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• Mongillo, J.; Zedda, N.; Rinaldo, N.; Bellini, T.; Manfrinato, M.C. & Du, Z. [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2024). Differential pathogenicity and lethality of bubonic plague (1720–1945) by sex, age and place. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences. ISSN 0962-8452. 291(2027). doi: 10.1098/rspb.2024.0724. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  COVID-19 brought back to the attention of the scientific community that males are more susceptible to infectious diseases. What is clear for other infections—that sex and gender differences influence both risk of infection and mortality—is not yet fully elucidated for plague, particularly bubonic plague, although this knowledge can help find specific defences against a disease for which a vaccine is not yet available. To address this question, we analysed data on plague from hospitals in different parts of the world since the early eighteenth century, which provide demographic information on individual patients, diagnosis and course of the disease in the pre-antibiotic era. Assuming that the two sexes were equally represented, we observe a worldwide prevalence of male cases hospitalized at any age, a result which seems better explained by gender-biased (thus cultural) behaviours than biological sex-related factors. Conversely, case fatality rates differ among countries and geographic macro-areas, while globally, lethality appears slightly prevalent in young females and older adults (regardless of sex). Logistic regression models confirm that the main risk factor for bubonic plague death was the geographical location of the cases and being older than 50 years, whereas sex only showcased a slight trend.

• Stenseth, Nils Christian; Tao, Yuxin; Zhang, Chutian; Bramanti, Barbara; Büntgen, Ulf & Cong, Xianbin [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2022). No evidence for persistent natural plague reservoirs in historical and modern Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS). ISSN 0027-8424. 119(51). doi: 10.1073/pnas.2209816119. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Caused by Yersinia pestis , plague ravaged the world through three known pandemics: the First or the Justinianic (6th–8th century); the Second (beginning with the Black Death during c.1338–1353 and lasting until the 19th century); and the Third (which became global in 1894). It is debatable whether Y. pestis persisted in European wildlife reservoirs or was repeatedly introduced from outside Europe (as covered by European Union and the British Isles). Here, we analyze environmental data (soil characteristics and climate) from active Chinese plague reservoirs to assess whether such environmental conditions in Europe had ever supported “natural plague reservoirs”. We have used new statistical methods which are validated through predicting the presence of modern plague reservoirs in the western United States. We find no support for persistent natural plague reservoirs in either historical or modern Europe. Two factors make Europe unfavorable for long-term plague reservoirs: 1) Soil texture and biochemistry and 2) low rodent diversity. By comparing rodent communities in Europe with those in China and the United States, we conclude that a lack of suitable host species might be the main reason for the absence of plague reservoirs in Europe today. These findings support the hypothesis that long-term plague reservoirs did not exist in Europe and therefore question the importance of wildlife rodent species as the primary plague hosts in Europe.

• Stenseth, Nils Christian; Dean, Katharine Rose & Bramanti, Barbara (2022). The End of Plague in Europe. Centaurus. Journal of the European Society for the History of Science. ISSN 0008-8994. 64(1), p. 61–72. doi: 10.1484/J.CNT.5.130126. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  At the Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES, University of Oslo), a group of biologists has been working for decades to disentangle the complex mechanisms of plague epizootics and epidemics in places where extant wild rodent reservoirs are present. These questions have been approached through ecological and climatic studies, mathematic modeling, as well as genomics and epidemiology. In 2013-2018, the Centre hosted the ERC-project MedPlag, which explored past pandemics through the lenses of additional disciplines, like archaeogenomics (ancient DNA), anthropology, archaeology, and evolution, always against the background of historical information. Here, we reflect on the end of plague in Europe based on the most recent studies on plague carried out in these different disciplines. Plague is an epidemic-prone disease that has caused millions of deaths throughout history.1 However, plague is primarily a wildlife disease that only occasionally spills over from hosts such as wild or domestic rodents to humans, through vectors like fleas or by direct contact (Fig. 1). The ecological conditions for spill-over events are well understood, as is the distribution of plague reservoirs (that is, places where resistant rodent hosts, their associated flea vectors, and the pathogen are present at the same time and constitute a potential source of infection) on all continents besides Europe and Australia.2 Thus, to understand plague introductions and dynamics in the human environment, we need to understand the plague dynamics in wild rodents. Yet, if we question the reasons for the end of plague epidemics and pandemics, the disappearance of local natural reservoirs might not be the only cause. Although scholars have proposed that historical pandemics in Europe were maintained in a Western European reservoir that caused local outbreaks until it disappeared, we suggest here some alternative reasons for the end of the historical plague pandemics.3

