Bendik Bygstad

• Iden, Jon; Bygstad, Bendik; Hanseth, Ole & Nielsen, Stein Albert (2026). Samskaping blant konkurrenter i digitale økosystemer. En historisk analyse av norsk betalingsformidling. Beta – Scandinavian Journal of Business Research. ISSN 0801-3322. 40(1), p. 1–21. doi: 10.18261/beta.40.1.2. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Denne artikkelen analyserer hvordan de norske bankene, som er konkurrenter, i perioden fra 1960 til i dag lyktes i å samskape et velfungerende og brukervennlig digitalt økosystem for betalingsformidling. De digitale betalingsformidlingstjenestene har gitt Norge som samfunn store ressursbesparelser, bankene reduserte kostnader, og kundene effektive betalingstjenester. Studien bygger på skriftlige kilder og samtaler med nøkkelinformanter, med samskaping som analytiske ramme. Artikkelen gir for første gang en helhetlig framstilling av utviklingen av det norske betalingsformidlingssystemet. Den historiske analysen viser at suksessen kan tilskrives to forhold: for det første banksektorens vilje og evne til å samskape over tid, og for det andre en kontinuerlig og gradvis teknologisk utvikling av et omfattende digitalt økosystem. Artikkelens teoretiske bidrag er at vellykket samskaping blant konkurrenter i digitale økosystemer er resultatet av et komplekst samspill av strategisk og målrettet verdiskaping, brukerorientert innovasjon og teknologisk skalering gjennom digitale plattformer.

• Øvrelid, Egil; Bygstad, Bendik & Hanseth, Ole (2025). Making Sense of Discursive Formations and Program Shifts in Large-Scale Digital Infrastructures. Journal of the AIS. 26(1), p. 95–127. doi: 10.17705/1jais.00899. Full text in Research Archive
• Kjekshus, Lars Erik & Bygstad, Bendik (2024). Competing institutional logics in healthcare organizations: theorising digitalism. Journal of Health Organisation and Management. ISSN 1477-7266. 38(8), p. 1299–1315. doi: 10.1108/JHOM-03-2024-0107. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Purpose The digitalisation of healthcare services has proven to be difficult, with numerous negative effects. We argue that the reason for the problem is not poor project management, but a clash of different institutional logics. The aim of this article is to explore, define and theorise the concept of digitalism, as a term for a new institutional logic in contrast to other, more known logics in organisations, such as managerialism and professionalism, to better understand processes of digitalisation. Design/methodology/approach We illustrate our arguments with a case study of a process of organizational development before and after the implementation of centralised large-scale IT systems at a large Norwegian hospital. Data was extracted from documents and observations from January 2015 to January 2016 during an organizational audit. In addition, a follow-up study was conducted in 2019 and 2024 by interviewing eight key personnel who were involved in the implementation process. Findings The implementation of a new digital health record in a Norwegian hospital is a process of social restructuring that involves new actors, logics and control systems. The process of digitalisation shows us how digitalism create tensions, diverges and merges with other institutional logics. Practical implications Understanding digitalism as a sensitising concept offers insights into how large-scale technology and organizations are tied together and can help to reduce organizational dysfunctionalities and improve the implementation of IT systems. Originality/value This study contributes to a new understanding of digitalisation processes and links an ongoing theoretical debate on the digitalisation of organizations with empirical findings.

• Iden, Jon & Bygstad, Bendik (2024). Sociotechnical micro-foundations for digital transformation. European Journal of Information Systems. ISSN 0960-085X. doi: 10.1080/0960085X.2024.2347950. Full text in Research Archive
• Bygstad, Bendik & Øvrelid, Egil (2024). Towards digital agility: the best practices for e-health. Procedia Computer Science. 239, p. 2022–2029. doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2024.06.388. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In this study we investigate a pertinent question; how should CIOs in the health sector relate to best digital practices as they can be inferred from current research? We have chosen to frame our investigation with digital agility, the ability to sense and respond using digital resources. Differentiating between conceptual and instrumental relevance, the aim of the study is to establish a base on digital agility in current IS research, and then move on to best practices. Our analysis built on current research, in particular Grover’s (2021) four tenets of digital agility, and our own case studies in e-health through a decade. We identified four best digital agile practices in e-health; (i) redesign systems gradually though platformisation, (ii) define (broadly) ecosystem structure and roles, (iii) use data for action, and (iv) establish a governance model that supports two-speed innovation.

• Bojer, Casper Solheim; Bygstad, Bendik & Øvrelid, Egil (2024). Speeding up Explorative BPM with Lightweight IT: the Case of Machine Learning. Information Systems Frontiers. ISSN 1387-3326. p. 1–18. doi: 10.1007/s10796-024-10474-1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In the modern digital age, companies need to be able to quickly explore the process innovation affordances of digital technologies. This includes exploration of Machine Learning (ML), which when embedded in processes can augment or automate decisions. BPM research suggests using lightweight IT (Bygstad, Journal of Information Technology, 32(2), 180–193 2017) for digital process innovation, but existing research provides conflicting views on whether ML is lightweight or heavyweight. We therefore address the research question “How can Lightweight IT contribute to explorative BPM for embedded ML?” by analyzing four action cases from a large Danish manufacturer. We contribute to explorative BPM by showing that lightweight ML considerably speeds up opportunity assessment and technical implementation in the exploration process thus reducing process innovation latency. We furthermore show that succesful lightweight ML requires the presence of two enabling factors: 1) loose coupling of the IT infrastructure, and 2) extensive use of building blocks to reduce custom development.

