Lasse Clausen

• Billett, D.D.; McWilliams, K.A.; Perry, G.W.; Clausen, Lasse & Anderson, B.J. (2022). Ionospheric Energy Input in Response to Changes in Solar Wind Driving: Statistics From the SuperDARN and AMPERE Campaigns. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 127(3). doi: 10.1029/2021JA030102.
• Park, Jaeheung; Rajesh, P.K.; Ivarsen, Magnus Fagernes; Lin, Charles C. H.; Eastes, Richard W. & Chao, Chi Kuang [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2022). Coordinated Observations of Rocket Exhaust Depletion: GOLD, Madrigal TEC, and Multiple Low-Earth-Orbit Satellites. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 127(2). doi: 10.1029/2021JA029909.
• Takahashi, Toru; Spicher, Andres; Di Mare, Francesca; Rowland, Douglas E.; Pfaff, Robert F. & Collier, Michael R. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). Suppression of Ionospheric Irregularity Due to Auroral Particle Impact. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 127(1). doi: 10.1029/2020JA028725.
• Sinevich, A.A.; Chernyshov, A.A.; Chugunin, D.V.; Oinats, A.V.; Clausen, Lasse & Miloch, Wojciech Jacek [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). Small-Scale Irregularities Within Polarization Jet/SAID During Geomagnetic Activity. Geophysical Research Letters. ISSN 0094-8276. 49(8). doi: 10.1029/2021GL097107.
• Sado, Pascal; Clausen, Lasse; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek & Nickisch, Hannes (2021). Transfer Learning Aurora Image Classification and Magnetic Disturbance Evaluation. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. doi: 10.1029/2021JA029683. Full text in Research Archive
• Follestad, Anna Kristine Fæhn; Clausen, Lasse; Moen, Jøran Idar & Jacobsen, Knut Stanley (2021). Latitudinal, Diurnal, and Seasonal Variations in the Accuracy of an RTK Positioning System and Its Relationship With Ionospheric Irregularities. Space Weather. ISSN 1542-7390. 19(6). doi: 10.1029/2020SW002625. Full text in Research Archive
• Jin, Yaqi; Clausen, Lasse; Spicher, Andres; Ivarsen, Magnus Fagernes; Zhang, Yongliang & Miloch, Wojciech Jacek [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Statistical Distribution of Decameter Scale (50 m) Ionospheric Irregularities at High Latitudes. Geophysical Research Letters. ISSN 0094-8276. 48(19). doi: 10.1029/2021GL094794. Full text in Research Archive
• Ivarsen, Magnus Fagernes; Jin, Yaqi; Spicher, Andres; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek & Clausen, Lasse (2021). The Lifetimes of Plasma Structures at High Latitudes. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 126. doi: 10.1029/2020JA028117. Full text in Research Archive
• Ivarsen, Magnus Fagernes; St-Maurice, Jean-Pierre; Jin, Yaqi; Park, Jaeheung; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek & Spicher, Andres [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Steepening Plasma Density Spectra in the Ionosphere: The Crucial Role Played by a Strong E-Region. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 126(8). doi: 10.1029/2021JA029401. Full text in Research Archive
• Di Mare, Francesca; Spicher, Andres; Clausen, Lasse; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek & Moen, Jøran Idar (2021). Turbulence and Intermittency in the Winter Cusp Ionosphere Studied With the ICI Sounding Rockets. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 126(8). doi: 10.1029/2021JA029150. Full text in Research Archive
• Billett, Daniel; Gareth, Perry; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Archer, William; McWilliams, Kathryn A. & Haaland, Stein Egil [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2021). The Relationship Between Large Scale Thermospheric Density Enhancements and the Spatial Distribution of Poynting Flux. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 126(5). doi: 10.1029/2021JA029205. Full text in Research Archive
• Hwang, K.-J.; Nishimura, Yukitoshi; Coster, A.; Gillies, R.G.; Fear, R. C. & Fuselier, Stephen A. [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2020). Sequential Observations of Flux Transfer Events, Poleward-Moving Auroral Forms, and Polar Cap Patches. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 125(6). doi: 10.1029/2019JA027674. Full text in Research Archive