• Guellil, Meriam; Rinaldo, Natascia; Zedda, Nicoletta; Kersten, Oliver; Muro, Xabier Gonzalez & Stenseth, Nils Chr. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Bioarchaeological insights into the last plague of Imola (1630–1632). Scientific Reports. 11(1), p. 1–12. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-98214-2. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract The plague of 1630–1632 was one of the deadliest plague epidemics to ever hit Northern Italy, and for many of the affected regions, it was also the last. While accounts on plague during the early 1630s in Florence and Milan are frequent, much less is known about the city of Imola. We analyzed the full skeletal assemblage of four mass graves (n = 133 individuals) at the Lazaretto dell’Osservanza, which date back to the outbreak of 1630–1632 in Imola and evaluated our results by integrating new archival sources. The skeletons showed little evidence of physical trauma and were covered by multiple layers of lime, which is characteristic for epidemic mass mortality sites. We screened 15 teeth for Yersinia pestis aDNA and were able to confirm the presence of plague in Imola via metagenomic analysis. Additionally, we studied a contemporaneous register, in which a friar recorded patient outcomes at the lazaretto during the last year of the epidemic. Our multidisciplinary approach combining historical, osteological and genomic data provided a unique opportunity to reconstruct an in-depth picture of the last plague of Imola through the city's main lazaretto.

• Bramanti, Barbara; Wu, Yarong; Yang, Ruifu; Cui, Yujun & Stenseth, Nils Christian (2021). Assessing the origins of the European Plagues following the Black Death: A synthesis of genomic, historical, and ecological information. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS). ISSN 0027-8424. 118(36), p. 1–6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2101940118. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The second plague pandemic started in Europe with the Black Death in 1346 and lasted until the 19th century. Based on ancient DNA studies, there is a scientific disagreement over whether the bacterium, Yersinia pestis , came into Europe once (Hypothesis 1) or repeatedly over the following four centuries (Hypothesis 2). Here, we synthesize the most updated phylogeny together with historical, archeological, evolutionary, and ecological information. On the basis of this holistic view, we conclude that Hypothesis 2 is the most plausible. We also suggest that Y. pestis lineages might have developed attenuated virulence during transmission, which can explain the convergent evolutionary signals, including pla decay, that appeared at the end of the pandemics.

• Guellil, Meriam; Kersten, Oliver; Namouchi, Amine; Luciani, Stefania; Marota, Isolina & Arcini, Caroline [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2020). A genomic and historical synthesis of plague in 18th century Eurasia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS). ISSN 0027-8424. 117(45), p. 28328–28335. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2009677117. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Plague continued to afflict Europe for more than five centuries after the Black Death. Yet, by the 17th century, the dynamics of plague had changed, leading to its slow decline in Western Europe over the subsequent 200 y, a period for which only one genome was previously available. Using a multidisciplinary approach, combining genomic and historical data, we assembled Y. pestis genomes from nine individuals covering four Eurasian sites and placed them into an historical context within the established phylogeny. CHE1 (Chechnya, Russia, 18th century) is now the latest Second Plague Pandemic genome and the first non-European sample in the post-Black Death lineage. Its placement in the phylogeny and our synthesis point toward the existence of an extra-European reservoir feeding plague into Western Europe in multiple waves. By considering socioeconomic, ecological, and climatic factors we highlight the importance of a noneurocentric approach for the discussion on Second Plague Pandemic dynamics in Europe.

