Elisabeth Leere Øiestad

• Fabris, André L.; Hansen, Frederik Andre; Yonamine, Mauricio; Pedersen-Bjergaard, Stig & Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere (2024). An efficient and green method for the analysis of synthetic cathinones in whole blood using 96-well electromembrane extraction and LC-MS/MS. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy. ISSN 2352-5541. 38, p. 1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.scp.2024.101494.
• Schüller, Maria; Lucic, Ivana; Øiestad, Åse Marit Leere; Pedersen-Bjergaard, Stig & Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere (2023). High-throughput quantification of emerging “nitazene” benzimidazole opioid analogs by microextraction and UHPLC–MS-MS . Journal of Analytical Toxicology. ISSN 0146-4760. 47(9), p. 787–796. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkad071. Full text in Research Archive
• Gjerde, Hallvard; Oyono, Yannick; Jamt, Ragnhild Elén Gjulem; Tayimetha, Carolle Yanique; Asongalem, Emmanuel Acha & Akum, Eric Achidi [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Drug analysis: Comparison between dried plasma spots and liquid plasma samples of trauma patients from Cameroon—A feasibility study. Drug Testing and Analysis. ISSN 1942-7603. p. 1–4. doi: 10.1002/dta.3545.
• Skaalvik, Tonje Gottenberg; Zhou, Chen; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Hegstad, Solfrid; Trones, Roger & Pedersen-Bjergaard, Stig (2023). Conductive vial electromembrane extraction of opioids from oral fluid. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. ISSN 1618-2642. 415, p. 5323–5335. doi: 10.1007/s00216-023-04807-3. Full text in Research Archive
• Skaalvik, Tonje Gottenberg; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Pedersen-Bjergaard, Stig & Hegstad, Solfrid (2023). Determination of amphetamine enantiomers in urine by conductive vial electromembrane extraction and ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Testing and Analysis. ISSN 1942-7603. 15, p. 909–918. doi: 10.1002/dta.3487. Full text in Research Archive
• Schüller, Maria; McQuade, Tao Angell-Petersen; Bergh, Marianne Skov-Skov; Pedersen-Bjergaard, Stig & Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere (2023). Determination of tryptamine analogs in whole blood by 96-well electromembrane extraction and UHPLC-MS/MS. Talanta Open. ISSN 2666-8319. 7. doi: 10.1016/j.talo.2022.100171.
• Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Øiestad, Åse Marit Leere; Middelkoop, Gerrit; Brochmann, Gerd-Wenche; Thaulow, Cecilie Hasselø & Vindenes, Vigdis (2022). Comparative Study of Postmortem Concentrations of Benzodiazepines and Z-Hypnotics in Several Different Matrices. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. ISSN 0146-4760. 47(3), p. 287–298. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkac106. Full text in Research Archive
• Schüller, Maria; Tran, Kim Tu Thi; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere & Pedersen-Bjergaard, Stig (2021). Membrane-based liquid-phase microextraction of basic pharmaceuticals – A study on the optimal extraction window. Journal of Chromatography A. ISSN 0021-9673. 1664(462769). doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462769. Full text in Research Archive
• Mestad, Ingrid Oksavik; Gjelstad, Astrid; Pedersen-Bjergaard, Stig & Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere (2021). Green and sustainable drug analysis – Combining microsampling and microextraction of drugs of abuse. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy. ISSN 2352-5541. 24. doi: 10.1016/j.scp.2021.100517. Full text in Research Archive
• Pettersen, Siren; Øiestad, Åse Marit Leere; Rogde, Sidsel; Brochmann, Gerd-Wenche; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere & Vindenes, Vigdis (2021). Distribution of tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol in several different postmortem matrices. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 329:111082, p. 1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.111082. Full text in Research Archive
• Skaalvik, Tonje Gottenberg; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Trones, Roger; Pedersen-Bjergaard, Stig & Hegstad, Solfrid (2021). Determination of psychoactive drugs in serum using conductive vial electromembrane extraction combined with UHPLC-MS/MS. Journal of chromatography. B. ISSN 1570-0232. 1183. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122926. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Conductive vial electromembrane extraction (EME) with prototype equipment was applied for the first time to extract lipophilic basic drugs from serum. With this equipment, traditional platinum electrodes were replaced with sample and acceptor vials made from a conductive polymer, making the electrodes fully integrated and disposable. EME was combined with UHPLC-MS/MS, and a method to determine selected psychoactive drugs (alimemazine, amitriptyline, atomoxetine, clomipramine, doxepin, duloxetine, fluvoxamine, levomepromazine, nortriptyline and trimipramine) and metabolites (desmethyl clomipramine and desmethyl doxepin) in serum was developed, optimized, and validated. Extractions were carried out with 50 V for 15 min from serum samples (100 µL) diluted 1:3 with formic acid (0.1% v/v), using 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether as the supported liquid membrane (SLM), and formic acid (0.1% v/v, 300 µL) as acceptor phase. Using conductive vial EME, the extraction of lipophilic drugs reached exhaustive or near-exhaustive conditions, with recoveries in the range 75–117%. The method demonstrated excellent accuracy and precision, with bias within ± 6%, and intra- and inter-day CVs ranging 0.9 – 6% and 2 – 6%, respectively. In addition, acceptor phases were completely free of glycerophosphocholines. EME-UHPLC-MS/MS was successfully applied in determination of psychoactive drugs in 30 patient samples, and the results were in agreement with the current hospital routine method at St. Olav University Hospital (Trondheim, Norway). Obtaining comparable results to well-established routine methods is highly important for future implementation of EME into routine laboratories. These results thus serve as motivation for further advancing the EME technology. Until now, EME has been carried out with laboratory-build equipment, and the introduction of commercially available standardized equipment is expected to have a positive impact on future research activity.

• Hansen, Frederik; Santigosa-Murillo, Elia; Payan, Maria Ramos; Munoz, Maria; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere & Pedersen-Bjergaard, Stig (2020). Electromembrane extraction using deep eutectic solvents as the liquid membrane. Analytica Chimica Acta. ISSN 0003-2670. 1143, p. 109–116. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.11.044. Full text in Research Archive
• Bavlovic Piskackova, Hana; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Vanova, Nela; Lengvarska, Julia; Štěrbová-Kovaříková, Petra & Pedersen-Bjergaard, Stig (2020). Electromembrane extraction of anthracyclines from plasma: Comparison with conventional extraction techniques. Talanta: The International Journal of Pure and Applied Analytical Chemistry. ISSN 0039-9140. 223. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121748.
• Drobnjak, Milena; Hansen, Frederik; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Løvli, Trond; Trones, Roger & Martinsen, Ørjan Grøttem [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). Electromembrane extraction with vials of conducting polymer. LC GC North America. ISSN 1527-5949. 38(8), p. 435–439.
• Hansen, Frederik; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere & Pedersen-Bjergaard, Stig (2020). Bioanalysis of pharmaceuticals using liquid-phase microextraction combined with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. ISSN 0731-7085. 189, p. 1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113446.
• Seljetun, Kristin Opdal; Sandvik, Morten; Vindenes, Vigdis; Eliassen, Elin; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere & Madslien, Knut Ivar Engesæter [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). Comparison of anticoagulant rodenticide concentrations in liver and feces from apparently healthy red foxes. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. ISSN 1040-6387. 32(4), p. 560–564. doi: 10.1177/1040638720927365. Full text in Research Archive
• Seljetun, Kristin Opdal; Vindenes, Vigdis; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Brochmann, Gerd-Wenche; Eliassen, Elin & Moe, Lars (2020). Determination of anticoagulant rodenticides in faeces of exposed dogs and in a healthy dog population. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica (AVS). ISSN 0044-605X. 62, p. 1–9. doi: 10.1186/s13028-020-00531-5. Full text in Research Archive
• Hansen, Frederik; Jaghl, Mohamad Fadi; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Jensen, Henrik; Pedersen-Bjergaard, Stig & Huang, Chuixiu (2020). Impact of ion balance in electromembrane extraction. Analytica Chimica Acta. ISSN 0003-2670. 1124, p. 129–136. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.05.039.
• Hansen, Frederik; Kuban, Pavel; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere & Pedersen-Bjergaard, Stig (2020). Electromembrane extraction of highly polar bases from biological samples – Deeper insight into bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate as ionic carrier. Analytica Chimica Acta. ISSN 0003-2670. 1115, p. 23–32. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.04.027.
• Ask, Kristine Skoglund; Lid, Marthe; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Pedersen-Bjergaard, Stig & Gjelstad, Astrid (2019). Liquid-phase microextraction in 96-well plates - calibration and accurate quantification of pharmaceuticals in human plasma samples. Journal of Chromatography A. ISSN 0021-9673. 1602, p. 117–123. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.06.013.