• Ivarsen, Magnus Fagernes; Park, Jaeheung; Kwak, Young-Sil; Jin, Yaqi; Knudsen, D. J. & Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock (2020). Observational Evidence for the Role of Hall Conductance in Alfvén Wave Reflection. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 125(12). doi: 10.1029/2020JA028119. Full text in Research Archive
• Lessard, Marc R.; Fritz, Bruce; Sadler, Brent; Cohen, Ian J.; Kenward, David & Godbole, Niharika [Show all 21 contributors for this article] (2020). Overview of the Rocket Experiment for Neutral Upwelling Sounding Rocket 2 (RENU2). Geophysical Research Letters. ISSN 0094-8276. 47(21), p. 1–7. doi: 10.1029/2018GL081885. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Rocket Experiment for Neutral Upwelling 2 (RENU2) rocket was launched on 13 December 2015 at 07:34 UT. The payload transited the cusp region during a neutral upwelling event, supported by a comprehensive set of onboard and ground‐based instrumentation. RENU2 data highlight two important processes. One is that a proper understanding of neutral upwelling by Poleward Moving Auroral Forms (PMAFs) requires a treatment that mimics the quasiperiodic passage of a sequence of PMAFs. As a PMAF reaches a flux tube, its physical consequences must be determined including the residual history of effects from previous passages, implying that understanding such a process requires an accounting of the system hysteresis. Second, RENU2 observations suggest that neutral density enhancements driven by precipitation and/or Joule heating can be highly structured in altitude and latitude. In addition, timescales involving neutral dynamics suggest that the structuring must be slowly changing, for example, over the course of 10 to tens of minutes.

• Nishimura, Yukitoshi; Zhang, Shun-Rong; Lyons, Lawrence R.; Deng, Yue; Coster, Anthea J. & Moen, Jøran Idar [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2020). Source Region and Propagation of Dayside Large-Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances. Geophysical Research Letters. ISSN 0094-8276. 47(19). doi: 10.1029/2020GL089451.
• Follestad, Anna Kristine Fæhn; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek; van den IJssel, J. & Haagmans, Roger (2020). Two-Dimensional Reconstruction of Ionospheric Plasma Density Variations Using Swarm. Space Weather. ISSN 1542-7390. 18. doi: 10.1029/2019SW002406. Full text in Research Archive
• Jin, Yaqi; Xiong, Chao; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Spicher, Andres; Kotova, Daria & Brask, Steffen [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2020). Ionospheric Plasma Irregularities Based on In Situ Measurements From the Swarm Satellites. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 125(7). doi: 10.1029/2020JA028103. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In this study, we present global climatological distributions of ionospheric plasma irregularities based on measurements by the Swarm satellites. These first global statistics obtained by direct, in situ measurements of plasma variations with Swarm confirm the presence of three main regions of strong ionospheric irregularities: the magnetic equator extending from postsunset to early morning, in the auroral ovals (from dayside cusp to nightside), and inside the polar caps. At equatorial latitudes, ionospheric irregularities form two bands of enhanced plasma fluctuations centered around ±10° magnetic latitude. Due to different plasma processes, ionospheric irregularities at high and low latitudes show different distributions. Though the averaged intensity of plasma irregularities is weaker at equatorial latitudes than at high latitudes, the occurrence rate of significant plasma fluctuations (corresponding to extreme events) is much higher at the equator than that at high latitudes. Equatorial irregularities display clear seasonal and longitudinal variations; that is, they are most prominent over South America during the December solstice and are located over Africa during the June solstice. The magnitude of ionospheric irregularities at all latitudes is strongly controlled by the solar activity. Ionospheric irregularities become significantly weaker after 2016 during the current declining phase of solar activity. The interplanetary magnetic field Bz modulates the occurrence of ionospheric irregularities at both high and low latitudes.

