Kirstin Krüger

Publications

Peer-reviewed publications:

• Matthew Toohey, Kirstin Krüger, Hauke Schmidt, Claudia Timmreck, Michael Sigl, Markus Stoffel, Rob Wilson, Extratropical volcanic eruptions produce disproportionately strong climate forcing Nature Geoscience, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0286-2, 2019.
• Vogel, A., Durant, A. J., Cassiani, M., Clarkson, R. J., Slaby, M., Krüger, K., and Stohl, A.: Simulation of volcanic ash ingestion by a large turbofan aero-engine: Particle-fan interactions, J. Turbomach 141(1), 011010, doi: 10.1115/1.4041464, 2019.
• Fiehn, A., Quack, B., Stemmler, I., Ziska, F., and Krüger, K.*: Importance of seasonally resolved oceanic emissions for bromoform delivery from the tropical Indian Ocean and west Pacific to the stratosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 11973-11990, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11973-2018, 2018.
• Fiehn, A., Quack, B., Marandino, C. A., and Krüger, K.*: Transport Variability of Very Short Lived Substances From the West Indian Ocean to the Stratosphere, J. Geophy. Res.-Atmos., 123, 5720–5738, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD027563, 2018.
• Zavarsky, A., Booge, D., Fiehn, A., Krüger, K., Atlas, E., & Marandino, C. The influence of air-sea fluxes on atmospheric aerosols during the summer monsoon over the tropical Indian Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 45, 418–426, 2018.
• Schlundt, C., Marandino, C. A., Tegtmeier, S., Lennartz, S. T., Bracher, A., Cheah, W., Krüger, K., and Quack, B.: Oxygenated volatile organic carbon in the western Pacific convective centre: ocean cycling, air–sea gas exchange and atmospheric transport, Atmos. Chem. Phys., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2017-9, 2017.
• Fiehn, A., Quack, B., Hepach, H., Fuhlbrügge, S., Tegtmeier, S., Toohey, M., Atlas, E., and Krüger, K.*: Delivery of halogenated very short-lived substances from the West Indian Ocean to the stratosphere during Asian summer monsoon, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 6723–6741, 2017.
• Vogel, A., S. Diplas, A. J. Durant, A. S. Azar, M. F. Sunding, W. I. Rose, A. Sytchkova, C. Bonadonna, K. Krüger, and A. Stohl, Reference data set of volcanic ash physicochemical and optical properties, J. Geophys. Res., Atmos., 122, doi:10.1002/2016JD026328, 2017.
• Fujiwara, M., J. S. Wright, G. L. Manney, L. J. Gray, J. Anstey, T. Birner, S. Davis, E. P. Gerber, V. L. Harvey, M. I. Hegglin, C. R. Homeyer, J. A. Knox, K. Krüger, A. Lambert, C. S. Long, P. Martineau, A. Molod, B. M. Monge-Sanz, M. L. Santee, S. Tegtmeier, S. Chabrillat, D. G. H. Tan, D. R. Jackson, S. Polavarapu, G. P. Compo, R. Dragani, W. Ebisuzaki, Y. Harada, C. Kobayashi, W. McCarty, K. Onogi, S. Pawson, A. Simmons, K. Wargan, J. S. Whitaker, and C.-Z. Zou, Introduction to the SPARC Reanalysis Intercomparison Project (S-RIP) and overview of the reanalysis systems, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 1417-1452, doi:10.5194/acp-17-1417-2017, 2017.
• Lennartz, S. T., C. A. Marandino, M. von Hobe, P. Cortes, B. Quack, R. Simo, D. Booge, A. Pozzer, T. Steinhoff, D. L. Arevalo-Martinez, C. Kloss, A. Bracher, R. Röttgers, E. Atlas, and K. Krüger, Direct oceanic emissions unlikely to account for the missing source of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 385-402, doi:10.5194/acp-17-385-2017, 2017.
• Ziska F., B. Quack, S. Tegtmeier, I. Stemmler, and K. Krüger, Future emissions of marine halogenated very-short lived substances under climate change, J Atmos Chem, DOI 10.1007/s10874-016-9355-3, 2016.
• Bittner, M., C. Timmreck, H. Schmidt, M. Toohey, and K. Krüger, The impact of wave-mean flow interaction on the Northern Hemisphere polar vortex after tropical volcanic eruptions, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 121, 10, 5281-5297, DOI: 10.1002/2015JD024603
• Hepach, H., B. Quack, S. Tegtmeier, A. Engel, A. Bracher, S. Fuhlbrügge, L. Galgani, E.L.  Atlas, J. Lampel, U. Friess, K. Krüger, Biogenic halocarbons from the Peruvian upwelling region as tropospheric halogen source, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 18, 12219-12237, DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-12219-2016
• Hossaini, R., P.K. Patra, A.A. Leeson, G. Krysztofiak, N.L. Abraham, S.J. Andrews, A.T. Archibald, J. Aschmann, E.L. Atlas, D.A. Belikov, H. Bonisch, L.J. Carpenter, S. Dhomse, M. Dorf, A. Engel, W. Feng, S. Fuhlbrügge, P.T. Griffiths, N.R.P Harris, R. Hommel, T. Keber, K. Krüger, S.T. Lennartz, S. Maksyutov, H. Mantle, G.P. Mills, B. Miller, S.A. Montzka, F. Moore, M.A. Navarro, D.E. Oram, K. Pfeilsticker, J.A. Pyle, B. Quack, A.D. Robinson,E. Saikawa, A. Saiz-Lopez, S. Sala, B.M. Sinnhuber, S. Taguchi, S. Tegtmeier, R.T Lidster, C. Wilson, F. Ziska, F, A multi-model intercomparison of halogenated very short-lived substances (TransCom-VSLS): linking oceanic emissions and tropospheric transport for a reconciled estimate of the stratospheric source gas injection of bromine, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 14, 9163-9187, DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-9163-2016
• Fuhlbrügge, S., B. Quack, S. Tegtmeier, E. Atlas, H. Hepach, Q. Shi, S. Raimund, K. Krüger, The contribution of oceanic halocarbons to marine and free tropospheric air over the tropical West Pacific, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 12, 7569-7585, DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-7569-2016
• Fuhlbrügge, S., B. Quack, E. Atlas, A. Fiehn, H. Hepach, K. Krüger, Meteorological constraints on oceanic halocarbons above the Peruvian upwelling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 18, 12205-12217, DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-12205-2016
• Toohey, M., K. Krüger, M. Sigl, F. Stordal, H. Svensen, Climatic and societal impacts of a volcanic double event at the dawn of the Middle Ages, Climate Change, 136, 3-4, 401-412, DOI: 10.1007/s10584-016-1648-7
• Tegtmeier, S., Ziska, F., Pisso, I., Quack, B., Velders, G. J. M., Yang, X., and Krüger, K.: Oceanic bromoform emissions weighted by their ozone depletion potential, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 13647-13663, doi:10.5194/acp-15-13647-2015, 2015.
• Lennartz, S. T., Krysztofiak, G., Marandino, C. A., Sinnhuber, B.-M., Tegtmeier, S., Ziska, F., Hossaini, R., Krüger, K., Montzka, S. A., Atlas, E., Oram, D. E., Keber, T., Bönisch, H., and Quack, B.: Modelling marine emissions and atmospheric distributions of halocarbons and dimethyl sulfide: the influence of prescribed water concentration vs. prescribed emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11753-11772, doi:10.5194/acp-15-11753-2015, 2015.
• Krüger, K., Kutterolf, S., T.H., Hansteen, Chapter 19: Halogen release from Plinian eruptions and depletion of stratospheric Ozone, Volcanism and global environmental change, Cambridge University Press, isbn: 9781107058378, Ed. A. Schmidt et al., PP. 244-259, 2015.