• Bruun, Lina Dorthea; Kjeldstadli, Kari Grandaunet; Temte, Vidar; Birdal, Morris; Bachs, Liliana & Langødegård, Marit [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2019). Detection Time of Oxazepam and Zopiclone in Urine and Oral Fluid after Experimental Oral Dosing. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. ISSN 0146-4760. 43(5), p. 369–377. doi: 10.1093/jat/bky083.
• Seljetun, Kristin Opdal; Eliassen, Elin; Madslien, Knut; Viljugrein, Hildegunn; Vindenes, Vigdis & Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Prevalence of anticoagulant rodenticides in faeces of wild red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Norway. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. ISSN 0090-3558. 55(4), p. 834–843. doi: 10.7589/2019-01-027. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  High occurrence of anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) in wildlife is a rising concern, with numerous reports of secondary exposure through predation. Because of widespread distribution of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), they may act as sentinels for small mammal-hunting predators in rural, suburban, and urban areas. No AR surveillance in wild mammals with analyses of residues in feces has been conducted throughout a single country. We collected 163 fecal samples from presumed healthy red foxes from 18 out of 19 counties in Norway. The foxes were shot during regular hunting between January and December 2016 and samples collected directly after death. Fecal samples were analyzed for six ARs: brodifacoum, bromadiolone, coumatetralyl, difenacoum, difethialone, and flocoumafen. We detected ARs in 54% (75/139) of the animals. Brodifacoum was most frequently detected (46%; 64/139), followed by coumatetralyl (17%; 23/139), bromadiolone (16%; 22/139), difenacoum (5%; 7/139), difethialone (1%; 2/139), and flocoumafen (1%; 2/139). More than one substance was detected in 40% (30/75) of the positive foxes, and 7% (5/75) of these animals were exposed to four different ARs. There were no statistically significant seasonal, age, or sex differences in foxes after exposure to one AR compound. We found a significant difference in occurrence of brodifacoum and coumatetralyl in foxes from different geographical areas. These findings demonstrate fecal analyses as a valuable method of detecting AR exposure in red foxes. We suggest using direct fecal sampling with analyses as a method to evaluate the occurrence of ARs in live endangered wildlife in connection with radio tagging or collaring operations.

• Vårdal, Linda; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Gjelstad, Astrid; Jensen, Henrik & Pedersen-Bjergaard, Stig (2019). Electromembrane extraction with solvent modification of the acceptor solution: improved mass transfer of drugs of abuse from human plasma. Bioanalysis. ISSN 1757-6180. 11(8), p. 755–771. doi: 10.4155/bio-2018-0308.
• Bretteville-Jensen, Anne Line; Burdzovic, Jasmina; Gjersing, Linn; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere & Gjerde, Hallvard (2019). Identification and Assessment of Drug-User Groups Among Nightlife Attendees: Self-Reports, Breathalyzer-Tests and Oral Fluid Drug Tests. European Addiction Research. ISSN 1022-6877. 25(2), p. 93–102. doi: 10.1159/000497318. Full text in Research Archive
• Temte, Vidar; Kjeldstadli, Kari Grandaunet; Bruun, Lina Dorthea; Birdal, Morris; Bachs, Liliana & Karinen, Ritva Anneli [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2019). An Experimental Study of Diazepam and Alprazolam Kinetics in Urine and Oral Fluid Following Single Oral Doses. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. ISSN 0146-4760. 43(2), p. 104–111. doi: 10.1093/jat/bky062.
• Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Krabseth, Hege-Merete; Huestis, Marilyn A.; Skulberg, Andreas & Vindenes, Vigdis (2019). Interpreting oral fluid drug results in prisoners: monitoring current drug intake and detection times for drugs self-administered prior to detention. Forensic Toxicology. ISSN 1860-8965. 37(1), p. 59–74. doi: 10.1007/s11419-018-0434-9. Full text in Research Archive
• Kvello, Anne Marte Sjursen; Andersen, Jannike Mørch; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Steinsland, Synne; Aase, Audun & Mørland, Jørg [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). A monoclonal antibody against 6-acetylmorphine protects female mice offspring from adverse behavioral effects induced by prenatal heroin exposure. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. ISSN 0022-3565. 368(1), p. 106–115. doi: 10.1124/jpet.118.251504. Full text in Research Archive
• Øiestad, Åse Marit Leere; Karinen, Ritva Anneli; Rogde, Sidsel; Nilsen, Stian; Eldor, Kari Beate Boye & Brochmann, Gerd-Wenche [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2018). Comparative study of postmortem concentrations of antidepressants in several different matrices. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. ISSN 0146-4760. 42(7), p. 446–458. doi: 10.1093/jat/bky030. Full text in Research Archive
• Øiestad, Åse Marit Leere; Berg, Thomas; Eliassen, Elin; Wiklund, Tony; Sand, Ketil & Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere (2018). Separation of isomers of new psychoactive substances and isotope-labeled amphetamines using UHPSFC-MS/MS and UHPLC-MS/MS. Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies. ISSN 1082-6076. 41(7), p. 391–400. doi: 10.1080/10826076.2017.1388818.
