Barrie Dale

• Dale, Barrie (2023). Paleontological Evidence for Dinoflagellates and Ciliates as Early Eukaryotes. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE). 11(3). doi: 10.3390/jmse11030533. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Molecular trees and geochemical markers suggest the divergence of dinoflagellates as early eukaryotes (~650 million years ago), but the traditional fossil record of cysts (dinocysts) starts during the Triassic (~230 million years ago). A re-evaluation of the pre-Triassic record shows that many acritarchs (microfossils of uncertain affinities) are dinocysts representing “missing” fossil evidence. Traditional diagnostic criteria for dinocysts, based on morphologic comparisons with motile stages, are biased towards thecate species. The approach proposed here, based on the more natural comparison with living cysts, includes athecate species. Many living cysts of athecate species would be “acritarchs” if found as fossils, and many earlier acritarchs would be accepted as dinoflagellate cysts if found living. The earliest acritarchs represent an innovation with profound implications for evolution: a cell wall of sporopollenin-like material enabling survival from microbial attack, in a then microbial-dominated world. Related cell wall material most likely evolved as protection for crucial stages in sexual reproduction (e.g., cysts in ciliates and dinoflagellates, and spores and pollen in algae and plants). Ciliates and dinoflagellates may have evolved in response to extreme climatic conditions in the Cryogenian, where a robust resting cyst would be advantageous. Thecate dinoflagellates most likely evolved from athecate forms, possibly in response to predatory pressure.

• Dale, Barrie (2020). From hystrichospheres to dinoflagellate cysts: Scandinavian contributions to Evitt’s pivotal recognition of fossil dinoflagellate cysts. Palynology. ISSN 0191-6122. doi: 10.1080/01916122.2020.1771623. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  As one of the remaining living links with two early Scandinavian researchers, the author examines their contribution to Bill Evitt’s breakthrough that launched the development of fossil dinoflagellate cysts into palynology. Evitt, in the early 1960s, revealed that many fossil hystrichospheres were in fact dinoflagellate cysts. Trygve Braarud, a Norwegian phytoplankton biologist, and Gunnar Erdtman, a Swedish palynologist, collaborated in 1954 to identify the first examples of living hystrichospheres as dinoflagellate cysts. This and a related study by the Norwegian Erling Nordli provided important evidence for Evitt’s breakthrough in 1961, but the wider palynological literature does not yet reflect the full significance of the Scandinavian work. Copies of correspondence between Braarud and Erdtman reproduced here together with the author’s personal observations help to clarify the extent to which this earlier work influenced the breakthrough. The Scandinavians were not aware at the time of the wider significance of their work for palynology, realized only later through Evitt’s perception. Reexamining this Scandinavian connection now therefore in no way detracts from Evitt’s pivotal role in launching ‘dinos’ into palynology. This example from palynology shows details of how exciting breakthroughs in science often happen, as work in separate but related fields is coalesced into a larger, more significant concept.

• Mertens, Kenneth Neil; Nieuwenhove, Nicolas Van; Gurdebeke, Pieter R; Aydin, Hilal; Bogus, Kara & Bringué, Manuel [Show all 33 contributors for this article] (2018). The dinoflagellate cyst genera Achomosphaera Evitt 1963 and Spiniferites Mantell 1850 in Pliocene to modern sediments: a summary of round table discussions. Palynology. ISSN 0191-6122. 42, p. 10–44. doi: 10.1080/01916122.2018.1465739. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We present a summary of two round-table discussions held during two subsequent workshops in Montreal (Canada) on 16 April 2014 and Ostend (Belgium) on 8 July 2015. Five species of the genus <i>Achomosphaera</i> Evitt 1963 and 33 of the genus <i>Spiniferites</i> Mantell 1850 emend. Sarjeant 1970 occuring in Pliocene to modern sediments are listed and briefly described along with remarks made by workshop participants. In addition, several holotypes and topotypes are reillustrated. Three species previously assigned to <i>Spiniferites </i>are here considered/accepted as belonging to other genera: <i>Impagidinium inaequalis</i> (Wall and Dale in Wall et al.1973) Londeix et al. 2009, <i>Spiniferites? rubinus</i> (Rossignol 1962 ex Rossignol 1964) Sarjeant 1970, and <i>Thalassiphora balcanica</i> Baltes ̧ 1971. This summary forms the basis for a set of papers that follows, where points raised during the workshops are explored in greater detail.

