Kirstin Krüger

Publications

Peer-reviewed publications:

• Brenna, H.; Kutterolf, S.; Mills, Michael; Niemeier, M., Timmreck, C., U., & Krüger, K. (2021). Decadal Disruption of the QBO by Tropical Volcanic Supereruptions. Geophysical Research Letters. ISSN 0094-8276. 48(5), p. 1–13. doi: 10.1029/2020GL089687
• Brenna, H., Kutterolf, S., Mills, M. J. & Krüger, K. (2020). The potential impacts of a sulfur- and halogen-rich supereruption such as Los Chocoyos on the atmosphere and climate, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 6521–6539, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6521-2020
• Brenna, H., Kutterolf, S., & Krüger, K. (2019). Global ozone depletion and increase of UV radiation caused by pre-industrial tropical volcanic eruptions. Sci Rep 9, 9435, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45630-0.
• Toohey, M., Krüger, K., Schmidt, H. et al. (2019). Disproportionately strong climate forcing from extratropical explosive volcanic eruptions. Nature Geosci 12, 100–107, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0286-2
• Ziska, F., Quack, B., Tegtmeier, S., Stemmler, I., & Krüger, K. (2017). Future emissions of marine halogenated very-short lived substances under climate change, J Atmos Chem 74, 245–260, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-016-9355-3
• Toohey, M., K. Krüger, M. Sigl, F. Stordal, & H. Svensen, H. (2016). Climatic and societal impacts of a volcanic double event at the dawn of the Middle Ages, Climatic Change, 136, 401–412, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1648-7
• Krüger, K., Kutterolf, S., T.H., Hansteen, (2015). Chapter 16: Halogen release from Plinian eruptions and depletion of stratospheric Ozone, Volcanism and global environmental change, Cambridge University Press, ISBN: 9781107058378, Ed. A. Schmidt et al., PP. 244-259.
• Sigl, M., J.R. McConnell, M. Toohey, M. Curran, S.B. Das, R. Edwards, E. Isaksson, K. Kawamura, S. Kipfstuhl, K. Krüger, L. Layman, O. Maselli, Y. Motizuki, H. Motoyama, D. Pasteris, & M. Severi, (2014)  Insights from Antarctica on volcanic forcing during the Common Era. Nature Clim Change 4, 693–697, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2293
• Ziska, F., Quack, B., Abrahamsson, K., Archer, S. D., Atlas, E., Bell, T., Butler, J. H., Carpenter, L. J., Jones, C. E., Harris, N. R. P., Hepach, H., Heumann, K. G., Hughes, C., Kuss, J., Krüger, K., Liss, P., Moore, R. M., Orlikowska, A., Raimund, S., Reeves, C. E., Reifenhäuser, W., Robinson, A. D., Schall, C., Tanhua, T., Tegtmeier, S., Turner, S., Wang, L., Wallace, D., Williams, J., Yamamoto, H., Yvon-Lewis, S., & Yokouchi, Y. (2013). Global sea-to-air flux climatology for bromoform, dibromomethane and methyl iodide, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8915–8934, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8915-2013
• Montzka, S., S. Reimann, S. O'Doherty, A. Engel, K. Krüger & W.T., Sturges, (2011). Chapter 1: Ozone-Depleting Substances and Related Chemicals, Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2010, PP 112.
• Butchart, N, A. Charlton-Perez, I., Cionni, S.C., Hardiman, Krüger, K. et al. (2010). Chapter 4: Stratospheric Dynamics, SPARC CCMVal Report on the Evaluation of Chemistry-Climate Models, SPARC No. 5, WCRP-132, WMO/TD-No. 1526, PP 109-148.

• Fang, Shih-Wei; Timmreck, Claudia; Jungclaus, Johann; Krüger, Kirstin & Schmidt, Hauke (2022). On the Additivity of Climate Responses to the Volcanic and Solar Forcing in the Early 19th Century. Earth System Dynamics. ISSN 2190-4979. doi: 10.5194/egusphere-2022-638.
• Van Dijk, Evelien; Mørkestøl Gundersen, Ingar; de Bode, Anna; Høeg, Helge; Loftsgarden, Kjetil & Iversen, Frode [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2022). Climate and society impacts in Scandinavia following the 536/540 CE volcanic double event. Climate of the Past. ISSN 1814-9324. doi: 10.5194/cp-2022-23.
• Van Dijk, Evelien; Jungclaus, Johann; Stephan, Lorenz; Timmreck, Claudia & Krüger, Kirstin (2022). Was there a volcanic-induced long-lasting cooling over the Northern Hemisphere in the mid-6th–7th century? Climate of the Past. ISSN 1814-9324. 18, p. 1601–1623. doi: 10.5194/cp-18-1601-2022. Full text in Research Archive
• Liu, Guangyu; Hirooka, Toshihiko; Eguchi, Nawo & Krüger, Kirstin (2022). Dynamical evolution of a minor sudden stratospheric warming in the Southern Hemisphere in 2019. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP). ISSN 1680-7316. 22(5), p. 3493–3505. doi: 10.5194/acp-22-3493-2022.
• Bajard, Manon Juliette Andree; Ballo, Eirik Gottschalk; Høeg, Helge Irgens; Bakke, Jostein; Støren, Eivind Wilhelm Nagel & Loftsgarden, Kjetil [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2022). Climate adaptation of pre-Viking societies. Quaternary Science Reviews. ISSN 0277-3791. 278. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107374.
• Hamer, Paul David; Marécal, Virginie; Hossaini, Ryan; Pirre, Michel; Krysztofiak, Gisele & Ziska, Franziska [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2021). Cloud-scale modelling of the impact of deep convection on the fate of oceanic bromoform in the troposphere: a case study over the west coast of Borneo. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP). ISSN 1680-7316. 21(22), p. 16955–16984. doi: 10.5194/acp-21-16955-2021. Full text in Research Archive
• ter Schure, Anneke Theresia Maria; Bajard, Manon Juliette Andree; Loftsgarden, Kjetil; Høeg, Helge Irgens; Ballo, Eirik Gottschalk & Bakke, Jostein [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2021). Anthropogenic and environmental drivers of vegetation change in southeastern Norway during the Holocene. Quaternary Science Reviews. ISSN 0277-3791. 270. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107175. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Uncovering anthropogenic and environmental drivers behind past biological change requires integrated analyses of long-term records from a diversity of disciplines. We applied an interdisciplinary approach exploring effects of human land-use and environmental changes on vegetation dynamics at Lake Ljøgottjern in southeastern Norway during the Holocene. Combined analysis of pollen and sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) metabarcoding of the sedimentary sequence of the lake describes the vegetation dynamics at different scales, and establishes a timeline for pastoral farming activities. We integrate this reconstruction with geochemical analysis of the sediments, climate data, archaeological evidence of local human settlement and regional human population dynamics. Our data covering the last 10,000 years reveals consistent vegetation signals from pollen and sedaDNA indicating periods of deforestation connected to cultivation, matching the archaeological evidence. Multivariate analysis integrating the environmental data from geochemical and archaeological reconstructions with the vegetation composition indicates that the vegetation dynamics at Lake Ljøgottjern were primarily related to natural processes from the base of the core (in ca. 8000 BCE, Mesolithic) up to the Early Iron Age (ca. 500 BCE–550 CE), when agricultural activities in the region intensified. The pollen signal reflects the establishment of a Bronze Age (ca. 1800–500 BCE) farm in the area, while subsequent intensification of pollen concentrations of cultivated plants combined with the first sedaDNA signals of cultivation and pastoralism are consistent with evidence of the establishment of farming closer to the lake at around 300 BCE. These signals also correspond to the intensification of agriculture in southeastern Norway in the first centuries of the Early Iron Age. Applying an interdisciplinary approach allows us to reconstruct anthropogenic and environmental dynamics, and untangle effects of human land-use and environmental changes on vegetation dynamics in southeastern Norway during the Holocene.