• Xu, Lei; Stige, Leif Christian; Leirs, Herwig; Neerinckx, Simon; Gage, Kenneth L. & Yang, Ruifu [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2019). Historical and genomic data reveal the influencing factors on global transmission velocity of plague during the Third Pandemic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS). ISSN 0027-8424. 116(24), p. 11833–11838. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1901366116. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Quantitative knowledge about which natural and anthropogenic factors influence the global spread of plague remains sparse. We estimated the worldwide spreading velocity of plague during the Third Pandemic, using more than 200 years of extensive human plague case records and genomic data, and analyzed the association of spatiotemporal environmental factors with spreading velocity. Here, we show that two lineages, 2.MED and 1.ORI3, spread significantly faster than others, possibly reflecting differences among strains in transmission mechanisms and virulence. Plague spread fastest in regions with low population density and high proportion of pasture- or forestland, findings that should be taken into account for effective plague monitoring and control. Temperature exhibited a nonlinear, U-shaped association with spread speed, with a minimum around 20 °C, while precipitation showed a positive association. Our results suggest that global warming may accelerate plague spread in warm, tropical regions and that the projected increased precipitation in the Northern Hemisphere may increase plague spread in relevant regions.

• Ottoni, Claudio; Guellil, Meriam; Ozga, Andrew; Stone, Anne; Kersten, Oliver & Bramanti, Barbara [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2019). Metagenomic analysis of dental calculus in ancient Egyptian baboons. Scientific Reports. 9, p. 1–10. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56074-x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Dental calculus, or mineralized plaque, represents a record of ancient biomolecules and food residues. Recently, ancient metagenomics made it possible to unlock the wealth of microbial and dietary information of dental calculus to reconstruct oral microbiomes and lifestyle of humans from the past. Although most studies have so far focused on ancient humans, dental calculus is known to form in a wide range of animals, potentially informing on how human-animal interactions changed the animals’ oral ecology. Here, we characterise the oral microbiome of six ancient Egyptian baboons held in captivity during the late Pharaonic era (9th–6th centuries BC) and of two historical baboons from a zoo via shotgun metagenomics. We demonstrate that these captive baboons possessed a distinctive oral microbiome when compared to ancient and modern humans, Neanderthals and a wild chimpanzee. These results may reflect the omnivorous dietary behaviour of baboons, even though health, food provisioning and other factors associated with human management, may have changed the baboons’ oral microbiome. We anticipate our study to be a starting point for more extensive studies on ancient animal oral microbiomes to examine the extent to which domestication and human management in the past affected the diet, health and lifestyle of target animals.

• Bramanti, Barbara; Dean, Katharine Rose; Walløe, Lars & Stenseth, Nils Christian (2019). The third plague pandemic in Europe. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences. ISSN 0962-8452. 286(1901), p. 1–8. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2429. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Plague has a long history on the European continent, with evidence of the disease dating back to the Stone Age. Plague epidemics in Europe during the First and Second Pandemics, including the Black Death, are infamous for their widespread mortality and lasting social and economic impact. Yet, Europe still experienced plague outbreaks during the Third Pandemic, which began in China and spread globally at the end of the nineteenth century. The digitization of international records of notifiable diseases, including plague, has enabled us to retrace the introductions of the disease to Europe from the earliest reported cases in 1899, to its disappearance in the 1940s. Using supplemental literature, we summarize the potential sources of plague in Europe and the transmission of the disease, including the role of rats. Finally, we discuss the international efforts aimed at prevention and intervention measures, namely improved hygiene and sanitation, that ultimately led to the disappearance of plague in Europe.