• Metzner, D., S. Kutterolf, M. Toohey, C. Timmreck, U. Niemeier, A. Freundt, K. Krüger, Radiative forcing and climate impact resulting from SO2 injections based on a 200,000 year record of Plinian eruptions along the Central American Volcanic Arc, Int J Earth Sci, DOI 10.1007/s00531-012-0814-z, 103(7), 2063-2079, 2014.
• Toohey, M., K. Krüger, M. Bittner, C. Timmreck, and H. Schmidt, The impact of volcanic aerosol on the Northern Hemisphere stratospheric polar vortex: mechanisms and sensitivity to forcing structure, submitted to Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 13063-13079, 2014.
• Sigl, M., J.R. McConnell, M. Toohey, M. Curran, S.B. Das, R. Edwards, E. Isaksson, K. Kawamura, K. Krüger, L. Layman, O. Maselli, Y. Motizuki, D. Pasteris, Rewriting the history of volcanic forcing during the Common Era using new ice cores, Nature Climatic Change, 10.1038/nclimate2293, 2014.
• Rex, M., I. Wohltmann, T. Ridder, R. Lehmann, K. Rosenlof, P. Wennberg, D. Weisenstein, J. Notholt, K. Krüger, V. Mohr, and S. Tegtmeier, A tropical West Pacific OH minimum and implications for stratospheric composition, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 4827-4841, 2014.
• Hepach, H., B. Quack, F. Ziska, S. Fuhlbrügge, E. L. Atlas, K. Krüger, I. Peeken, and D. W. R. Wallace, Drivers of diel and regional variations of halocarbon emissions from the tropical North East Atlantic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 1255-1275, 2014.
• Krüger, K., and B. Quack, Introduction to special issue: the TransBrom Sonne expedition in the tropical West Pacific, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9439-9446, 2013.
• Tegtmeier, S., K. Krüger, B. Quack, E. Atlas, D. R. Blake, H. Boenisch, A. Engel, H. Hepach, R. Hossaini, M. A. Navarro, S. Raimund, S. Sala, Q. Shi, and F. Ziska, The contribution of oceanic methyl iodide to stratospheric iodine, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11869-11886, 2013.
• Großmann, K., U. Frieß, E. Peters, F. Wittrock, J. Lampel, S. Yilmaz, J. Tschritter, R. Sommariva, R. von Glasow, B. Quack, K. Krüger, K. Pfeilsticker, and U. Platt, Iodine monoxide in the Western Pacific marine boundary layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 3363-3378, 2013.
• Ziska, F., B. Quack, K. Abrahamsson, S. D. Archer, E. Atlas, T. Bell, J. H. Butler, L. J. Carpenter, C. E. Jones, N. R. P. Harris, H. Hepach, K. G. Heumann, C. Hughes, J. Kuss, K. Krüger, P. Liss, R. M. Moore, A. Orlikowska, S. Raimund, C. E. Reeves, W. Reifenhäuser, A. D. Robinson, C. Schall, T. Tanhua, S. Tegtmeier, S. Turner, L. Wang, D. Wallace, J. Williams, H. Yamamoto, S. Yvon-Lewis, and Y. Yokouchi, Global sea-to-air flux climatology for bromoform, dibromomethane and methyl iodide, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8915-8934, 2013.
• Fuhlbrügge, S., K. Krüger, B. Quack, E. Atlas, H. Hepach, and F. Ziska, Impact of the marine atmospheric boundary layer conditions on VSLS abundances in the eastern tropical and subtropical North Atlantic Ocean, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 6345-6357, 2013.
• Marandino, C.A., S. Tegtmeier, K. Krüger, C. Zindler, E.L. Atlas, F. Moore, H.W. Bange (2013). Dimethylsulphide (DMS) emissions from the West Pacific Ocean: A potential marine source for the stratospheric sulphur layer. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8427-8437.
• Tegtmeier, S., M. Hegglin, J. Anderson, A. E. Bourassa, S. Brohede, D. Degenstein, L. Froidevaux, R. Fuller, B. Funke, J. Gille, A. Jones, Y. Kasai, K. Krüger, E. Kyrölä, G. Lingenfelser, J. Lumpe, B. Nardi, J. Neu, D. Pendlebury, E. E. Remsberg, A. Rozanov, L. Smith, M. Toohey, J. Urban, T. von Clarmann, K. A. Walker, R. Wang, SPARC Data Initiative: A comparison of ozone climatologies from international satellite limb sounders, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 12,229–12,247, doi:10.1002/2013JD019877, 2013
• Toohey, M., et al., Characterizing sampling biases in the trace gas climatologies of the SPARC Data Initiative, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 11,847–11,862, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50874, 2013.
• Hossaini, R., H. Mantle, M. P. Chipperfield, S. A. Montzka, P. Hamer, F. Ziska, B. Quack, K. Krüger, S. Tegtmeier, E. Atlas, S. Sala, A. Engel, H. Bönisch, T. Keber, D. Oram, G. Mills, C. Ordóñez, A. Saiz-Lopez, N. Warwick, Q. Liang, W. Feng, F. Moore, B. R. Miller, V. Marécal, N. A. D. Richards, M. Dorf, and K. Pfeilsticker, Evaluating global emission inventories of biogenic bromocarbons, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11819-11838, 2013.
• Toohey, M., K. Krüger, C. Timmreck, Volcanic sulfate deposition to Greenland and Antarctica: a modeling sensitivity study, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 4788-4800, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50428, 2013.
• Kutterolf, S, T. Hansteen, K. Appel, A. Freundt, K. Krüger, W. Peréz, H. Wehrmann, The combined Bromine and Chlorine release from large explosive volcanic eruptions: a threat to stratospheric ozone?, GEOLOGY, 41(6); 707–710, doi: 10.1130/G34044.1, 2013.
• Charlton-Perez, A., M. P. Baldwin, T. Birner, Robert X. Black, A. H. Butler, N. Calvo, N. A. Davis, E. P. Gerber, N. Gillett, S. Hardiman, J. Kim, K. Krüger, Y. Lee, E. Manzini, B. A. McDaniel, L. Polvani, T. Reichler, T. A. Shaw, M. Sigmond, S. Son, M. Toohey, L. Wilcox, S. Yoden, B. Christiansen, F. Lott, D. Shindell, S. Yukimoto and S. Watanabeet, On the lack of stratospheric dynamical variability in low-top versions of the CMIP5 models, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 2494–2505, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50125, 2013.
• Tegtmeier, S., K. Krüger, B. Quack, E. L. Atlas, I. Pisso, A. Stohl, and X. Yang, Emission and transport of bromocarbons: from the West Pacific ocean into the stratosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 10633-10648, 2012.
• Bancalà, S., K. Krüger, M. Giorgetta, The Preconditioning of Major Sudden Stratospheric Warmings, JGR, 117, 12pp, D04101, 2012.
• Levermann, A., J.Bamber, S.Drijfhout, A.Ganopolski, W.Haeberli, N.R.P.Harris, M.Huss, K. Krüger, T. Lenton, R.W. Lindsay, D.Notz, P.Wadhams, S.Weber, Potential climatic transitions with profound impact on Europe - Review of the current state of six 'tipping elements of the climate system', Climatic Change, 110 (3-4), 845-878, 2012.
•  Toohey, M., K. Krüger, U. Niemeyer, C. Timmreck, The influence of eruption season on the global aerosol evolution and radiative impact of tropical volcanic eruptions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 12351-12367, 2011.
• Timmreck, C., H. Graf, D. Zanchettin, S. Hagemann, T. Kleinen, K. Krüger, Climate response to the Toba super-eruption: regional changes, Quarternary International, doi:10.1016/ j.quaint.2011.10.008, 2011.
• Zanchettin, D., C. Timmreck, H. Graf, A. Rubino, S. Lorenz, K. Lohmann, K. Krüger, J. Jungclaus, Bi-decadal variability excited in the coupled ocean-atmosphere system by strong tropical volcanic eruptions, Climate Dynamics, doi:10.1007/s0038201111671, 2011.
• Butchart, N., Charlton-Perez, A.J., Cionni, I., Hardiman, S.C., Haynes, P., Krüger, K. et al., Multi-model climate and variability of the stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., D05102, doi:10.1029/2010JD014995, 2011.