• Dale, Barrie (2018). The dinoflagellate cyst genera Achomosphaera Evitt 1963 and Spiniferites Mantell 1850 in Pliocene to modern sediments: a summary of round table discussions. Palynology. ISSN 0191-6122. 42, p. 10–44. doi: 10.1080/01916122.2018.1465739. Full text in Research Archive
• Ellegaard, Marianne; Dale, Barrie; Mertens, Kenneth Neil; Pospelova, Vera & Ribeiro, Sofia (2017). Dinoflagellate cysts as proxies for Holocene environmental change in estuaries: Diversity Abundance and Morphology. In Weckström, Kaarina; Saunders, Krystyna M.; Gell, P.A. & Skilbeck, C.G. (Ed.), Applications of paleoenvironmental techniques in estuarine studies. Springer. ISSN 9789402409888. p. 295–312. doi: 10.1007/978-94-024-0990-1_12. Full text in Research Archive
• Dale, Barrie (2017). In Memoriam Robert R.L. Guilliard, February 5, 1921-September 25, 2016: Reminiscences. Journal of Shellfish Research. ISSN 0730-8000. 36(2), p. 295–297. Full text in Research Archive
• Dale, Barrie & Murphy, Matt (2014). A retrospective appraisal of the importance of high-resolution sampling for harmful algal blooms: Lessons from long-term phytoplankton monitoring at Sherkin Island, S.W. Ireland. Harmful Algae. ISSN 1568-9883. 40, p. 23–33. doi: 10.1016/j.hal.2014.09.007. Full text in Research Archive
• Willumsen, Pi Suhr; Dale, Barrie; Jolley, David W. & Laursen, Gitte Vestergaard (2014). Palynostratigraphy and palaeoenvironmental shifts in Oligocene and Miocene strata from offshore Angola, west-central Africa. Palynology. ISSN 0191-6122. 38(2), p. 259–279. doi: 10.1080/01916122.2014.886630. Full text in Research Archive
• Dale, Barrie (2014). Looking back into the future of harmful algal blooms and HAB research. In Kim, Hak Gyoon; Reguera, Beatriz; Hallegraeff, Gustaaf; Lee, Chang Kye; Han, Myung Soo & Choi, Joong Ki (Ed.), Harmful algae 2012. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on harmful algae. International Society for the Study of Harmful Algae. ISSN 9788799082742. p. 18–25. Full text in Research Archive
• Mertens, Kenneth Neil; Bringué, Manuel; Nieuwenhove, Nicolas Van; Takano, Yoshihito; Pospelova, Vera & Rochon, André [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2012). Process length variation of the cyst of the dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum in the North Pacific and Baltic-Skagerrak region: calibration as an annual density proxy and first evidence of pseudo-cryptic speciation. Journal of Quaternary Science. ISSN 0267-8179. 27(7), p. 734–744. doi: 10.1002/jqs.2564. Full text in Research Archive
• Verleye, Thomas J; Mertens, Kenneth Neil; Young, Marty D; Dale, Barrie; McMinn, Andrew & Scott, Louis [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2012). Average process length variation of the marine dinoflagellate cyst Operculodinium centrocarpum in the tropical and Southern Hemisphere Oceans: Assessing its potential as a palaeosalinity proxy. Marine Micropaleontology. ISSN 0377-8398. 86-87, p. 45–58. doi: 10.1016/j.marmicro.2012.02.001. Full text in Research Archive
• Mertens, Kenneth Neil; Dale, Barrie; Ellegaard, Marianne; Jansson, Ida-Maria; Godhe, Anna & Kremp, Anke [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2011). Process length variation in cysts of the dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum, from surface sediments of the Baltic-Kattegat-Skagerrak estuarine system: a regional salinity proxy. Boreas. ISSN 0300-9483. 40(2), p. 242–255. doi: 10.1111/j.1502-3885.2010.00193.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Haldorsen, Sylvi; Heim, Michael; Dale, Barrie; Landvik, Jon; Ploeg, Martine van der & Leijnse, Anton [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2010). Sensitivity to long-term climate change of subpermafrost groundwater systems in Svalbard. Quaternary Research. ISSN 0033-5894. 73(2), p. 393–402. doi: 10.1016/j.yqres.2009.11.002. Full text in Research Archive
• Dale, Barrie (2009). Eutrophication signals in the sedimentary record of dinoflagellate cysts in coastal waters. Journal of Sea Research. ISSN 1385-1101. 61(1-2), p. 103–113. doi: 10.1016/j.seares.2008.06.007. Full text in Research Archive
• Mertens, KN; Ribeiro, S; Bouimetarhan, I; Caner, H; Nebout, NC & Dale, Barrie [Show all 31 contributors for this article] (2009). Process length variation in cysts of a dinoflagellate, Lingulodinium machaerophorum, in surface sediments: Investigating its potential as salinity proxy. Marine Micropaleontology. ISSN 0377-8398. 70(1-2), p. 54–69. doi: 10.1016/j.marmicro.2008.10.004. Full text in Research Archive
• Amorim, A & Dale, Barrie (2006). Historical cyst record as evidence for the recent introduction of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum in the north-eastern Atlantic. South African Journal of Marine Science. ISSN 0257-7615. 28(2), p. 193–197. Full text in Research Archive
• Dale, Barrie; Edwards, M & Reid, P.C. (2006). Climate change and harmful algal blooms. In Granéli, Edna & Turner, J.T. (Ed.), Ecology of Harmful Algae. Springer. ISSN 9783540322092. p. 367–378. Full text in Research Archive
• Dale, Barrie; Dale, Amy L. & Prince, I. (2005). Statistical modelling of ecological signals: a new method for biostratigraphy. In Powell, A.J. & Riding, J.B. (Ed.), Recent developments in applied biostratigraphy. Geological Society of London on behalf of The Micropalaeontological Society. ISSN 9781862391871. p. 179–203. Full text in Research Archive
• Dale, Barrie (2005). The sedimentary record shows the need for long-term monitoring of phytoplankton. In Solbé, John (Eds.), Long-term monitoring: why, what, where, when & how?. Sherkin Island Marine Station. ISSN 9781870492829. p. 106–113. Full text in Research Archive
• Dale, Barrie (2005). Introduction. In Solbé, John (Eds.), Long-term monitoring: why, what, where, when & how?. Sherkin Island Marine Station. ISSN 9781870492829. p. 1–2. Full text in Research Archive
• Dale, Barrie (2004). Medal of Scientific excellence: Response by Barrie Dale. Palynology. ISSN 0191-6122. 28, p. 7–13. Full text in Research Archive
• Pinturier-Geiss, Laurence; Méjanelleb, L.; Dale, Barrie & Karlsen, Dag Arild (2002). Lipids as indicators of eutrophication in marine coastal sediments. Journal of Microbiological Methods. ISSN 0167-7012. 48, p. 239–257. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Author Keywords: Lipids; Phospholipid ester-linked fatty acids; Eutrophication; Bacteria; Dinoflagellates; Long-chain diols and long-chain keto-ols; Oslofjord