• Brenna, Hans; Kutterolf, Steffen; Mills, Michael; Niemeier, Ulrike; Timmreck, Claudia & Krüger, Kirstin (2021). Decadal Disruption of the QBO by Tropical Volcanic Supereruptions. Geophysical Research Letters. ISSN 0094-8276. 48(5), p. 1–13. doi: 10.1029/2020GL089687. Show summary

  The Los Chocoyos (14.6°N, 91.2°W) supereruption happened ∼75,000 years ago in Guatemala and was one of the largest eruptions of the past 100,000 years. It emitted enormous amounts of sulfur, chlorine, and bromine, with multi‐decadal consequences for the global climate and environment. Here, we simulate the impact of a Los Chocoyos‐like eruption on the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO), an oscillation of zonal winds in the tropical stratosphere, with a comprehensive aerosol chemistry Earth System Model. We find a ∼10‐year disruption of the QBO starting 4 months post eruption, with anomalous easterly winds lasting ∼5 years, followed by westerlies, before returning to QBO conditions with a slightly prolonged periodicity. Volcanic aerosol heating and ozone depletion cooling leads to the QBO disruption and anomalous wind regimes through radiative changes and wave‐mean flow interactions. Different model ensembles, volcanic forcing scenarios and results of a second model back up the robustness of our results.