• Vårdal, Linda; Wong, Gladys; Øiestad, Åse Marit Leere; Pedersen-Bjergaard, Stig; Gjelstad, Astrid & Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere (2018). Rapid determination of designer benzodiazepines, benzodiazepines, and Z-hypnotics in whole blood using parallel artificial liquid membrane extraction and UHPLC-MS/MS. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. ISSN 1618-2642. 410(20), p. 4967–4978. doi: 10.1007/s00216-018-1147-y.
• Vårdal, Linda; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Gjelstad, Astrid & Pedersen-Bjergaard, Stig (2018). Electromembrane extraction of substances with weakly basic properties: A fundamental study with benzodiazepines. Bioanalysis. ISSN 1757-6180. 10(10), p. 769–781. doi: 10.4155/bio-2018-0030.
• Thaulow, Cecilie Hasselø; Øiestad, Åse Marit Leere; Rogde, Sidsel; Karinen, Ritva Anneli; Brochmann, Gerd-Wenche & Andersen, Jannike Mørch [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2018). Metabolites of heroin in several different post-mortem matrices. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. ISSN 0146-4760. 42(5), p. 311–320. doi: 10.1093/jat/bky002. Full text in Research Archive
• Ask, Kristine Skoglund; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Pedersen-Bjergaard, Stig & Gjelstad, Astrid (2018). Dried blood spots and parallel artificial liquid membrane extraction – A simple combination of microsampling and microextraction. Analytica Chimica Acta. ISSN 0003-2670. 1009, p. 56–64. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.01.024.
• Vevelstad, Merete; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Nerem, Elisabeth; Arnestad, Marianne & Bogen, Inger Lise (2017). Studies on para-methoxymethamphetamine (PMMA) metabolite pattern and influence of CYP2D6 genetics in human liver microsomes and authentic samples from fatal PMMA intoxications. Drug Metabolism And Disposition. ISSN 0090-9556. 45(12), p. 1326–1335. doi: 10.1124/dmd.117.077263.
• Hjelmeland, Knut Johan; Gustavsen, Ingebjørg G.; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Øiestad, Åse Marit Leere; Høiseth, Gudrun & Mørland, Jørg (2017). Zopiclone concentrations in oral fluid and blood after, administration of therapeutic doses of zopiclone. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 278, p. 177–183. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.004.
• Vallersnes, Odd Martin; Persett, Per Sverre; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Karinen, Ritva Anneli; Heyerdahl, Fridtjof & Hovda, Knut Erik (2017). Underestimated impact of novel psychoactive substances: laboratory confirmation of recreational drug toxicity in Oslo, Norway. Clinical Toxicology. ISSN 1556-3650. 55(7), p. 636–644. doi: 10.1080/15563650.2017.1312002. Full text in Research Archive
• Valen, Anja; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Strand, Dag Helge; Skari, Ragnhild Margrete & Berg, Thomas (2017). Determination of 21 drugs in oral fluid using fully automated supported liquid extraction and UHPLC-MS/MS. Drug Testing and Analysis. ISSN 1942-7603. 9(5), p. 808–823. doi: 10.1002/dta.2045.
• Vårdal, Linda; Gjelstad, Astrid; Huang, Chuixiu; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere & Pedersen-Bjergaard, Stig (2017). Efficient discrimination and removal of phospholipids during electromembrane extraction from human plasma samples. Bioanalysis. ISSN 1757-6180. 9(8), p. 631–641. doi: 10.4155/bio-2017-0027.
