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• Noort, Reinier Van; Svenningsen, Gaute; Li, Kai & Pluymakers, Anne (2025). Exposure of five cementitious sealant materials to wet supercritical CO<inf>2</inf> and CO<inf>2</inf>-saturated water under simulated downhole conditions. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. ISSN 1750-5836. 144. doi: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104380. Full text in Research Archive
• Noort, Reinier Van; Pluymakers, Anne Marie Henriette; Li, Kai; Suryanto, Benny & Starrs, Gerry (2024). Development of tailored wellbore sealants for CCS and other geological storage applications. First Break. ISSN 0263-5046. 42(9), p. 89–94. doi: 10.3997/1365-2397.fb2024079. Full text in Research Archive
• Shafabakhsh, Paiman; Cordonnier, Benoit; Pluymakers, Anne Marie Henriette; Borgne, Tanguy Le; Mathiesen, Joachim & Linga, Gaute [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2024). 4D Neutron Imaging of Solute Transport and Fluid Flow in Sandstone Before and After Mineral Precipitation. Water Resources Research. ISSN 0043-1397. 60(3). doi: 10.1029/2023WR036293. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In many geological systems, the porosity of rock or soil may evolve during mineral precipitation, a process that controls fluid transport properties. Here, we investigate the use of 4D neutron imaging to image flow and transport in Bentheim sandstone core samples before and after in-situ calcium carbonate precipitation. First, we demonstrate the applicability of neutron imaging to quantify the solute dispersion along the interface between heavy water and a cadmium aqueous solution. Then, we monitor the flow of heavy water within two Bentheim sandstone core samples before and after a step of in-situ mineral precipitation. The precipitation of calcium carbonate is induced by reactive mixing of two solutions containing CaCl2 and Na2CO3, either by injecting these two fluids one after each other (sequential experiment) or by injecting them in parallel (co-flow experiment). We use the contrast in neutron attenuation from time-resolved tomograms to derive three-dimensional fluid velocity field by using an inversion technique based on the advection-dispersion equation. Results show mineral precipitation induces a wider distribution of local flow velocities and leads to alterations in the main flow pathways. The flow distribution appears to be independent of the initial distribution in the sequential experiment, while in the co-flow experiment, we observed that higher initial local fluid velocities tended to increase slightly following precipitation. The outcome of this study contributes to progressing the knowledge in the domain of reactive solute and contaminant transport in the subsurface using the promising technique of neutron imaging.

• Noort, Reinier Van; Gupta, Mayank; Hajiabadi, Seyed Hasan; Khalifeh, Mahmoud; Kvassnes, Astri & Li, Kai [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2024). Development and Testing of Novel Cement Designs For Enhanced CCS Well Integrity. Social Science Research Network (SSRN). Full text in Research Archive
• Hajiabadi, Seyed Hasan; Li, Kai; Pluymakers, Anne Marie Henriette; Noort, Reinier Van & Khalifeh, Mahmoud (2024). Exploring the Durability of a Granite-Based Geopolymer Sealant for Carbon Capture and Storage: Evaluating Sealing Performance Under Thermal Shocks in Brine Environments. Social Science Research Network (SSRN). Full text in Research Archive
• Cordonnier, Benoit; Pluymakers, Anne Marie Henriette; Tengattini, Alessandro; Marti, Sina; Kaestner, Anders & Fusseis, Florian [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Neutron Imaging of Cadmium Sorption and Transport in Porous Rocks. Frontiers in Earth Science. doi: 10.3389/feart.2019.00306. Full text in Research Archive
• Cordonnier, Benoit; Pluymakers, Anne Marie Henriette; Tengattini, Alessandro; Marti, Sina; Kaestner, Anders & Fusseis, Florian [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Neutron Imaging of Cadmium Sorption and Transport in Porous Rocks. Frontiers in Earth Science. 7, p. 1–11. doi: 10.3389/feart.2019.00306. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Understanding fluid flow in rocks is crucial to quantify many natural processes such as ground water flow and naturally triggered seismicity, as well as engineering questions such as displacement of contaminants, the eligibility of subsurface waste storage, geothermal energy usage, oil and gas recovery and artificially induced seismicity. Two key parameters that control the variability of fluid flow and the movement of dissolved chemical species are (i) the local hydraulic conductivity, and (ii) the local sorption properties of the dissolved chemical species by the solid matrix. These parameters can be constrained through tomography imaging of rock samples subjected to fluid injection under constrained flow rate and pressure. The neutron imaging technique is ideal to explore fluid localization in porous materials due to the high but variable sensitivity of neutrons to the different hydrogen isotopes. However, until recently, this technique was underused in geology because of its large acquisition time. With the improved acquisition times of newly set-up neutron beamlines, it has become easier to study fluid flow. In the current set of experiments, we demonstrate the feasibility of in-situ 2D and 3D time-lapse neutron imaging of fluid and pollutant percolation in rocks, in particular that of cadmium salt. Cadmium is a hazardous compound that is found in many electronic devices, including batteries and is a common contaminant in soil and groundwater. It also exhibits higher contrast in neutron attenuation with respect to heavy water, and is therefore an ideal tracer. Time-lapse 2D radiographies and 3D neutron tomographies of the samples were acquired on two neutron beamlines (ILL, France and SINQ, Switzerland). We performed two sets of experiments, imbibition and injection experiments, where we imaged in-situ flow properties, such as local permeability and interactions between cadmium and the solid rock matrix. Our results indicate that even within these cm-scale porous rocks, cadmium transport follows preferential pathways, and locally interacts within the limestone samples. Our results demonstrate that the use of neutron imaging provides additional insights on subsurface transport of pollutants.