• Bygstad, Bendik (2024). Ole Hanseth, a Free Researcher. Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems (SJIS). ISSN 0905-0167. 36(1), p. 59–66. Full text in Research Archive
• Bygstad, Bendik & Iden, Jon (2024). Digital management in the public sector - a framework. Electronic Government, an International Journal. ISSN 1740-7494. 20(4), p. 442–458. doi: 10.1504/EG.2024.139507. Full text in Research Archive
• Øvrelid, Egil; Bygstad, Bendik; Ludvigsen, Sten Runar & Dæhlen, Morten (2023). Dual Digitalization: A Framework for Digital Transformations of Higher Education. In Pinheiro, Romulo; Tømte, Cathrine Edelhard; Barman, Linda; Degn, Lise & Geschwind, Lars (Ed.), Digital Transformations in Nordic Higher Education. Palgrave Macmillan. ISSN 9783031277580. p. 53–74. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-27758-0_3. Full text in Research Archive
• Iden, Jon; Bygstad, Bendik; Hanseth, Ole & Nielsen, Stein Albert (2023). Hvordan fikk Norge et betalingsformidlingssystem i verdensklasse? En historisk analyse av samarbeidende digitale økosystemer i banksektoren. NIKT: Norsk IKT-konferanse for forskning og utdanning. ISSN 1892-0713. Full text in Research Archive
• Danilova, Kjersti Berg; Iden, Jon & Bygstad, Bendik (2022). Chief Digital Officers’ Evolving Strategies: Balancing Lightweight and Heavyweight IT During the Digital Transformation. Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). ISSN 1530-1605. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In this paper, we investigate how chief digital officers (CDOs) deal with the digital transformation over time. The study is based on interviews with the CDOs of 26 Norwegian organizations, conducted over a three-year period. Our analytical lens involves differentiating between the knowledge regimes of heavyweight and lightweight IT. Based on the CDOs’ perceptions, we identify three important shifts related to strategic, technological, and methodological aspects, all indicating a more balanced approach to the interplay of heavyweight and lightweight IT. We contribute to the literature on the digital transformation and CDOs’ contribution, and to the theory of lightweight vs. heavyweight IT.

• Øvrelid, Egil; Bygstad, Bendik & Williams, Robin (2022). Service AutoService Automation in the Public Sectormation in the Public Sector. Progress in IS. ISSN 2196-8705. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-92644-1. Full text in Research Archive
• Costabile, Carolina; Iden, Jon & Bygstad, Bendik (2022). Building digital platform ecosystems through standardization: an institutional work approach. Electronic Markets. ISSN 1019-6781. doi: 10.1007/s12525-022-00552-0. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract In this paper, we investigate the development of standards for technologies and work practices in a digital platform ecosystem. Standards are needed for technical and organizational compatibility across the actors’ different systems, technologies, data, and business processes. However, little is known about how actors achieve common standards in collaborative ecosystems where a clear platform leader is missing. Based on a longitudinal, qualitative case study of a digital platform ecosystem within the Norwegian aquaculture industry, we examined how the actors collaborated on building a digital platform ecosystem with the aim of fighting sea lice on salmon through standardization. We contribute to research and practice by providing a preliminary framework of four institutional work practices for standardization in digital ecosystems and three key lessons learned for guidance for practitioners.

• Dulsrud, Arne & Bygstad, Bendik (2022). Digital ecosystems as social institutions: exploring the role of consumption through four research streams of digital ecosystems. Consumption and Society. 1(1), p. 99–119. doi: 10.1332/QUPH6141. Full text in Research Archive
• Bygstad, Bendik; Iden, Jon & Øvrelid, Egil (2022). The emergence of a national collaborative digital ecosystem. A study of one-citizen-one-health-record in Norway. NIKT: Norsk IKT-konferanse for forskning og utdanning. ISSN 1892-0713. 2. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Developing national e-health solutions has proved to be quite challenging in most countries. However, the coming of digital ecosystems have changed our understanding of how to deal with this type of large-scale socio-technical complexity. Platform ecosystems is not only a technical structure, but a new organisational form, which builds on a particular governance-architecture configuration. How can these insights contribute to improve the national e-health structures? How can we transform a fragmented e-health infrastructure into a national collaborative ecosystem? Our framework is the idea of a collaborative digital ecosystem, characterised by collaborative architecture and collaborative governance. Our empirical evidence is the gradual emergence of the e-health ecosystem of Norway, which we studied over a decade, from 2011 to 2022. We offer two contributions. First, we discuss how to orchestrate a collaborative architecture-governance configuration, focusing on complementary roles, the need for a self-reinforcing process, and the balance of control and autonomy. Second, we point to the role of attractors, ie, architectural and governance elements that work as gravitational forces, in shaping of the ecosystem.

• Bygstad, Bendik; Øvrelid, Egil; Ludvigsen, Sten Runar & Dæhlen, Morten (2022). From dual digitalization to digital learning space: Exploring the digital transformation of higher education. Computers & Education. ISSN 0360-1315. 182. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104463. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Inspired by the fast digitalization during the Covid-19 crisis, we investigate a key aspect of digital transformation of higher education – the emergence of a digital learning space. In developing our analysis, we focus on two streams of digitalization in higher education; digitalization of education and digitalization of subjects. We call this dual digitalization, which has been an obstacle for digital transformation of the sector, and made it challenging to develop a shared digital space. Our research question is, how can we develop a shared digital learning space in higher education? We conducted our study at the University of Oslo, where we analyzed three phases of digitalization. We identified three underlying forces of the digital learning space. First, the alignment of digital education and digital subjects provided a technical foundation. Second, the digital learning space was enacted and harnessed by redefinition of roles between students and teachers, allowing for new and deeper learning forms. And third, the digital learning space enables universities to transcend the physical and institutional borders, and engage in interactions with the broader society.

• Iden, Jon & Bygstad, Bendik (2021). Managing Digital Transformation with Sociotechnical Micro-Foundations: A Dynamic Capabilities Approach. Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). ISSN 1530-1605. p. 6462–6471. doi: 10.24251/HICSS.2021.778. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The dynamic capabilities approach has contributed to our understanding of digital transformation and has been complemented with the concept of micro-foundations. However, the potential contribution of micro-foundations has not fully been realized in IS research to explain the dynamics of digital transformation. Thus, we introduce sociotechnical micro-foundations, which we posit in an empirically grounded theoretical framework through an in-depth case study of the digital transformation of a Nordic hotel chain. The proposed framework advances the literature on dynamic capability and digital transformation by extending our understanding of how competencies and digital resources are interrelated in digital transformations.

• Bygstad, Bendik & Øvrelid, Egil (2021). Managing two-speed innovation for digital transformation. Procedia Computer Science. 181, p. 119–126. doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2021.01.111. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In this study, we propose that the concept of two-speed innovation is a fruitful approach to understand and manage digital innovation and transformation. The main argument is that two-speed innovation leverages the new organisational forms of the digital age, such as infrastructures and platform ecosystems. Our research questions are, (i) how does two-speed innovation support digital transformation, and (ii) how can managers leverage two-speed configurations? We developed an analytical framework to understand the managerial options of two-speed innovation. To assess it we investigated the digital transformation of four large organisations. We identified four two-speed configurations, describe how the two-speed dynamics unfold and discuss managerial options for managing them.