• Bramanti, Barbara; Namouchi, Amine; Schmid, Boris Valentijn; Dean, Katharine Rose & Stenseth, Nils Christian (2019). Reply to Barbieri et al.: Out of the Land of Darkness: Plague on the fur trade routes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS). ISSN 0027-8424. 116(16). doi: 10.1073/pnas.1902274116. Full text in Research Archive
• Bramanti, Barbara; Zedda, Nicoletta; Rinaldo, Natascia & Gualdi-Russo, Emanuela (2018). A critical review of anthropological studies on skeletons from European plague pits of different epochs. Scientific Reports. 8(17655), p. 1–12. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36201-w. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In historical times, plague epidemics intermittently ravaged Europe for more than 1,400 years, and still represent a threat in many countries all over the world. A debate is ongoing about the past plague, if it killed randomly in a population or discriminated among persons on the basis of their biological features. To address questions of plague lethality, we reviewed a large number of anthropological studies published in the last twenty years on victims of the past pestilences in Europe. In particular, we focused on data concerning demography (age at death and sex determination), and health status (skeletal biomarkers). We applied to these data a model system based on Multiple Linear Regression, which aimed to discern among possible predictors of sex-selective plague lethality in entire populations, in different periods and regions. Based on available data, we lack evidence for general trends of association between biological features. Differences in sex ratio are more likely due to the original population compositions or to distinct cultural behaviours of the two genders. We concluded that generalizations on biological evidence are not feasible for ancient plagues if we exclude that the infection possibly killed primarily persons between 5–10 and 20–35 years of age.

• Guellil, Meriam; Kersten, Oliver; Namouchi, Amine; Bauer, Egil Lindhart; Derrick, Michael & Jensen, Anne Østergaard [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2018). Genomic blueprint of a relapsing fever pathogen in 15th century Scandinavia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS). ISSN 0027-8424. 115(41), p. 10422–10427. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1807266115. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Louse-borne relapsing fever (LBRF) is known to have killed millions of people over the course of European history and remains a major cause of mortality in parts of the world. Its pathogen, Borrelia recurrentis, shares a common vector with global killers such as typhus and plague and is known for its involvement in devastating historical epidemics such as the Irish potato famine. Here, we describe a European and historical genome of B. recurrentis, recovered from a 15th century skeleton from Oslo. Our distinct European lineage has a discrete genomic makeup, displaying an ancestral oppA-1 gene and gene loss in antigenic variation sites. Our results illustrate the potential of ancient DNA research to elucidate dynamics of reductive evolution in a specialized human pathogen and to uncover aspects of human health usually invisible to the archaeological record.

• Namouchi, Amine; Guellil, Meriam; Kersten, Oliver; Hänsch, Stephanie; Ottoni, Claudio & Schmid, Boris Valentijn [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2018). Integrative approach using Yersinia pestis genomes to revisit the historical landscape of plague during the Medieval Period. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS). ISSN 0027-8424. 115(50), p. E11790–E11797. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1812865115. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Over the last few years, genomic studies on Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of all known plague epidemics, have considerably increased in numbers, spanning a period of about 5,000 y. Nonetheless, questions concerning historical reservoirs and routes of transmission remain open. Here, we present and describe five genomes from the second half of the 14th century and reconstruct the evolutionary history of Y. pestis by reanalyzing previously published genomes and by building a comprehensive phylogeny focused on strains attributed to the Second Plague Pandemic (14th to 18th century). Corroborated by historical and ecological evidence, the presented phylogeny, which includes our Y. pestis genomes, could support the hypothesis of an entry of plague into Western European ports through distinct waves of introduction during the Medieval Period, possibly by means of fur trade routes, as well as the recirculation of plague within the human population via trade routes and human movement.