• Chernyshov, Alexander A.; Chugunin, Dmitry V.; Frolov, Vladimor L.; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek & Mogilevsky, Mikhail M. (2020). In situ observations of ionospheric heating effects: First results from a joint SURA and NorSat-1 experiment. Geophysical Research Letters. ISSN 0094-8276. 47:e2020GL088462(13), p. 1–9. doi: 10.1029/2020GL088462. Full text in Research Archive
• Spicher, Andres; Deshpande, Kshitija; Jin, Yaqi; Oksavik, Kjellmar; Zettergren, Matthew D. & Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2020). On the Production of Ionospheric Irregularities Via Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Associated with Cusp Flow Channels. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 125(6). doi: 10.1029/2019JA027734. Full text in Research Archive
• Ivarsen, Magnus Fagernes; Hoang, Huy Minh; Yang, Lei; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Spicher, Andres & Jin, Yaqi [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2019). Multineedle Langmuir Probe Operation and Acute Probe Current Susceptibility to Spacecraft Potential. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. ISSN 0093-3813. 47(8), p. 3816–3823. doi: 10.1109/TPS.2019.2906377. Full text in Research Archive
• Follestad, Anna Kristine Fæhn; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Thomas, E.G.; Jin, Yaqi & Coster, A. (2019). Polar cap patch prediction in the expanding contracting polar cap paradigm. Space Weather. ISSN 1542-7390. 17(11), p. 1570–1583. doi: 10.1029/2019SW002276. Full text in Research Archive
• Burleigh, Meghan R.; Zettergren, Matthew David; Lynch, Kristina A.; Lessard, Marc R.; Moen, Jøran Idar & Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2019). Transient Ionospheric Upflow Driven by Poleward Moving Auroral forms Observed During the Rocket Experiment for Neutral Upwelling 2 (RENU2) Campaign. Geophysical Research Letters. ISSN 0094-8276. 46(12), p. 6297–6305. doi: 10.1029/2018GL081886. Full text in Research Archive
• Jin, Yaqi; Moen, Jøran Idar; Spicher, Andres; Oksavik, Kjellmar; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek & Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2019). Simultaneous rocket and scintillation observations of plasma irregularities associated with a reversed flow event in the cusp ionosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 124(8), p. 7098–7111. doi: 10.1029/2019JA026942. Full text in Research Archive
• Ivarsen, Magnus Fagernes; Jin, Yaqi; Spicher, Andres & Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock (2019). Direct Evidence for the Dissipation of Small-Scale Ionospheric Plasma Structures by a Conductive E Region. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 124(4), p. 2935–2942. doi: 10.1029/2019JA026500. Full text in Research Archive
• Hoang, Huy Minh; Røed, Ketil; Bekkeng, Tore Andre; Moen, Jøran Idar; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock & Trondsen, Espen [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2019). The Multi-needle Langmuir Probe Instrument for QB50 Mission: Case Studies of Ex-Alta 1 and Hoopoe Satellites. Space Science Reviews. ISSN 0038-6308. 215:21(2), p. 1–19. doi: 10.1007/s11214-019-0586-x. Full text in Research Archive
• Jin, Yaqi; Spicher, Andres; Xiong, Chao; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Kervalishvili, Guram & Stolle, Claudia [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Ionospheric Plasma Irregularities Characterized by the Swarm Satellites: Statistics at High Latitudes. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 124(2), p. 1262–1282. doi: 10.1029/2018JA026063. Full text in Research Archive
• Miloch, Wojciech Jacek; Jin, Yaqi; Xiong, Chao; Kervalishvili, Guram; Spicher, Andres & Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Ionospheric plasma irregularities studied with Swarm satellites. E3S Web of Conferences. ISSN 2267-1242. 62, p. 1–6. doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/20186201009. Full text in Research Archive
• Paulsson, Joakim John Paul; Spicher, Andres; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Moen, Jøran Idar & Miloch, Wojciech Jacek (2018). Wake Potential and Wake Effects on the Ionospheric Plasma Density Measurements With Sounding Rockets. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 123(11), p. 9711–9725. doi: 10.1029/2017JA025004. Full text in Research Archive
• Jin, Yaqi; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek; Moen, Jøran Idar & Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock (2018). Solar cycle and seasonal variations of the GPS phase scintillation at high latitudes. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate. ISSN 2115-7251. 8. doi: 10.1051/swsc/2018034. Full text in Research Archive
• Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock & Nickisch, Hannes (2018). Automatic Classification of Auroral Images From the Oslo Auroral THEMIS (OATH) Data Set Using Machine Learning. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 123(7), p. 5640–5647. doi: 10.1029/2018JA025274. Full text in Research Archive
• D'Angelo, Giulia; Piersanti, Mirko; Alfonsi, Lucilla; Spogli, Luca; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock & Coco, Igino [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2018). The response of high latitude ionosphere to the 2015 St. Patrick's day storm from in situ and ground based observations. Advances in Space Research. ISSN 0273-1177. 62(3), p. 638–650. doi: 10.1016/j.asr.2018.05.005. Full text in Research Archive
• Chernyshov, Aleksander A.; Spicher, Andres; Ilyasov, Askar A.; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock & Saito, Yoshifumi [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2018). Studies of small-scale plasma inhomogeneities in the cusp ionosphere using sounding rocket data. Physics of Plasmas. ISSN 1070-664X. 25(4). doi: 10.1063/1.5026281. Full text in Research Archive
• Hoang, Huy Minh; Røed, Ketil; Bekkeng, Tore Andre; Moen, Jøran Idar; Spicher, Andres & Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2018). A study of data analysis techniques for the multi-needle Langmuir probe. Measurement Science and Technology. ISSN 0957-0233. 29(6). doi: 10.1088/1361-6501/aab948.