• Øvrelid, Egil; Bygstad, Bendik & Thomassen, Gard (2021). TSD: A Research Platform for Sensitive Data. Procedia Computer Science. 181, p. 127–134. doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2021.01.112. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Digitalisation has led to a strong increase of research data, but most of these data are managed in unsatisfactory ways, and research data management has been characterized as a “wicked problem”. Several research data platforms have been launched, but security and privacy issues remain. Our research question is how can a research platform for sensitive data be built and used? Based on platform research, we propose a framework to analyze requirements. Our empirical evidence is a research platform called TSD, i.e. a platform for sensitive data. We analyze the development of TSD and offer two contributions; first, we discuss a framework to understand the architectural requirements for a research data platform, and second, we show how a research platform can be developed through a process of platformization.

• Osmundsen, Karen & Bygstad, Bendik (2021). Making sense of continuous development of digital infrastructures. Journal of Information Technology. ISSN 0268-3962. doi: 10.1177/02683962211046621. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Continuous development extends the agile approach and focuses on bringing valuable services to users with the aim of achieving a continuous flow of learning and development in short cycles. The objective of this work is to theorize the idea of continuous development in the context of digital infrastructure evolution and explore the organizational interactions underlying continuous development. By drawing on literature on digital infrastructure theory and continuous development as it has emerged as an idea from the DevOps thinking expanded from agile, we outline main characteristics of continuous development and propose a theoretical definition of continuous development in organizational contexts. Then, in answering our research question “which patterns of interactions can be identified in the continuous development of digital infrastructures?”, we conducted a longitudinal case study at a Norwegian grid company and explored how a specific digital infrastructure evolved through continuous development. We identified generic interaction patterns with two cycles of sense-giving and sense-making between organizational actors, enabling the continuous development of the digital infrastructure. Our findings and model of interaction patterns offer a nuanced perspective on both digital infrastructure evolution and established views of sense-making and sense-giving mechanisms, as well as new ways to think about digitalization in incumbent firms.

• Kjekshus, Lars Erik & Bygstad, Bendik (2021). The Institutional Logic of Digitalism. NOKOBIT: Norsk konferanse for organisasjoners bruk av informasjonsteknologi. ISSN 1892-0748. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract. How are large scale ICT systems related to organizational development and management? We introduce digitalism as a new institutional logic compared to managerialism and professionalism. To develop our argument, we combine organisational and institutional logic theory with information systems research. We illustrate our arguments with a case study of a process of organisational development before and after the implementation of centralised large-scale ICT systems at a large Norwegian hospital in 2015. The understanding of digitalism offers insight in how large-scale technology and organisations are tied together and can contribute to effective healthcare management.

• Svahn, Fredrik & Bygstad, Bendik (2021). Managing the paradoxes of digital product innovation. In Ekman, Peter; Dahlin, Peter & Keller, Christina (Ed.), Management and Information Technology after Digital Transformation. Routledge. ISSN 9781003111245. p. 105–118. doi: 10.4324/9781003111245-11. Full text in Research Archive
• Iden, Jon; Bygstad, Bendik; Osmundsen, Karen Sæbbø; Costabile, Carolina & Øvrelid, Egil (2021). Digital Platform Ecosystem Governance: Preliminary Findings and Research Agenda. NOKOBIT: Norsk konferanse for organisasjoners bruk av informasjonsteknologi. ISSN 1892-0748. 2. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper explores collaborative governance in digital platform ecosystems and the governance challenges that may occur in such environments. We analyze three different digital platform ecosystems and identify six unresolved key governance issues that we believe are central to the type of digital platform ecosystems we address. This paper has three contributions. First, we add to the literature on digital platform ecosystems by revealing a set of governance challenges regarding ecosystem forming and sustainability. Second, our findings may serve as recommendations for organizations that are planning to establish or that are already running an ecosystem based on a digital platform. Third, we contribute to digital platform ecosystem research by proposing an agenda for future research in this area.

• Spagnoletti, Paolo; Ceci, Federica & Bygstad, Bendik (2021). Online Black-Markets: An Investigation of a Digital Infrastructure in the Dark. Information Systems Frontiers. ISSN 1387-3326. doi: 10.1007/s10796-021-10187-9. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract This paper investigates the functioning of Online Black-Markets (OBMs), i.e. a digital infrastructure operating in the Dark Net that enables the exchange of illegal goods such as drugs, weapons and fake digital identities. OBMs exist notwithstanding adverse conditions such as police interventions, scams and market breakdowns. Relying on a longitudinal case study, we focus on the dynamics of interactions among actors and marketplace technologies and we identify three mechanisms explaining OBMs operations. In particular, we show that OBMs infrastructure is the result of commoditization, platformization and resilience processes. Our contribution relies on the identification of community-based mechanisms that generate the OBMs infrastructure, extending the current understanding of e-commerce and social commerce.

• Bygstad, Bendik; Iden, Jon & Ulfsten, Andreas (2020). Digital Business Strategies for Incumbent Firms. How a Scandinavian hotel chain competes with the internet giants. Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems (SJIS). ISSN 0905-0167. 32(2), p. 77–106. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The rise of digital platform companies has shaken many business sectors and led to the emergence of new competition arenas, digital business ecosystems. Incumbent firms realize they need to change how they do business, and that conventional business strategies are no longer fit for competing in these new digital arenas. Our research questions are (i) how can incumbent service firms develop and leverage a digital business strategy, and (ii) how can hotels and hotel chains compete with online travel agencies (OTAs) in digital hospitality ecosystems? We chose a longitudinal case study to explore how a large Scandinavian hotel chain implemented a digital business strategy to compete with OTAs in a digital hospitality ecosystem. Our approach was to stay close to the practices and actual behaviours of the company and the individuals engaged in fulfilling the strategy. We contribute to theory and practice by proposing that (i) incumbent firms need two strategies, one for the digital ecosystem and one for the traditional competition arena, (ii) that the two strategies should be implemented ambidextrously but also integrated and (iii) that to succeed, it is essential to establish self-reinforcing interactions between the digital and the physical.