• Dale, Barrie & Dale, Amy L. (2002). Environmental application of dinoflagellate cysts and acritarchs. In Haslett, Simon (Eds.), Environmental micropalaeontology. Arnold, London. p. 207–240. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Micropaleontology in its broader sense includes both mineralized microfossils and the organic-walled microfossils (palynomorphs) traditionally covered by the subject palynology. The groups of palynomorphs most used for environmental applications include the spores and pollen of plants, dinoflagellate cysts, and acritarchs. As with other prominent groups of microfossils, their widespread abundance in both space and time was first used in biostratigraphy, mainly for providing routine age determinations and correlations for hydrocarbon exploration (Stover et al., 1996). Subsequently, it was realized that their large concentrations also are particularly well suited to quantitative statistical treatments, and this combination has proved useful for documenting paleoenvironmental change. To date, this has been applied mainly to investigations of climate change on time scales of millions to thousands of years, where pollen is used to document vegetational responses on land, and dinoflagellate cysts and acritarchs indicate changes in aquatic environments. More recent work summarized here shows possibilities for a broad range of environmental applications for the aquatic palynomorphs that should help the earth sciences meet the new challenges posed by the environmental sciences.

• Dale, Amy L. & Dale, Barrie (2002). Appendix on statistical methods. In Haslett, Simon (Eds.), Quaternary Environmental Micropalaeontology. Arnold, London. ISSN 9780340761977. p. 259–286. Full text in Research Archive
• Dale, Barrie & Montresor, Marina (2002). Key areas for research on resting stages in coastal sediments of Europe. In Garcés, Esther; Montresor, Marina; Reguera, Beatriz & Dale, Barrie (Ed.), Workshop Report on: LIFEHAB: life histories of microalgal species causing harmful blooms. European Commission. p. 132–133. Full text in Research Archive
• Dale, Barrie (2002). Dinoflagellate cysts in sediments: Some insights into biogeography and past, present, and future blooms. In Garcés, Esther; Zingone, Adriana; Montresor, Marina; Reguera, Beatriz & Dale, Barrie (Ed.), Workshop Report on: LIFEHAB: life histories of microalgal species causing harmful blooms. European Commission. p. 43–45. Full text in Research Archive
• Dale, Barrie; Dale, Amy L. & Jansen, Fred J.H. (2002). Dinoflagellate cysts as environmental indicators in surface sediments from the Congo deep-sea fan and adjacent regions. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. ISSN 0031-0182. 185, p. 309–338. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Forty-nine surface sediment samples from the Congo deep-sea fan and adjacent hydrographic environments were prepared palynologically and analyzed for fossilizable dinoflagellate cysts. The main objective was to investigate the extent to which cysts reflect present day hydrography, and therefore may be used down core as paleoceanographic indicators. The region sampled covers a range of marine environments including the Congo River plume, the area of pronounced upwelling off west Central Africa, and a nearshore-offshore gradient from coastal to oceanic waters. This is the first study of the effect of a major tropical river plume on associated cyst assemblages. Cyst counts were low, particularly near the river mouth and furthest offshore. A combination of statistical treatments was used to analyze the surface cyst assemblages, including cluster analysis, correspondence analysis and canonical correspondence analysis. This helped to identify five distinctive sample groupings representing the main ecological signals in the cyst assemblage data. Group A, dominated by spherical brown protoperidinioid cysts, is an upwelling signal. Group B, dominated by the cosmopolitan species O. centrocarpum, is the main signal for the river plume effect, interpreted as reflecting the environmental instability this creates. Group C, dominated by S. delicatus with accessory O. centrocarpum, characterizes the outer plume, somehow reflecting the mixing of progressively diluted river plume water and the surrounding oceanic waters. Group D, with high proportions of Impagidinium and Nematosphaeropsis together with O. centrocarpum and S. delicatus, characterizes the location of the Angola-Benguela Front. Group E, with mainly Impagidinium species, is an oceanic signal. The identification of nutrients and water stability as main determining factors influencing cyst signals has implications for cyst-based paleoenvironmental interpretations using transfer functions, which are developed almost exclusively from comparisons with more easily available data for sea-surface temperature, salinity, and sea ice. Key words: dinoflagellate cysts; bottom sediments; River Congo; deep-sea fan; correspondence analysis; transfer function; paleoceanography.

