Masih Mojarrad

• Mojarrad, Masih; Thorne, Rebecca Jayne & Rødseth, Kenneth Løvold (2024). Technical and cost analysis of zero-emission high-speed ferries: Retrofitting from diesel to green hydrogen. Heliyon. ISSN 2405-8440. 10(6), p. 1–19. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27479. Show summary

  This paper proposes a technical and cost analysis model to assess the change in costs of a zero-emission high-speed ferry when retrofitting from diesel to green hydrogen. Both compressed gas and liquid hydrogen are examined. Different scenarios explore energy demand, energy losses, fuel consumption, and cost-effectiveness. The methodology explores how variation in the ferry's total weight and equipment efficiency across scenarios impact results. Applied to an existing diesel high-speed ferry on one of Norway's longest routes, the study, under certain assumptions, identifies compressed hydrogen gas as the current most economical option, despite its higher energy consumption. Although the energy consumption of the compressed hydrogen ferry is slightly more than the liquid hydrogen counterpart, its operating expenses are considerably lower and comparable to the existing diesel ferry on the route. However, constructing large hydrogen liquefaction plants could reduce liquid hydrogen's cost and make it competitive with both diesel and compressed hydrogen gas. Moreover, liquid hydrogen allows the use of a superconducting motor to enhance efficiency. Operating the ferry with liquid hydrogen and a superconducting motor, besides its technical advantages, offers promising economic viability in the future, comparable to diesel and compressed hydrogen gas options. Reducing the ferry's speed and optimizing equipment improves fuel efficiency and economic viability. This research provides valuable insights into sustainable, zero-emission high-speed ferries powered by green hydrogen.

• Mojarrad, Masih; Thorne, Rebecca Jayne & Rødseth, Kenneth Løvold (2024). Technical and cost analysis of zero-emission high-speed ferries: Retrofitting from diesel to green hydrogen. Heliyon. ISSN 2405-8440. 10(6). doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27479. Show summary

  This paper proposes a technical and cost analysis model to assess the change in costs of a zero-emission high-speed ferry when retrofitting from diesel to green hydrogen. Both compressed gas and liquid hydrogen are examined. Different scenarios explore energy demand, energy losses, fuel consumption, and cost-effectiveness. The methodology explores how variation in the ferry's total weight and equipment efficiency across scenarios impact results. Applied to an existing diesel high-speed ferry on one of Norway's longest routes, the study, under certain assumptions, identifies compressed hydrogen gas as the current most economical option, despite its higher energy consumption. Although the energy consumption of the compressed hydrogen ferry is slightly more than the liquid hydrogen counterpart, its operating expenses are considerably lower and comparable to the existing diesel ferry on the route. However, constructing large hydrogen liquefaction plants could reduce liquid hydrogen's cost and make it competitive with both diesel and compressed hydrogen gas. Moreover, liquid hydrogen allows the use of a superconducting motor to enhance efficiency. Operating the ferry with liquid hydrogen and a superconducting motor, besides its technical advantages, offers promising economic viability in the future, comparable to diesel and compressed hydrogen gas options. Reducing the ferry's speed and optimizing equipment improves fuel efficiency and economic viability. This research provides valuable insights into sustainable, zero-emission high-speed ferries powered by green hydrogen.

• Mojarrad, Masih; Zadeh, Mehdi & Rødseth, Kenneth Løvold (2023). Techno-economic modeling of zero-emission marine transport with hydrogen fuel and superconducting propulsion system: Case study of a passenger ferry. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. ISSN 0360-3199. 48(71), p. 27427–27440. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.03.438. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper proposes a techno-economic model for a high-speed hydrogen ferry. The model can describe the system properties i.e. energy demand, weight, and daily operating expenses of the ferry. A novel aspect is the consideration of superconductivity as a measure for cost saving in the setting where liquid hydrogen (LH2) can be both coolant and fuel. We survey different scenarios for a high-speed ferry that could carry 300 passengers. The results show that, despite higher energy demand, compressed hydrogen gas is more economical compared with LH2 for now; however, constructing large-scale hydrogen liquefaction plants make it competitive in the future. Moreover, compressed hydrogen gas is restricted to a shorter distance while LH2 makes longer distances possible, and whenever LH2 is accessible, using a superconducting propulsion system has a beneficial impact on both energy and cost savings. These effects strengthen if the operational time or the weight of the ferry increases.