• Osmundsen, Karen & Bygstad, Bendik (2020). Patterns of Interaction: Making Sense of Digitalization in Incumbent Firms. SCIS & ISIS. ISSN 1880-3741. Full text in Research Archive
• Bygstad, Bendik & Dulsrud, Arne (2020). Digital Ecosystems as a Unit of Scientific Analysis. A Sociological Investigation. Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). ISSN 1530-1605. doi: 10.24251/HICSS.2020.698. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The growth of digital ecosystems such as Google, Apple and Uber has led to radical changes in economic activity, work and consumption. It has also challenged established economic, social and organization theory, which has clear limitations in understanding these phenomena. The discourses on these topics are conducted in various arenas, which are not linked, and conceptualise digital ecosystems differently. What kind of theoretical object is this? The purpose of this study is to present an institutional and comparative analysis of the research on platforms and digital ecosystems. We identify four research streams; political, economic, technological and individual. We analyse each stream regarding the key insights, and identify the most important knowledge sources. Then we assess the relevance of classical and modern sociology for understanding digital ecosystems.

• Bygstad, Bendik & Øvrelid, Egil (2020). Architectural alignment of process innovation and digital infrastructure in a high-tech hospital. European Journal of Information Systems. ISSN 0960-085X. p. 220–237. doi: 10.1080/0960085X.2020.1728201. Full text in Research Archive
• Hylving, Lena Ulrika & Bygstad, Bendik (2019). Nuanced Responses to Enterprise Architecture Management: Loyalty, Voice, and Exit. Journal of Management Information Systems. ISSN 0742-1222. 36(1), p. 14–36. doi: 10.1080/07421222.2018.1550549. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Enterprise Architecture Management (EAM) aims to deal with the complexities of information technology (IT) solutions and to achieve more organizational agility. EAM is a holistic approach to IT architecture, but the results of the approach have been variable. An under-researched aspect of EAM is how different organizational units respond to the call for a holistic approach. In this study, we investigate how different stakeholders in a large governmental agency connected to three on-going projects and their response to EAM initiatives. With a qualitative approach, we identify three options of response to EAM initiatives: (1) active compliance with the EAM strategy, (2) loyal but passive response, and (3) rebel solutions. We argue for the need of a more nuanced repertoire of actions for dealing with EAM and show how these responses are useful for understanding and managing successful EAM.

• Bygstad, Bendik; Lanestedt, Gjermund & Iden, Jon (2019). Some elements to a theory of digital management. NOKOBIT: Norsk konferanse for organisasjoners bruk av informasjonsteknologi. ISSN 1892-0748. 27(1). Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Is digital management something else than general management? In this paper we contend that it is, both theoretically and in practice. To develop our argument, we suggest a framework for understanding the particular aspects and challenges of digital management. Our research questions are, (i) how can we conceptualize digital management, and (ii) how do managers conduct digital management? In order to assess our framework, we conducted in-depth interviews with 13 carefully selected top managers from the public sector, who all had a visible profile in digitalization. We contribute to the digitalization research with a precise definition of digital management, and a more detailed understanding of the implications for managers. Further, we identify and discuss a managerial shift, from an organization-oriented view of digital management to an ecosystem perspective.

• Danilova, Kjersti Berg; Iden, Jon & Bygstad, Bendik (2019). Digitaldirektørens bidrag til digital transformasjon gjennom håndtering av usikkerhet i organisasjonen. NOKOBIT: Norsk konferanse for organisasjoners bruk av informasjonsteknologi. ISSN 1892-0748. 27(1). Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Digital transformasjon er en omfattende endringsprosess, som kan innebære vesentlig usikkerhet i organisasjonen. I denne artikkelen utforsker vi hvordan digitaldirektører bidrar til digital transformasjon ved håndtering av usikkerhet som kan vanskeliggjøre gjennomføring av transformasjonen. Gjennom dybdeintervjuer med 20 digitaldirektører studerer vi hvordan digitaldirektørene oppfatter ulike former for usikkerhet relatert til digital transformasjon, og hvordan de søker å håndtere usikkerheten. Vi finner at digitaldirektørene først og fremst anvender en diskursiv tilnærming, hvor de søker å skape mening rundt nødvendige endringer.

• Jonasdottir, Hrafnhildur & Bygstad, Bendik (2019). “Whoever is Educated by Anxiety is Educated by Possibility” A Study of Creativity in Game Development. The Computer Games Journal. p. 1–21. doi: 10.1007/s40869-019-00082-4. Full text in Research Archive
• Gebre-Mariam, Mikael & Bygstad, Bendik (2019). What can enterprise architecture do for healthcare? A framework of antecedents and benefits. Electronic Government, an International Journal. ISSN 1740-7494. 15(2), p. 213–239. doi: 10.1504/EG.2019.098672. Full text in Research Archive
• Bygstad, Bendik (2019). Kan en nordisk hotellkjede konkurrere mot internettgigantene? :. Magma forskning og viten. ISSN 1500-0788. 22(3), p. 14–17. Full text in Research Archive
• Gebre-Mariam, Mikael & Bygstad, Bendik (2019). Digitalization mechanisms of health management information systems in developing countries. Information and organization. ISSN 1471-7727. 29(1), p. 1–22. doi: 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2018.12.002. Full text in Research Archive
• Danilova, Kjersti Berg; Rydland, Monica; Iden, Jon & Bygstad, Bendik (2019). Digitaldirektøren som endringsagent. Magma forskning og viten. ISSN 1500-0788. 2, p. 22–28. Full text in Research Archive
• Bygstad, Bendik; Øvrelid, Egil; Lie, Thomas & Bergquist, Magnus (2019). Developing and Organizing an Analytics Capability for Patient Flow in a General Hospital. Information Systems Frontiers. ISSN 1387-3326. p. 1–12. doi: 10.1007/s10796-019-09920-2. Full text in Research Archive
• Osmundsen, Karen; Iden, Jon & Bygstad, Bendik (2019). Organizing Robotic Process Automation: Balancing Loose and Tight Coupling. Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). ISSN 1530-1605. 52, p. 6918–6926. doi: 10.24251/hicss.2019.829. Full text in Research Archive
• Øvrelid, Egil & Bygstad, Bendik (2019). The role of discourse in transforming digital infrastructures. Journal of Information Technology. ISSN 0268-3962. 34(3), p. 221–242. doi: 10.1177/0268396219831994. Full text in Research Archive
• Iden, Jon & Bygstad, Bendik (2018). The social interaction of developers and IT operations staff in software development projects. International Journal of Project Management. ISSN 0263-7863. 36(3), p. 485–497. doi: 10.1016/j.ijproman.2017.12.001. Full text in Research Archive
• Torp-Holte, Martin; Hjulstad, Kristina Marcelius; Bygstad, Bendik & Iden, Jon (2018). "Strategizing" i en smart og tilkoblet verden : en kvalitativ studie av hvordan strategi praktiseres i norske IOT-selskaper. NOKOBIT: Norsk konferanse for organisasjoners bruk av informasjonsteknologi. ISSN 1892-0748. 26(1). Full text in Research Archive
• Osmundsen, Karen; Iden, Jon & Bygstad, Bendik (2018). Hva er digitalisering, digital innovasjon og digital transformasjon? En litteraturstudie. NOKOBIT: Norsk konferanse for organisasjoners bruk av informasjonsteknologi. ISSN 1892-0748. 26(1). Full text in Research Archive
• Bygstad, Bendik & Iden, Jon (2017). Styringsmodeller for digitalisering. Magma forskning og viten. ISSN 1500-0788. 17(06), p. 25–32. Full text in Research Archive
• Saunders, Carol; Brown, Susan A.; Bygstad, Bendik; Dennis, Alan R.; Ferran, Carlos & Galletta, Dennis [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2017). Goals, values, and expectations of the AIS family of journals. Communications of the Association for Information Systems. 41, p. 334–348. doi: 10.17705/1cais.04116. Full text in Research Archive
• Bygstad, Bendik; Aanby, Hans-Petter & Iden, Jon (2017). Leading digital transformation: The Scandinavian way. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. ISSN 1865-1348. 294, p. 1–14. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-64695-4_1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Digital transformation can be seen as the mutual reinforcement of process redesign and innovative use of IT. The literature on digital transformation focuses on digital business strategy and the transformational CIO. Stakeholder engagement in combination with leadership style is seldom discussed. Our research questions are (i) what characterises leadership in the digital transformation, and (ii) what does the Scandinavian workplace model add to the knowledge of digital transformation? Our empirical evidence is the digital transformation in a large airline, the SAS, during the years 2013-16. The process was very turbulent but eventually quite successful. We identify two Scandinavian contributions to transformation research: firstly, the deep engagement with employees, including trade unions, supports a structured process with a focus on finding solutions, not conflicts. Second, a coaching leadership style, allowing space for autonomy, leverages the competence of highlyskilled employees.

