkelen tar utgangspunkt i arealkonsekvensene av henholdsvis hytte- og vindkraftutbygginger i Norge. Med bakgrunn i samfunnsdebatter om arealpåvirkning av disse to inngrepstypene, går vi igjennom forskjellige aktuelle målemetoder for arealpåvirkning for hytter og vindkraft. Ved bruk av statistikk fra flere kilder diskuterer vi arealkonsekvensene av disse to svært forskjellige typene inngrep. I tillegg til noen spesielle mål for begge inngrepstypene belegger vi og diskuterer hovedkategoriene direkte inngrep (fotavtrykk), plan/hytteområde, og andre former for arealpåvirkning. Vi finner at målt som direkte fysiske inngrep, har hytteutbyggingen hatt et mye større fotavtrykk enn vindkraftutbyggingen. Når vi sammenligner direkte påvirket areal for vindkraftutbygging og hytteutbygging, er det mindre forskjeller. For påvirkning utover disse områdene har vindkraft sannsynligvis større påvirkning på sine omgivelser enn hytteutbygginger. Dette begrunnes særlig i høy synlighet og dominans i terrenget og forskjellige støyprofiler, selv om hytteutbygginger medfører betydelig påvirkning i form av ferdsel utenfor hytteområdet. Det er mer uklart hvilken inngrepstype som har størst påvirkning på uberørt natur i Norge, og det mangler kunnskap om og data for naturpåvirkning, særlig for hytteutbygginger.
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Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Opsahl, Gustav
(2025).
Analysing policy directions for utility- and small-scale solar installations in Norway.
Sustainability Science.
ISSN 1862-4065.
doi:
10.1007/s11625-025-01669-9.
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The demand for low-emission electricity production is surging globally due to increased electrification and industrial developments. While many countries prioritize expanding wind and solar power, Norway faces challenges, including public opposition to wind energy and delayed adoption of solar power. However, the country aims to address its renewable electricity needs by setting ambitious targets, including generating 8 TWh of solar power by 2030. This target encompasses both small-scale rooftop installations and large utility-scale solar power plants, though the share between them is undetermined. This article analyses current trends, potential developments, conflicts, and synergies between small- and large-scale solar projects in Norway. Utilizing the policy mix literature and the anchoring policy perspective, the analysis includes policy-related drivers and barriers while controlling for technical and economic factors. Resting on policy documents and a stakeholder workshop, we find that utility-scale solar faces several significant barriers that will negatively affect development rates. Small-scale solar installations face barriers too, but these are mostly linked to economic aspects, which in principle are easier to address politically and in the shorter term. The article contributes to analysing policy mix developments for utility- and small-scale solar systems, and novelly uses the anchoring policies perspective to give indications about scope for future policy change.
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Eikeland, Per Ove; Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Sareen, Siddharth
(2025).
Conclusion: Three overarching themes for understanding decentralisation in future low-carbon electricity systems,
Are Low-Carbon Futures Decentralised? The Governance of Collective Electricity Systems.
Edward Elgar Publishing.
ISSN 9781035355181.
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Sareen, Siddharth; Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Eikeland, Per Ove
(2025).
Are low-carbon futures decentralised? Directional flows in the changing governance of collective electricity systems,
Are Low-Carbon Futures Decentralised? The Governance of Collective Electricity Systems.
Edward Elgar Publishing.
ISSN 9781035355181.
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Sareen, Siddharth; Haarstad, Håvard; Gong, Huiwen; Aiken, Gerald; Skjølsvold, Tomas Moe & Silvester, Benjamin Ronald
[Show all 15 contributors for this article]
(2024).
Watt sense of community? A human geography agenda on energy communities.
Progress in Environmental Geography.
doi:
10.1177/27539687241287795.
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Energy communities can potentially advance just transitions towards low-carbon systems by devolving energy production and consumption to local scales. During vibrant debates on evolving energy geographies for more than a decade, human geographers have engaged with conceptualization and emergent models of energy communities in generative ways. We argue for a research agenda where these understandings of space, place and scale enhance research on energy communities. Three points hold particular importance and relevance for this agenda: (a) Pluralising understandings of energy communities, (b) Spatializing perspectives on the potential of energy communities to advance just transitions, and (c) Contextually situating technological-energy innovation strategies.