• Mikheenko, Pavlo; Jacquemin, M; Mojarrad, Masih & Mercier, Frederic (2022). Controlling dendritic flux avalanches by nanostructure of superconducting films, 2022 IEEE 12th International Conference Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties (NAP). IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 978-1-6654-8982-9. p. SNMS01-1–SNMS01-5. doi: 10.1109/NAP55339.2022.9934256. Show summary

  Niobium Nitrate (NbN) superconducting films are extensively used in superconducting electronics, for example as basic element of single-photon microwave resonators. Here we report on direct visualisation of magnetic flux penetration into a NbN thin film deposited by High-Temperature Chemical Vacuum Deposition (HTCVD). The film is of the thickness of 90.8 nm. It is deposited at temperature of 1200 C on a single-crystal α-Al2O3 (0001) c-axis substrate (sapphire). The visualisation is done by Magneto-Optical imaging allowing to see directly distribution of magnetic flux in the superconductor. It is found that at low temperatures magnetic flux penetrates into the film in the form of dendritic flux avalanches. Moreover, the shape of dendritic avalanches appeared to be very unusual, previously not reported in the literature. The branches of avalanches persistently follow one specific direction in the plane of the film. To clarify the origin of this effect, high-resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy have been used in combination with the Fast Fourier Transform of the obtained images. It was found that the origin of the selected direction in the dendritic flux penetration is deep on the nanometre scale, namely in nano-channels formed by the merging NbN crystallites during their growth. In this way, nanostructure of the film directly controls dendritic flux avalanches in the superconductor. Varying conditions of deposition would allow actively changing superconducting properties of the films.

• Mojarrad, Masih; Farhoudian, Sana & Mikheenko, Pavlo (2022). Superconductivity and Hydrogen Economy: A Roadmap to Synergy. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 15(17), p. 1–12. doi: 10.3390/en15176138. Full text in Research Archive
• Mojarrad, Masih; Hamid, Jouan; Campana Perilla, Ana Lucia; Dang, V.S.; Crisan, A. & Mikheenko, Pavlo (2021). Using magnetic nanoparticles to improve flux pinning in YBa2Cu3Ox films, 2021 IEEE 10th International Conference on “Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties” (NAP – 2021). IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 978-1-6654-3907-7. p. SNMS01-1–SNMS01-5. doi: 10.1109/NAP51885.2021.9568543. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Superconductors application can lead to significant economic benefits, especially in combination with use of liquid hydrogen, which is becoming an important part of the renewable energy economy. While many traditional superconductors cannot operate in liquid hydrogen, new materials, like high-temperature superconductors and MgB2 perfectly suit this purpose. YBa 2 Cu 3 O x is one of the most used high-temperature superconductors. It can operate even in liquid nitrogen, at the temperature of 77.3 K, but has a strong advantage of enhanced critical current density at the boiling temperature of liquid hydrogen of 20 K. A disadvantage of this material is the absence of natural c-axis pinning centers defining its critical current density. A usual way to solve this problem is the introduction of artificial pinning centers in the form of nanoparticles. The nanoparticles, however, reduce the volume of the superconductor and can lead to the formation of high-angle grain boundaries detrimental for the critical current. Here we explore an approach of depositing magnetic nanoparticles on the surface of superconducting films, which neither reduce the volume of the superconductor nor create high-angle grain boundaries. The additional pinning by these nanoparticles is studied by recording magneto-optical images of the films.