• Bygstad, Bendik & Iden, Jon (2017). A Governance Model for Managing Lightweight IT. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. ISSN 2194-5357. 569, p. 384–393. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-56535-4_39. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The widespread introduction of lightweight IT—smartphones, tablets, the Internet of Things, and the growth of third-party app developers—has become a challenge for many organizations. Local units and end-users increasingly are acquiring and implementing lightweight IT outside the realm of the IT function. The trend is driven by competent users’ need for innovative IT services, enabled by the consumerization of digital technologies. Lightweight IT entails exciting business opportunities; however, guidance for managers on how to deal with this development has been very limited. In this paper, we investigate which IT governance models organizations can apply to manage lightweight IT. The managerial challenge is to balance the innovative potential of lightweight IT with the requirements of good governance. Building on the particular challenges of lightweight IT and the extant literature on end-user computing, we present a framework with four alternative governance models. We evaluate the framework through four e-health case studies.

• Steinsund, Heidi; Stople, Annette; Iden, Jon & Bygstad, Bendik (2017). Lightweight It And The It Function : Experiences From Robotic Process Automation In a Norwegian Bank. NOKOBIT: Norsk konferanse for organisasjoners bruk av informasjonsteknologi. ISSN 1892-0748. 25(1). Full text in Research Archive
• Bygstad, Bendik & Iden, Jon (2017). Competing In Digital Infrastructures : How a Nordic Hotel Chain Competes With The Online Travel Agencies. NOKOBIT: Norsk konferanse for organisasjoners bruk av informasjonsteknologi. ISSN 1892-0748. 25(1). Full text in Research Archive
• Øvrelid, Egil; Bygstad, Bendik & Hanseth, Ole (2017). DISCURSIVE FORMATIONS AND SHIFTING STRATEGIES IN E-HEALTH PROGRAMMES. In Ramos, Isabel; Tuunainen, Virpi Kristiina & Krcmar, Helmut (Ed.), The 25th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISSN 9789892076553. p. 873–886. Full text in Research Archive
• Bygstad, Bendik & Lanestedt, Gjermund (2017). Expectations and realities in welfare technologies: A comparative study of Japan and Norway. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy. ISSN 1750-6166. 11(2), p. 286–303. doi: 10.1108/TG-09-2016-0057. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Purpose – the paper aims to add knowledge on the status of the welfare technology field. Politicians in mature economies expect welfare technologies – especially digital technologies – to contribute to bridging the gap between an increasing number of elderly and a shrinking work force. Theoretically, the paper deals with welfare technologies in a digital infrastructure perspective. Design – a multi-level and comparative study was conducted, in order to (i) understand the interplay of high-level policies and implementation projects, and (ii) highlight key issues through comparative analysis of different national approaches. Japan and Norway were the chosen countries, because they are both in the forefront in the use of welfare technologies. Findings - findings reveal similarities between the two countries, which are echoed in many other countries: although government expectations are high, the field of welfare technology is still in its infancy, and only rather simple solutions (such as safety alarms) are widely used. Key differences in innovation strategies for welfare technology in the two countries are highlighted, where Japan seem to be aiming for a vertical integration through large corporations’ solutions, while Norway aims for a more open innovation arena, through standardization Value – from a practical point of view the two countries have something to learn from each other, but in particular, both countries are recommended – together with other similar countries - a more platform-oriented approach. Theoretically, it is shown that a successful implementation of welfare technologies should adopt a digital infrastructure approach, and exploit the generative mechanisms of this approach.

• Bygstad, Bendik; Hanseth, Ole; Siebenherz, Anette & Øvrelid, Egil (2017). Process Innovation Meets Digital Infrastructure in a High-Tech Hospital. In Ramos, Isabel; Tuunainen, Virpi Kristiina & Krcmar, Helmut (Ed.), The 25th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISSN 9789892076553. p. 801–814. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Digitalisation is usually about process innovation with the use of IT, i.e. automating or informating organisational processes. However, redesigned processes are often misaligned with the underlying digital infrastructure. For instance, improving patient logistics with the help of IT is a key aim for current e-health initiatives, but has proven to be quite challenging in practice, and is sparsely dealt with in the literature. Our research question is, how can a process innovation initiative successfully interact with an underlying digital infrastructure? Our empirical evidence is an in-depth case study at a new high-tech hospital in Norway. Building on a proposed framework of interaction between process innovation and digital infrastructure, we identify and analyse two governance and two architectural mechanisms. Theoretically, we contribute to the digital infrastructure research by proposing a configuration for successful process innovation, in a complex e-health context. For practitioners, we show that lightweight IT can serve as a mediating technology in the configuration.