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Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson; Nykamp, Hilde Andrea; Olkkonen, Ville; Rosenberg, Eva & Taranger, Karianne Krohn
(2024).
Identifying and analysing important model assumptions: Combining techno-economic and political feasibility of deep decarbonisation pathways in Norway.
Energy Research & Social Science.
ISSN 2214-6296.
112.
doi:
10.1016/j.erss.2024.103496.
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Understanding the political feasibility of transition pathways is a key issue in energy transitions. Policy changes
are a significant source of uncertainty in energy system optimisation modelling. Energy system models are nevertheless
continuously being updated to reflect policy signals as realistically as possible. Using the concept of transition
pathways as a starting point, this cross-disciplinary study combines energy system optimization modelling with political feasibility of different transition pathways. This
combination generates insights into key political decision points in the ongoing energy transition. Resting on actor support structure and political feasibility of four main pathway categories (electrification, hydrogen, biomass, and energy efficiency), we identify critical model assumptions that are politically significant and impact model outcome. Then, by replacing the critical assumptions with technical limitations we model a scenario that is unrestrained by assumptions about policy, we identify areas where political choices are key to model outcomes. The combination of actor preferences and modelled energy system consequences enables the identification of future key decision points. We find that there is
considerable support for electrification as the main pathway to net-zero. The implications of widespread electrification,
in terms of energy production and grid capacity, lead us to identify challenging policy decisions with implications
for the energy transition.
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Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Bailey, Ian
(2024).
The anchoring policy perspective on policy change: mechanisms, applications and analytical challenges.
Journal of European Public Policy.
ISSN 1350-1763.
doi:
10.1080/13501763.2024.2412177.
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How functional relationships between policies influence policy design and policy change has received relatively limited attention within public policy scholarship despite the importance of policy coordination. This article contributes to addressing this gap by introducing the Anchoring Policies Perspective (APP), a framework for analysing interactions between policies in functional policy hierarchies. The APP examines how formal links between anchoring policies (AP) and functionally subordinate policies (SP) generate anchoring effects, whereby the provisions codified in APs generate alignment pressures that channel the design of SPs towards the norms and goals of the AP. In the article, we examine the analytical contribution of the APP by analysing the distinguishing characteristics of APs, the mechanisms through which APs influence SP introduction and design, and political strategies for managing situations where resistance occurs to the alignment of SPs with their APs. Examples from environmental and energy policy are used to illustrate key features of the AP-SP relationship, following which the APP’s contribution to public policy scholarship is discussed. We conclude by arguing that the APP has the potential to bring important new insights to the analysis of policy change while building connections with established theories of policy change to develop the APP framework further.
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Vågerö, Oskar; Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Zeyringer, Marianne
(2024).
The effects of fair allocation principles on energy system model designs.
Environmental Research: Energy.
1(4).
doi:
10.1088/2753-3751/ad8e6a.
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What constitutes socially just or unjust energy systems or transitions can be derived from philosophy and theories of justice. Assessments of distributive justice and utilising them in modelling lead to great differences based on which justice principles are applied. From the limited research so far published in the intersection between energy systems modelling and justice, we find that comparisons between the two principles of utilitarianism and egalitarianism dominate in assessments of distributive justice, with the latter most often considered representing a 'just energy system'. The lack of recognition of alternative and equally valid principles of justice, resting on e.g. capabilities, responsibilities and/or opportunities, leads to a narrow understanding of justice that fails to align with the views of different individuals, stakeholders and societies. More importantly, it can lead to the unjust design of future energy systems and energy systems analysis. In this work, we contribute to the growing amount of research on distributive justice in energy systems modelling by assessing the implications of different philosophical views on justice on modelling results. Through a modelling exercise with a power system model for Europe (highRES), we explore different designs of a future (2050) net-zero European electricity system, and its distributional implications based on the application of different justice principles. In addition to the utilitarian and egalitarian approach, we include, among others, principles of 'polluters pay' and 'ability-to-pay', which take historical contributions of greenhouse gas emissions and the socio-economic conditions of a region into account. We find that fair distributions of electricity generating infrastructure look significantly different depending on the justice principles applied. The results may stimulate a greater discussion among researchers and policymakers on the implications of different constructions of justice in modelling, expansion of approaches, and demonstrate the importance of transparency and assumptions when communicating such results.