• Hoang, Huy Minh; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Røed, Ketil; Bekkeng, Tore Andre; Trondsen, Espen & Lybekk, Bjørn [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2018). The Multi-Needle Langmuir Probe System on Board NorSat-1. Space Science Reviews. ISSN 0038-6308. 214(4). doi: 10.1007/s11214-018-0509-2. Full text in Research Archive
• Spicher, Andres; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek; Lofstad, Victoria; Jin, Yaqi & Moen, Jøran Idar (2017). Interhemispheric study of polar cap patch occurrence based on Swarm in situ data. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. doi: 10.1002/2016JA023750. Full text in Research Archive
• Wu, J.; Bryant, Mark S; Ridley, CG; Shen, Y; Yang, Lei & Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2017). A comparison of small-scale magnetic fluctuations in the Region 1 and 2 field-aligned current systems. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Biogeosciences. ISSN 2169-8953. 122(3), p. 3277–3290. doi: 10.1002/2016JA023453. Full text in Research Archive
• Jin, Yaqi; Moen, Jøran Idar; Oksavik, Kjellmar; Spicher, Andres; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock & Miloch, Wojciech Jacek (2017). GPS scintillations associated with cusp dynamics and polar cap patches. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate. ISSN 2115-7251. 7. doi: 10.1051/swsc/2017022. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper investigates the relative scintillation level associated with cusp dynamics (including precipitation, flow shears, etc.) with and without the formation of polar cap patches around the cusp inflow region by the EISCAT Svalbard radar (ESR) and two GPS scintillation receivers. A series of polar cap patches were observed by the ESR between 8:40 and 10:20 UT on December 3, 2011. The polar cap patches combined with the auroral dynamics were associated with a significantly higher GPS phase scintillation level (up to 0.6 rad) than those observed for the other two alternatives, i.e., cusp dynamics without polar cap patches, and polar cap patches without cusp aurora. The cusp auroral dynamics without plasma patches were indeed related to GPS phase scintillations at a moderate level (up to 0.3 rad). The polar cap patches away from the active cusp were associated with sporadic and moderate GPS phase scintillations (up to 0.2 rad). The main conclusion is that the worst global navigation satellite system space weather events on the dayside occur when polar cap patches enter the polar cap and are subject to particle precipitation and flow shears, which is analogous to the nightside when polar cap patches exit the polar cap and enter the auroral oval.

• Hoang, Huy Minh; Røed, Ketil; Bekkeng, Tore Andre; Trondsen, Espen; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock & Miloch, Wojciech Jacek [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). High spatial-resolution electron density measurement by Langmuir probe for multi-point observations using tiny spacecraft. Measurement Science and Technology. ISSN 0957-0233. 28(11). doi: 10.1088/1361-6501/aa87e1.
• Zhou, Xiaoyan; Haerendel, Gerhard; Moen, Jøran Idar; Trondsen, Espen; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock & Strangeway, Robert J. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2017). Shock aurora: Field-aligned discrete structures moving along the dawnside oval. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 122(3), p. 3145–3162. doi: 10.1002/2016JA022666. Full text in Research Archive
• Milan, Stephen Eric; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Coxon, John Charles; Carter, Jenny A.; Walach, Maria Theresia & Laundal, Karl Magnus [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2017). Overview of solar wind - magnetosphere - ionosphere - atmosphere coupling and the generation of magnetospheric currents. Space Science Reviews. ISSN 0038-6308. 206(1), p. 547–573. doi: 10.1007/s11214-017-0333-0. Full text in Research Archive
• Spicher, Andres; Ilyashov, Askar A.; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek; Chernyshov, Aleksander A.; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock & Moen, Jøran Idar [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2016). Reverse flow events and small-scale effects in the cusp ionosphere . Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 121(10), p. 10,466–10,480. doi: 10.1002/2016JA022999.
