Torbjørn Egeland-Eriksen

• Egeland-Eriksen, Torbjørn & Sartori, Sabrina (2024). Techno-economic analysis of the effect of a novel price-based control system on the hydrogen production for an offshore 1.5 GW wind-hydrogen system. Energy Reports. ISSN 2352-4847. 11, s. 2633–2655. doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2024.02.016. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The cost of green hydrogen production is very dependent on the price of electricity. A control system that can schedule hydrogen production based on forecast wind speed and electricity price should therefore be advantageous for large-scale wind-hydrogen systems. This work presents a novel price-based control system integrated in a techno-economic analysis of hydrogen production from offshore wind. A polynomial regression model that predicts wind power production from wind speed input was developed and tested with real-world datasets from a 2.3 MW floating offshore wind turbine. This was combined with a mathematical model of a PEM electrolyzer and used to simulate hydrogen production. A novel price-based control system was developed to decide when the system should produce hydrogen and when it should sell electricity to the grid. The model and control system can be used in real-world wind-hydrogen systems and require only the forecast wind speed, electricity price and selling price of hydrogen as inputs. 11 test scenarios based on 10 years of real-world wind speed and electricity price data are proposed and used to evaluate the effect the price-based control system has on the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH). Both current and future (2050) costs and technologies are used, and the results show that the novel control system lowered the LCOH in all scenarios by 10-46%. The lowest LCOH achieved with current technology and costs was 6.04 $/kg H2. Using the most optimistic forecasts for technology improvements and cost reductions in 2050, the model estimated a LCOH of 0.96 $/kg H2 for a grid-connected offshore wind farm and onshore hydrogen production, 0.82 $/kg H2 using grid electricity (onshore) and 4.96 $/kg H2 with an off-grid offshore wind-hydrogen system. When the electricity price from the period 2013-2022 was used on the 2050 scenarios, the resulting LCOH was approximately twice as high.

• Egeland-Eriksen, Torbjørn; Flatgård Jensen, Jonas; Ulleberg, Øystein & Sartori, Sabrina (2023). Simulating offshore hydrogen production via PEM electrolysis using real power production data from a 2.3 MW floating offshore wind turbine. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. ISSN 0360-3199. 48(74), s. 28712–28732. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.03.471. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This work presents simulation results from a system where offshore wind power is used to produce hydrogen via electrolysis. Real-world data from a 2.3 MW floating offshore wind turbine and electricity price data from Nord Pool were used as input to a novel electrolyzer model. Data from five 31-day periods were combined with six system designs, and hydrogen production, system efficiency, and production cost were estimated. A comparison of the overall system performance shows that the hydrogen production and cost can vary by up to a factor of three between the cases. This illustrates the uncertainty related to the hydrogen production and profitability of these systems. The highest hydrogen production achieved in a 31-day period was 17 242 kg using a 1.852 MW electrolyzer (i.e., utilization factor of approximately 68%), the lowest hydrogen production cost was 4.53 $/kg H2, and the system efficiency was in the range 56.1–56.9% in all cases.

• Hajizadeh, Amin; Sartori, Sabrina & Egeland-Eriksen, Torbjørn (2021). Hydrogen-based systems for integration of renewable energy in power systems: Achievements and perspectives. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. ISSN 0360-3199. 46, s. 31963–31983. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.06.218. Vis sammendrag

  This paper is a critical review of selected real-world energy storage systems based on hydrogen, ranging from lab-scale systems to full-scale systems in continuous operation. 15 projects are presented with a critical overview of their concept and performance. A review of research related to power electronics, control systems and energy management strategies has been added to integrate the findings with outlooks usually described in separate literature. Results show that while hydrogen energy storage systems are technically feasible, they still require large cost reductions to become commercially attractive. A challenge that affects the cost per unit of energy is the low energy efficiency of some of the system components in real-world operating conditions. Due to losses in the conversion and storage processes, hydrogen energy storage systems lose anywhere between 60 and 85% of the incoming electricity with current technology. However, there are currently very few alternatives for long-term storage of electricity in power systems so the interest in hydrogen for this application remains high from both industry and academia. Additionally, it is expected that the share of intermittent renewable energy in power systems will increase in the coming decades. This could lead to technology development and cost reductions within hydrogen technology if this technology is needed to store excess renewable energy. Results from the reviewed projects indicate that the best solution from a technical viewpoint consists in hybrid systems where hydrogen is combined with shortterm energy storage technologies like batteries and supercapacitors. In these hybrid systems the advantages with each storage technology can be fully exploited to maximize efficiency if the system is specifically tailored to the given situation. The disadvantage is that this will obviously increase the complexity and total cost of the energy system. Therefore, control systems and energy management strategies are important factors to achieve optimal results, both in terms of efficiency and cost. By considering the reviewed projects and evaluating operation modes and control systems, new hybrid energy systems could be tailored to fit each situation and to reduce energy losses.

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• Oosterkamp, Antonie & Egeland-Eriksen, Torbjørn (2023). State of the art for transport systems for hydrogen-based energy carriers. Internal Report. Vis sammendrag

  This report is a review of the state of the art within transport systems for hydrogen, either as pure hydrogen or as a component of a hydrogen carrier. The various transport methods, including transport by truck, pipeline or ship in the form of pure hydrogen or in a hydrogen carrier, are described. More than 50 scientific articles and technical reports published in the last five years are then reviewed, and the results and conclusions from these are summarized and discussed.

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