• Olkowicz, Marcin; Dabrowski, Marcin & Pluymakers, Anne Marie Henriette (2019). Focus stacking photogrammetry for micro-scale roughness reconstruction: a methodological study. Photogrammetric Record. ISSN 0031-868X. 34(165), p. 11–35. doi: 10.1111/phor.12270. Full text in Research Archive
• Pluymakers, Anne Marie Henriette; Liu, J.; Kohler, Felix; Renard, Francois & Dysthe, Dag Kristian (2018). A high resolution interferometric method to measure local swelling due to CO2 exposure in coal and shale. International Journal of Coal Geology. ISSN 0166-5162. 187, p. 131–142. doi: 10.1016/j.coal.2018.01.007. Full text in Research Archive
• Pluymakers, Anne Marie Henriette & Røyne, Anja (2017). Nanograin formation and reaction-induced fracturing due to decarbonation: Implications for the microstructures of fault mirrors. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. ISSN 0012-821X. 476, p. 59–68. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2017.08.001. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Principal slip zones often contain highly reflective surfaces referred to as fault mirrors, shown to consist of a nanogranular coating. There is currently no consensus on how the nanograins form, or why they survive weathering on a geological time-scale. To simplify the complex system of a natural fault zone, where slip and heat generation are inherently coupled, we investigated the effect of elevated temperatures on carbonate rock surfaces, as well as their resistance to water exposure. This allows us to isolate the role of the decarbonation process in the formation of nanograins. We used cleaved crystals of Iceland spar calcite, manually polished dolomite protolith, as well as natural dolomite fault mirror surfaces. The samples were heated to 200–800 °C in a ∼5 h heating cycle, followed by slow cooling (∼12 h) to room temperature. Subsequently, we imaged the samples using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Nanograin formation on all sample surfaces was pervasive at and above 600 °C. The Foiana fault mirror samples were initially coated with aligned naturally-formed nanograins, but display a non-directional nanogranular coating after heating. The nanograins that were formed by heating rapidly recrystallized to bladed hydroxides upon exposure to deionized water, whereas the nanograins on unheated fault mirror samples remained unchanged in water. This shows that the nanograins formed by heating alone are different from those formed in fault zones, and calls for a better characterization of nanograins and their formation mechanisms. Furthermore, we find a characteristic star-shaped crack pattern associated with reacted regions of the carbonate surfaces. The existence of this pattern implies that the mechanical stresses set up by the decarbonation reaction can be sufficiently large to drive fracturing in these systems. We propose that this mechanism may contribute to grain size reduction in fault zones.