• Smith, David M.; Casavant, Eric P; Comess, Max D; Liang, Xinqing; Bowers, Gregory S & Selesnick, Richard S [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2016). The causes of the hardest electron precipitation events seen with SAMPEX. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Biogeosciences. ISSN 2169-8953. 121(9), p. 8600–8613. doi: 10.1002/2016JA022346.
• Cohen, I. J.; Widholm, M.; Lessard, M. R.; Riley, P; Heavisides, J. & Moen, Jøran Idar [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2016). Rocket-borne measurements of electron temperature and density with the Electron Retarding Potential Analyzer instrument. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Biogeosciences. ISSN 2169-8953. 121(7), p. 6774–6782. doi: 10.1002/2016JA022562.
• Shukhtina, Maria A.; Gordeev, Evigini I.; Sergeev, Victor A.; Tsyganenko, Nikolai A.; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock & Milan, Stephen Eric (2016). Magnetotail magnetic flux monitoring based on simultaneous solar wind and magnetotail observations. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Biogeosciences. ISSN 2169-8953. 121(9), p. 8821–8839. doi: 10.1002/2016JA022911.
• van der Meeren, Christer; Oksavik, Kjellmar; Lorentzen, Dag Arne; Paxton, Larry J. & Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock (2016). Scintillation and irregularities from the nightside part of a Sun-aligned polar cap arc. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 121(6), p. 5723–5736. doi: 10.1002/2016JA022708. Full text in Research Archive
• Jin, Yaqi; Moen, Jøran Idar; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock & Oksavik, Kjellmar (2016). Statistical study of the GNSS phase scintillation associated with two types of auroral blobs. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 121(5), p. 4679–4697. doi: 10.1002/2016JA022613.
• Coxon, John C.; Milan, Steve; Carter, Jenny A.; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Anderson, Brian J. & Korth, Haje (2016). Seasonal and diurnal variations in AMPERE observations of the Birkeland currents compared to modeled results. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Biogeosciences. ISSN 2169-8953. 121(5), p. 4027–4040. doi: 10.1002/2015JA022050.
• Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Moen, Jøran Idar; Hosokawa, Keisuke & Holmes, Jeffrey Morgan (2016). GPS scintillations in the high latitudes during periods of dayside and nightside reconnection. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Biogeosciences. ISSN 2169-8953. 121(4), p. 3293–3309. doi: 10.1002/2015JA022199.
• Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock & Moen, Jøran Idar (2015). Electron density enhancements in the polar cap during periods of dayside reconnection. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 120 , p. 4452–4464. doi: 10.1002/2015JA021188.
• van der Meeren, Christer; Oksavik, Kjellmar; Lorentzen, Dag Arne; Rietveld, Michael T & Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock (2015). Severe and localized GNSS scintillation at the poleward edge of the nightside auroral oval during intense substorm aurora. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 120(12), p. 10607–10621. doi: 10.1002/2015JA021819. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In this paper we study how GPS, GLONASS, and Galileo navigation signals are compromised by strong irregularities causing severe phase scintillation (σϕ>1) in the nightside high-latitude ionosphere during a substorm on 3 November 2013. Substorm onset and a later intensification coincided with polar cap patches entering the auroral oval to become auroral blobs. Using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers and optical data, we show severe scintillation driven by intense auroral emissions in the line of sight between the receiver and the satellites. During substorm expansion, the area of scintillation followed the intense poleward edge of the auroral oval. The intense auroral emissions were colocated with polar cap patches (blobs). The patches did not contain strong irregularities, neither before entering the auroral oval nor after the aurora had faded. Signals from all three GNSS constellations were similarly affected by the irregularities. Furthermore, two receivers spaced around 120km apart reported highly different scintillation impacts, with strong scintillation on half of the satellites in one receiver and no scintillation in the other. This shows that areas of severe irregularities in the nightside ionosphere can be highly localized. Amplitude scintillations were low throughout the entire interval.

• Spicher, Andres; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock & Moen, Jøran Idar (2015). Plasma turbulence and coherent structures in the polar cap observed by the ICI-2 sounding rocket. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 120(12), p. 10959–10978. doi: 10.1002/2015JA021634.
• Moen, Jøran Idar; Hosokawa, Keisuke; Gulbrandsen, Njål & Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock (2015). On the symmetry of ionospheric polar cap patch exits around magnetic midnight. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 120(9), p. 7785–7797. doi: 10.1002/2014JA020914. Full text in Research Archive
• Spicher, Andres; Cameron, T.; Grono, E. M.; Yakymenko, K. N.; Buchert, S. C. & Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2015). Observation of polar cap patches and calculation of gradient drift instability growth times: A Swarm case study. Geophysical Research Letters. ISSN 0094-8276. 42(2), p. 201–206. doi: 10.1002/2014GL062590.