• Amorim, Ana; Dale, Barrie; Godinho, R. & Brotas, V. (2002). Gymnodinium catenatum-like cysts (Dinophyceae) in recent sediments from the coast of Portugal. Phycologia. ISSN 0031-8884. 40(6), p. 572–582. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  ABSTRACT Gymnodinium catenatum has been responsible for the main PSP events reported along the Iberian coast, where much research effort has been put into understanding its bloom dynamics. Identification of a benthic resting stage in its life cycle raised questions regarding the implications of this life-stage on bloom dynamics. When first described, the microreticulate cyst of G. catenatum was considered unique, but recently two additional naked dinoflagellate species with different sized microreticulate cysts have been described, G.nolleri and G. microreticulatum. Here we report on the size distribution of microreticulate cysts from recent sediments along the Portuguese coast, and present evidence for the presence of G. microreticulatum in European coastal waters. We also present field data on the distribution of G. catenatum cysts, which supports the growing evidence for a planktonic origin, rather than benthic cysts as seed beds, for G. catenatum blooms.

• Ellegaard, Marianne; Dale, Barrie & Amorim, Ana (2002). The acritarchous resting cyst of the athecate dinoflagellate Warnowia cf. rosea (Dinophyceae). Phycologia. ISSN 0031-8884. 40(6), p. 542–546. Full text in Research Archive
• Dale, Barrie; Dale, J. G. & Lorensen, Margarethe Johanne (2001). Livskvalitet hos eldre hjemmeboende som mottar hjemmesykepleie. Vård i Norden. ISSN 0107-4083. 21(2), p. 4–10. Full text in Research Archive
• Dale, Barrie (2001). The sedimentary record of dinoflagellate cysts: looking back into the future of phytoplankton blooms. Scientia Marina. ISSN 0214-8358. 65(2), p. 257–272. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Key words: dinoflagellate cysts, algal blooms, eutrophication, molecular genetics, paleoceanography, transfer functions.

• Dale, Barrie (2001). Marine dinoflagellate cysts as indicators of eutrophication and industrial pollution: a discussion. Elsevier Oceanography Series. ISSN 0422-9894. 264, p. 235–240. Full text in Research Archive
• Kouli, K.; Brinkhuis, H. & Dale, Barrie (2001). Spiniferites cruciformis: a fresh water dinoflagellate cyst? Elsevier Oceanography Series. ISSN 0422-9894. 113, p. 273–286. Full text in Research Archive
• Banks, David; Haldorsen, Sylvi; Heim, Michael; Swensen, Berit; Dale, Barrie & Sletten, Per (2001). The world's northermmost thermal springs: Bockfjorden, Svalbard. Geological setting and hydrochemistry, New approachers: Characterizing groundwater flow. Balkeema. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Trollkildene, Jotunkildene and Gygrekjelda are groups of low temperature thermal springs, with major travertines mounds and terrace development, on the prominent Breibogen-Bockfjorden fault in a recently volcanically active area of northern Svalbard. The likely Quaternary history of the springs supports current models of recharge beneath temperate zones of glaciers being enhanced during glacial periods. The chemistry of the springs can be explained by (i) chloride salinity being derived from a seawater source and (ii) major ions being modified by water-rock interaction at depth in a (possibly gneissic) reservoir, while (iii) trace elements indicate modification of water chemistry during its ascent through marble strata.