• Pluymakers, Anne Marie Henriette; Kobchenko, Maya & Renard, Francois Marie Paul L (2017). How microfracture roughness can be used to distinguish between exhumed cracks and in-situ flow paths in shales. Journal of Structural Geology. ISSN 0191-8141. 94, p. 87–97. doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2016.11.005. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Flow through fractures in shales is of importance to many geoengineering purposes. Shales are not only caprocks to hydrocarbon reservoirs and nuclear waste or CO2 storage sites, but also potential source and reservoir rocks for hydrocarbons. The presence of microfractures in shales controls their permeability and transport properties. Using X-ray micro-tomography and white light interferometry we scanned borehole samples obtained from 4 km depth in the Pomeranian shales in Poland. These samples contain open exhumation/drying cracks as well as intact vein-rock interfaces plus one striated slip surface. At micron resolution and above tensile drying cracks exhibit a power-law roughness with a scaling exponent, called the Hurst exponent H, of 0.3. At sub-micron resolution we capture the properties of the clay interface only, with H = 0.6. In contrast, the in-situ formed veins and slip surface exhibit H = 0.4–0.5, which is deemed representative for in-situ fractures. These results are discussed in relation to the shale microstructure and linear elastic fracture mechanics theory. The data imply that the Hurst roughness exponent can be used as a microstructural criterion to distinguish between exhumation and in-situ fractures, providing a step forward towards the characterization of potential flow paths at depth in shales.

• Pluymakers, Anne Marie Henriette; Niemeijer, Andre R. & Spiers, C.J. (2016). Frictional properties of simulated anhydrite-dolomite fault gouge and implications for seismogenic potential. Journal of Structural Geology. ISSN 0191-8141. 84, p. 31–46. doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2015.11.008. Full text in Research Archive
• Rohmer, Jeremy; Pluymakers, Anne Marie Henriette & Renard, Francois Marie Paul L (2016). Mechano-chemical interactions in sedimentary rocks in the context of CO2 storage: Weak acid, weak effects? Earth-Science Reviews. ISSN 0012-8252. 157, p. 86–110. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.03.009. Full text in Research Archive
• Bohloli, Bahman; Choi, Jung Chan; Skurtveit, Elin & Pluymakers, Anne Marie Henriette (2016). Geomechanical interpretation for micro-seismic potential at CO2 storage pilot on Svalbard, Norway. In Ulusay, Reşat; Aydan, Ömer; Gerçek, Hasan; Hindistan, Ali Mehmet & Tuncay, Ergün (Ed.), Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering: From the Past to the Future. CRC Press. ISSN 9781138032651. p. 1309–1314. doi: 10.1201/9781315388502-230. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Fluid injection into the subsurface may trigger seismic events when shear stress acting on a fracture/fault plane exceeds its shear strength. During injection tests at the CO2 storage pilot at Longyearbyen (LYB), Svalbard, seismic- and non-seismic slipevents were experienced. Two approaches are used to explain the seismic versus non-seismic events occurring at the site.An analytical approach, based on Mohr-Coulomb failure criteria, was employed to evaluate the slip tendency of faults. It shows that vertical faults are more likely to slip at deeper intervals where microseismic events were observed. At shallow injection intervals, where no seismicity was observed, horizontal faults are more likely to slip. The second approach, a velocity stepping direct shear test, showed that the friction coefficient of LYB shale (clay-rich) increases with increasing velocity for bedding parallel faults. This experiment shows that the shale present at shallow interval is prone to velocity-strengthening behavior, which may explain the non-seismic failure during injection tests.

• Pluymakers, Anne Marie Henriette & Niemeijer, Andre R. (2015). Healing and sliding stability of simulated anhydrite fault gouge: Effects of water, temperature and CO2. Tectonophysics. ISSN 0040-1951. 656, p. 111–130. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2015.06.012. Full text in Research Archive

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• Hajiabadi, Seyed Hasan; Li, Kai; Pluymakers, Anne; Noort, Reinier Van & Khalifeh, Mahmoud (2024). Exploring the Durability of a Granite-Based Geopolymer Sealant for Carbon Capture and Storage: Evaluating Sealing Performance Under Thermal Shocks in Brine Environments. Full text in Research Archive
• Noort, Reinier Van; Gupta, Mayank; Hajiabadi, Seyed Hasan; Khalifeh, Mahmoud; Kvassnes, Astri & Li, Kai [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2024). Development and Testing of Novel Cement Designs For Enhanced CCS Well Integrity. Full text in Research Archive
• Kobchenko, Maya; Pluymakers, Anne Marie Henriette; Benoit, Cordonnier; Mondol, Nazmul Haque & Renard, François (2021). Time-lapse synchrotron X-ray imaging of deformation modes in organic-rich Green River Shale heated under confinement. Full text in Research Archive

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