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Skjærseth, Jon Birger; Eikeland, Per Ove; Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Larsen, Mari Lie
(2024).
Norway's Hydrogen Strategy: Unveiling Green Opportunities and Blue Export Ambitions.
In Quitzow, Rainer & Zabanova, Yana (Ed.),
The Geopolitics of Hydrogen.
Springer.
ISSN 9783031595141.
p. 213–232.
doi:
10.1007/978-3-031-59515-8.
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Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson; Palm, Jenny & Matthiasen, Eivind Hjort
(2024).
Flexible electricity consumption policies in Norway and Sweden: Implications for energy justice.
Energy Research & Social Science.
ISSN 2214-6296.
110.
doi:
10.1016/j.erss.2024.103466.
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Policies for shifting household electricity load are in focus in several countries, aimed at optimizing grid operation
and tackling current and expected challenges from consumption patterns, like increased peak loads on the
grid. Central here are recent developments in capacity charges, where the use of significant amounts of grid
capacity is priced high, compared to the traditional pricing of electricity consumption. These capacity charges
tend to be developed at the interface between system needs and incumbent actor influence from the sector on the
one side, and arguments for a ‘just’ and consumer-oriented design, like simplicity and actual effect on behaviour,
on the other. Comparing the consultation processes concerning policy design in Norway and Sweden, this study
investigates if and how these capacity charge policies consider consumer perspectives and needs, and explores
the implications for energy justice. The two countries have similar tariff models, but differing consumer considerations
have become apparent. In both countries, the policy process has been dominated by sector incumbent
actors; the consumer considerations that were included were weak, general, and not grounded in knowledge.
Consumer representation has been low. In this study, we note the implications for recognition, procedural, and
distributional justice. Our findings indicate the need for further development of balanced policy processes within
the energy sector.
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Wettestad, Jørgen; Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Gulbrandsen, Lars Harald
(2023).
Exploring paths and innovation in Norwegian carbon capture and storage policy.
Environmental Policy and Governance.
ISSN 1756-932X.
doi:
10.1002/eet.2068.
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Norway, a significant petroleum producer and exporter, has been a frontrunner within policies for carbon capture and storage (CCS). As CCS is recognized as a key technology for achieving the Paris climate policy targets, there is a clear need for more knowledge about how to design successful projects. Norway's first CCS policy initiative, the ambitious Mongstad project, was the result of a political compromise that was imposed from above, basically with one single company in control. The project was largely seen as a failure and was terminated in 2013. However, instead of dropping ambitions for developing CCS projects, the authorities launched a new policy soon afterwards. This policy evolved with the differently organized Longship CCS project as its core. Using a path-dependency perspective, we find that established institutional structures from the Mongstad project, combined with national interests and expertise, help to explain the fundamental continuity of CCS policies in Norway. This explanation is supplemented by a policy-learning perspective, which helps to explain policy changes and differences between the two flagship CCS projects. The Longship project developed gradually ‘from below’; linked project responsibilities close to competences and interests; dealt with key risks separately to reduce the inherent complexity; and organized clear requirements up front. We hold that this way of designing CCS projects is of relevance to other countries considering CCS projects. Furthermore, by placing the Norwegian case in context of the development of EU and international climate policy we contribute a theoretical framework relevant also for subsequent research.
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Bailey, Ian; Nutkins, Robert & Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson
(2023).
The anchoring effect of climate change acts: a policy streams analysis of Ireland’s climate act reform.
Climate Policy.
ISSN 1469-3062.
doi:
10.1080/14693062.2023.2261886.
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The number of political jurisdictions introducing climate change acts (CCAs) has grown in recent years. As framework legislation, CCAs seek to exert anchoring effects on climate policy development by establishing general goals, principles and obligations that subsequent policies to reduce emissions must uphold. Despite expansive research on the negotiation of CCAs, limited analysis exists of factors shaping their anchoring effect or how tensions aligning other climate policies with CCA requirements are managed. This article addresses this by utilizing Kingdon’s multiple streams framework to analyze the negotiation of the Irish Climate Action and Low Carbon Development (Amendment) Act 2021, a CCA with contentious provisions for sectoral emissions ceilings. It examines how political agreement was secured on the need for stronger climate action (problem stream), the concept of the Act (policy stream), and individual provisions (political stream). The analysis nevertheless indicates that different interpretations of ‘the problem’ emerged in discussions on the impacts of sector emissions ceilings and carbon taxation. Consensus in the political stream equally proved challenging where representatives used the Act’s provisions to question other parties’ commitments to climate action, just transition and procedural fairness. The article highlights two broader considerations for the anchoring effect of CCAs: the importance of maintaining a consistent focus on climate change to prevent problems with policies to address climate change from dominating CCA debates; and whether to restrict CCAs to general principles that diminish their anchoring effect compared with incorporating detailed obligations that may increase political tensions over the CCA and future policies.