• Bjoland, Lindis Merete; Chen, Xiangcai; Jin, Yaqi; Reimer, Ashton S.; Skjæveland, Åsmund & Wessel, Matthew R. [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2015). Interplanetary magnetic field and solar cycle dependence of Northern Hemisphere F region joule heating. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 120(2), p. 1478–1487. doi: 10.1002/2014JA020586.
• Goodwin, Lindsay; Iserhienrhien, Blessing; Miles, David M.; Patra, Swadesh; van der Meeren, Christer & Buchert, Stephan C. [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2015). Swarm in situ observations of F region polar cap patches created by cusp precipitation. Geophysical Research Letters. ISSN 0094-8276. 42(4), p. 996–1003. doi: 10.1002/2014GL062610. Full text in Research Archive
• Coxon, John Charles; Milan, Steve; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Anderson, Brian J. & Korth, Haje (2014). The magnitudes of the regions 1 and 2 Birkeland currents observed by AMPERE and their role in solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Biogeosciences. ISSN 2169-8953. 119(12), p. 9804–9815. doi: 10.1002/2014JA020138.
• Coxon, J. C.; Milan, S. E.; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Anderson, B. J. & Korth, H. (2014). A superposed epoch analysis of the regions 1 and 2 Birkeland currents observed by AMPERE during substorms. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Biogeosciences. ISSN 2169-8953. 119(12), p. 9834–9846. doi: 10.1002/2014JA020500.
• Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Milan, Steve E. & Grocott, Adrian (2014). Thermospheric density perturbations in response to substorms. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Biogeosciences. ISSN 2169-8953. 119(6), p. 4441–4455. doi: 10.1002/2014JA019837.
• Nishimura, Yukitoshi; Lyons, Larry R.; Zou, Ying; Oksavik, Kjellmar; Moen, Jøran Idar & Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2014). Day-night coupling by a localized flow channel visualized by polar cap patch propagation. Geophysical Research Letters. ISSN 0094-8276. 41(11), p. 3701–3709. doi: 10.1002/2014GL060301.
• Engebretson, Mark J.; Yeoman, Timothy Kenneth; Oksavik, Kjellmar; Søraas, Finn; Sigernes, Fred & Moen, Jøran Idar [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2013). Multi-instrument observations from Svalbard of a traveling convection vortex, electromagnetic ion cyclotron wave burst, and proton precipitation associated with a bow shock instability. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 118(6), p. 2975–2997. doi: 10.1002/jgra.50291.

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• Spicher, Andres; LaBelle, James William; Bonnell, John W.; Roglans, Roger; Moser, Chrystal & Fuselier, Stephen A. [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2022). Sounding rocket investigation of multi-scale (density) irregularities in the cusp region.
• Spicher, Andres; Moen, Jøran Idar; LaBelle, James William; Bonnell, John W; Roglans, Roger & Moser, Chrystal [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2021). Sounding rocket studies of ionospheric turbulence above Svalbard. Show summary

  Every morning between about 06 UT and 11 UT, Svalbard rotates just below the cusps (dayside aurora), where direct coupling between the solar wind, magnetosphere and ionosphere occurs. This provides a unique window to study the dayside aurora and the highly dynamic processes associated with it, examples of which include electron and ion precipitation and heating, electrostatic and electromagnetic waves, as well as turbulence. In this work, we focus on the turbulence which, alongside with being of pure scientific interest, can also have societal impacts. Indeed, the “irregular” electron density structures associated with it can affect our technology infrastructures by for instance degrading High Frequency (HF) communication and Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) signals. After briefly reviewing some of the mechanisms believed to be important in the development of turbulence in the high-latitude ionosphere, we present recent observations of density irregularities obtained by sounding rockets above Svalbard. We focus on measurements made as a part of the Grand Challenge Initiative (GCI) Cusp, an international project combining sounding rockets missions and ground-based instruments to study the cusps. We show detailed characterization of the nature of the irregularities including their phase velocity and wavelengths, helping shedding light onto the process(es) involved in their formation, especially at the scales important for Space weather applications.

• Miloch, Wojciech Jacek; Usui, Hideyuki; Miyake, Yohei; Mortensen, Mikael; Chernyshov, A.A. & Baddeley, Lisa [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2021). Long-term and sustainable research- based student mobility projects within space weather.