• Tegtmeier, Susann; Anstey, James; Davis, Sean; Dragani, Rossana; Harada, Yayoi & Ivanciu, Ioana [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2020). Temperature and tropopause characteristics from reanalyses data in the tropical tropopause layer. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP). ISSN 1680-7316. 20(2), p. 753–770. doi: 10.5194/acp-20-753-2020. Full text in Research Archive
• Tegtmeier, Susann; Atlas, Elliot; Quack, Birgit; Ziska, Franziska & Krüger, Kirstin (2020). Variability and past long-term changes of brominated very short-lived substances at the tropical tropopause. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP). ISSN 1680-7316. 20, p. 7103–7123. doi: 10.5194/acp-20-7103-2020. Full text in Research Archive
• Wright, Jonathon S.; Sun, Xiaoyan; Konopka, Paul; Krüger, Kirstin; Legras, Bernard & Molod, Andrea [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2020). Differences in tropical high clouds among reanalyses:origins and radiative impacts. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP). ISSN 1680-7316. 20, p. 8989–9030. doi: 10.5194/acp-20-8989-2020. Full text in Research Archive
• Brenna, Hans; Kutterolf, Steffen; Mills, Michael J. & Krüger, Kirstin (2020). The potential impacts of a sulfur- And halogen-rich supereruption such as Los Chocoyos on the atmosphere and climate. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP). ISSN 1680-7316. 20(11), p. 6521–6539. doi: 10.5194/acp-20-6521-2020. Full text in Research Archive
• Niemeier, Ulrike; Timmreck, Claudia & Krüger, Kirstin (2019). Revisiting the Agung 1963 volcanic forcing - Impact of one or two eruptions. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP). ISSN 1680-7316. 19(15), p. 10379–10390. doi: 10.5194/acp-19-10379-2019. Full text in Research Archive
• Brenna, Hans; Kutterolf, Steffen & Krüger, Kirstin (2019). Global ozone depletion and increase of UV radiation caused by pre-industrial tropical volcanic eruptions. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 9. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45630-0. Full text in Research Archive
• Toohey, Matthew; Krüger, Kirstin; Schmidt, Hauke; Timmreck, Claudia; Sigl, Michael & Stoffel, Markus [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Disproportionately strong climate forcing from extratropical explosive volcanic eruptions. Nature Geoscience. ISSN 1752-0894. 12, p. 100–107. doi: 10.1038/s41561-018-0286-2.
• Vogel, Andreas; Durant, Adam; Cassiani, Massimo; Clarkson, Rory J.; Slaby, Michal & Diplas, Spyridon [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2019). Simulation of volcanic ash ingestion into a large aero engine: particle–fan interactions. Journal of turbomachinery. ISSN 0889-504X. 141(1). doi: 10.1115/1.4041464.
• Fiehn, Alina; Quack, Birgit; Stemmler, Irene; Ziska, Franziska & Krüger, Kirstin (2018). Importance of seasonally resolved oceanic emissions for bromoform delivery from the tropical Indian Ocean and west Pacific to the stratosphere. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP). ISSN 1680-7316. 18(16), p. 11973–11990. doi: 10.5194/acp-18-11973-2018. Full text in Research Archive
• Fiehn, Alina; Quack, Birgit; Marandino, Christa A. & Krüger, Kirstin (2018). Transport Variability of Very Short Lived Substances From the West Indian Ocean to the Stratosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 123(10), p. 5720–5738. doi: 10.1029/2017JD027563. Full text in Research Archive
• Zavarsky, Alex; Booge, Dennis; Fiehn, Alina; Krüger, Kirstin; Atlas, Elliot & Marandino, Christa (2018). The influence of air-sea fluxes on atmospheric aerosols during the summer monsoon over the Indian Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters. ISSN 0094-8276. 45(1), p. 418–426. doi: 10.1002/2017GL076410.
• Schlundt, Cathleen; Tegtmeier, Susann; Lennartz, Sinikka T.; Bracher, Astrid; Cheah, Wee & Krüger, Kirstin [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2017). Oxygenated volatile organic carbon in the western Pacific convective center: Ocean cycling, air-sea gas exchange and atmospheric transport. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP). ISSN 1680-7316. 17(17), p. 10837–10854. doi: 10.5194/acp-17-10837-2017. Full text in Research Archive
• Vogel, Andreas; Diplas, Spyridon; Durant, Adam; S. Azar, Amin; Sunding, Martin Fleissner & Rose, William I. [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2017). Reference data set of volcanic ash physicochemical and optical properties. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Atmospheres. ISSN 2169-897X. 122(17), p. 9485–9514. doi: 10.1002/2016JD026328. Full text in Research Archive
• Fiehn, Alina; Quack, Birgit; Hepach, Helmke; Fuhlbrugge, Steffen; Tegtmeier, Susann & Toohey, Matthew [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2017). Delivery of halogenated very short-lived substances from the west Indian Ocean to the stratosphere during the Asian summer monsoon. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP). ISSN 1680-7316. 17, p. 6723–6741. doi: 10.5194/acp-17-6723-2017. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Halogenated very short-lived substances (VSLS) are naturally produced in the ocean and emitted to the atmosphere. When transported to the stratosphere, these compounds can have a significant influence on the ozone layer and climate. During a research cruise on RV Sonne in the subtropical and tropical West Indian Ocean in July and August 2014, we measured the VSLS, methyl iodide (CH3I) and for the first time bromoform (CHBr3) and dibromomethane (CH2Br2), in surface seawater and the marine atmosphere to derive their emission strengths. Using the Lagrangian transport model Flexpart with ERA-Interim meteorological fields, we calculated the direct contribution of observed VSLS emissions to the stratospheric halogen burden during Asian summer monsoon. Furthermore, we compare the in situ calculations with the interannual variability of transport from a larger area of the West Indian Ocean surface to the stratosphere for July 2000-2015. We found that the West Indian Ocean is a strong source region for CHBr3 (910 pmol m 2 h 1), very strong for CH2Br2 (930 pmol m 2 h 1), and average for CH3I (460 pmol m 2 h 1). The atmospheric transport from the tropical West Indian Ocean surface to the stratosphere experiences two main pathways. On very short timescales, especially relevant for the shortest-lived compound CH3I (3.5 days lifetime), convection above the Indian Ocean lifts oceanic air masses and VSLS towards the tropopause. On a longer timescale, the Asian summer monsoon circulation transports oceanic VSLS towards India and Bay of Bengal, where they are lifted with the monsoon convection and reach stratospheric levels in the southeastern part of the Asian monsoon anticyclone. This transport pathway is more important for the longer-lived brominated compounds (17 and 150 days lifetime for CHBr3 and CH2Br2). The entrainment of CHBr3 and CH3I from the West Indian Ocean to the stratosphere during Asian summer monsoon is less than from previous cruises in the tropical West Pacific Ocean during boreal autumn/early winter, but higher than from the tropical Atlantic during boreal summer. In contrast, the projected CH2Br2 entrainment was very high because of the high emissions during the West Indian Ocean cruise. The 16-year July time series shows highest interannual variability for the short-lived CH3I and lowest for the long lived CH2Br2. During this time period, a small increase of VSLS entrainment from the West Indian Ocean through the Asian monsoon to the stratosphere is found. Overall, this study confirms that the subtropical and tropical West Indian Ocean is an important source region of halogenated VSLS, especially CH2Br2, to the troposphere and stratosphere during the Asian summer monsoon.