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Eikeland, Per Ove; Taranger, Karianne Krohn; Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Gulbrandsen, Lars Harald
(2023).
A wind of change in Norway: Explaining shifts in municipal stances on wind power by policy feedback and energy justice.
Energy Research & Social Science.
ISSN 2214-6296.
104.
doi:
10.1016/j.erss.2023.103231.
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Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson; Leikanger, Iris & Westskog, Hege
(2023).
Institutional context, innovations, and energy transitions: Exploring solar photovoltaics with hydrogen storage at a secondary school in Norway.
Energy Research & Social Science.
ISSN 2214-6296.
101.
doi:
10.1016/j.erss.2023.103147.
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Public administrative action is crucial in facilitating sustainability transitions. Although organizational structures, cultures and established practices have been shown to lead to differing innovation results and technological
diffusion at various levels of governance, little attention has been paid to the role of local government and
administration in sustainable energy transitions. This study analyses renewable energy innovation at the local
level of public administration in Norway. Drawing on the institutional and entrepreneurial literature, we
examine the key formal decisions and organizational culture development that, combined with policy entrepreneurship,
ultimately led to an unlikely and risky decision: to include a costly and unusual local energy system
in the construction of a new secondary school. Tracing the administrative processes over 20 years, and drawing
on document data supported by 14 interviews, we find that the strong and politically shielded administrative
section, backed by a firm mandate and an established internal culture of innovation anchored in historic and
local identity among the population and local industry, led to this decision. These factors were further facilitated
by acts of policy entrepreneurship at crucial moments, shaping the underlying structures and institutional culture.
The independence and strong direction of the administrative section can be emulated in other contexts in
order to facilitate innovation. With suitable adaptations to other contexts, our findings may help to accelerate
energy transitions through system innovations elsewhere.
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Lindberg, Marie Byskov & Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson
(2023).
Just sharing? Energy injustices in the Norwegian solar policy mix for collective prosuming.
Energy Research & Social Science.
ISSN 2214-6296.
103.
doi:
10.1016/j.erss.2023.103219.
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There is increasing evidence that the energy transition incorporates new types of inequalities for different types
of energy consumers. In many places, detached dwellings are highly overrepresented among the building types
with solar PV installed. Based on document analysis and high-level interviews, this article analyses the policy mix
for rooftop solar energy in Norway through an energy justice lens, focusing on multi-apartment buildings and
housing cooperatives. Such cooperatives resemble both a Renewable Energy Community and a Citizen Energy
Community as defined in the EU's ‘Clean Energy for all Europeans’-package. We identify several energy injustices
in the solar PV policy mix, which effectively impede residents in multi-apartment buildings from collectively
producing their own electricity. As a result, very few multi-apartment buildings and housing cooperatives produce
their own electricity. Most importantly, current regulations add electricity taxes, grid fees and VAT to the
collectively self-consumed electricity as soon as it enters each individual dwelling. By contrast, detached
households are allowed to practise hourly net-metering, thereby consuming their self-produced electricity behind
the meter without any additional taxes or fees. Finally, our findings show that perceptions of a ‘fair’ policy mix
vary considerably, and that equal rules affect various groups of residents differently.
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Bredvold, Torjus Lunder & Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson
(2022).
Shockingly cold and electricity-dependent in a rich context: Energy poor households in Norway.
Energy Research & Social Science.
ISSN 2214-6296.
91.
doi:
10.1016/j.erss.2022.102745.