• Banks, David; Siewers, Ulrich; Sletten, Ronald; Haldorsen, Sylvi; Dale, Barrie & Heim, Michael [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2000). The thermal springs of Bockfjorden, Svalbard: II: selected aspects of trace element hydrochemistry. Geothermics. ISSN 0375-6505. 28, p. 713–728. doi: 10.1016/S0375-6505(99)00019-X. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Waters from Trollkjeldene and Jotunkjeldene thermal springs on northern Svalbard have been analysed for a wide range of major and trace elements. Although it is plausible that the thermal waters originate from a deep reservoir in siliceous rocks, it appears that a significant component of their hydrochemical signature is derived from dissolution of higher-level Hecla Hoek marbles.

• Dale, Barrie (2000). Dinoflagellate cysts as indicators of cultural eutrophication and industrial pollution in coastal sediments. In Martin, Ronald E. (Eds.), Environmental micropaleontology. Plenum Press. p. 305–321. Full text in Research Archive
• Dale, Barrie (2000). Dinoflagellate cysts as indicators of cultural eutrophication and industrial pollution in coastal sediments. In Martin, Ronald E. (Eds.), Environmental micropaleontology. Plenum Press. p. 305–321. Full text in Research Archive
• Dale, Barrie (2000). Dinoflagellate cysts as indicators of cultural eutrophication and industrial pollution in coastal sediments. In Martin, Ronald E. (Eds.), Environmental micropaleontology. Plenum Press. p. 305–321. Full text in Research Archive
• Dale, Barrie; Thorsen, Thor Axel & Fjellså, A. (1999). Dinoflagellate cysts as indicators of cultural eutraphication in the Oslofjord, Norway. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. ISSN 0272-7714. 48, p. 371–382. Full text in Research Archive
• Thorsen, Thor Axel & Dale, Barrie (1999). Climatically influenced distribution of Gymnodinium catenatum during the past 2000 years in coastal sediments of southern Norway. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. ISSN 0031-0182. 143, p. 159–177. Full text in Research Archive
• Banks, David; Sletten, Ronald S.; Haldorsen, Sylvi; Dale, Barrie; Heim, Michael & Swensen, Berit (1998). The thermal springs of Bockfjord, Svalbard: Occurrence and major ion hydrochemistry. Geothermics. ISSN 0375-6505. 27(4), p. 445–467. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Troll and Jotun thermal springs of northern Svalbard, with temperatures up to 25.6 degrees C, are derived from a major fault forming the junction between Devonian sandstones an d Proterozoic marbles, mica schists and gneisses. The Troll waters are dominated by Na-HCO3 compostions and the Jotun waters by Na-Cl compositions. The 'pristine'thermal water sourcehas a sub-neutral pH and is highly reducing. Taken at face value, common geothermometers suggest temperatures at depth of 130-180 degrees C for the Troll springs(corresponding to a depth of 1.6-2.3 km), with 10-30% thermal water diluted by 70-90 % cold water. Such geothermometers may, however, be inappropriate to the cool, high CO2 waters of Bockfjord, and real temperatures at depth and dilution factors are probably considerably lower. The salinity of the thermal water appears to be only partially derived from water-rock interaction; Br/Cl rat ios suggest that seawaer or possibly evaporites may be a source of chloride salinity.

• Banks, David; Sletten, Ronald S.; Haldorsen, Sylvi; Dale, Barrie; Heim, Michael & Swensen, Berit [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (1997). The world's northernmost thermal springs? Trollkildene and Jotunkildene, Bockfjord, Svalbard. Bulletin. Norges geologiske undersøkelse (NGU-Bulletin). ISSN 0332-5768. 433, p. 60–61. Full text in Research Archive

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• Dale, Barrie (2024). Karen Andrea Steidinger (1938–2023): phytoplankton taxonomist, ecologist, administrator, teacher and mentor. Palynology. ISSN 0191-6122. doi: 10.1080/01916122.2024.2395724. Full text in Research Archive
• Dale, Barrie (2017). Dinoflagellate cysts in deep-sea sediment traps around the Northern North Atlantic: implications for paleoceanography. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Dinoflagellate cysts in deep-sea sediment traps around the northern North Atlantic: implications for paleoceanography DALE, Barrie1; DALE, Amy L.2 (1)Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, P.B. 1047 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway, (2) GeoResearch Consulting, Nord-Odalsvegen 242, 2100 Skarnes, Norway e-mail: barrie.dale@geo.uio.no We report new cyst fluxes from sediment traps in the Norwegian Basin, on the Iceland Plateau, and from the Barents Sea. With previous reports by Dale A. & B. Dale, 1992, these provide a database of 110 time-series samples. The northern North Atlantic, an important source of heat exchange affecting global climate, is a major focus for paleoclimate and paleoceanographic studies. Near-surface hydrography is heavily influenced by the warmer Norwegian Atlantic Current on the eastern side (ca. 3-11oC) and the colder East Greenland Current on the western side (-1-4 oC). Cysts in surface sediments from the deep-sea are widely accepted as statistical modern analogues for estimating sea-surface temperatures (SST), salinities and ice-cover in Quaternary paleoceanography. Here, we compare the cyst fluxes directly with the assemblage database from surface sediments used in paleoceanography, to investigate the accuracy with which the cysts sedimenting into the deep sea reflect conditions in the overlying surface waters. Despite limitations when comparing cysts collected in one year with hydrographic data from tens of years, and cyst assemblages from sediments representing up to hundreds or even several thousand years, the cysts in traps do generally reflect the different water masses present. That should prove useful for paleoceanography. However, cyst cell contents showing seasonality were only recorded at the shallower water depths. There was no evidence of the rapid transport to depth through the water column required if cysts are to reflect overlying waters, and the study produced additional results supporting long-term transport of cysts from coastal areas.