• Montzka, S., Reimann, S., O'Doherty, S., Engel, A., Krüger, K., Sturges, W.T., Chapter1: Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODSs) and Related Chemicals, "Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2010," World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, P. 112, 2011.
• Butchart, N, A. Charlton-Perez, I., Cionni , S.C., Hardiman, Krüger, K. et al., Chapter 4: Stratospheric Dynamics (SPARC CCMVal Report on the Evaluation of Chemistry-Climate Models), SPARC No. 5, WCRP-132, WMO/TD-No. 1526, P. 109-148, 2010.
• Krüger, K., S. Tegtmeier, M. Rex, Variability of residence time in the Tropical Tropopause Layer during Northern Hemisphere winter, Atmos. Chem. Phys.,  9, 6717-6725, 2009.
• Manney, G.L., M. Schwartz, K. Krüger, M. Santee, S. Pawson, J. Lee, W. Daffer, R. Fuller, N. Livesey, Aura Microwave Limb Sounder Observations of Dynamics and Transport during the record-breaking 2009 Arctic stratospheric Major Warming, GRL, 36, L12815, doi:10.1029/2009GL038586, 2009.
• Immler, F., K. Krüger, M. Fujiwara, Ge Verver, M. Rex, and O. Schrems, Correlation between equatorial Kelvin waves and the occurrence of extremely thin ice clouds at the tropical tropopause, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4019-4026, 2008.
• Tegtmeier, S., M. Rex, I. Wohltmann, K. Krüger, Relative importance of dynamical and chemical contributions to Arctic winter time ozone, Geophys. Res. Lett., L17801, doi:10.1029/2008GL034250, 2008.
• Tegtmeier, S., K. Krüger, I. Wohltmann, K. Schöllhammer, M. Rex, Variations of the residual circulation in the northern hemispheric winter, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D16109, doi:10.1029/2007JD009518, 2008.
• Schwartz, M. and Coauthors, Validation of the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder Temperature and Geopotential Height Measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D15S11, doi:10.1029/2007JD008783, 2008.
• Manney, G.L., K. Krüger, S. Pawson, M. Schwartz, W. Daffer, N. Livesey, M. Mlynczak, E. Remsberg, J. Russell III, and J. Waters, The evolution of the stratopause during the 2006 major warming: Satellite data and assimilated meteorological analyses,
  J. Geophys. Res., 113, D11115, doi:10.1029/2007JD009097, 2008.
• Immler, F., R. Treffeisen, D. Engelbart, K. Krüger, and O. Schrems, Cirrus, contrails, and ice supersaturated regions in high pressure systems at northern mid latitudes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1689-1699, 2008.
• Krüger, K., S. Tegtmeier, and M. Rex, Long-term climatology of air mass transport through the Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL) during NH winter, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 813-823, 2008.
• Manney, G.L., W. Daffer, K. Strawbridge, K. Walker, C. Boone, P. Bernath, T. Kerzenmacher, M. Schwartz, K. Strong, R. Sica, K. Krüger, H. Pumphrey, L. Froidevaux, A. Lambert, M. Santee, N. Livesey, E. Remsberg, M. Mlynczak, and J. Russell III, The High Arctic in Extreme Winters: Vortex, Temperature, and MLS and ACE-FTS Trace Gas Evolution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 505-5022, 2008.
• Immler, F., K. Krüger, S. Tegtmeier, M. Fujiwara, P. Fortuin, G. Verver, O. Schrems, Cirrus clouds, humidity, and dehydration in the tropical tropopause layer observed at Paramaribo/Suriname (5.8°N, 55.2°W), J. Geophys. Res., 112, D03209, doi:10.1029/ 2006JD007440, 2007.
• Stick, C., K. Krüger, N.H. Schade, H. Sandmann, A. Macke, Episode of unusual high solar ultraviolet radiation over central Europe due to dynamical reduced total ozone in May 2005, ,Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1771-1776, 2006.
• Krüger, K., B. Naujokat, and K. Labitzke, The unusual midwinter warming in the southern hemisphere stratosphere 2002: a comparison to northern hemisphere phenomena, J. Atmos. Soc., 62 (3), 603-613, 2005.
• Krüger, K., U. Langematz, J.L. Grenfell, and K. Labitzke, Climatological features of stratospheric streamers in the FUB-CMAM with increased horizontal resolution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 547-562, 2005.
• Manney, G.L., K. Krüger, J.L. Sabutis, S.A. Sena, and S. Pawson, The remarkable 2003-2004 winter and other recent warm winters in the Arctic stratosphere since the late 1990s, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D04107, doi:10.1029/ 2004JD005367, 2005.
• Manney, G.L., D.R. Allen, K. Krüger, J.L. Sabutis, S. Pawson, R. Swinbank, C.E. Randall, A.J. Simmons, and C. Long, Diagnostic comparison of meteorological analyses during the 2002 Antarctic winter, Mon. Weather Rev., 133, 1261-1278, 2005.
• Manzini, E., B. Steil, C. Brühl, M.A. Giorgetta, and K. Krüger, A new interactive chemistry climate model. II: Sensitivity of the middle atmosphere to ozone depletion and increase in greenhouse gases: Implications for recent stratospheric cooling, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D14),4429, doi:10.1029/2002JD002977, 2003.
• Steil, B., C. Brühl, E. Manzini, P.J. Crutzen, J. Lelieveld, P.J. Rasch, E. Roeckner, and K. Krüger, A new interactive chemistry climate model. I: Present day climatology and interannual variability of the middle atmosphere using the model and 9 years of HALOE/UARS data, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D9), 4290, doi:10.1029/2002JD002971, 2003.
• Langematz, U., M. Kunze, K. Krüger, K. Labitzke, and G. Roff, Thermal and dynamical changes of the stratosphere since 1979 and their link to ozone and CO₂ changes, J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 108(D1), 4027, doi:10.1029/2002JD002069, 2003.
• Naujokat, B., K. Krüger, K. Matthes, J. Hoffmann, M. Kunze, and K. Labitzke, The early major warming in December 2001 - exceptional? Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol 29(21), 2023, doi: 10.1029/2002GL015316, 2002.
• Krüger, K, Untersuchung von Transportprozessen in der Stratosphäre: Simulationen mit einem globalen Zirkulationsmodell
  "Investigation of transport processes in the stratosphere: simulations with a general circulation model", PhD thesis, Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Freie Universität Berlin, P. 161, May 2002.
• Pawson, S., K. Krüger, R. Swinbank, M. Bailey, and A. O'Neill, Intercomparison of two stratospheric analyses: Temperatures relevant to polar stratospheric cloud formation, J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 104, 2041-2050, 1999.
• von Zahn, U., J.Fiedler, B.Naujokat, U.Langematz, and K.Krüger, A note on record-high temperatures at the northern polar stratosphere in winter 1997/98, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, No. 22, 4169-4172, 1998.
• Krüger, K., Vergleich planetarischer Wellen in zwei unabhängigen Datensätzen der mittleren Stratosphäre, Diplom thesis, Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Freie Universität Berlin, PP. 86., 1997.
• Krüger, K., S. Pawson, R. Swinbank, M.J. Bailey, and A. O'Neill, Comparison of the middle stratosphere in two independent data sets, Proc. First SPARC General Assembly, Melbourne, Vol. I, 133 - 136, 1997.