• Dean, Katharine Rose; Krauer, Fabienne; Walløe, Lars; Lingjærde, Ole Christian; Bramanti, Barbara & Stenseth, Nils Christian [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Human ectoparasites and the spread of plague in Europe during the Second Pandemic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS). ISSN 0027-8424. 115(6), p. 1304–1309. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1715640115. Full text in Research Archive
• Bramanti, Barbara; Stenseth, Nils Christian; Walløe, Lars & Xu, Lei (2016). Plague: A disease which changed the path of human civilication. In Yang, Ruifu & Anisimov, Andrey (Ed.), Yersinia pestis: Retrospective and perspective. Springer. ISSN 9789402408881. p. 1–23. doi: 10.1007/978-024-0890-4_1. Full text in Research Archive
• Hansch, Stephanie; Cilli, Elisabetta; Catalano, Giulio; Gruppiono, Giorgio; Bianucci, Raffaella & Stenseth, Nils Christian [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2015). The pla gene, encoding plasminogen activator, is not specific to Yersinia pestis. BMC Research Notes. 8(1). doi: 10.1186/s13104-015-1525-x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Here we present evidence to show that the pla gene, previously thought to be specific to Yersinia pestis, occurs in some strains of Citrobacter koseri and Escherichia coli. This means that detection of this gene on its own can no longer be taken as evidence of detection of Y. pestis.

• Schmid, Boris Valentijn; Büntgen, Ulf; Easterday, William Ryan; Ginzler, Christian; Walløe, Lars & Bramanti, Barbara [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2015). Climate-driven introduction of the Black Death and successive plague reintroductions into Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS). ISSN 0027-8424. 112(10), p. 3020–3025. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1412887112. Full text in Research Archive
• Kay, Gemma L.; Sergeant, Martin J.; Giuffra, Valentina; Bandiera, Pasquale; Milanese, Marco & Bramanti, Barbara [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2014). Recovery of a medieval Brucella melitensis genome using shotgun metagenomics. mBio. ISSN 2161-2129. 5(4). doi: 10.1128/mBio.01337-14. Full text in Research Archive
• Bramanti, Barbara (2013). The Use of DNA Analysis in the Archaeology of Death and Buria. In Stutz, Liv Nilsson & Tarlow, Sarah (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Death and Burial. Oxford University Press. ISSN 9780199569069. p. 99–122. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199569069.013.0007. Full text in Research Archive
• Harbeck, Michaela; Seifert, Lisa; Hänsch, Stephanie; Wagner, David; Birdsell, Dawn & Parise, Katy L. [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2013). Yersinia pestis DNA from Skeletal Remains from the 6th Century AD Reveals Insights into Justinianic Plague. PLoS Pathogens. ISSN 1553-7366. 9(5). doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003349. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Yersinia pestis, the etiologic agent of the disease plague, has been implicated in three historical pandemics. These include the third pandemic of the 19th and 20th centuries, during which plague was spread around the world, and the second pandemic of the 14th–17th centuries, which included the infamous epidemic known as the Black Death. Previous studies have confirmed that Y. pestis caused these two more recent pandemics. However, a highly spirited debate still continues as to whether Y. pestis caused the so-called Justinianic Plague of the 6th–8th centuries AD. By analyzing ancient DNA in two independent ancient DNA laboratories, we confirmed unambiguously the presence of Y. pestis DNA in human skeletal remains from an Early Medieval cemetery. In addition, we narrowed the phylogenetic position of the responsible strain down to major branch 0 on the Y. pestis phylogeny, specifically between nodes N03 and N05. Our findings confirm that Y. pestis was responsible for the Justinianic Plague, which should end the controversy regarding the etiology of this pandemic. The first genotype of a Y. pestis strain that caused the Late Antique plague provides important information about the history of the plague bacillus and suggests that the first pandemic also originated in Asia, similar to the other two plague pandemics.