• Dale, Barrie (2016). Preface. Palynology. ISSN 0191-6122. 40, p. 1–1. doi: 10.1080/01916122.2016.1147794. Full text in Research Archive
• Dale, Barrie (2010). Understanding the basics of cyst biogeography is critical to the future development of our science. Full text in Research Archive
• Dale, Barrie (2010). What can the geological record of dinoflagellate cysts tell us about climate change and harmful algal blooms? Full text in Research Archive
• Dale, Barrie (2009). Ignorance in "Paradise": a letter from Norway. Sherkin Comment, Environmental Quaterly of the Sherkin Island Marine Station. p. 18–19. Full text in Research Archive
• Dale, Barrie (2009). Viking ships, fisheries and hydrocarbons: some of the many applications of marine palynology. Full text in Research Archive
• Dale, Barrie (2009). Marine micropaleontology: it's about time. Full text in Research Archive
• Dale, Barrie & Dale, Amy L. (2009). Distribution of recent dinoflagellate cysts in coastal sediments of the northwestern USA and Canada. Full text in Research Archive
• Dale, Barrie (2009). Geologi er mer en bare gråstein. Full text in Research Archive
• Dale, Barrie (2008). Dinoflagellate cysts as indicators of cultural eutrophication in coastal waters. Full text in Research Archive
• Dale, Barrie (2008). Dinoflagellate cyst records from the Skagerrak show climatic forcing by the North Atlantic Ocillation: Implications for harmful algal blooms. Full text in Research Archive
• Haldorsen, Sylvi; Heim, Michael; Dale, Barrie; Landvik, Jon Y.; Ploeg, Martine van der & Leijnse, Anton [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2008). Climate-dependent dynamics of high-arctic subpermafrost groundwater systems in Svalbard, Paper presented at the 33rd International Geological Congress (33IGC), Oslo, Norway, 6-14 August, 2008. International Geological Congress Committee. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Deep subpermafrost aquifers in polar areas are highly dependent on climate. The permafrost forms an aquitard that prevents groundwater recharge and discharge. A study from the high-arctic island of Spitsbergen, Svalbard shows that during a glacial to interglacial phase, both the permafrost and the glacier regime will respond to climatic changes, and a glacier-fed groundwater flow system will vary accordingly. A full glaciation results in the melting of permafrost and groundwater can flow through pores and fracture systems in the rocks and sediments below the temperate zones of glaciers. These groundwater flow systems will mainly be localised to fjords and valleys and form low-lying terrestrial springs when the sea level drops during deglaciation. During an interglacial, new permafrost is formed and the groundwater recharge and discharge areas will thereby be gradually reduced to a minimum reached at the warmest part of an interglacial. An already frozen spring system cannot re-open before the permafrost melts. Only groundwater springs related to permanently warm-based glacial ice will persist into the next glaciation. During a new glaciation flow systems that terminated during the previous interglacial may become re-vitalised if overridden by warm-based ice. We believe this climate-driven cycle to be relevant also for other high-arctic groundwater systems.

• Dale, Barrie (2008). Dinoflagellate cysts in sediments as indicators of productivity, upwelling and eutrophication: sorting out the signals. Full text in Research Archive
• Haldorsen, Sylvi; Heim, Michael; Dale, Barrie; Landvik, Jon Y.; Ploeg, Martine van der & Leijnse, Anton [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2008). Climate-dependent dynamics of high-arctic subpermafrost groundwater systems in Svalbard. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Deep subpermafrost aquifers in polar areas are highly dependent on climate. The permafrost forms an aquitard that prevents groundwater recharge and discharge. A study from the high-arctic island of Spitsbergen, Svalbard shows that during a glacial to interglacial phase, both the permafrost and the glacier regime will respond to climatic changes, and a glacier-fed groundwater flow system will vary accordingly. A full glaciation results in the melting of permafrost and groundwater can flow through pores and fracture systems in the rocks and sediments below the temperate zones of glaciers. These groundwater flow systems will mainly be localised to fjords and valleys and form low-lying terrestrial springs when the sea level drops during deglaciation. During an interglacial, new permafrost is formed and the groundwater recharge and discharge areas will thereby be gradually reduced to a minimum reached at the warmest part of an interglacial. An already frozen spring system cannot re-open before the permafrost melts. Only groundwater springs related to permanently warm-based glacial ice will persist into the next glaciation. During a new glaciation flow systems that terminated during the previous interglacial may become re-vitalised if overridden by warm-based ice. We believe this climate-driven cycle to be relevant also for other high-arctic groundwater systems.