Books, reports:

• Krüger, K., Quack, B. and Marandino, C., eds., RV SONNE Fahrtbericht / Cruise Report SO234-2, 08.-20.07.2014, Durban, South Africa - Port Louis, Mauritius - SPACES OASIS Indian Ocean, GEOMAR Report, N. Ser. 020. GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany, 87 pp. DOI 10.3289, 2014.
• Krüger, K., Quack, B. and Marandino, C., eds., RV SONNE Fahrtbericht / Cruise Report SO235, 23.07.-07.08.2014, Port Louis, Mauritius to Malé, Maldives GEOMAR Report, N. Ser. 021. GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany, 65 pp. DOI 10.3289, 2014.
• Sarah Zierul and Kirstin Krüger, "Climate – The year without summer“, Contribution to the book: Taking the earth’s pulse – Understanding Natural disasters, ed. by Linke, P., Zierul, S., Friedländer, B. und Grundmann, B. Wachholtz, Neumünster, 197 pp, 2013.
• Quack, Birgit und Krüger, Kirstin, eds . RV SONNE Fahrtbericht / Cruise Report SO218 SHIVA 15.-29.11.2011 Singapore - Manila, Philippines Stratospheric Ozone: Halogens in a Varying Atmosphere Part 1: SO218- SHIVA Summary Report (in German) Part 2: SO218- SHIVA English reports of participating groups GEOMAR Report, N. Ser. 012 . GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung, Kiel, Germany, 112 pp. DOI 10.3289/GEOMAR_REP_NS_12_2013, 2013.
• Sarah Zierul und Kirstin Krüger, "Klima - Das Jahr ohne Sommer", Beitrag zum Buch "Am Puls der Erde - Naturkatastrophen verstehen", Herausgeber: P. Linke, S. Zierul, B. Friedländer, B. Grundmann, Wachholtz Verlag, Seiten 154-171, 2012.
• Birgit Quack und Kirstin Krüger, FS Sonne Fahrtbericht TransBrom SONNE, Berichte aus dem Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Nr. 37, 86PP., February 2010.
• Keenlyside, N., N.Omrani, K.Krüger, M.Latif and A.Scaife, Decadal predictability: How might the stratosphere be involved? SPARC Newsletter 31, 23-27, 2008.

• Toohey, Matthew; Krüger, Kirstin; Schmidt, Hauke; Timmreck, Claudia; Sigl, Michael; Stoffel, Markus & Wilson, Rob (2019). Disproportionately strong climate forcing from extratropical explosive volcanic eruptions. Nature Geoscience.  ISSN 1752-0894.  12, s 100- 107 . doi: 10.1038/s41561-018-0286-2 Show summary

  Extratropical volcanic eruptions are commonly thought to be less effective at driving large-scale surface cooling than tropical eruptions. However, recent minor extratropical eruptions have produced a measurable climate impact, and proxy records suggest that the most extreme Northern Hemisphere cold period of the Common Era was initiated by an extratropical eruption in 536 ce. Using ice-core-derived volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and Northern Hemisphere summer temperature reconstructions from tree rings, we show here that in proportion to their estimated stratospheric sulfur injection, extratropical explosive eruptions since 750 ce have produced stronger hemispheric cooling than tropical eruptions. Stratospheric aerosol simulations demonstrate that for eruptions with a sulfur injection magnitude and height equal to that of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption, extratropical eruptions produce time-integrated radiative forcing anomalies over the Northern Hemisphere extratropics up to 80% greater than tropical eruptions, as decreases in aerosol lifetime are overwhelmed by the enhanced radiative impact associated with the relative confinement of aerosol to a single hemisphere. The model results are consistent with the temperature reconstructions, and elucidate how the radiative forcing produced by extratropical eruptions is strongly dependent on the eruption season and sulfur injection height within the stratosphere.

• Fiehn, Alina; Quack, Birgit; Marandino, Christa A. & Krüger, Kirstin (2018). Transport Variability of Very Short Lived Substances From the West Indian Ocean to the Stratosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics.  ISSN 2169-9380.  123(10), s 5720- 5738 . doi: 10.1029/2017JD027563 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  Halogen- and sulfur-containing compounds are supersaturated in the surface ocean, which results in their emission to the atmosphere. These compounds can be transported to the stratosphere, where they impact ozone, the background aerosol layer, and climate. In this study we calculate the seasonal and interannual variability of transport from the West Indian Ocean (WIO) surface to the stratosphere for 2000–2016 with the Lagrangian transport model FLEXPART using ERA-Interim meteorological fields. We investigate the transport relevant for very short lived substances (VSLS) with tropospheric lifetimes corresponding to dimethylsulfide (1 day), methyl iodide (CH3I, 3.5 days), bromoform (CHBr3, 17 days), and dibromomethane (CH2Br2, 150 days). The stratospheric source gas injection of VSLS tracers from the WIO shows a distinct annual cycle associated with the Asian monsoon. Over the 16-year time series, a slight increase in source gas injection from the WIO to the stratosphere is found for all VSLS tracers and during all seasons. The interannual variability shows a relationship with sea surface temperatures in the WIO as well as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation. During boreal spring of El Niño, enhanced stratospheric injection of VSLS from the tropical WIO is caused by positive sea surface temperature anomalies and enhanced vertical uplift above the WIO. During boreal fall of La Niña, strong injection is related to enhanced atmospheric upward motion over the East Indian Ocean and a prolonged Indian summer monsoon season. Related physical mechanisms and uncertainties are discussed in this study. 1.

