Large explosive eruptions and their impacts on atmospheric circulation

Motivation:
Volcanic impacts on the QBO, NAO, or SAM? Recent observed "hiccups" of the QBO in 2015/16 and 2019/20.

Questions:

• How strong has a volcanic eruption been to disturb the QBO, NAO, SAM?
• Any different impact from tropical versus extratropical eruptions?

Data:

• Model data: CESM2(WACCM6) experiments with 17, 200 and 1046 Mt SO2 injections next to HCl and HBr at 15 N and 64 (Brenna et al 2021 GRL; Fuglestvedt et al 2024, Zhuo et al 2024).
• Observations, Reanalysis, and ice cores (Singapore radiosonde, ERA5)

Method:

• Radiative and dynamical analysis (f.e. Transformed Eulerian Mean (TEM) analysis of wave mean flow interaction).