• Lennartz, Sinikka T.; Marandino, Christa A.; von Hobe, Marc; Cortes, Pau; Quack, Birgit & Simo, Rafel [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2017). Direct oceanic emissions unlikely to account for the missing source of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP). ISSN 1680-7316. 17, p. 385–402. doi: 10.5194/acp-17-385-2017. Full text in Research Archive
• Fujiwara, Masatomo; Wright, Jonathon S.; Manney, Gloria L.; Gray, Lesley J.; Anstey, James & Birner, Thomas [Show all 36 contributors for this article] (2017). Introduction to the SPARC Reanalysis Intercomparison Project (S-RIP) and overview of the reanalysis systems. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP). ISSN 1680-7316. 17(2), p. 1417–1452. doi: 10.5194/acp-17-1417-2017. Full text in Research Archive
• Ziska, Franziska; Quack, Birgit; Tegtmeier, Susann; Stemmler, Irene & Krüger, Kirstin (2016). Future emissions of marine halogenated very-short lived substances under climate change. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry. ISSN 0167-7764. doi: 10.1007/s10874-016-9355-3.
• Fuhlbrugge, Steffen; Quack, Birgit; Tegtmeier, Susann; Atlas, Elliot; Hepach, Helmke & Shi, Qiang [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2016). The contribution of oceanic halocarbons to marine and free tropospheric air over the tropical West Pacific. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP). ISSN 1680-7316. 16(12), p. 7569–7585. doi: 10.5194/acp-16-7569-2016.
• Fuhlbrugge, Steffen; Quack, Birgit; Atlas, Elliot; Fiehn, Alina; Hepach, Helmke & Krüger, Kirstin (2016). Meteorological constraints on oceanic halocarbons above the Peruvian upwelling. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP). ISSN 1680-7316. 16(18), p. 12205–12217. doi: 10.5194/acp-16-12205-2016.
• Hepach, Helmke; Quack, Birgit; Tegtmeier, Susann; Engel, Anja; Bracher, Astrid & Fuhlbrugge, Steffen [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2016). Biogenic halocarbons from the Peruvian upwelling region as tropospheric halogen source. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP). ISSN 1680-7316. 16(18), p. 12219–12237. doi: 10.5194/acp-16-12219-2016.
• Hossaini, R*; Patra, P.K.; Leeson, AA; Krysztofiak, G.; Abraham, NL & Andrews, SJ [Show all 44 contributors for this article] (2016). A multi-model intercomparison of halogenated very short-lived substances (TransCom-VSLS): Linking oceanic emissions and tropospheric transport for a reconciled estimate of the stratospheric source gas injection of bromine. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP). ISSN 1680-7316. 16(14), p. 9163–9187. doi: 10.5194/acp-16-9163-2016.
• Bittner, Matthias; Timmreck, Claudia; Schmidt, Hauke; Toohey, Matthew & Krüger, Kirstin (2016). The impact of wave-mean flow interaction on the Northern Hemisphere polar vortex after tropical volcanic eruptions. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Atmospheres. ISSN 2169-897X. 121(10), p. 5281–5297. doi: 10.1002/2015JD024603.
• Toohey, Matthew; Krüger, Kirstin; Sigl, Michael; Stordal, Frode & Svensen, Henrik (2016). Climatic and societal impacts of a volcanic double event at the dawn of the Middle Ages. Climatic Change. ISSN 0165-0009. 136(3), p. 401–412. doi: 10.1007/s10584-016-1648-7.
• Lennartz, ST; Krysztofiak, G.; Marandino, C.A.; Sinnhuber, BM; Tegtmeier, S. & Ziska, F. [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2015). Modelling marine emissions and atmospheric distributions of halocarbons and dimethyl sulfide: The influence of prescribed water concentration vs. prescribed emissions. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP). ISSN 1680-7316. 15(20), p. 11753–11772. doi: 10.5194/acp-15-11753-2015.
• Tegtmeier, S.; Ziska, Franziska; Pisso, Ignacio; Quack, B; Velders, G. J. M. & Yang, X. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2015). Oceanic bromoform emissions weighted by their ozone depletion potential. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP). ISSN 1680-7316. 15(23), p. 13647–13663. doi: 10.5194/acp-15-13647-2015. Full text in Research Archive
• Kutterolf, Steffen; Hansteen, Thor H.; Freundt, Armin; Wehrmann, Heidi; Appel, Karen & Krüger, Kirstin [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2015). Bromine and chlorine emissions from Plinian eruptions along the Central American Volcanic Arc: From source to atmosphere. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. ISSN 0012-821X. 429, p. 234–246. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2015.07.064.
• Krüger, Kirstin; Kutterolf, Steffen & Hansteen, Thor H. (2015). Halogen release from Plinian eruptions and depletion of stratospheric ozone. In Schmidt, Anja; Fristad, Kirsten & Elkins-Tanton, Linda T. (Ed.), Volcanism and global environmental change. Cambridge University Press. ISSN 9781107058378. p. 244–259. doi: 10.1017/cbo9781107415683.020.
• Rex, M.; Wohltmann, I.; Ridder, T; Lehmann, R; Rosenlof, Karen H. & Wennberg, P [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2014). A tropical West Pacific OH minimum and implications for stratospheric composition. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP). ISSN 1680-7316. 14(9), p. 4827–4841. doi: 10.5194/acp-14-4827-2014.
• Sigl, M; McConnell, Joseph R.; Toohey, Matthew; Curran, Mark A.J.; Das, Sarah B. & Edwards, Ross [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2014). Insights from Antarctica on volcanic forcing during the common era. Nature Climate Change. ISSN 1758-678X. 4(8), p. 693–697. doi: 10.1038/nclimate2293.
• Toohey, Matthew; Krüger, Kirstin; Bittner, Matthias; Timmreck, Claudia & Schmidt, Hauke (2014). The impact of volcanic aerosol on the Northern Hemisphere stratospheric polar vortex: mechanisms and sensitivity to forcing structure. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP). ISSN 1680-7316. 14, p. 13063–13079. doi: 10.5194/acp-14-13063-2014.
• Hepach, Helmke; Quack, Birgit; Ziska, F.; Fuhlbrügge, S.; Atlas, Elliot & Krüger, Kirstin [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2014). Drivers of diel and regional variations of halocarbon emissions from the tropical North East Atlantic. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP). ISSN 1680-7316. 14(3), p. 1255–1275. doi: 10.5194/acp-14-1255-2014.
• Hossaini, R*; et al., , & Krüger, Kirstin (2013). Evaluating global emission inventories of biogenic bromocarbons. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP). ISSN 1680-7316. 13, p. 11819–11838. doi: 10.5194/acp-13-11819-2013.
• Tegtmeier, S.; Krüger, Kirstin & et al., , (2013). The contribution of oceanic methyl iodide to stratospheric iodine. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP). ISSN 1680-7316. 13, p. 11869–11886. doi: 10.5194/acp-13-11869-2013.
• Toohey, M*; Hegglin, M. I.; Tegtmeier, S.; Anderson, J; Anel, J.A. & Bourassa, A. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2013). Characterizing sampling biases in the trace gas climatologies of the SPARC Data Initiative. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Atmospheres. ISSN 2169-897X. 118(20), p. 11,847–11,862. doi: 10.1002/jgrd.50874.