• Fiehn, Alina; Quack, Birgit; Stemmler, Irene; Ziska, Franziska & Krüger, Kirstin (2018). Importance of seasonally resolved oceanic emissions for bromoform delivery from the tropical Indian Ocean and west Pacific to the stratosphere. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.  ISSN 1680-7316.  18(16), s 11973- 11990 . doi: 10.5194/acp-18-11973-2018 Show summary

  Oceanic very short-lived substances (VSLSs), such as bromoform (CHBr3), contribute to stratospheric halogen loading and, thus, to ozone depletion. However, the amount, timing, and region of bromine delivery to the stratosphere through one of the main entrance gates, the Indian summer monsoon circulation, are still uncertain. In this study, we created two bromoform emission inventories with monthly resolution for the tropical Indian Ocean and west Pacific based on new in situ bromoform measurements and novel ocean biogeochemistry modeling. The mass transport and atmospheric mixing ratios of bromoform were modeled for the year 2014 with the particle dispersion model FLEXPART driven by ERA-Interim reanalysis.We compare results between two emission scenarios: (1) monthly averaged and (2) annually averaged emissions. Both simulations reproduce the atmospheric distribution of bromoform from ship- and aircraft-based observations in the boundary layer and upper troposphere above the Indian Ocean reasonably well. Using monthly resolved emissions, the main oceanic source regions for the stratosphere include the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal in boreal summer and the tropical west Pacific Ocean in boreal winter. The main stratospheric injection in boreal summer occurs over the southern tip of India associated with the high local oceanic sources and strong convection of the summer monsoon. In boreal winter more bromoform is entrained over the west Pacific than over the Indian Ocean. The annually averaged stratospheric injection of bromoform is in the same range whether using monthly averaged or annually averaged emissions in our Lagrangian calculations. However, monthly averaged emissions result in the highest mixing ratios within the Asian monsoon anticyclone in boreal summer and above the central Indian Ocean in boreal winter, while annually averaged emissions display a maximum above the west Indian Ocean in boreal spring. In the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone bromoform atmospheric mixing ratios vary by up to 50% between using monthly averaged and annually averaged oceanic emissions. Our results underline that the seasonal and regional stratospheric bromine injection from the tropical Indian Ocean and west Pacific critically depend on the seasonality and spatial distribution of the VSLS emissions.

• Vogel, Andreas; Durant, Adam; Cassiani, Massimo; Clarkson, Rory J.; Slaby, Michal; Diplas, Spyridon; Krüger, Kirstin & Stohl, Andreas (2018). Simulation of volcanic ash ingestion into a large aero engine: particle–fan interactions. Journal of turbomachinery.  ISSN 0889-504X.  141(1) . doi: 10.1115/1.4041464 Show summary

  Volcanic ash (VA) clouds in flight corridors present a significant threat to aircraft operations as VA particles can cause damage to gas turbine engine components that lead to a reduction of engine performance and compromise flight safety. In the last decade, research has mainly focused on processes such as erosion of compressor blades and static components caused by impinging ash particles as well as clogging and/or corrosion effects of soft or molten ash particles on hot section turbine airfoils and components. However, there is a lack of information on how the fan separates ingested VA particles from the core stream flow into the bypass flow and therefore influences the mass concentration inside the engine core section, which is most vulnerable and critical for safety. In this numerical simulation study, we investigated the VA particle–fan interactions and resulting reductions in particle mass concentrations entering the engine core section as a function of particle size, fan rotation rate, and for two different flight altitudes. For this, we used a high-bypass gas-turbine engine design, with representative intake, fan, spinner, and splitter geometries for numerical computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations including a Lagrangian particle-tracking algorithm. Our results reveal that particle–fan interactions redirect particles from the core stream flow into the bypass stream tube, which leads to a significant particle mass concentration reduction inside the engine core section. The results also show that the particle–fan interactions increase with increasing fan rotation rates and VA particle size. Depending on ingested VA size distributions, the particle mass inside the engine core flow can be up to 30% reduced compared to the incoming particle mass flow. The presented results enable future calculations of effective core flow exposure or dosages based on simulated or observed atmospheric VA particle size distribution, which is required to quantify engine failure mechanisms after exposure to VA. As an example, we applied our methodology to a recent aircraft encounter during the Mt. Kelud 2014 eruption. Based on ambient VA concentrations simulated with an atmospheric particle dispersion model (FLEXPART), we calculated the effective particle mass concentration inside the core stream flow along the actual flight track and compared it with the whole engine exposure.

• Zavarsky, Alex; Booge, Dennis; Fiehn, Alina; Krüger, Kirstin; Atlas, Elliot & Marandino, Christa (2018). The influence of air-sea fluxes on atmospheric aerosols during the summer monsoon over the Indian Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters.  ISSN 0094-8276.  45(1), s 418- 426 . doi: 10.1002/2017GL076410
• Fiehn, Alina; Quack, Birgit; Hepach, Helmke; Fuhlbrugge, Steffen; Tegtmeier, Susann; Toohey, Matthew; Atlas, Elliot L & Krüger, Kirstin (2017). Delivery of halogenated very short-lived substances from the west Indian Ocean to the stratosphere during the Asian summer monsoon. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.  ISSN 1680-7316.  17, s 6723- 6741 . doi: 10.5194/acp-17-6723-2017 Show summary

  Halogenated very short-lived substances (VSLS) are naturally produced in the ocean and emitted to the atmosphere. When transported to the stratosphere, these compounds can have a significant influence on the ozone layer and climate. During a research cruise on RV Sonne in the subtropical and tropical West Indian Ocean in July and August 2014, we measured the VSLS, methyl iodide (CH3I) and for the first time bromoform (CHBr3) and dibromomethane (CH2Br2), in surface seawater and the marine atmosphere to derive their emission strengths. Using the Lagrangian transport model Flexpart with ERA-Interim meteorological fields, we calculated the direct contribution of observed VSLS emissions to the stratospheric halogen burden during Asian summer monsoon. Furthermore, we compare the in situ calculations with the interannual variability of transport from a larger area of the West Indian Ocean surface to the stratosphere for July 2000-2015. We found that the West Indian Ocean is a strong source region for CHBr3 (910 pmol m 2 h 1), very strong for CH2Br2 (930 pmol m 2 h 1), and average for CH3I (460 pmol m 2 h 1). The atmospheric transport from the tropical West Indian Ocean surface to the stratosphere experiences two main pathways. On very short timescales, especially relevant for the shortest-lived compound CH3I (3.5 days lifetime), convection above the Indian Ocean lifts oceanic air masses and VSLS towards the tropopause. On a longer timescale, the Asian summer monsoon circulation transports oceanic VSLS towards India and Bay of Bengal, where they are lifted with the monsoon convection and reach stratospheric levels in the southeastern part of the Asian monsoon anticyclone. This transport pathway is more important for the longer-lived brominated compounds (17 and 150 days lifetime for CHBr3 and CH2Br2). The entrainment of CHBr3 and CH3I from the West Indian Ocean to the stratosphere during Asian summer monsoon is less than from previous cruises in the tropical West Pacific Ocean during boreal autumn/early winter, but higher than from the tropical Atlantic during boreal summer. In contrast, the projected CH2Br2 entrainment was very high because of the high emissions during the West Indian Ocean cruise. The 16-year July time series shows highest interannual variability for the short-lived CH3I and lowest for the long lived CH2Br2. During this time period, a small increase of VSLS entrainment from the West Indian Ocean through the Asian monsoon to the stratosphere is found. Overall, this study confirms that the subtropical and tropical West Indian Ocean is an important source region of halogenated VSLS, especially CH2Br2, to the troposphere and stratosphere during the Asian summer monsoon.