• Bygstad, Bendik (2017). Generative innovation: a comparison of lightweight and heavyweight IT. Journal of Information Technology. ISSN 0268-3962. 32(2), p. 180–193. doi: 10.1057/jit.2016.15. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper proposes a simple terminology for understanding and dealing with two current phenomena; we suggest calling them heavyweight and lightweight IT. Heavyweight IT denotes the well-established knowledge regime of large systems, developing ever more sophisticated solutions through advanced integration. Lightweight IT is suggested as a term for the new knowledge regime of mobile apps, sensors and bring-your-own-device, also called consumerisation and Internet-of-Things. The key aspect of lightweight IT is not only the cheaper and more available technology compared with heavyweight IT, but the fact that its deployment is frequently done by users or vendors, bypassing the IT departments. Our theoretical lens is generativity, the idea that complex phenomena arise from interactions among basic elements. In the context of IT, generativity helps to explain the creative potential of flexible digital technology for knowledgeable professionals and users. The research questions are: how is generativity different in heavyweight and lightweight IT, and what is the generative relationship between heavyweight and lightweight IT? These questions were investigated through a study of four cases in the health sector. Our findings show that (i) generativity enfolds differently in heavyweight and lightweight IT and (ii) generativity in digital infrastructures is supported by the interaction of loosely coupled heavyweight and lightweight IT. The practical design implication is that heavyweight and lightweight IT should be only loosely integrated, both in terms of technology, standardisation and organisation.

• Gizaw, Abyot Asalefew; Bygstad, Bendik & Nielsen, Petter (2016). Open generification. Information Systems Journal. ISSN 1350-1917. 27(5), p. 619–642. doi: 10.1111/isj.12112. Full text in Research Archive
• Munkvold, Bjørn Erik & Bygstad, Bendik (2016). The Land of Confusion – Clearing up some common misunderstandings of interpretive research. NOKOBIT: Norsk konferanse for organisasjoners bruk av informasjonsteknologi. ISSN 1892-0748. 24(1). Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Qualitative research approaches are now well established in information systems research, and are given equal weight as quantitative research in research methods courses in graduate programs. Similar, the heated paradigm debate seems to largely have cooled off, with interpretivist research now being accepted as an alternative to positivism and other paradigms. However, from the authors’ experience with teaching qualitative methods and reviewing qualitative research work, we see a growing tendency among both students and more experienced researchers to view qualitative and interpretive research as synonyms. We argue that this to some extent is due to a lack of precision in how the interpretivist paradigm is introduced in method textbooks and resources, where the rhetoric is sometimes conflated so as to indicate that all research focusing on the social and contextual aspects of technology use is by default interpretivist. On this background, our mission with this paper is to highlight the key characteristics of interpretive research that distinguish this approach from ‘any qualitative study’. In this, we discuss core concepts and procedures related to interpretive data collection and analysis, including validation and generalizability. Finally, we present a set of guiding questions forming a checklist for whether the qualitative study conducted would qualify as interpretive research or not.

• Bygstad, Bendik & Hanseth, Ole (2016). Governing e-Health Infrastructures: Dealing with Tensions, ICIS 2016 PROCEEDINGS : Thirty Seventh International Conference on Information Systems. Dublin 2016. Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISSN 9780996683135. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In this paper we investigate tensions in large e-health infrastructure programs. Currently, there is a gap between the high expectations to e-health and the fragmented status of IT services. In response to this situation the health authorities in many countries has called for a strategy of central IT governance and enterprise architecture, but many large programs experience tensions. Our research question is, how can we understand and manage the tensions of large-scale programs in e-health? The empirical evidence is a multilevel study of a national e-health Norway initiative, at three levels; national, regional and project. We find that the governance-architecture approach is not effective in balancing the tensions of e-health infrastructures. Our proposed solution is to differentiate between stable and unstable elements of the infrastructure; the stable elements can, and should, be managed top-down, while the unstable elements should be subject to local innovation and decentralised governance.

• Bygstad, Bendik; Munkvold, Bjørn Erik & Volkoff, Olga (2016). Identifying generative mechanisms through affordances: a framework for critical realist data analysis. Journal of Information Technology. ISSN 0268-3962. 31(1), p. 83–96. doi: 10.1057/jit.2015.13. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Critical realism has attracted increasing attention as an alternative to positivist and interpretive research for explaining contemporary phenomena. There are now several sources for information systems’ (IS) scholars providing guidance on conducting critical realist studies. However, the most challenging step of a critical realist data analysis, the identification of causal mechanisms, is still insufficiently described. Identifying mechanisms is challenging. Drawing on the concept of affordances as an analytical construct offers the researcher a tool to identify and analyse mechanisms. We present a step-wise framework for identifying structural components of a mechanism, how these components interact to produce an outcome and contextual influences on this outcome. We illustrate the application of the framework through an example of the identification of IS innovation mechanisms in a case study in the airline industry. In doing so, we argue that the approach offers a methodological tool for identifying generative mechanisms, helping the researcher in conducting a more precise data analysis in empirical research.

• Øvrelid, Egil; Bygstad, Bendik & Hanseth, Ole (2016). Establishing spaces of interplay: the role of discourse in the growth of information infrastructures. IADIS International Journal on Computer Science and Information System. 11(2), p. 31–45. Full text in Research Archive
• Øvrelid, Egil & Bygstad, Bendik (2016). Extending e-health infrastructures with lightweight IT. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. ISSN 1865-1348. 259, p. 43–56. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-43597-8_4. Full text in Research Archive
• Hanseth, Ole & Bygstad, Bendik (2015). Flexible generification: ICT standardization strategies and service innovation in health care. European Journal of Information Systems. ISSN 0960-085X. 24(6), p. 645–663. doi: 10.1057/ejis.2015.1. Full text in Research Archive
• Bygstad, Bendik & D'Silva, Francis (2015). Government as a platform: A historical and architectural analysis. NOKOBIT: Norsk konferanse for organisasjoners bruk av informasjonsteknologi. ISSN 1892-0748. 23(1). Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  A national administration is dependent on its archives and registers, for many purposes, such as tax collection, enforcement of law, economic governance, and welfare services. Today, these services are based on large digital infrastructures, which grow organically in volume and scope. Building on a critical realist approach we investigate a particularly successful infrastructure in Norway called Altinn, and ask: what are the evolutionary mechanisms for a successful “government as a platform”? We frame our study with two perspectives; a historical institutional perspective that traces the roots of Altinn back to the Middle Ages, and an architectural perspective that allows for a more detailed analysis of the consequences of digitalization and the role of platforms. We offer two insights from our study: we identify three evolutionary mechanisms of national registers, and we discuss a future scenario of government platforms as “digital commons”.