View all works in Cristin

• Zhuo, Zhihong; Fuglestvedt, Herman Fæhn & Krüger, Kirstin (2021). Impacts of tropical versus extratropical volcanic eruptions (including volcanic sulphur and halogen injections).
• Fuglestvedt, Herman Fæhn; Zhuo, Zhihong; Mills, Michael J. & Krüger, Kirstin (2021). Modelling the atmospheric impacts of high-latitude explosive volcanic eruptions.
• Fuglestvedt, Herman Fæhn; Zhuo, Zhihong; Michael, Mills & Krüger, Kirstin (2021). Modelling the atmospheric impacts of high-latitude explosive volcanic eruptions.
• Zhuo, Zhihong; Fuglestvedt, Herman Fæhn; Toohey, Matthew; Mills, Michael J. & Krüger, Kirstin (2021). Model comparison of stratospheric aerosol forcing of tropical and extratropi-cal volcanic eruptions. Show summary

  Major volcanic eruptions, as one of the natural forcing, increase sulfate aerosols in the stratosphere. The stratospheric aerosol forcing differs from tropical and extratropical eruptions, and depends on the eruption season and height, and volcanic volatile injections. In order to study different aerosol forcing and their impact, we perform simulations based on the fully coupled Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2) with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model version 6 (WACCM6) with prognostic stratospheric aerosol and chemistry. Explosive eruptions at 14.6 N and 63.6 N in January and July injecting 17 Tg and 200 Tg SO2 at 24 km with and without halogens are simulated, in line with Central American Volcanic Arc and Icelandic volcanic eruptions. Simulated changes in the stratospheric sulfate and halogen burdens, and impacts on aerosol optical depth and ozone are analyzed.

• Zhuo, Zhihong; Fuglestvedt, Herman Fæhn; Toohey, Matthew; Mills, Michael J. & Krüger, Kirstin (2021). Model comparison of aerosol forcing and impactof tropicaland extratropical eruptions.
• Krüger, Kirstin & Et al, More authors (2021). Modeling sulfur- and halogen-rich supereruptions impacts on the atmosphere, climate and environment .
• Krüger, Kirstin & Et al, More authors (2021). Modeling sulfur- and halogen-rich eruptions impacts on the atmosphere, climate and environment .
• Sigl, Michael; Krüger, Kirstin & Et al, More authors (2021). Insights on the timing, global sulfate lifecycle an􀀀 climate impact of Earth's largest (pre-) historic volcanic eruptions. EGU General Assembly. EGU21-946. doi: 10.5194/egusphere-egu21-946%2C%202021. Show summary

  Extratropical volcanic eruptions are commonly thought to be less effective at driving large-scale surface cooling than tropical eruptions, and only the latter are commonly thought to be able to distribute sulfate globally. Here, we test both of these assumptions using a network of ice cores from the polar regions of Antarctica and Greenland covering the past 15’000 years and climate-aerosol modeling. We employ state-of-the-art analyses of trace elements, cryptoptephra and sulphur isotopes (Burke et al., 2019) to gain new insights into the timing of past eruptions, their stratospheric sulphur mass injections and subsequent sulphate aerosol lifecycle. We use this information to estimate the climate impact potential due to negative radiative forcing caused by Earth’s largest volcanic eruptions since the last Glacial. Our analysis encompasses over 1’000 eruptions and include the caldera-forming eruptions of Okmok II (Alaska, 43 BCE, VEI=6, 53°N; McConnell et al., 2020), Aniakchak II (Alaska, 1600s BCE, VEI=6, 57°N), Crater Lake (Mazama, Oregon, 5600s BCE, VEI=7, 43°N) and Laacher See (Germany, c. 13 ka BP, VEI=6, 50°N). We use our reconstructed radiative forcing and the coupled earth system models MPI-ESM1.2 and CESM (version 1.2.2) to analyze the climatic impact caused by these eruptions and compare the simulated temperature response with temperature reconstructions based on ultra-long tree-ring chronologies. Finally, based on these comparisons, we propose a number of stratigraphic age tie-points to anchor ice-core chronologies from Greenland (GICC05) and Antarctica (WD2014) to the absolute dated tree-ring chronology. We thereby aim to improve proxy synchronization throughout the Holocene -- a prerequisite for detection and attribution studies -- and invite the paleo-climate community to update climate proxy records based on ice cores to the latest chronologies. The European Research Council Grant 820047 under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program funded the research project THERA - Timing of Holocene Volcanic eruptions and their radiative aerosol forcing.

• Van Dijk, Evelien; Gundersen, Ingar Mørkestøl; Loftsgarden, Kjetil; Ballo, Eirik Gottschalk; Krüger, Kirstin & Iversen, Frode (2021). Can we link volcanic impacts on the climate to a change in society?
• Van Dijk, Evelien; Gundersen, Ingar Mørkestøl; Loftsgarden, Kjetil; Krüger, Kirstin & Iversen, Frode (2021). Can we link volcanic impacts on the climate to a change in society in Norway?
• Van Dijk, Evelien & Krüger, Kirstin (2021). Large volcanic eruptions as a natural hazard: The impact of the 536/540 CE double event on the atmospheric circulation, surface climate, vegetation and society in Scandinavia.
• Van Dijk, Evelien & Krüger, Kirstin (2021). Impact of large volcanic eruptions on the 6th-7th century climate.
• Tjoflot, Gunn Kristin; Brenna, Hans & Krüger, Kirstin (2021). Supervolcano eruption can change the periodic wind system in the tropical stratosphere. [Internet]. www.phys.org.
• Tjoflot, Gunn Kristin; Krüger, Kirstin & Brenna, Hans (2021). Supervulkan kan endre vindsystemet i den tropiske stratosfæren. [Internet]. www.forskning.no. Show summary

  Da Los Chocoyos i Guatemala hadde utbrudd for 84.000 år siden, kan utslipp av svovel og klor ha påvirket klimaet i lang tid, viser ny forskning.