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Norway remains an understudied context for energy poverty. Resting on semi-structured interviews with 17
households located in two general areas around the wider Oslo region, the article draws on Bourdieu's concepts
of social fields and capitals, as well as more recent social practice theory. We use this to explore what makes
Norwegian households vulnerable to energy poverty, their coping strategies, and implications for health and
wellbeing. With its particular reliance on electricity as household energy carrier, general high income-levels, and
being at the forefront of the energy transition, the case of Norway generates insights useful for understanding
energy poverty implications of decarbonisation. We show that households that are heavily dependent on electricity,
have unstable incomes, and live in energy-inefficient rental housing are especially vulnerable. The most
marginalised households are typically headed by unemployed persons of working age; dependent on parental
assistance to live ‘normal’ lives, and they often struggle with stigmatisation and shame. Lack of access to economic
and social capital influences their energy practices and vulnerability in several social fields, also beyond
direct living conditions. With increasing electrification of sectors like heating, transport and industry, findings
from Norway are relevant to energy-poverty scholarship on electricity dependency and decarbonisation.
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Skjærseth, Jon Birger; Eikeland, Per Ove & Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson
(2022).
Biofuelling the energy transition in Nordic countries: explaining overachievement of EU renewable transport obligations.
International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics.
ISSN 1567-9764.
doi:
10.1007/s10784-022-09587-2.
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View all works in NVA
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Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson; Halvorsen, Bente; Aasen, Marianne; Matthiasen, Eivind Hjort & Sareen, Siddharth
(2026).
PowerPoor brukerpartnermøte og diskusjon av foreløpige resultater.
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Espegren, Kari Aamodt; Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson; Vistnes, Matias & Myhre, Stine Fleischer
(2026).
Hva er strømnettets rolle i å nå klimamålene? – SECUREL.
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Elektrifisering, ny industri og lokal kraftproduksjon setter kraftsystemet under press og åpner for nye muligheter. I SecurEL ser vi nærmere på hvordan strømnettets rolle endres og hva som kan være best mulige reguleringer av nettselskapene i omstillingen vi er inne i.
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Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson; Gulbrandsen, Lars Harald; Sareen, Siddharth & Skjærseth, Jon Birger
(2026).
Changing wind and solar licensing processes: implications for local influence and democratic fairness.
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Norway aims to develop more wind and solar power plants to reach its climate targets and meet industrial demand. However, new electricity generation projects have been stymied by legitimacy crises and consideration of land-use change and impact on nature. The wind power licensing scheme was reformed in 2022, while the process for utility-scale solar power licensing followed in 2025. Both designs diverge strongly, but both empower host municipalities. Municipalities can thus stop wind and solar power developments. This increased local responsibility has been paired with boosted economic incentives for wind but not for solar power. Using an energy democracy approach, this paper analyses evolution in participation and influence in licensing. It asks what the most important implications of the changes in licensing scheme are, for energy democracy and influence of municipalities on solar and wind power energy projects, we utilise empirical data from ten interviews with developers, politicians, and public officials, analysis of policy and licensing documents and key media articles during 2022-2026. We argue that increased municipality influence on national developments is not a silver bullet for democratic fairness. While local anchoring is crucial, and an initially top-down approach of the licensing process undermined the legitimacy of renewable energy development in Norway, municipalities are rarely equipped to manage these controversial processes effectively and fairly. We conclude that municipal roles in determining renewable development require institutional capacity-building and facilitating planning expertise to manage emerging land use conflicts, mitigate polarised community engagement, and allocate resources justly.
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Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson; Sareen, Siddharth; Mathiassen, Eivind Hjorth & Eikeland, Per Ove
(2025).
Er en lavkarbonfremtid desentralisert?
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Kjeldstad, Torunn; Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson; Hagen, Dagmar; Buvik, Magnus & Martinsen, Dina Christensen
(2025).
Bakkemontert solkraft i Norge: Hvorfor går det så sakte?
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Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson
(2025).
Transition dilemmas and implications for energy use: examples from North of Norway'.
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Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson
(2025).
Vind- og solkraft har blitt et mer kommunalt anliggende. Er det til fordel for klima og natur?
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Utfordringer knyttet til endringer i konsesjonssystemet og utviklingen innenfor sol- og vindkraft i Norge
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Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson
(2025).
Endringer i konsesjonsprosessene for vind- og solkraft. Mulige implikasjoner for vertskommuner.
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Mathisen, Georg; Søgaard, Gunnhild; Hauge, Katrine Broch; Stokke, Knut Bjørn & Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson
(2025).
Lokal styring, natur – eller begge deler?
[Internet].
nibio.no.