• Vårdal, Linda; Askildsen, Hilde- Merete; Gjelstad, Astrid; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Edvardsen, Hilde Marie Erøy & Pedersen-Bjergaard, Stig (2017). Parallel artificial liquid membrane extraction of new psychoactive substances in plasma and whole blood. Journal of chromatography. B. ISSN 1570-0232. 1048, p. 77–84. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.02.010. Full text in Research Archive
• Teige, Brita; Christophersen, Asbjørg S.; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Tverborgvik, Torill; Vevelstad, Merete & Havig, Stine Marie [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2016). Forgiftninger. In Rognum, Torleiv Ole (Eds.), Lærebok i rettsmedisin 3. utgave. Gyldendal Akademisk. ISSN 978-82-05-49417-6. p. 361–376.
• Ask, Kristine Skoglund; Turgay, Bardakci; Parmer, Marthe Petrine; Halvorsen, Trine Grønhaug; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere & Pedersen-Bjergaard, Stig [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2016). Parallel artificial liquid membrane extraction as an efficient tool for removal of phospholipids from human plasma. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. ISSN 0731-7085. 129, p. 229–236. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.07.011.
• Kvello, Anne Marte Sjursen; Andersen, Jannike Mørch; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Mørland, Jørg & Bogen, Inger Lise (2016). Pharmacological Effects of a Monoclonal Antibody against 6-Monoacetylmorphine upon Heroin-Induced Locomotor Activity and Pharmacokinetics in Mice. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. ISSN 0022-3565. 358(2), p. 181–189. doi: 10.1124/jpet.116.233510.
• Vevelstad, Merete; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Bremer, Sara; Bogen, Inger Lise; Zackrisson, Anna-Lena & Arnestad, Marianne (2016). Is toxicity of PMMA (paramethoxymethamphetamine) associated with cytochrome P450 pharmacogenetics? Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 261, p. 137–147. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.02.027.
• Andås, Hilde Teigen; Enger, Asle; Øiestad, Åse Marit Leere; Vindenes, Vigdis; Christophersen, Asbjørg S. & Huestis, Marilyn A [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2016). Extended Detection of Amphetamine and Methamphetamine in Oral Fluid. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. ISSN 0163-4356. 38(1), p. 114–119. doi: 10.1097/FTD.0000000000000248.
• Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Øiestad, Åse Marit Leere; Gjelstad, Astrid & Karinen, Ritva Anneli (2016). Oral fluid drug analysis in the age of new psychoactive substances. Bioanalysis. ISSN 1757-6180. 8(7), p. 691–710. doi: 10.4155/bio-2015-0027. Show summary

  Oral fluid has become an important matrix for drugs of abuse analysis. These days the applicability is challenged by the fact that an increasing number of new psychoactive drugs are coming on the market. Synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones have been the main drug classes, but the diversity is increasing and other drugs like piperazines, phenethylamines, tryptamines, designer opioids and designer benzodiazepines are becoming more prevalent. Many of the substances are very potent, and low doses ingested will lead to low concentrations in biological media, including oral fluid. This review will highlight the phenomenon of new psychoactive substances and review methods for oral fluid drug testing analysis using on-site tests, immunoassays and chromatographic methods.

• Gjerde, Hallvard; Nordfjærn, Trond; Bretteville-Jensen, Anne Line; Edland-Gryt, Marit; Furuhaugen, Håvard & Karinen, Ritva Anneli [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2016). Comparison of drugs used by nightclub patrons and criminal offenders in Oslo, Norway. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 265, p. 1–5. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.12.029. Show summary

  The aim of this study was to investigate psychoactive drug use among nightclub patrons by analysing samples of oral fluid and compare with findings in blood samples from criminal suspects. We hypothesized that the profile of illicit drug use among nightclub patrons is different from what we observe in those forensic cases. Research stations were established outside nine popular nightclubs with different profiles and patron-characteristics in downtown Oslo. Data and sample collection was conducted on Fridays and Saturdays in March and May 2014. Individuals and groups who entered defined recruitment zones from 23:00 to 03:30 were invited to participate in this voluntary and anonymous study. Oral fluid was collected using the Intercept Oral Fluid Sampling Device. Methanol was added to increase the recovery of cannabinoids from the device. Sample preparation was performed using liquid–liquid extraction with ethyl acetate/heptane (4:1) after adding internal standards, ammonium carbonate buffer pH 9.3 and Triton X100. The first 80 samples were analysed for 122 substances, which included psychoactive medicinal drugs, classical illicit drugs and new psychoactive substances (NPS). Based on the findings and discussions with police and customs authorities, the remaining oral fluid samples were analysed for 46 substances. Among the 500 samples collected during the study period, we found illicit drugs in 25.4% and medicinal drugs in 4.2% of the samples. The most prevalent substances were: cocaine 14.6%, THC 12.4%, amphetamine/methamphetamine 2.8%, diazepam 1.2% and clonazepam 1.0%. Various NPS were found in 1.4% of the samples. The prevalence of drugs in blood samples from criminal suspects were for cocaine 3.4%, THC 34.7%, amphetamine/methamphetamine 37.0%, diazepam 12.0%, and clonazepam 29.3%. Multi-drug use was more common among criminal suspects (41.3%) than among club patrons (6.8%). The results showed that the drug use pattern among nightclub patrons was substantially different from the drug use pattern manifested by individuals apprehended by the police suspected for criminal conduct.