• Fujiwara, Masatomo; Wright, Jonathon S.; Manney, Gloria L.; Gray, Lesley J.; Anstey, James; Birner, Thomas; Davis, Sean; Gerber, Edwin P.; Harvey, V. Lynn; Hegglin, Michaela I.; Homeyer, Cameron R.; Knox, John A.; Krüger, Kirstin; Lambert, Alyn; Long, Craig S.; Martineau, Patrick; Molod, Andrea; Monge-Sanz, Beatriz M.; Santee, Michelle L.; Tegtmeier, Susann; Chabrillat, Simon; Tan, David G.H.; Jackson, David R.; Polavarapu, Saroja; Compo, Gilbert P.; Dragani, Rossana; Ebisuzaki, Wesley; Harada, Yayoi; Kobayashi, Chiaki; McCarty, Will; Onogi, Kazutoshi; Pawson, Steven; Simmons, Adrian; Wargan, Krzysztof; Whitaker, Jeffrey S. & Zou, Cheng-Zhi (2017). Introduction to the SPARC Reanalysis Intercomparison Project (S-RIP) and overview of the reanalysis systems. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.  ISSN 1680-7316.  17(2), s 1417- 1452 . doi: 10.5194/acp-17-1417-2017 Full text in Research Archive.
• Schlundt, Cathleen; Tegtmeier, Susann; Lennartz, Sinikka T.; Bracher, Astrid; Cheah, Wee; Krüger, Kirstin; Quack, Birgit & Marandino, Christa A. (2017). Oxygenated volatile organic carbon in the western Pacific convective center: Ocean cycling, air-sea gas exchange and atmospheric transport. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.  ISSN 1680-7316.  17(17), s 10837- 10854 . doi: 10.5194/acp-17-10837-2017 Full text in Research Archive.
• Vogel, Andreas; Diplas, Spyridon; Durant, Adam; S. Azar, Amin; Sunding, Martin Fleissner; Rose, William I.; Sytchkova, Anna Krasilnikova; Bonadonna, Costanza; Krüger, Kirstin & Stohl, Andreas (2017). Reference data set of volcanic ash physicochemical and optical properties. Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres.  ISSN 2169-897X.  122(17), s 9485- 9514 . doi: 10.1002/2016JD026328 Full text in Research Archive.
• Bittner, Matthias; Timmreck, Claudia; Schmidt, Hauke; Toohey, Matthew & Krüger, Kirstin (2016). The impact of wave-mean flow interaction on the Northern Hemisphere polar vortex after tropical volcanic eruptions. Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres.  ISSN 2169-897X.  121(10), s 5281- 5297 . doi: 10.1002/2015JD024603
• Fuhlbrugge, Steffen; Quack, Birgit; Atlas, Elliot; Fiehn, Alina; Hepach, Helmke & Krüger, Kirstin (2016). Meteorological constraints on oceanic halocarbons above the Peruvian upwelling. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.  ISSN 1680-7316.  16(18), s 12205- 12217 . doi: 10.5194/acp-16-12205-2016
• Fuhlbrugge, Steffen; Quack, Birgit; Tegtmeier, Susann; Atlas, Elliot; Hepach, Helmke; Shi, Qiang; Raimund, Stefan & Krüger, Kirstin (2016). The contribution of oceanic halocarbons to marine and free tropospheric air over the tropical West Pacific. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.  ISSN 1680-7316.  16(12), s 7569- 7585 . doi: 10.5194/acp-16-7569-2016
• Hepach, Helmke; Quack, Birgit; Tegtmeier, Susann; Engel, Anja; Bracher, Astrid; Fuhlbrugge, Steffen; Galgani, Luisa; Atlas, Elliot L; Lampel, Johannes; Frieß, Udo & Krüger, Kirstin (2016). Biogenic halocarbons from the Peruvian upwelling region as tropospheric halogen source. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.  ISSN 1680-7316.  16(18), s 12219- 12237 . doi: 10.5194/acp-16-12219-2016
• Hossaini, R*; Patra, P.K.; Leeson, AA; Krysztofiak, G.; Abraham, NL; Andrews, SJ; Archibald, A.T.; Aschmann, J; Atlas, E.L.; Belikov, DA; Bönisch, H.; Carpenter, LJ; Dhomse, S.; Dorf, M; Engel, A.; Feng, W.; Fuhlbrügge, S.; Griffiths, PT; Harris, N. R. P.; Hommel, R; Keber, T.; Krüger, Kirstin; Lennartz, ST; Maksyutov, S.; Mantle, H; Mills, GP; Miller, B; Montzka, SA; Moore, F.; Navarro, MA; Oram, DE; Pfeilsticker, K.; Pyle, JA; Quack, B; Robinson, A.D.; Saikawa, E.; Saiz-Lopez, A; Sala, S; Sinnhuber, BM; Taguchi, S; Tegtmeier, S.; Lidster, RT; Wilson, C & Ziska, F. (2016). A multi-model intercomparison of halogenated very short-lived substances (TransCom-VSLS): Linking oceanic emissions and tropospheric transport for a reconciled estimate of the stratospheric source gas injection of bromine. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.  ISSN 1680-7316.  16(14), s 9163- 9187 . doi: 10.5194/acp-16-9163-2016
• Toohey, Matthew; Krüger, Kirstin; Sigl, Michael; Stordal, Frode & Svensen, Henrik (2016). Climatic and societal impacts of a volcanic double event at the dawn of the Middle Ages. Climatic Change.  ISSN 0165-0009.  136(3), s 401- 412 . doi: 10.1007/s10584-016-1648-7
• Ziska, Franziska; Quack, Birgit; Tegtmeier, Susann; Stemmler, Irene & Krüger, Kirstin (2016). Future emissions of marine halogenated very-short lived substances under climate change. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry.  ISSN 0167-7764. . doi: 10.1007/s10874-016-9355-3
• Krüger, Kirstin; Kutterolf, Steffen & Hansteen, Thor H. (2015). Halogen release from Plinian eruptions and depletion of stratospheric ozone, In Anja Schmidt; Kirsten Fristad & Linda T. Elkins-Tanton (ed.),  Volcanism and global environmental change.  Cambridge University Press.  ISBN 9781107058378.  16.  s 244 - 259
• Lennartz, ST; Krysztofiak, G.; Marandino, C.A.; Sinnhuber, BM; Tegtmeier, S.; Ziska, F.; Hossaini, R.; Krüger, Kirstin; Montzka, SA; Atlas, E.; Oram, DE; Keber, T.; Bönisch, H. & Quack, B (2015). Modelling marine emissions and atmospheric distributions of halocarbons and dimethyl sulfide: The influence of prescribed water concentration vs. prescribed emissions. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.  ISSN 1680-7316.  15(20), s 11753- 11772 . doi: 10.5194/acp-15-11753-2015
• Tegtmeier, S.; Ziska, Franziska; Pisso, Ignacio; Quack, B; Velders, G. J. M.; Yang, X. & Krüger, Kirstin (2015). Oceanic bromoform emissions weighted by their ozone depletion potential. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.  ISSN 1680-7316.  15(23), s 13647- 13663 . doi: 10.5194/acp-15-13647-2015 Full text in Research Archive.
• Hepach, Helmke; Quack, Birgit; Ziska, F.; Fuhlbrügge, S.; Atlas, Elliot; Krüger, Kirstin; Peeken, Ilka & Wallace, Douglas W.R. (2014). Drivers of diel and regional variations of halocarbon emissions from the tropical North East Atlantic. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.  ISSN 1680-7316.  14(3), s 1255- 1275 . doi: 10.5194/acp-14-1255-2014
• Rex, M.; Wohltmann, I.; Ridder, T; Lehmann, R; Rosenlof, Karen H.; Wennberg, P; Weisenstein, D; Notholt, J; Krüger, Kirstin; Mohr, V & Tegtmeier, S. (2014). A tropical West Pacific OH minimum and implications for stratospheric composition. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.  ISSN 1680-7316.  14(9), s 4827- 4841 . doi: 10.5194/acp-14-4827-2014
• Sigl, M; McConnell, Joseph R.; Toohey, Matthew; Curran, Mark A.J.; Das, Sarah B.; Edwards, Ross; Isaksson, Elisabeth; Kawamura, Kenji; Kipfstuhl, Sepp; Krüger, Kirstin; Layman, Lawrence; Maselli, Olivia J.; Motizuki, Yuko; Motoyama, H; Pasteris, Daniel & Severi, M (2014). Insights from Antarctica on volcanic forcing during the common era. Nature Climate Change.  ISSN 1758-678X.  4(8), s 693- 697 . doi: 10.1038/nclimate2293
• Toohey, Matthew; Krüger, Kirstin; Bittner, Matthias; Timmreck, Claudia & Schmidt, Hauke (2014). The impact of volcanic aerosol on the Northern Hemisphere stratospheric polar vortex: mechanisms and sensitivity to forcing structure. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.  ISSN 1680-7316.  14, s 13063- 13079 . doi: 10.5194/acp-14-13063-2014
• Hossaini, R*; et al., , & Krüger, Kirstin (2013). Evaluating global emission inventories of biogenic bromocarbons. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.  ISSN 1680-7316.  13, s 11819- 11838 . doi: 10.5194/acp-13-11819-2013
• Tegtmeier, S.; Krüger, Kirstin & et al., , (2013). The contribution of oceanic methyl iodide to stratospheric iodine. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.  ISSN 1680-7316.  13, s 11869- 11886 . doi: 10.5194/acp-13-11869-2013
• Toohey, M*; Hegglin, M. I.; Tegtmeier, S.; Anderson, J; Anel, J.A.; Bourassa, A. & Krüger, Kirstin (2013). Characterizing sampling biases in the trace gas climatologies of the SPARC Data Initiative. Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres.  ISSN 2169-897X.  118(20), s 11,847- 11,862 . doi: 10.1002/jgrd.50874