• Miloch, Wojciech Jacek; Alfonsi, Lucilla; Spogli, Luca; Urbar, Jaroslav; Cesaroni, C & Cicone, Antonio [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2021). Variability of ionosphere studied and modelled based on data from the Swarm satellites.
• Miloch, Wojciech Jacek; Alfonsi, Lucilla; Spogli, Luca; Wood, Alan; Sahtahmassebi, Golnaz & Clausen, Lasse [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2020). Variability of Ionospheric Plasma Based on Swarm Satellite Data.
• Miloch, Wojciech Jacek; Jin, Yaqi; Xiong, Chao; Brask, Steffen Mattias; Kotova, Daria & Kervalishvili, Guram [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2020). Ionospheric Plasma IRregularities (IPIR data products).
• Spicher, Andres; LaBelle, James William; Bonnell, John W; Bounds, Scott; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock & Di Mare, Francesca [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2020). On multi-scale density irregularities observed by sounding rockets within regions of enhanced scintillations in the cusp ionosphere.
• Di Mare, Francesca; Spicher, Andres; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek & Moen, Jøran Idar (2020). Turbulent Signatures in the Polar Cusp Ionosphere using sounding rocket mission observations .
• Di Mare, Francesca; Spicher, Andres; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek & Moen, Jøran Idar (2020). Turbulence Signatures in the Polar/Cusp Ionosphere based on ICI sounding rocket missions .
• Miloch, Wojciech Jacek; Kotova, Daria; Jin, Yaqi; Xiong, Chao; Brask, Steffen & Kervalishvili, Guram [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2019). Ionospheric plasma irregularities studied globally with the Swarm satellites .
• Di Mare, Francesca; Spicher, Andres; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock & Moen, Jøran Idar (2019). Turbulence observations in the Polar/Cusp Ionosphere using ICI sounding rocket data.
• Di Mare, Francesca; Spicher, Andres; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock & Moen, Jøran Idar (2019). Mapping of turbulence at the high-latitude Ionosphere using ICI-2 and ICI-3 sounding rocket data.
• Di Mare, Francesca; Spicher, Andres; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock & Moen, Jøran Idar (2019). Turbulence observations in the Polar/Cusp Ionosphere using ICI data missions.
• Spicher, Andres; Moen, Jøran Idar; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock & Miloch, Wojciech Jacek (2019). On the source and nature of ionospheric plasma irregularities: advances made through the Investigation of Cusp irregularities sounding rocket program .
• Spicher, Andres; Deshpande, Kshitija; Zettergren, Matthew D.; Oksavik, Kjellmar; Jin, Yaqi & Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Modeling scintillation produced by ionospheric Kelvin Helmholtz in the cusp ionosphere using GEMINI-SIGMA. Show summary

  Ionospheric irregularities are known to cause fluctuations in radio signals called scintillation in the phase and amplitude of the complex signal. The turbulent structures responsible for the scintillation are a few hundreds of meters to few tens of kilometers scale sizes (intermediate scale sizes). With the growing interest in high latitude scintillation, we would like to investigate the effect of typical physical mechanisms on the radio scintillation. Here we present our modeling studies of Global Positioning System (GPS) scintillation through Kelvin Helmholtz instability (KHI) in the cusp region. For modeling we use the first principles based Geospace Environment Model of Ion-Neutral Interactions (GEMINI) and Satellite-beacon Ionospheric-scintillation Global Model of the upper Atmosphere (SIGMA). We utilize a cusp event study with detailed observations from the EISCAT Svalbard Radar (ESR) and scintillations detected from a network of four Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers in Svalbard. The event presents evidences of the role of magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling in the generation of plasma irregularities and scintillations in the cusp. Using numerical simulations, we investigate the potential role of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in producing such scintillation. Furthermore, we compare the results with characteristics of GPS scintillations associated with a polar cap patch and the gradient drift instability to deduce distinctive characteristics of the respective plasma irregularities.

• Spicher, Andres; Oksavik, Kjellmar; Jin, Yaqi; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Zettergren, Matthew D. & Deshpande, K. B. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2019). A reverse flow event as the onset of ionospheric scintillation irregularities in the cusp.
• Spicher, Andres; Oksavik, Kjellmar; Jin, Yaqi; Moen, Jøran Idar; Baddeley, Lisa & Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock (2019). On the sources of Cusp Ionospheric Scintillation Irregularities.