• Dale, Barrie (2008). Klima og klimautvikling - et geologisk perspektiv: Tilbakeblikk på fremtids klimaforandringer! Full text in Research Archive
• Dale, Barrie (2007). Looking back into the future of climate change. Sherkin Comment, Environmental Quaterly of the Sherkin Island Marine Station. p. 8–9. Full text in Research Archive
• Dale, Barrie; Dale, Amy L. & Prince, Iain (2002). Statistical modelling of ecological signals: A new method for developing more robust applications of palaeoenvironmental interpretations on an industrial dataset. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Previous work by B. Dale and co-workers has developed methods for statistical modelling of ecological signals (SMES) from present-day dinocysts. Here we report the first test of their application to industrial biostratigraphy ¿ on a palynology dataset provided by Statoil. The dataset was from 4 wells along an onshore-transect from the Norwegian North Sea. The data available was semi-quantitative (c. 100 specimens per sample counted and the remainder of the slide scanned) and all counted by the same contractor (taken from a multiwell study) for consistency. The wells were part of a larger study on palaeoenvironments completed by Statoil on approximately 48 wells. Some of the traditional multivariate statistical methods had been tried but without success. The abundances of individual species (usually the marker species for regional flooding surfaces as these were present in varying numbers as opposed to being only rare) were plotted for each well along an offshore/onshore transect for each time slice, and similarities between the profiles were noted and mapped. Using a proposed model, these similarities were then compared with the seismic facies and environmental maps presented. The palaeoenvironment was thus partly understood from the larger previous study, allowing the SMES method to be tested against a control method. The SMES application was tested "blind" (i.e. with no prior knowledge of the age of the sediments, location of the wells, or results from the larger Statoil project). Correspondence analysis was run on the dinocyst data from each well. The resulting plots showed clear, and consistent spreads of species along the first two axes, allowing the identification of the statistically most important species, and their relative positions along the two statistically most important suggested ecological trends. Tracking these species down-hole revealed a consistent pattern of changing relative values between these two ecological trends, allowing the identification of major shifts between the two at various horizons. Two major shifts were identified in each well that could be correlated between all four wells. Comparing the patterns of distribution of species along the main axis suggested this to probably represent the nearer-shore/oceanic signal of Dale (1996). This interpretation allowed us to: 1) Suggest the orientation of the well sites relative to a paleo-shoreline, and 2) To identify the major ecological shifts down-hole as expressions of transgressions/regressions. The final comparison between these interpretations and Statoil results was very encouraging ¿ the suggested orientation of the wells agreed with their positions interpreted from the larger regional study, and the major ecological shifts from the SMES application corresponded exactly to the Statoil flooding surfaces. This first test strongly suggests these methods to offer a much quicker, and more robust application for palaeoenvironmental interpretations from the dinocysts in biostratigraphic datasets.

• Dale, Barrie & Dale, A.L. (2002). Statistical modelling of ecological signals: A new method for developing more robust applications of palynology for biostratigraphy. Report to STATOIL for Year 2001. 66pp. [Radio]. Institutt for geologi : Statoil. Full text in Research Archive
• Joranger, T.; Sætren, L. K.; Haukli, G.; Dale, Barrie & Williams, R.W. (2001). HIGH RESOLUTION DINOCYST BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE "TIGHT ZONE", EKOFISK FORMATION (L. DANIAN), IN THE CENTRAL NORTH SEA. Full text in Research Archive
• Dale, Barrie (2001). TRANSFER FUNCTIONS AND DINOFLAGELLATE CYSTS IN PALEOCLIMATOLOGY AND PALEOCEANOGRAPHY: THE WIDENENING CREDIBILITY GAP. Full text in Research Archive
• Pinturier-Geiss, Laurence; Dale, Barrie; Abdullah, Mohamed I & Karlsen, Dag Arild (2000). Lipid composition and cultural eutrophication in the oslofjord (Norway). Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The aim of this work is to evaluate variations in chemical signals extracted from sediments as a mean of tracing out the development of eutrophication, and to compare this with potential parallel variations in the dinocyst assemblages. The lipid fraction of the organic matter was analysed by TLC-FID, GC-FID and GC-MS.Particular attention was given to the polar fraction (phospholipids, glycolipids) and hydrocarbons. The down-core distribution of lipids is strongly correlated with the dinocyst signal.The highest concentrations as well as a marked increase in the HC concentration are observed during the period of intensive eutrophication.The molecular composition of HC and fatty acid methyl esters of the polar fraction enables identification of the predominant source of the Om: bacteria and dinocyst.