• Bygstad, Bendik & Lanestedt, Gjermund (2014). POLICIES AND PRACTICES IN WELFARE TECHNOLOGIES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NORWAY AND JAPAN. NOKOBIT: Norsk konferanse for organisasjoners bruk av informasjonsteknologi. ISSN 1892-0748. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Many rich countries experience two opposite demographic trends: a growing number of elderly who will need care over a long period of time – and a decreasing work force of young people. This “gap” represents an economic and organisational challenge, and politicians in many countries expect welfare technologies – especially digital technologies – to contribute to bridging it. In this paper we report from a multi-level study conducted in 2013-14, were we compared the current status of the field in Norway and Japan. Our findings reveal similarities between the two countries, which are echoed in many other countries: Although government expectations are high, the field of welfare technology is in its infancy, and only rather simple solutions (such as safety alarms) are widely used. However, our findings also highlight key differences in innovation strategies for welfare for the two countries, where Japan seem to be aiming for vertical integration through large corporations’ solutions, while Norway aims for a more open innovation arena, through standardization. We think the two countries have something to learn from each other, but in particular, we recommend them both a more platform-oriented approach.

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• Bygstad, Bendik & Hanseth, Ole (2018). Transforming Digital Infrastructures through Platformization. Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISBN 9781861376671. 12 p. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper explores and conceptualises a phenomenon called platformization. The background is that the growing complexity of IT solutions is in many organizations costly and virtually impossible to adapt to changing organizational structures, strategies and user needs. IS research has so far failed to address this issue in full theoretical and practical breadth. Building on current research we suggest a framework for a promising approach; a platformization process. Our research question is, how can we transform an IT silo structure into a platform oriented digital infrastructure? The empirical evidence is a multilevel study of a large e-health initiative in Norway, where we analyse an emergent platformization process. We offer two contributions; first we give an outline of the key elements of a platformization strategy, second, we propose a new platform-oriented infrastructure configuration.

• Bygstad, Bendik & Lena, Hylving (2018). Responding to Enterprise Architecture Initiatives: Loyalty, Voice and Exit. Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISBN 9780998133119. 10 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Bygstad, Bendik; Øvrelid, Egil & Thomas, Lie (2018). Establishing an Analytics Capability in a Hospital. Springer. ISBN 9783030043155. 12 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Bygstad, Bendik & Magnus, Bergquist (2018). Horizontal Affordances for Patient Centred Care in Hospitals. Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISBN 9780998133119. doi: 10.24251/HICSS.2018.400. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  While it is generally accepted that patient centred care should be the guiding principle for the delivery of health services, it is not yet clear how this should be digitalised. What is clear, however, is that the current IT solutions are not satisfactory. In this research, we suggest the affordance construct as an analytical lens to understand how technological artefacts and human agency can generate action possibilities to support horizontal process innovation by asking: (i) which affordances enable digitalisation of patient centred healthcare, and (ii) how can these identified affordances be leveraged to innovate patient centred digital hospitals. Our empirical evidence is a comparative study of two hospitals in Sweden and Norway. Our theoretical contribution is the identification of six horizontal affordances for patient centred care. The practical contribution is that horizontal affordances emerge through configurations of human actors and lightweight IT solutions, loosely coupled to heavy weight systems.

• Bygstad, Bendik & Hanseth, Ole (2015). From IT Silos to Integrated Solutions. A Study in eHealth Complexity. Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISBN 9783000502842. 16 p. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In this paper we investigate the IT systems silo problem in e-health infrastructures. After three dec- ades of user oriented systems development the health sector is characterized by system diversity and fragmentation. In response to this situation health authorities in the EU countries have called for a strategy of standardisation and integration; aiming to reduce complexity. It is assumed that this strat- egy will lead to less costly (through better co-ordination) and better health services (through more reliable data). Our research question is, how can we understand and manage the socio-technical complexity of large-scale integration in e-health? Our empirical evidence is a large e-health programme taken by the Southeast Regional Health Au- thorities in Norway, in order to reduce the number of systems and user environments. In particular we investigated the implementation and integration of an electronic patient journal system for 12.000 us- ers. Considering our findings, and building on infrastructure and complexity theory, we find that the current approaches to resolve silo integration are relatively effective in reducing organisational com- plexity, but they may increase overall complexity over time.

• Bygstad, Bendik (2015). The Coming of Lightweight IT. Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISBN 9783000502842. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Two current trends are changing the IT industry and the ways we develop IT solutions; we suggest to call them heavyweight and lightweight IT. Heavyweight IT is the traditional systems and databases, which are becoming more sophisticated and expensive through advanced integration. Lightweight IT is the new paradigm of mobile apps, sensors and bring-your-own-device, also called consumerisation or Internet-of Things. The key aspect of lightweight IT is not only the cheap and available technology as such, but the fact that its deployment is frequently done by users or vendors, bypassing the IT de- partments. Drawing on the theoretical lens of generativity, our research questions are, how is genera- tivity different in heavyweight and lightweight IT, and what is the generative relationship between heavyweight and lightweight IT? These questions were investigated through a study of four cases in the health sector. Our findings show that (i) generativity enfolds differently in heavyweight and lightweight IT and (ii) generativity in digital infrastructures is supported by the interaction of loosely coupled heavyweight and lightweight IT. The practical design implication is that heavyweight and lightweight IT should be only loosely integrated, both in terms of technology, standardisation and organisation.