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• Krüger, Kirstin & Bajard, Manon Julietto Andree (2019). Volcanic Eruptions and their Impacts on Climate, Environment, and Viking Society in 500-1250 CE.
• Brenna, Hans; Kutterolf, Steffen & Krüger, Kirstin (2018). Global ozone depletion and increase of UV radiation caused by pre-industrial tropical volcanic eruptions. Show summary

  Abstract Large explosive tropical volcanic eruptions inject significant amounts of gases into the stratosphere, where they disperse globally through the large-scale meridional circulation. Halogens from tropical eruptions have been thought to be negligible based on observations of the largest eruptions of the satellite era, and thus most studies focus on sulfuric acid aerosols. More recent observations and plume modeling indicate that explosive volcanism can be a big source of halogens to the stratosphere. Here, we present the first study, based on observations, of sulfur, chlorine and bromine releases from tropical volcanic eruptions from the Central American Volcanic Arc over the last 200 ka combined with state-of-the-art coupled chemistry climate model simulations using CESM1(WACCM). The simulations reveal global, long-lasting impact on the ozone layer affecting atmospheric composition and circulation for a decade. Column ozone drops below 220 DU (ozone hole conditions) in the tropics, Arctic and Antarctica, increasing biologically active UV by 80 to 400%. Given the current decline in anthropogenic chlorine, halogen and sulfur rich explosive tropical eruptions may become the major threat to the future ozone layer.

• Brenna, Hans; Kutterolf, Steffen; Mills, Michael J & Krüger, Kirstin (2018). Are we ready for the next big sulfur-and-halogen-rich eruption in the tropics?. Show summary

  Large Plinian volcanic eruptions inject large amounts of gases (e.g. S, Cl, Br) and solid particles into the stratosphere. If the eruption occurs in the tropics, it can have a global impact due to the dispersal through the large scale meridional overturning circulation. Previous modeling studies mainly concentrate on the sulfate aerosol effects on climate and ozone. In contrast, the role of volcanic halogens from tropical eruptions is believed to play an insignificant role for the global atmosphere, based on observations from the 1982 El Chichón and 1991 Pinatubo eruptions. New measurements regarding the halogen release by paleo Plinian eruptions (Kutterolf et al. 2015), as well as recent volcanic plume observations and model simulations facilitate our investigation into what effect the combined sulfur, chlorine and bromine emissions from large tropical eruptions have on ozone and the atmosphere in general. The post-Pinatubo period has been volcanically relatively quiet. This means that there are few well-observed large eruptions that can be used as input to modeling studies. Using the large and almost complete eruptive data set from the Central American Volcanic Arc (CAVA) of the last 200 ka, we can construct well constrained input-values to chemistry-climate model simulations. This past record suggests that a future Plinian CAVA eruption will release large amounts of sulfur and halogen. As the chlorine content of the atmosphere decreases during the 21th century future sulfur-and-halogen-rich eruptions will have a large impact on stratospheric ozone and climate. We will present results from the coupled chemistry climate model CESM(WACCM) of different CAVA eruption strength containing sulfur, chlorine and bromine and their impact on stratospheric ozone. We argue that if humanity wants to be prepared for the next big tropical eruption we need also take volcanic halogens into account due to their potentially large impact on stratospheric composition and chemistry.

• Brenna, Hans; Kutterolf, Steffen; Mills, Michael J & Krüger, Kirstin (2018). Atmospheric, climatic and environmental effects of the super-size Los Chocoyos eruption 84 kyrs ago. Show summary

  The Los Chocoyos eruption (Magnitude ~8, dated to 84 kyrs before present) was one of the largest volcanic eruptions during the past 100,000 years. Originating from present-day Guatemala, the eruption formed the current stage of the large Atitlán caldera. Los Chocoyos released more than ~1100 km3 of tephra and the eruption is used as a widespread stratigraphic key marker during that time. The ash layers can be found in marine deposits from offshore Ecuador to Florida over an area of more than 107 km2. Using the new erupted magma mass from Kutterolf et al (2016) and recent volatile measurements (Metzner et al 2014, Krüger et al 2015, Kutterolf et al 2015) we estimate that the Los Chocoyos eruption released >1045 Mt SO2, ~1200 megatons of chlorine, and ~2 megatons of bromine, which classifies it as a super-size eruption. Considering these volatile emissions, the eruption must have caused massive effects on the atmosphere, climate and environment at that time, e.g. pronounced and long lasting ozone depletion with impacts on surface ultraviolet radiation. We will present results of the impact of volatile injections from the super-size Los Chocoyos eruption on atmospheric composition, chemistry and radiation. We will use the newly developed coupled chemistry climate model CESM2(WACCM) taking the combined effect of both sulfur and halogen interactively into account. The model results will be compared with a sulfur-rich only volcanic eruption. The analysis will focus in particular on halogen and ozone chemistry, radiation, atmospheric circulation and surface climate changes.