• Nordal, Kristin; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Enger, Asle; Christophersen, Asbjørg S. & Vindenes, Vigdis (2015). Detection Times of Diazepam, Clonazepam, and Alprazolam in Oral Fluid Collected From Patients Admitted to Detoxification, After High and Repeated Drug Intake. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. ISSN 0163-4356. 37(4), p. 451–460. doi: 10.1097/FTD.0000000000000174.
• Gottås, André; Ripel, Åse; Boix, Fernando; Vindenes, Vigdis; Mørland, Jørg & Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere (2015). Determination of dopamine concentrations in brain extracellular fluid using microdialysis with short sampling intervals, analyzed by ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of pharmacological and toxicological methods. ISSN 1056-8719. 74, p. 75–79. doi: 10.1016/j.vascn.2015.06.002.
• Karinen, Ritva Anneli; Vindenes, Vigdis; Hasvold, Inger; Olsen, Kirsten Midtbøen; Christophersen, Asbjørg S. & Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere (2015). Determination of a selection of anti-epileptic drugs and two active metabolites in whole blood by reversed phase UPLC-MS/MS and some examples of application of the method in forensic toxicology cases. Drug Testing and Analysis. ISSN 1942-7603. 7(7), p. 634–644. doi: 10.1002/dta.1733. Show summary

  Quantitative determination of anti-epileptic drug concentrations is of great importance in forensic toxicology cases. Although the drugs are not usually abused, they are important post-mortemcaseswhere the question of both lack of compliance and accidental or deliberate poisoningmight be raised. In addition these drugs can be relevant for driving under the influence cases. A reversed phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed for the quantitative analysis of the anti-epileptic compounds carbamazepine, carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide, gabapentin, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, 10-OH-carbazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, pregabalin, and topiramate in whole blood, using 0.1mL sample volume with methaqualone as internal standard. Sample preparation was a simple protein precipitation with acetonitrile and methanol. The diluted supernatant was directly injected into the chromatographic system. Separation was performed on an Acquity UPLC® BEH Phenyl column with gradient elution and a mildly alkaline mobile phase. The mass spectrometric detection wasperformed inpositive ionmode, except for phenobarbital, andmultiple reactionmonitoringwas used for drugquantification. The limits of quantification for the different anti-epileptic drugs varied from0.064 to 1.26mg/L in blood, within-day and day-to-day relative standard deviations from2.2 to 14.7%except for phenobarbital. Between-day variation for phenobarbitalwas 20.4% at the concentration level of 3.5mg/L. The biases for all compounds were within ±17.5%. The recoveries ranged between 85 and 120%. The correctedmatrix effectswere 88–106% and 84–110%in ante-mortemand post-mortemwhole blood samples, respectively.

• Karinen, Ritva Anneli; Tuv, Silja Skogstad; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere & Vindenes, Vigdis (2015). Concentrations of APINACA, 5F-APINACA, UR-144 and its degradant product in blood samples from six impaired drivers compared to previous reported concentrations of other synthetic cannabinoids. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 246, p. 98–103. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.11.012.
• Vindenes, Vigdis; Enger, Arve; Nordal, Kristin; Johansen, Unni; Christophersen, Asbjørg S. & Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere (2014). Very long detection times after high and repeated intake of heroin and methadone, measured in oral fluid :. Scandinavian Journal of Forensic Science. ISSN 1503-9552. 20(2), p. 34–41. doi: 10.2478/sjfs-2014-0004.