• ter Schure, Anneke; Bajard, Manon Julietto Andree; Loftsgarden, Kjetil; Høeg, Helge Irgens; Ballo, Eirik Magnus Gottschalk & Bakke, Jostein [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2021). Disentangling anthropogenic and environmental drivers of biological change in southeastern Norway during the Holocene.
• ter Schure, Anneke; Bajard, Manon Julietto Andree; Loftsgarden, Kjetil; Høeg, Helge Irgens; Ballo, Eirik Magnus Gottschalk & Bakke, Jostein [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2021). Anthropogenic and environmental drivers of biological change in southeastern Norway during the Holocene.
• Fuglestvedt, Herman; Krüger, Kirstin; Zhuo, Zhihong; Sigl, Michael; Toohey, Matthew & Mills, Michael J. (2021). Modelling high-latitude explosive eruptions and their atmospheric and environmental impacts .
• Zhuo, Zhihong; Fuglestvedt, Herman; Toohey, Matthew; Mills, Michael J. & Krüger, Kirstin (2021). Model comparison of volcanic aerosol forcing and climate impact of tropical and extratropical eruptions.
• Bajard, Manon Julietto Andree; Ballo, Eirik Magnus Gottschalk; Høeg, Helge I.; Bakke, Jostein; Støren, Eivind N. & Loftsgarden, Kjetil [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2021). Instability or adaptation of the pre-Viking society to the climate variability of the Late Antiquity?
• Van Dijk, Evelien & Krüger, Kirstin (2020). Was there a volcanic induced long lasting cooling in the mid 6th-7th century?
• Van Dijk, Evelien Jacoba Cornelia & Krüger, Kirstin (2020). The impact of the 536/540 CE double volcanic eruption event on the climate.
• Van Dijk, Evelien Jacoba Cornelia & Krüger, Kirstin (2020). Impact of the 536/540 CE double volcanic eruption event on the 6th-7th century climate using model and proxy data.
• Van Dijk, Evelien Jacoba Cornelia & Krüger, Kirstin (2020). Impact of the 536/540 CE double eruption event on the 6th -7th century climate using model and proxy data.
• Krüger, Kirstin (2020). Volcanic Eruptins and their Impacts on Climate, Environment, and Viking Society in 500-1250 CE . Show summary

  This multi-disciplinary project aims to understand the role of volcanic eruptions and climate change in shaping the early history of Europe. The period 500-1250 CE is characterized by natural disasters, societal unrest, Viking expansion, emerging kingship – and large volcanic eruptions evidenced by geochemical markers in natural archives. Contemporary reports of a mysterious cloud which dimmed the light of the sun for at least a year were written at the dawn of the Middle Ages which marked the beginning of an unusual cold period in the mid of the 6th century due to the double volcanic eruption event in 536/540 CE. The social structure of Scandinavian society was radically changed between 500 and 750 CE. Population levels were reduced by plague and agriculture had to be adapted to a colder climate. Tree ring and climate model data from Scandinavia identify a prolonged period of cooling which may have lasted over a century. Following is a period of volcanic activity which was thought to be more quiescent in a global sense and is marked by the onset of the medieval warm period (c. 950 -1250 CE). However, volcanic eruptions in Iceland were frequently active during 700 to 1100 CE and must have had severe impacts on climate, environment and society in Northern Europe, which is not supported by available records. This presentation aims to shed more light into the background of this early Common Era period based on revised volcanic forcing, complex earth system climate model, proxy, and archaeology data.

• Bajard, Manon Julietto Andree; Ballo, Eirik Magnus Gottschalk; Støren, Eivind Wilhelm Nagel; Bakke, Jostein; Høeg, Helge Irgens & Loftsgarden, Kjetil [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2020). Volcanic Eruptions and their Impacts on Climate, Environment, and Viking Society in 500-1250 CE .
• Bajard, Manon Julietto Andree; Ballo, Eirik Magnus Gottschalk; Støren, Eivind Wilhelm Nagel; Bakke, Jostein; Høeg, Helge Irgens & Loftsgarden, Kjetil [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2020). Record of climate and environmental changes in a dead-ice lake close to Gardermoen told by a 10 000 years old freshwater fish and a Viking King.
• Bajard, Manon Julietto Andree; Ballo, Eirik Magnus Gottschalk; Støren, Eivind Wilhelm Nagel; Bakke, Jostein; Høeg, Helge Irgens & Loftsgarden, Kjetil [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2020). Tracing socio-environmental dynamics and climate changes in the period 300-1300 CE in Scandinavia from lake sediments.
• Krüger, Kirstin (2019). The sulfur- and halogen-rich super eruption Los Chocoyos and its impacts on climate, environment, and circulation. Show summary

  The Los Chocoyos super eruption happened ~81 kyrs ago in Guatemala, and was one of the largest eruptions of the past 100,000 years. The eruption emitted enormous amounts of sulfur, chlorine and bromine with consequences for the global climate, environment and atmospheric circulation. Using the Earth System Model CESM2(WACCM6) we simulate the impacts of this super eruption on the pre-industrial Earth System. Our model results show that the ozone layer nearly collapses, with large impacts on UV and the biosphere, and the surface climate cools globally with >6 K. Recovery to pre-eruption ozone levels and climate takes 15 and 30 years respectively. The quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), an oscillation of the zonal winds in the tropical stratosphere with ~28 month periodicity, reveals a 10 year disruption before returning to QBO conditions with a slightly prolonged periodicity. Different model ensembles, volcanic forcing scenarios and comparison with other models are used to test the robustness of our results.

• Brenna, Hans; Kutterolf, Steffen; Mills, Michael; Niemeier, Ulrike; Timmreck, Claudia & Krüger, Kirstin (2019). The Los Chocoyos super volcanic eruption disrupts the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation . Show summary

  The Los Chocoyos super eruption happened ~81 kyrs ago in Guatemala, and was one of the largest eruptions of the past 100,000 years. The eruption emitted enormous amounts of sulfur, chlorine and bromine, with multi-decadal consequences for the global climate and environment (Brenna et al 2019 ACPD). In this paper, we simulate the impact of this sulfur- and halogen-rich super-eruption on the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), an oscillation of the zonal winds in the tropical stratosphere, with the comprehensive aerosol chemistry Earth System Model CESM2(WACCM6). We find a ~10 year disruption of the QBO before returning to QBO conditions with a slightly prolonged periodicity. Volcanic induced aerosol heating and ozone depletion cooling leads through radiative changes and wave-mean flow interactions to the QBO disruption and anomalous wind regimes. Different model ensembles, volcanic forcing scenarios and one other model backs up the robustness of our results.