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• Stenseth, Nils Christian; Bramanti, Barbara; Büntgen, Ulf; Fell, Henry G.; Cohn, Samuel & Sebbane, Florent [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2023). Reply to Alfani: Reconstructing past plague ecology to understand human history. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS). ISSN 0027-8424. 120(11). doi: 10.1073/pnas.2300760120. Full text in Research Archive
• Namouchi, Amine; Guellil, Meriam; Kersten, Oliver Sven; Hänsch, Stephanie; Ottoni, Claudio & Schmid, Boris Valentijn [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2020). Correction for Namouchi et al., Integrative approach using Yersinia pestis genomes to revisit the historical landscape of plague during the Medieval Period. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS). ISSN 0027-8424. 17(22). doi: 10.1073/pnas.2007983117. Full text in Research Archive
• Bramanti, Barbara; Namouchi, Amine; Schmid, Boris Valentijn; Dean, Katharine Rose & Stenseth, Nils Christian (2019). Out of the land of darkness: Plague on the fur trade routes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS). ISSN 0027-8424. 116(16), p. 7622–7623. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1902274116. Full text in Research Archive
• Dean, Katharine Rose; Krauer, Fabienne; Walløe, Lars; Lingjærde, Ole Christian; Bramanti, Barbara & Stenseth, Nils Christian [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Reply to Park et al.: Human ectoparasite transmission of plague during the Second Pandemic is still plausible. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS). ISSN 0027-8424. 115(34), p. E7894–E7895. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1810221115. Full text in Research Archive
• Bramanti, Barbara (2014). New genomic perspectives in historical plagues. Full text in Research Archive
• Bramanti, Barbara (2014). Was always ‘Better wed over the mixen than over the moor’? Full text in Research Archive
• Bramanti, Barbara (2014). Yersin e oltre: 120 anni di studi biologici sulla peste e un nuovo progetto. Full text in Research Archive
• Bramanti, Barbara (2014). The current genetic evidence for sites of origin of the three plague pandemics. Full text in Research Archive
• Bramanti, Barbara (2014). Exploring Black Death mysteries in a new ancient DNA-lab. Full text in Research Archive
• Bramanti, Barbara (2014). Inquiring into the Medieval Plagues. Full text in Research Archive
• Bramanti, Barbara (2014). Ancient DNA of the European Hunter Gatherers. Full text in Research Archive
• Bramanti, Barbara (2014). The medieval plagues: ecology, transmission modalities and routes of the infections. Full text in Research Archive
• Bramanti, Barbara (2014). Yersin and beyond: How can genomics and ecology help in understanding the history of plague? Full text in Research Archive
• Bramanti, Barbara (2014). Ancient DNA studies and the pandemics of the past. Full text in Research Archive
• Bramanti, Barbara & Hänsch, Stephanie (2014). Host-pathogens interactions: exploring the effects of epidemics on European human populations by means of ancient DNA analyses. Full text in Research Archive
• Bramanti, Barbara & Hänsch, Stephanie (2014). Was uns alte DNA zur Veränderung vergangener Ökosysteme mitteilen kann. Geographische Rundschau. ISSN 0016-7460. Full text in Research Archive
• Bramanti, Barbara & Hänsch, Stephanie (2013). Paläogenetik der Pest: Gene, Gräber und Gebeine. Biologie in unserer Zeit. ISSN 0045-205X. 43(5), p. 300–305. doi: 10.1002/biuz.201310518. Full text in Research Archive
• Bramanti, Barbara (2013). The medieval plagues: can genetics and ecology help in understanding our history? Full text in Research Archive
• Schmid, Boris Valentijn; Buntgen, U; Easterday, William Ryan; Ginzler, Christian; Walløe, Lars & Bramanti, Barbara [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2013). The pulse of Asia: The Black Death and successive reintroductions of plague into Europe. Full text in Research Archive
• Riehm, Julia; Seifert, L; Wagner, D; Birdsell, Dawn; Thomas, A & Zoeller, L [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2013). Yersinia pestis DNA from Skeletal Remains from the 6th Century AD Reveals Insights into Justinianic Plague. Full text in Research Archive
• Bramanti, Barbara; Hänsch, Stephanie & Bogus, M (2013). Evolutionary consequences of the past pandemics. Ancient DNA: applications in human evolutionary history. Full text in Research Archive
• Bramanti, Barbara (2013). MedPlag (2013-18): The medieval plagues: ecology, transmission modalities and routes of the infections – an ERC Advanced Grant. Full text in Research Archive

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