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Hva skjer når staten overlater ansvaret for naturen til kommunene? Under Arendalsuka utfordret fire forskere politikerne på lokaldemokrati og naturmangfold – svarene de fikk var sprikende.
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Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson
(2025).
Policy prefiguration for future change? How policy anchoring can assist the climate and energy transitions.
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Eikeland, Per Ove; Skjærseth, Jon Birger & Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson
(2025).
The EU H2-strategy as framework for Arctic developments.
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Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Gulbrandsen, Lars Harald
(2025).
The energy crunch: Drivers and pressures for energy developments in Northern Norway.
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Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Bailey, Ian
(2025).
The Anchoring policy perspective: explaining policy hierarchies for energy transitions.
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Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson
(2025).
Norges kraftsektor i endring: omstillinger, politiske utfordringer, drivere, og retninger.
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Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson
(2025).
"gode og dårlige klimalover" I Grønn Torsdag, podcast og youtube-kanal for innlandet.
[Internet].
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xjmTyjAa2To.
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Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson
(2025).
Pan European Event: Translating Women's Rights to Energy (break-out facilitation and translation).
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Presenterte PowerPoor prosjektets arbeid, og fasiliterte en diskusjon om kvinner og energifattigdom (på norsk - og oversetting/diskusjon til norsk).
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Szulecki, Kacper; Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Skjærseth, Jon Birger
(2024).
EU climate policy coordination meets national fragmentation: The case of Norway.
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Bakken, Vebjørn; Winther, Tanja & Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson
(2024).
Rettferdig energiomstilling – er det mulig? [podcast].
[Internet].
https://www.uio.no/forskning/satsinger/uio-energi-og-miljo/a.
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Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson
(2024).
Energifattigdom og respons på forbrukerrådets undersøkelse i leiemarkedet - en rundebordskonferanse.
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Sammenlignet PowerPoor-prosjektets funn med Forbrukerrådets foreløpige funn og diskuterte mulige politiske virkemidler-
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Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Taranger, Karianne Krohn
(2024).
Where do the weight of the actor interests lead us? Political pathway feasibility of electrification, hydrogen, bioenergy, or energy savings.
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Eikeland, Per Ove; Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Skjærseth, Jon Birger
(2024).
Against all odds? Explaining the new clean hydrogen strategy of the European Union.
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Eikeland, Per Ove; Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Skjærseth, Jon Birger
(2024).
Skjebnetid for Europas hydrogensatsing.
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Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Taranger, Karianne Krohn
(2023).
Presenterte innledende opplegg og funn fra PowerPoor-prosjektet.
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Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson
(2023).
Sofies grønne skifte: 3. Omstilling for fattig og for rik.
[Radio].
Universitetsplassen.
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Sofies grønne skifte: Omstilling for fattig og for rik
Hvordan får vi folk gjennom den grønne omstillingen på en god måte? At det ikke blir for smertefullt, og kun for de som har mest?
Hvordan skal vi klare å endre oss på en måte som gjør at folk faktisk ønsker å bli med?
I tredje episode av podkasten Sofies grønne skifte snakker Sofie Frøysaa med Thor Håkon Jackson Inderberg fra Fridtjof Nansens Institutt og Katinka Holtsmark, postdoktor ved Økonomisk institutt ved Universitetet i Oslo.
Lytt til episoden:
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Westskog, Hege; Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Winther, Tanja
(2023).
Include. Om senteret og kommunenes rolle i energiomstillingen.
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Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson
(2023).
Land-use change and changing windpower governance: Process, practices and pressure (WINDGOV).
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Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson
(2023).
PowerPoor: Energifattigdom - hva er det og hva skal PowerPoor-prosjektet gjøre?
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Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson; Gulbrandsen, Lars Harald & Opsahl, Gustav
(2023).
Survey om kommunenes erfaring med vindkraft.
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Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson
(2023).
Wind Power Policies and Diffusion in the Nordic Countries. Comparative Patterns.
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Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson
(2023).
Energy Systems in Transition:International challenges and Norwegian peculiarities.
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Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Taranger, Karianne Krohn
(2023).
Analysing political feasibility in energy transitions: Norway as a case in point.
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Energy transitions are contested and research on the politics of transitions has recently received more attention. Political intervention has historically been a crucial part of all major transitions, both in inducing them as well as in managing the social consequences and pathway directions, thus emphasising the role of policy and politics in energy transitions. Analysing political feasibility therefore is an important aspect of understanding the scope of possible energy transition pathways.