• Krüger, Kirstin (2019). Working Group Overview.
• Krüger, Kirstin (2019). Volcanic Eruptions and their Impacts on Climate, Environment, and Viking Society in 500-1250 CE .
• Krüger, Kirstin; Sigl, Michael; Toohey, Matthey & Iversen, Frode (2019). Volcanic Eruptions and their Impacts on Climate, Environment, and Viking Society in 500-1250 CE .
• Fouilloux, Anne Claire; Krüger, Kirstin & Iaquinta, Jean (2019). Climate Analysis with Galaxy. Show summary

  Advance in the development of climate models and associated data viewers and processing tools has achieved unprecedented maturity in the environmental scientific community. This progress was accompanied by the standardization of model output formats (conventions for Climate and Forecast metadata), the availability of open databases (i.e., the Earth System Grid Federation), and of the climate model codes themselves. However, scientific communities are not fully realizing the benefits of such advances because of the complexity for both running and analysing climate models. Using Galaxy makes it possible to share tools and easily (re-)run climate model runs or analyse climate data thus opening new opportunities for multidisciplinary research for instance ecology, social and human sciences. In this presentation, we will show how climate models can be run out-of-the-box, without much effort, using Galaxy platform. We will show how climate model outputs can be visualized using the same web portal.

• Fouilloux, Anne Claire; Iaquinta, Jean & Krüger, Kirstin (2019). Towards an infrastructure for Earth system modelling in Norway.
• Krüger, Kirstin & Bajard, Manon Julietto Andree (2019). Volcanic Eruptions and their Impacts on Climate, Environment, and Viking Society in 500-1250 CE .
• Krüger, Kirstin (2018). Does the ocean impact the ozone layer? .
• Fiehn, Alina; Krüger, Kirstin; Stemmler, Irene; Quack, Birgit & Ziska, Franziska (2018). Importance of seasonally resolved oceanic emissions for bromoform delivery to the stratosphere through the Asian monsoon.
• Brenna, Hans; Kutterolf, Steffen; Mills, Michael J & Krüger, Kirstin (2018). Are we ready for the next big sulfur-and-halogen-rich eruption in the tropics? Show summary

  Large Plinian volcanic eruptions inject large amounts of gases (e.g. S, Cl, Br) and solid particles into the stratosphere. If the eruption occurs in the tropics, it can have a global impact due to the dispersal through the large scale meridional overturning circulation. Previous modeling studies mainly concentrate on the sulfate aerosol effects on climate and ozone. In contrast, the role of volcanic halogens from tropical eruptions is believed to play an insignificant role for the global atmosphere, based on observations from the 1982 El Chichón and 1991 Pinatubo eruptions. New measurements regarding the halogen release by paleo Plinian eruptions (Kutterolf et al. 2015), as well as recent volcanic plume observations and model simulations facilitate our investigation into what effect the combined sulfur, chlorine and bromine emissions from large tropical eruptions have on ozone and the atmosphere in general. The post-Pinatubo period has been volcanically relatively quiet. This means that there are few well-observed large eruptions that can be used as input to modeling studies. Using the large and almost complete eruptive data set from the Central American Volcanic Arc (CAVA) of the last 200 ka, we can construct well constrained input-values to chemistry-climate model simulations. This past record suggests that a future Plinian CAVA eruption will release large amounts of sulfur and halogen. As the chlorine content of the atmosphere decreases during the 21th century future sulfur-and-halogen-rich eruptions will have a large impact on stratospheric ozone and climate. We will present results from the coupled chemistry climate model CESM(WACCM) of different CAVA eruption strength containing sulfur, chlorine and bromine and their impact on stratospheric ozone. We argue that if humanity wants to be prepared for the next big tropical eruption we need also take volcanic halogens into account due to their potentially large impact on stratospheric composition and chemistry.

• Brenna, Hans; Kutterolf, Steffen; Mills, Michael J & Krüger, Kirstin (2018). Atmospheric, climatic and environmental effects of the super-size Los Chocoyos eruption 84 kyrs ago. Show summary

  The Los Chocoyos eruption (Magnitude ~8, dated to 84 kyrs before present) was one of the largest volcanic eruptions during the past 100,000 years. Originating from present-day Guatemala, the eruption formed the current stage of the large Atitlán caldera. Los Chocoyos released more than ~1100 km3 of tephra and the eruption is used as a widespread stratigraphic key marker during that time. The ash layers can be found in marine deposits from offshore Ecuador to Florida over an area of more than 107 km2. Using the new erupted magma mass from Kutterolf et al (2016) and recent volatile measurements (Metzner et al 2014, Krüger et al 2015, Kutterolf et al 2015) we estimate that the Los Chocoyos eruption released >1045 Mt SO2, ~1200 megatons of chlorine, and ~2 megatons of bromine, which classifies it as a super-size eruption. Considering these volatile emissions, the eruption must have caused massive effects on the atmosphere, climate and environment at that time, e.g. pronounced and long lasting ozone depletion with impacts on surface ultraviolet radiation. We will present results of the impact of volatile injections from the super-size Los Chocoyos eruption on atmospheric composition, chemistry and radiation. We will use the newly developed coupled chemistry climate model CESM2(WACCM) taking the combined effect of both sulfur and halogen interactively into account. The model results will be compared with a sulfur-rich only volcanic eruption. The analysis will focus in particular on halogen and ozone chemistry, radiation, atmospheric circulation and surface climate changes.