• Andås, Hilde Teigen; Krabseth, Hege-Merete; Enger, Asle; Marcussen, Bjarne N.; Haneborg, An-Magritt & Christophersen, Asbjørg S. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2014). Detection time for THC in oral fluid after frequent cannabis smoking. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. ISSN 0163-4356. 36(6), p. 808–814. doi: 10.1097/FTD.0000000000000092.
• Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Karinen, Ritva Anneli; Christophersen, Asbjørg S.; Vindenes, Vigdis & Bachs, Liliana Casulleras (2014). Analyses of Beverage Remains in Drug Rape Cases Revealing Drug Residues - The Possibility of Contamination from Drug Concentrated Oral Fluid or Oral Cavity Contained Tablets. Journal of Forensic Sciences. ISSN 0022-1198. 59(1), p. 208–210. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.12270.
• Gottås, André; Boix, Fernando; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Vindenes, Vigdis & Mørland, Jørg (2014). Role of 6-monoacetylmorphine in the acute release of striatal dopamine induced by intravenous heroin. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. ISSN 1461-1457. 17(9), p. 1357–1365. doi: 10.1017/S1461145714000169.
• Eibak, Lars Erik; Rasmussen, Knut Einar; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Pedersen-Bjergaard, Stig & Gjelstad, Astrid (2014). Parallel electromembrane extraction in the 96-well format. Analytica Chimica Acta. ISSN 0003-2670. 828, p. 46–52. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.04.038.
• Tuv, Silja Skogstad; Krabseth, Hege-Merete; Karinen, Ritva Anneli; Olsen, Kirsten Midtbøen; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere & Vindenes, Vigdis (2014). Prevalence of synthetic cannabinoids in blood samples from Norwegian drivers suspected of impaired driving during a seven weeks period. Accident Analysis and Prevention. ISSN 0001-4575. 62, p. 26–31. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2013.09.009.
• Lund, Hilde Marie Erøy; Karinen, Ritva Anneli; Moan, Inger Synnøve; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Christophersen, Asbjørg S & Gjerde, Hallvard (2014). Use of alcohol and drugs among health professionals in Norway: a study using data from questionnaires and samples of oral fluid. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology. ISSN 1745-6673. 9. doi: 10.1186/1745-6673-9-8. Full text in Research Archive
• Gjerde, Hallvard; Sousa, Tanara R; de Boni, Raquel; Christophersen, Asbjørg S.; Limberger, Renata P & Zancanaro, Ivomar [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2014). A comparison of alcohol and drug use by random motor vehicle drivers in Brazil and Norway. International journal of drug policy. ISSN 0955-3959. 25(3), p. 393–400. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.01.019.
• Langel, Kaarina; Gjerde, Hallvard; Favretto, Donata; Lillsunde, Pirjo; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere & Ferrara, Santo Davide [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2014). Comparison of drug concentrations between whole blood and oral fluid. Drug Testing and Analysis. ISSN 1942-7603. 6(5), p. 461–471. doi: 10.1002/dta.1532.
• Karinen, Ritva Anneli; Johnsen, Lene; Andresen, Wenche; Christophersen, Asbjørg S.; Vindenes, Vigdis & Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere (2013). Stability Study of Sixteen Synthetic Cannabinoids of Aminoalkylindole Type in Whole Blood, Stored in Venoject® Evacuated Glass Tubes. Journal of Forensic Toxicology & Pharmacology. ISSN 2325-9841. 2(1). doi: 10.4172/2325-9841.1000106.
• Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Johansen, Unni; Christophersen, Asbjørg S & Karinen, Ritva Anneli (2013). Screening of synthetic cannabinoids in preserved oral fluid by UPLC-MS/MS. Bioanalysis. ISSN 1757-6180. 5(18), p. 2257–2268. doi: 10.4155/bio.13.182.
• Gottås, Andre; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Boix, Fernando; Vindenes, Vigdis; Ripel, Åse & Thaulow, Cecilie Hasselø [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2013). Levels of heroin and its metabolites in blood and brain extracellular fluid after i.v. heroin administration to freely moving rats. British Journal of Pharmacology. ISSN 0007-1188. 170(3), p. 546–556. doi: 10.1111/bph.12305.
• Lund, Hilde Marie Erøy; Gjerde, Hallvard; Bach de Courtade, Sandra Monica; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere & Christophersen, Asbjørg S (2013). A Norwegian Study of the Suitability of Hair Samples in Epidemiological Research of Alcohol, Nicotine and Drug Use. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. ISSN 0146-4760. 37(6), p. 362–368. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkt038.