This paper reviews theory on political feasibility in energy transitions, develops a pragmatic analytical framework to analyse energy transition political feasibility, and suggests some ways forward for practical analysis guided by the example of Norway.
While a high number of factors will influence transition pathway political feasibility, a key assumption here is that interest structures are the main influence factor behind the direction and shape of a transition pathway. The paper takes a starting point in the observation that policymakers will usually adopt or implement policies that align with the interest of important stakeholders. If an energy transition pathway receives significant and tangible support over time, it is likely to see positive feedbacks, where investments in and ownership of established infrastructures, R&D, competence, and political alliances become stronger over time. While future interest coalitions are difficult to predict, contemporary interest coalitions are likely to give some indications of future directions. Based on the imperfect insight that actors in a regime tend to shape policy to their own interests we can assume that future pathway direction generally will align with the main interest structures in the energy sectors.
The analytical framework develops two main dimensions for analysing the political feasibility of energy-transition pathways: structural conditions, and dynamic domestic politics. Structural conditions represent far-reaching and slow-changing influences that typically includes economic, political, and sociocultural conditions to affect policy development. Adoption and design of a particular policy or pathway are heavily influenced by the alignment with such structural interests or ‘national characteristics’. Following the structural dimension, the pathway with a better fit with structural interests is more politically feasible. Dynamic domestic politics, on the other hand, represents a shorter-term rational-actor-based perspective, where the influence of stakeholders on policy-decisions is deemed crucial to policy outcomes. Interest groups are central to the adoption of policy, which is unlikely to succeed without the support of a winning coalition. Here, the pathway with the most supporters is more politically feasible. The combination of structural interests that align (or not) with decarbonisation strategies, and dynamic interests providing a more short-term and fluctuating perspective on political feasibility, enable a simple, practical analysis of political feasibility.
Resting on a literature review the paper develops the political feasibility framework. Using the case of energy transition in Norway as an illustrative example anchors the framework to empirical observations. As Norway’s main decarbonisation strategy is electrification, with growing challenges of its already fully renewable electricity sector, the case is useful for illuminating the use of the framework for analysing also other national contexts.
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Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson; Westskog, Hege & Leikanger, Iris
(2023).
«Fra ildsjeler til institusjonalisering»: Institusjonalisering – hva er det og hvorfor viktig for bærekraftig omstilling?
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Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson; Westskog, Hege & Leikanger, Iris
(2023).
Hvordan kan beslutningsprosesser i kommuner skape energiomstilling? En casestudie av Vestsiden ungdomsskole, Kongsberg.
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Matthiasen, Eivind Hjort; Palm, Jenny & Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson
(2023).
Policy-prosessen for effekttariffer i Norge og Sverige: inkludering av forbrukerperspektiver og rettferdighetsdimensjoner.
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Standal, Karina & Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson
(2023).
Dimensions of decentralised and local energy production:
Opportunities and barriers for the energy transition.
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Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson
(2022).
En sosialt rettferdig energiomstilling? Eksempler fra vindkraftprosesser og energifattigdom.
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Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson
(2022).
Muligheter og utfordringer i et nytt konsesjonssystem for vindkraft.
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Presenterte forskningsfunn og anbefalinger for design av nytt konsesjonssystem til energi- og vannressursavdelingen i Olje- og energidepartementet.
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Winther, Tanja & Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson
(2022).
Myndighetene bør sikre at alle grupper har tilgang til en viss mengde rimelig strøm.
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Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson
(2022).
A social and political energy transition: The example of the Norwegian electricity system.
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Stokke, Knut Bjørn; Peters, Sebastian; Saglie, Inger-Lise; Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Gulbrandsen, Lars Harald
(2022).
Nature - the weak spot in land-use planning processes? Planning of windpower and second homes in Norway.
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Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson
(2022).
Samfunnsforskningens rolle i energiomstilling. Deltakelse i paneldebatt.
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Deltakelse i paneldebatt om samfunnsforskningens rolle og langtidsplanen for forskning, med blant annet direktør Norges forskningsråd, rektor UiA, Energi Norge, og medlem av energikommiteen på Stortinget.
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Lindberg, Marie Byskov & Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson
(2022).
Lokal energi i borettslag? Hindre og muligheter for å installere solceller.