• Moradi, Ali; Samani, Nastaran Ahmadpour; Mojarrad, Masih; Sharfuddin, Mohammad; Bandara, Janitha & Moldestad, Britt Margrethe Emilie (2020). Experimental and computational studies of circulating fluidized bed. International Journal of Energy Production and Management. ISSN 2056-3272. 5(4), p. 302–313. doi: 10.2495/EQ-V5-N4-302-313. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Biomass gasification represents an efficient process for the production of power, heat and biofuels. Different technologies are used for gasification and this article focuses on a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) system. Understanding the behaviour of particles is of primary importance and a cold flow CFB experimental unit was constructed and tested. The particle circulation rate is greatly affected by the loop seal performance, and therefore the loop seal should be properly optimized to maintain an uninterrupted operation. Smooth flow regimes were obtained for the CFB by varying the loop seal aeration rates. Particles with size 850–1000 μm and 1000–1180 μm were chosen for the experiments. The minimum flow rates of air into the riser for the two particle sizes were found to be 1.3 and 1.5 Sm3/ min, respectively. To obtain a smooth flow regime, a velocity range for aeration in the loop seal was found for the two particle sizes. Based on the experimental results, combinations of flow rates were suggested for the simulations. A Computational Particle Fluid Dynamic (CPFD) model was developed using Barracuda VR, and the model was validated against experimental results. The simulated results for the system regarding the pressure and the height of the bed material in the standpipe agreed well with the experimental results. The deviation between the experimental and computational pressure was less than 0.5% at all the locations for both the particle sizes. The deviation in particle level was about 6% for the 850–1000 μm particles and 17% for the 1000–1150 μm particles. Both the experiments and the simulations predicted that a small fraction of the circulating sands are emitted from the top of the rig. The validated CPFD model was further used to predict the flow behaviour and the particle circulation rate in the CFB.

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• Mikheenko, Pavlo; Jacquemin, M; Mojarrad, Masih & Mercier, Frederic (2022). Controlling dendritic flux avalanches by nanostructure of superconducting films. Show summary

  Niobium Nitrate (NbN) superconducting films are extensively used in superconducting electronics, for example as basic element of single-photon microwave resonators. Here we report on direct visualisation of magnetic flux penetration into a NbN thin film deposited by High-Temperature Chemical Vacuum Deposition (HTCVD). The film is of the thickness of 90.8 nm. It is deposited at temperature of 1200 C on a single-crystal α-Al2O3 (0001) c-axis substrate (sapphire). The visualisation is done by Magneto-Optical imaging allowing to see directly distribution of magnetic flux in the superconductor. It is found that at low temperatures magnetic flux penetrates into the film in the form of dendritic flux avalanches. Moreover, the shape of dendritic avalanches appeared to be very unusual, previously not reported in the literature. The branches of avalanches persistently follow one specific direction in the plane of the film. To clarify the origin of this effect, high-resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy have been used in combination with the Fast Fourier Transform of the obtained images. It was found that the origin of the selected direction in the dendritic flux penetration is deep on the nanometre scale, namely in nano-channels formed by the merging NbN crystallites during their growth. In this way, nanostructure of the film directly controls dendritic flux avalanches in the superconductor. Varying conditions of deposition would allow actively changing superconducting properties of the films.

• Mojarrad, Masih & Mikheenko, Pavlo (2022). Liquid Hydrogen and Use of Superconductors – a synergy . Show summary

  Nowadays, sustainable energies become more and more important to eliminate carbon-emission fuels. Hydrogen is one of the most desirable options since water is the only by-product of hydrogen consumption, and it has the highest specific energy (142 MJ/ kg) among all fuels. In contrast, hydrogen has a low volumetric energy density. To compensate for this problem, it is possible to provide hydrogen in liquid form. The boiling point of hydrogen is too low being 20 K (-253 ℃), therefore many might believe that it is a barrier to using it in industry. On the contrary, the low temperature of liquid hydrogen allows one to introduce superconductivity to the hydrogen industry. Superconductivity is the phenomenon of the resistivity-free feature of some materials for passing electricity. Superconductors are only operated at very low temperatures, but hopefully, some superconductors' critical temperature is above the boiling point of liquid hydrogen. This means that liquid hydrogen could be used as a coolant for the superconductors before it is implemented as a fuel. Superconductors lead to using less amount of energy due to their high efficiency and, consequently, have an abatement cost in the energy sector. The maritime industry in Norway aims to design vessels operating with liquid hydrogen, thus it might be the best time to use superconductors to make both technology more economic and efficient.

• Mojarrad, Masih; Hamid, Jouan; Campana Perilla, Ana Lucia; Dang, V.S.; Crisan, A. & Mikheenko, Pavlo (2021). Using magnetic nanoparticles to improve flux pinning in YBa2Cu3Ox films.

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