• Fiehn, Alina; Krüger, Kirstin; Stemmler, Irene; Quack, Birgit & Ziska, Franziska (2018). Importance of seasonally resolved oceanic emissions for bromoform delivery to the stratosphere through the Asian monsoon. Show summary

  Very short-lived substances (VSLS) of marine origin, such as bromoform (CHBr3), contribute to stratospheric bromine loading and, thus, to ozone depletion. However, amount, timing, and region of bromine delivery to the stratosphere through one of the main entrance gates, the Asian monsoon circulation, are still uncertain. The atmospheric distribution of bromoform and its delivery to the stratosphere have been the topic of several chemistry transport and chemistry climate modeling studies, but only few studies considered seasonally varying surface water concentrations or emissions in their model simulations. In this study, we create two bromoform emission inventories with monthly resolution for the tropical Indian Ocean and West Pacific based on new in situ bromoform measurements in the tropical West Indian Ocean (Fiehn et al., 2017) incorporated into the observation based climatology (Ziska et al., 2013), and the ocean biogeochemistry modeling (Stemmler et al., 2015) of bromoform. Mass transport and atmospheric mixing ratios of bromoform are simulated for the year 2014 with the particle dispersion model FLEXPART driven by ERA-Interim reanalysis. Model experiments are performed with two emission scenarios: (1) monthly varying emissions and (2) constant emissions over the whole year. We compare these model results with ship- and aircraft-based observations in the boundary layer and upper troposphere lower stratosphere. Using monthly emissions, main oceanic source regions for the stratosphere include the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal in boreal summer and the tropical west Pacific Ocean in boreal winter. The corresponding main stratospheric injection occurs over the southern tip of India in boreal summer associated with the high local oceanic sources and strong convection of the summer monsoon. The annually averaged stratospheric injection of bromoform is in the same range independent of temporal resolution of the emissions. However, monthly emissions result in highest mixing ratios within the Asian monsoon anticyclone in boreal summer and above the central Indian Ocean in boreal winter, while constant emissions show a maximum above the West Indian Ocean in boreal spring. Our results for the Asian monsoon circulation underline that the seasonal and regional stratospheric bromine injection from the tropical Indian Ocean and west Pacific critically depends on the seasonality and spatial distribution of the VSLS emissions next to the variability in the atmospheric transport. Finally, we discuss our results with respect to circulation changes of the Asian monsoon which shows an increase in bromoform delivery between 2000 and 2015.

• Krüger, Kirstin (2018). Does the ocean impact the ozone layer?. Show summary

  Natural, halogenated very short-lived substances (VSLS) with an atmospheric lifetime τ<0.5 yr play an important role in the stratospheric ozone budget besides the anthropogenic long-lived chlorine- and brominefluorocarbons. The tropical oceans are a known source of reactive iodine and bromine to the atmosphere such as the VSLS methyl iodide (CH3I), bromoform (CHBr3), and dibromomethane (CH2Br2). They contribute to the halogen loading of the stratosphere if they are transported fast enough within, i.e., deep tropical convection. The tropical West Pacific and Indian Ocean are of special interest since the oceanic compounds of the VSLS are projected to have hot spots for both their emissions and transport pathways to the stratosphere. This study will give an overview of 10 years of research work on VSLS sources in the tropical oceans and their transport pathways and contribution to the stratospheric halogen level to answer the question.

• Brenna, Hans; Krüger, Kirstin & Kutterolf, Steffen (2017). A new threat to the future ozone layer? Halogen and sulfur rich explosive eruptions in the tropics. Show summary

  Large Plinian volcanic eruptions inject large amounts of atmosphere-relevant gases (e.g. S, Cl, Br) and solid particles into the stratosphere. If the eruption occurs in the tropics, it can have a global impact due to the dispersal through the large scale meridional overturning circulation. Previous modelling studies mainly concentrate on the sulfate aerosol effects on climate and ozone. In contrast, the role of volcanic halogens from tropical eruptions is believed to play an insignificant role for the global atmosphere, based on observations from the recent El Chichon and Pinatubo eruptions. New results regarding the halogen release by paleo Plinian eruptions, as well as recent volcanic plume observations and model simulations facilitate our investigation into what effect the combined chlorine and bromine emissions from large tropical eruptions have on ozone and the atmosphere in general. Here, we present the first study of combined chlorine, bromine from a tropical halogen and sulfur rich volcanic eruption using a state-of-the-art coupled chemistry climate model. A complete halogen and sulfur data set for the last 200ka (Metzner et al, 2013; Kutterolf et al., 2013, 2015), derived by the petrological method from paleo-eruptions of the Central American Volcanic Arc (CAVA), are used to force simulations with WACCM (Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model). Using the petrological data we simulated 3 forcing scenarios: Sulfur, halogen and combined injections. The goal is to quantify the impact of volcanic halogen and sulfur on the preindustrial atmosphere when the background chlorine levels were low compared to the present day with the main focus on stratospheric ozone. We carried out 5 model simulations of each of the 3 forcing scenarios assuming that 10% of the Cl and Br emitted from the average CAVA eruption is injected into the tropical stratosphere during January. The model response reveals a global impact on the ozone layer affecting, through radiation, atmospheric circulation as well for more than 7 years. Total ozone drops below 220 DU, the present-day ozone hole threshold, in the tropics, Arctic and Antarctica. The increase in biologically active UV caused by the global ozone depletion is found to be more than 80% over much of the northern hemisphere during the first two years post eruption. Given the current decline in anthropogenic chlorine, halogen and sulfur rich explosive tropical eruption will become a major threat for the future ozone layer.

• Fiehn, Alina; Gjermo, Sarah; Fuhlbrugge, Steffen; Quack, Birgit; Marandino, Christa A.; Atlas, Elliot L & Krüger, Kirstin (2017). SO243 ASTRA-OMZ: Does ENSO influence the transport of halogenated very short-lived substances above the tropical East Pacific?.
• Fiehn, Alina & Krüger, Kirstin (2017). Transport of very short-lived substances from the Indian Ocean to the stratosphere through the Asian monsoon.
• Fiehn, Alina; Quack, Birgit; Stemmler, Irene & Krüger, Kirstin (2017). What drives the seasonal cycle of stratospheric entrainment of oceanic halogenated VSLS through the Asian monsoon?.
• Krüger, Kirstin & Gjermo, Sarah (2017). Transport of very short lived halogenated substances from the tropical East Pacific to the stratosphere and the influence of El Niño 2015/16.
• Fiehn, Alina; Hepach, Helmke; Atlas, Elliot L; Quack, Birgit; Tegtmeier, Susann & Krüger, Kirstin (2016). Transport of halogenated very short-lived substances from the Indian Ocean to the stratosphere through the Asian monsoon circulation.
• Fiehn, Alina; Hepach, Helmke; Atlas, Elliot L; Quack, Birgit; Tegtmeier, Susann & Krüger, Kirstin (2015). Transport of bromoform from the Indian Ocean to the stratosphere during Asian summer monsoon. Show summary

  Bromoform and other halogenated very short-lived substances (VSLS, atmospheric lifetime less than half a year) are naturally produced in the ocean and emitted to the atmosphere. If transported to the stratosphere, they take part in ozone depletion. The Asian summer monsoon circulation and the deep convection over India may provide an efficient pathway for compounds from the Indian Ocean. We use the Lagrangian transport model FLEXPART with ERA-Interim meteorological fields to discern transport properties during Indian summer monsoon season.

• Fiehn, Alina; Hepach, Helmke; Atlas, Elliot L; Quack, Birgit; Tegtmeier, Susann & Krüger, Kirstin (2015). Transport of halogenated VSLS from the Indian Ocean to the stratosphere through the Asian monsoon circulation.
• Fiehn, Alina; Hepach, Helmke; Atlas, Elliot L; Quack, Birgit; Tegtmeier, Susann & Krüger, Kirstin (2015). Transport of halogenated VSLS from the Indian Ocean to the stratosphere through the Asian monsoon circulation.
• Wærsted, Eivind Grøtting Grøtting & Krüger, Kirstin (2015). Timescales of surface-to-tropopause transport in the tropics, using Flexpart.

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