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Eikeland, Per Ove; Taranger, Karianne Krohn; Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Gulbrandsen, Lars Harald
(2022).
A Wind of Change: explaining shifts in municipal stand on windpower by policy feedback from energy justice considerations.
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Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson
(2022).
Hva er bakgrunnen for utbyggingsiveren i Norsk kraftsektor, og hvilke alternativer finnes?
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Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson; Eikeland, Per Ove & Taranger, Karianne Krohn
(2022).
Can energy transitions be just? Insights from Include and windpower processes in Norway.
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Winther, Tanja; Bredvold, Torjus Lunder & Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson
(2022).
energifattigdom.
Store Norske Leksikon (Nettutgaven).
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Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson
(2022).
Framtidens energimarked – og behovet for Inkluderende omstilling. Eksempler fra vindkraftprosesser og energifattigdom.
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Standal, Karina; Aasen, Marianne; Christensen, Ingrid; Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson; Julsrud, Tom Erik & Matthiasen, Eivind Hjort
[Show all 12 contributors for this article]
(2023).
Forbrukerfleksibilitet: Et kunnskapsgrunnlag for å forstå husholdningers oppfatninger
og muligheter.
CICERO Senter for Klimaforskning.
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I Norge ble en ny modell for beregning av nettleie innført 1. juli 2022. Formålet med den nye nettleien er å motivere husholdninger til å fordele strømforbruket jevnere utover døgnet. På tidspunktet hvor den nye nettleien ble planlagt innført var det liten kunnskap om virkninger av slike virkemidler på forbrukere. Flexeffect-prosjektet startet har undersøkt virkninger virkemidler for fleksibel strømbruk på forskjellige husholdningsgrupper. Resultatene viser at mange av forbrukerne forstår og er enige med formålet for ny nettleie. Samtidig gjør utformingen det vanskelig å forstå og tilpasse seg i hverdagslivet og det er konkurrerende signaler og hensyn de må ta. Videre har mange uttrykt bekymring for at den nye nettleien kan få uheldige og urettferdige
fordelingsvirkninger. Våre funn viser også at det er krevende for forbrukere å ta i bruk ny teknologi for å øke forbrukerfleksibiliteten. Selv om forbrukerhensyn er nevnt
i den politiske prosessen for å innføre ny nettleie er forbrukerne svakt representert i utformingen og forbrukerhensynene som inngår i konsultasjonene har en tendens til å være generelle. Dimensjoner som systembehov er blitt mer vektlagt enn forbrukerbehov og ikke minst forbrukeres evne til tilpasning.
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Belsnes, Michael Martin; Bjørndal, Mette; Elverhøi, Anders; Espegren, Kari Aamodt; Fæhn, Taran & Jaehnert, Stefan
[Show all 16 contributors for this article]
(2023).
Energikrisen i Europa og det norske kraftmarkedet.
Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet.
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Dette notatet oppsummerer en serie workshoper som ble organisert våren 2022 av FME-sentrene NTRANS,
CINELDI, ZEN, HighEFF, Include, NorthWind og HydroCEN, sammen med NTVA og DNVA. Ved noen workshoper
ble flere partnere invitert inn på arrangørsiden.
Bakgrunnen for workshopene var en lengre periode med svært høye energipriser i Europa, som forplantet seg
til høye strømpriser i Norge og store prisforskjeller mellom regioner. Målet med seminarserien var å diskutere
og systematisere det tverrfaglige faktaunderlaget som forskningsmiljøene har utviklet innenfor tematikken.
Med tanke på tidsperspektivet så vi at dette kunne gjøres som en serie seminarer/workshops med avgrenset
tematikk. Konklusjonene oppsummeres i denne rapporten, som trekker sammen læring og syntese på tvers av
workshopene
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Skjærseth, Jon Birger; Eikeland, Per Ove; Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Larsen, Mari Lie
(2023).
Norway's Internal and External Hydrogen Strategy.
Research Institute for Sustainability Studies (RIFS).
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Lindberg, Marie Byskov; Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Nyen, Johanne Elise
(2022).
Muligheter for solenergi i boligselskaper i Norge,
Danmark og Sverige.
Include Forskningssenter for sosialt inkluderende omstilling.
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Published
Feb. 23, 2021 12:23 PM
- Last modified
Oct. 23, 2025 4:43 PM