• Brenna, Hans; Kutterolf, Steffen & Krüger, Kirstin (2018). Global ozone depletion and increase of UV radiation caused by pre-industrial tropical volcanic eruptions. Show summary

  Abstract Large explosive tropical volcanic eruptions inject significant amounts of gases into the stratosphere, where they disperse globally through the large-scale meridional circulation. Halogens from tropical eruptions have been thought to be negligible based on observations of the largest eruptions of the satellite era, and thus most studies focus on sulfuric acid aerosols. More recent observations and plume modeling indicate that explosive volcanism can be a big source of halogens to the stratosphere. Here, we present the first study, based on observations, of sulfur, chlorine and bromine releases from tropical volcanic eruptions from the Central American Volcanic Arc over the last 200 ka combined with state-of-the-art coupled chemistry climate model simulations using CESM1(WACCM). The simulations reveal global, long-lasting impact on the ozone layer affecting atmospheric composition and circulation for a decade. Column ozone drops below 220 DU (ozone hole conditions) in the tropics, Arctic and Antarctica, increasing biologically active UV by 80 to 400%. Given the current decline in anthropogenic chlorine, halogen and sulfur rich explosive tropical eruptions may become the major threat to the future ozone layer.

• Fiehn, Alina; Gjermo, Sarah; Fuhlbrugge, Steffen; Quack, Birgit; Marandino, Christa A. & Atlas, Elliot L [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). SO243 ASTRA-OMZ: Does ENSO influence the transport of halogenated very short-lived substances above the tropical East Pacific?
• Fiehn, Alina; Quack, Birgit; Stemmler, Irene & Krüger, Kirstin (2017). What drives the seasonal cycle of stratospheric entrainment of oceanic halogenated VSLS through the Asian monsoon?
• Brenna, Hans; Krüger, Kirstin & Kutterolf, Steffen (2017). A new threat to the future ozone layer? Halogen and sulfur rich explosive eruptions in the tropics. Show summary

  Large Plinian volcanic eruptions inject large amounts of atmosphere-relevant gases (e.g. S, Cl, Br) and solid particles into the stratosphere. If the eruption occurs in the tropics, it can have a global impact due to the dispersal through the large scale meridional overturning circulation. Previous modelling studies mainly concentrate on the sulfate aerosol effects on climate and ozone. In contrast, the role of volcanic halogens from tropical eruptions is believed to play an insignificant role for the global atmosphere, based on observations from the recent El Chichon and Pinatubo eruptions. New results regarding the halogen release by paleo Plinian eruptions, as well as recent volcanic plume observations and model simulations facilitate our investigation into what effect the combined chlorine and bromine emissions from large tropical eruptions have on ozone and the atmosphere in general. Here, we present the first study of combined chlorine, bromine from a tropical halogen and sulfur rich volcanic eruption using a state-of-the-art coupled chemistry climate model. A complete halogen and sulfur data set for the last 200ka (Metzner et al, 2013; Kutterolf et al., 2013, 2015), derived by the petrological method from paleo-eruptions of the Central American Volcanic Arc (CAVA), are used to force simulations with WACCM (Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model). Using the petrological data we simulated 3 forcing scenarios: Sulfur, halogen and combined injections. The goal is to quantify the impact of volcanic halogen and sulfur on the preindustrial atmosphere when the background chlorine levels were low compared to the present day with the main focus on stratospheric ozone. We carried out 5 model simulations of each of the 3 forcing scenarios assuming that 10% of the Cl and Br emitted from the average CAVA eruption is injected into the tropical stratosphere during January. The model response reveals a global impact on the ozone layer affecting, through radiation, atmospheric circulation as well for more than 7 years. Total ozone drops below 220 DU, the present-day ozone hole threshold, in the tropics, Arctic and Antarctica. The increase in biologically active UV caused by the global ozone depletion is found to be more than 80% over much of the northern hemisphere during the first two years post eruption. Given the current decline in anthropogenic chlorine, halogen and sulfur rich explosive tropical eruption will become a major threat for the future ozone layer.

• Fiehn, Alina; Hepach, Helmke; Atlas, Elliot L; Quack, Birgit; Tegtmeier, Susann & Krüger, Kirstin (2016). Transport of halogenated very short-lived substances from the Indian Ocean to the stratosphere through the Asian monsoon circulation.
• Fiehn, Alina; Hepach, Helmke; Atlas, Elliot L; Quack, Birgit; Tegtmeier, Susann & Krüger, Kirstin (2015). Transport of bromoform from the Indian Ocean to the stratosphere during Asian summer monsoon. Show summary

  Bromoform and other halogenated very short-lived substances (VSLS, atmospheric lifetime less than half a year) are naturally produced in the ocean and emitted to the atmosphere. If transported to the stratosphere, they take part in ozone depletion. The Asian summer monsoon circulation and the deep convection over India may provide an efficient pathway for compounds from the Indian Ocean. We use the Lagrangian transport model FLEXPART with ERA-Interim meteorological fields to discern transport properties during Indian summer monsoon season.

• Fiehn, Alina; Hepach, Helmke; Atlas, Elliot L; Quack, Birgit; Tegtmeier, Susann & Krüger, Kirstin (2015). Transport of halogenated VSLS from the Indian Ocean to the stratosphere through the Asian monsoon circulation.
• Fiehn, Alina; Hepach, Helmke; Atlas, Elliot L; Quack, Birgit; Tegtmeier, Susann & Krüger, Kirstin (2015). Transport of halogenated VSLS from the Indian Ocean to the stratosphere through the Asian monsoon circulation.
• Fiehn, Alina & Krüger, Kirstin (2017). Transport of very short-lived substances from the Indian Ocean to the stratosphere through the Asian monsoon. University of Oslo.
• Krüger, Kirstin & Gjermo, Sarah (2017). Transport of very short lived halogenated substances from the tropical East Pacific to the stratosphere and the influence of El Niño 2015/16. University of Oslo.
• Wærsted, Eivind Grøtting Grøtting & Krüger, Kirstin (2015). Timescales of surface-to-tropopause transport in the tropics, using Flexpart. DUO Research Archive, Universitetet i Oslo.

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