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• Iden, Jon; Bygstad, Bendik; Hanseth, Ole & Nielsen, Stein Albert (2023). Hvordan fikk Norge et betalingsformidlingssystem i verdensklasse? En historisk analyse av samarbeidende digitale økosystemer i banksektoren. Full text in Research Archive
• Osmundsen, Karen S; Costabile, Carolina; Bygstad, Bendik; Iden, Jon & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2023). Diversity in digital platform ecosystems: Purposes, governance, and outcomes. Full text in Research Archive
• Iden, Jon & Bygstad, Bendik (2021). Managing Digital Transformation with Sociotechnical Micro-Foundations: A Dynamic Capabilities Approach. Full text in Research Archive
• Øvrelid, Egil; Bygstad, Bendik; Breivik, Jarle; Nerland, Monika Bærøe; Westbye, Hilde & Kjekshus, Lars Erik [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Hybridundervisning: Nødvendig nyskapning eller digitalisering på ville veier? Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Begrepet hybridundervising har fått en sentral rolle i diskusjonen om digitalisering av høyere utdanning, spesielt under den pågående pandemien. Hybridundervising kan i videste forstand beskrives som en blanding av ulike undervisningsformer, men kan også tolkes mer spesifikt. Det vil si som undervisningsaktiviteter hvor noen studenter og lærere deltar digitalt, mens andre er fysisk tilstede. Denne utviklingen byr på store teknologiske, pedagogiske, organisatoriske og økonomiske utfordringer. I den videre utviklingen av høyere utdanning vil hybridundervisning være et sentralt tema, hvor digitaliseringsskeptikere og digitaliseringsoptimister står mot hverandre.

• Øvrelid, Egil; Bygstad, Bendik & Thomassen, Gard O Sundby (2020). Tsd: A Research Platform For Sensitive Data. Full text in Research Archive
• Øvrelid, Egil; Bygstad, Bendik & Thomassen, Gard O Sundby (2020). TSD: A GENERATIVE RESEARCH PLATFORM IN THE AGE OF THE PANDEMICS. Full text in Research Archive
• Bygstad, Bendik & Øvrelid, Egil (2020). Managing two-speed innovation for digital transformation. Full text in Research Archive
• Osmundsen, Karen & Bygstad, Bendik (2020). Patterns of Interaction: Making Sense of Digitalization in Incumbent Firms. Full text in Research Archive
• Osmundsen, Karen; Iden, Jon & Bygstad, Bendik (2019). Organizing Robotic Process Automation: Balancing Loose and Tight Coupling. Full text in Research Archive
• Bygstad, Bendik; Lanestedt, Gjermund & Iden, Jon (2019). Some Elements to a Theory of Digital Management. Full text in Research Archive
• Bygstad, Bendik; Iden, Jon & Ulfsten, Andreas (2019). Nordic Choice og eBerry. Full text in Research Archive
• Bygstad, Bendik; Lanestedt, Gjermund & Iden, Jon (2018). Hva gjør de beste i offentlig sektor? Stat & Styring. ISSN 0803-0103. Full text in Research Archive
• Osmundsen, Karen; Iden, Jon & Bygstad, Bendik (2018). Hva er digitalisering, digital innovasjon og digital transformasjon? En litteraturstudie. Full text in Research Archive
• Osmundsen, Karen Sæbbø; Iden, Jon & Bygstad, Bendik (2018). DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION: DRIVERS, SUCCESS FACTORS, AND IMPLICATIONS. Full text in Research Archive
• Torp-Holte, Martin; Hjulstad, Kristina Marcelius; Bygstad, Bendik & Iden, Jon (2018). 'Strategizing' i en smart og tilkoblet verden: En kvalitativ studie av hvordan strategi praktiseres i norske IOT-selskaper. Full text in Research Archive
• Dulsrud, Arne & Bygstad, Bendik (2018). Digital ecosystems as a unit of sociological analysis. Full text in Research Archive
• Danilova, Kjersti Berg; Iden, Jon & Bygstad, Bendik (2018). Understanding the concept of digitalisation. Full text in Research Archive
• Bygstad, Bendik & Iden, Jon (2017). Competing in digital infrastructures. How a Nordic hotel chain competes with the online travel agents. Full text in Research Archive
• Stople, Annette; Steinsund, Heidi; Iden, Jon & Bygstad, Bendik (2017). Lightweight IT and the IT function: experiences from robotic process automation in a Norwegian bank. Full text in Research Archive
• Bygstad, Bendik & Gjermund, Lanestedt (2017). Ledere mangler digitalt språk. Stat & Styring. ISSN 0803-0103. 27(4), p. 42–45. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Regjeringen har en offensiv politikk for digitale offentlige tjenester. Flere undersøkelser viser imidlertid at offentlige ledere i liten grad forholder seg til tidens digitalisering. Er vi i ferd med å bygge en digital offentlig sektor uten at lederne er involvert?

• Bygstad, Bendik & Iden, Jon (2017). Hotellkjeden som takler nettgigantene. Dagens næringsliv. ISSN 0803-9372. Full text in Research Archive
• Saunders, Carol; Bygstad, Bendik; Ferran, Carlos; Liang, Ting-Peng; Recker, Jan & Brown, Susan A. [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2017). Goals, values, and expectations of the ais family of journals. Journal of the AIS. 18(9), p. 633–647. Full text in Research Archive
• Bygstad, Bendik & D'Silva, Francis (2017). En strategisk mulighet for Norge. Stat & Styring. ISSN 0803-0103. 27(1), p. 58–61. Full text in Research Archive
• Øvrelid, Egil & Bygstad, Bendik (2016). Exploring loose coupling in system interaction. Full text in Research Archive
• Øvrelid, Egil; Bygstad, Bendik & Hanseth, Ole (2016). Exploring the Interplay of Discourse and Infrastructure in e-health programmes. Full text in Research Archive
• Bygstad, Bendik & Lanestedt, Gjermund (2016). Det trengs en IT-politikk for plattformer og økosystemer. Full text in Research Archive
• Gebre-Mariam, Mikael Hailu & Bygstad, Bendik (2016). The organizational ripple effect of IT architecture in healthcare. Full text in Research Archive
• Mikael, Gebre-Mariam & Bygstad, Bendik (2016). THE ORGANIZATIONAL RIPPLE EFFECT OF IT ARCHITECTURE IN HEALTHCARE. Full text in Research Archive
• Iden, Jon & Bygstad, Bendik (2015). Vi trenger bedre IT-ledelse. Full text in Research Archive
• Bygstad, Bendik & Hanseth, Ole (2015). Governing eHealth Infrastructures: A Study of Tensions. Full text in Research Archive
• Bygstad, Bendik (2015). Lett IT - tung trend. Full text in Research Archive
• Geir, Falchenberg & Bygstad, Bendik (2015). Finske Tieto and and tungvekts IT-selskaper bremser nyskaping ved å nekte tilgang til pasientjournalsystemer. Full text in Research Archive
• Osmundsen, Karen; Iden, Jon & Bygstad, Bendik (2021). Gather your employees: Digital transformation in incumbent firms - Insights from the Norwegian grid sector. Norges Handelshøyskole. ISSN 9788240504311. Full text in Research Archive

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