• Dale, Barrie & Dale, A.L. (1999). Palynologisk undersøkelse av Lohavn prøvehull C og D. Full text in Research Archive
• Haldorsen, Sylvi; Dale, Barrie; Heim, M.; Banks., D.; Sletten, R. & Swensen, B. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (1999). "The holocene history of hot springs in woodfjorden, northern Svalbard.". Full text in Research Archive
• Haldorsen, Sylvi; Dale, Barrie; Heim, Michael; Banks, David; Sletten, Ron & Swensen, Berit [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (1999). The Holocene history of hot springs in Woodfjorden, northern Svalbard. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The springs in Woodfjorden, northern Svalbard, are located along one of the main fault systems. The Karlsbreen glacier south of Bockfjorden is probably the main recharge area. The groundwater flows in Hecla Hoeck carbonate rocks at a depth of 1500-2500 m. The water chemistry indicates temperatures of 100-170oC. The spring deposits form classical series of travertines. The history of the springs is closely related to the extension of the glaciers and sea level changes in the area. Groundwater recharge in Svalbard mainly occurs beneath the temperate parts of glaciers. High groundwater discharge is related to periods of large ice-cover and major melting of glacial ice. Formation of travertines requires supra-marine spring outlets. The whole spring horizon was covered by ice during the maximum of the last glaciation, and all older travertines were most likely destroyed by glacial erosion. Travertine clasts in till-like breccias may be old pre-glacial remnants. 14-C datings of two shell samples, combined with the shoreline curve for the area indicates that the main spring level

• Haldorsen, Sylvi; Heim, Michael; Dale, Barrie; Banks, David; Sletten, Ron & Swensen, Berit [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (1999). Arctic Groundwater Systems and Climatic Change: A Model from Svalbard (14.000 BP to present). Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  General: - Arctic groundwater systems require openings in the permafrost (taliks) - Actual taliks occur along the temperate base of multi-thermal glaciers (-> recharge) and on the sea floor(-> discharge / springs) - During isostatic uplift springs become supra-marine and require high discharge to remain open when permafrost is established. The size and number of taliks is influenced by: A. Extension and thermal regime of the glaciers B. Changes of sea level. Model: The climatic variations from the Late Weichselian (14.000 BP) to the present have controlled the groundwater system and springs. Conclusion: - As long as the climate does not become warmer than during the Holocene climatic optimum (8000 - 4000 BP), present springs will remain open - Discharge (and recharge)

• Dale, Barrie (1999). Dinocysts as paleoenvironmental indicators. More robust industrial applications of marine palynology. Full text in Research Archive
• Dale, Barrie (1999). Dinoflagellate cysts as useful tools for pollution studies and marine archeology. Full text in Research Archive
• Dale, Barrie (1999). Arctic groundwater systems and their dependence upon climatic change: Examples from Svalbard. Full text in Research Archive
• Dale, Barrie (1998). The temporal distribution of phytoplankton: implications for monitoring. Full text in Research Archive
• Amorim, Ana & Dale, Barrie (1998). Distribution of cysts from toxic or potentially toxic dinoflagellates along the Portuguese coast. Full text in Research Archive
• Dale, Barrie (2008). Report of the FAO Expert Workshop on Climate Change Implications for Fisheries and Aquaculture. Rome, 7-9 April 2008. Food and Agriculture Oranization of the United Nations. ISSN 9789251060087. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Barrie Dale was a member of the Expert Group

• Garcés, Esther; Montresor, Marina; Reguera, Beatriz & Dale, Barrie (2002). Workshop Report on: LIFEHAB: life histories of microalgal species causing harmful blooms. European Commission. Full text in Research Archive
• Garcés, Esther; Zingone, Adriana; Montresor, Marina; Reguera, Beatriz & Dale, Barrie (2002). Workshop Report on: LIFEHAB: life histories of microalgal species causing harmful blooms. European Commission. Full text in Research Archive
• Garcés, Esther; Zingone, Adriana; Montresor, Marina; Reguera, Beatriz & Dale, Barrie (2002). Report of the workshop on:LIFEHAB:Life histories of microalgal species causing harmful blooms. European Commission. Full text in Research Archive
• Granéli, E.; Codd, G.A.; Dale, Barrie; Lipiatou, E.; Maestrini, S.Y. & Rosenthal, A. (1999). Harmful algal blooms in European marine and brackish waters. . European Commission Directate General Science, Research and Development,. Full text in Research Archive

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