• Gjerde, Hallvard; Christophersen, Asbjørg S; Normann, Per Trygve; Assum, Terje; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere & Mørland, Jørg (2013). Norwegian roadside survey of alcohol and drug use by drivers (2008-2009). Traffic Injury Prevention. ISSN 1538-9588. 14(5), p. 443–452. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2012.728016. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: To examine alcohol and drug use among random drivers in different regions of Norway by analyzing oral fluid, compare drivers in urban and rural areas, compare with results from the roadside survey in southeastern Norway in 2005–2006, and roughly estimate the prevalence of driving with blood drug concentrations above the new Norwegian legislative limits among random drivers. This roadside survey was part of the European DRUID (Driving Under the Influence of Drugs, Alcohol and Medicines) Project. Methods: Drivers were selected for a voluntary and anonymous study using a stratified multistage cluster sampling procedure in collaboration with the Mobile Police Service. Samples of oral fluid were taken using the Statsure Saliva Sample (Statsure Diagnostic Systems, Framingham, MA), and the drivers’ gender, age, and nationality were recorded. Samples of oral fluid were analyzed for alcohol or drugs, for a total 28 psychoactive substances. Results: One hundred eighty-four roadside survey sessions were conducted and 10,004 drivers were asked to participate. The refusal rate was 5.8 percent. Psychoactive substances were found in 4.8 percent of the 9410 oral fluid samples analyzed. Alcohol was detected in 0.3 percent, medicinal drugs in 3.2 percent, and illegal drugs in 1.5 percent of the samples. Illegal drugs were significantly more frequently detected in samples from southeastern Norway including the capital Oslo, whereas medicinal drugs were more frequently detected in samples from southeastern Norway excluding Oslo. Illegal drugs were significantly more frequently detected in samples from drivers in urban areas than in rural areas, though there were no significant differences for alcohol and medicinal drugs. Medicinal drugs were most commonly found in samples collected during the daytime on weekdays (3.8%), and illegal drugs were most commonly found in samples collected during late night on weekdays or weekends (2.8%–3.2%). The most commonly found substances were the sleeping agent zopiclone (1.4%), the main active substance in cannabis tetrahydrocannabinol (1.1%), and the sedative drug diazepam (0.7%). The prevalence of driving with drug concentrations above the Norwegian legislative limits for blood was estimated to be about 0.2 percent for alcohol, 0.6 percent for illegal drugs, and about 1.3 percent for medicinal drugs. Conclusions: The incidence of drink driving was very low, though driving after using psychoactive illegal or medicinal drugs was more frequent. Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Traffic Injury Prevention to view the supplemental file.

• Tuv, Silja Skogstad; Strand, Maren Cecilie; Karinen, Ritva Anneli; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Christophersen, Asbjørg S & Vindenes, Vigdis (2012). Syntetiske cannabinoider – effekt og forekomst. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 132(20), p. 2285–2288. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.12.0471.
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• Vevelstad, Merete Synnøve; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Middelkoop, Gerrit; Hasvold, Inger; Lilleng, Peer Kåre & Delaveris, Gerd Jorunn Møller [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2012). The PMMA epidemic in Norway: Comparison of fatal and non-fatal intoxications. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 219(1-3), p. 151–157. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.12.014.
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• Vindenes, Vigdis; Lund, Hilde Marie Erøy; Andresen, Wenche; Gjerde, Hallvard; Ikdahl, Stein E. & Christophersen, Asbjørg S [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2012). Detection of drugs of abuse in simultaneously collected oral fluid, urine and blood from Norwegian drug drivers. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 219(1-3), p. 165–171. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.01.001.
• Jamt, Ragnnild Elen Gjulem; Gjelstad, Astrid; Eibak, Lars Erik; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Christophersen, Asbjørg S. & Rasmussen, Knut Einar [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2012). Electromembrane extraction of stimulating drugs from undiluted whole blood. Journal of Chromatography A. ISSN 0021-9673. 1232, p. 27–36. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.058.
• Lund, Hilde Marie Erøy; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Gjerde, Hallvard & Christophersen, Asbjørg S (2011). Drugs of abuse in oral fluid collected by two different sample kits - Stability testing and validation using ultra performance tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Journal of chromatography. B. ISSN 1570-0232. 879(30), p. 3367–3377. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.09.002.

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