• Spicher, Andres; Moen, Jøran Idar; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek & Blix, Kolbjørn (2018). 4DSpace long term plans towards a multi-satellite M-Class mission.
• Moen, Jøran Idar; Hoang, Huy Minh; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock & Trondsen, Espen (2018). The multi-Needle Langmuir probe system for exploration of the global ionosphere.
• Spicher, Andres; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek; Jin, Yaqi; Lofstad, Victoria Emilie & Moen, Jøran Idar (2018). Polar cap patch climatology based on Swarm density data.
• Moen, Jøran Idar; Oksavik, Kjellmar; Carlson, Herbert C; Spicher, Andres; Bekkeng, Tore Andre & Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2018). The Investigation of Cusp Irregularities Rocket Program.
• Jin, Yaqi; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Spicher, Andres; Stolle, Claudia & Kervalishvili, G. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Ionospheric Plasma Irregularities Characterized by the Swarm satellites.
• Jin, Yaqi; Spicher, Andres; Xiong, Chao; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Stolle, Claudia & Kervalishvili, G. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Detecting high-latitude ionospheric plasma irregularities by Swarm satellites.
• Brinkman, D. G.; Walterscheid, R. L.; Clemmons, J.H.; Hecht, J. H.; Lessard, Marc R. & Fritz, B [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2017). High Resolution Modeling of the Thermospheric Response to Energy Inputs during the RENU-2 Rocket Flight.
• Kenward, D.; Lessard, M.; Lynch, Kristina A.; Hysell, David; Hampton, Donald L. & Michell, R. [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2017). Examination of Cross-Scale Coupling During Auroral Events using RENU2 and ISINGLASS Sounding Rocket Data.
• Moen, Jøran Idar; Oksavik, Kjellmar; Carlson, Herbert C; Stausland, Christoffer T; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock & Daabakk, Yvonne [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2017). Kelvin Helmholtz and Gradient Drift instabilities in ionosphere cusp flow channels.
• Antonsen, Tarjei; Havnes, Ove; Latteck, Ralph; Höffner, Josef; Baumgarten, Gerd & Friedrich, Martin [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2017). Simultaneous In Situ and Remote Observations of Dust in the Polar Summer Mesosphere: An Overview of the MAXIDUSY Campaign.
• Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock & Moen, Jøran Idar (2015). Electron density enhancement in the polar cap during periods of dayside reconnection.
• Spicher, Andres; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek; Moen, Jøran Idar & Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock (2015). Small-scale plasma turbulence and intermittency in the high latitude F region based on the ICI-2 sounding rocket experiment.
• Moen, Jøran Idar; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Spicher, Andres; Bekkeng, T. A.; Saito, Y. & Oksavik, Kjellmar [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2015). Investigation of F-region auroral blobs by the ICI-4 sounding rocket.
• Moen, Jøran Idar; Hosokawa, K.; Gulbrandsen, Njål & Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock (2014). On the Symmetry of Ionospheric Polar Cap Patch Exits Around Magnetic Midnight.
• Spicher, Andres; Cameron, T.; Grono, E.; Yakymenko, K.; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock & Knudsen, D. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2014). Observation of Polar Cap Patches and Calculation of Gradient Drift Instability Growth Times: A Swarm Case Study.
• Goodwin, Lindsay; Iserhienrhien, Blessing; Miles, David M.; Patra, Swadesh; van der Meeren, Christer & Buchert, S. C. [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2014). Swarm in situ observations of F-region polar cap patches created by cusp precipitation.
• Nishimura, T.; Lyons, Larry R.; Zou, Y; Wang, B; Oksavik, Kjellmar & Moen, Jøran Idar [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2014). Day-night coupling by a localized flow channel visualized by polar cap patch propagation.
• Moen, Jøran Idar; Daabakk, Yvonne; Oksavik, Kjellmar; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Bekkeng, Tore Andre & Abe, T. [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2014). Plasma Instability Growth Rates in the F-Region Cusp Ionosphere.
• Goodwin, Lindsay; Iserhienrhien, Blessing; Miles, David M.; Patra, Swadesh; van der Meeren, Christer & Buchert, S. C. [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2014). In situ Swarm observations of polar cap patches created by cusp precipitation.
• Lorentzen, Dag Arne; Baddeley, Lisa; Moen, Jøran Idar; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock & Saito, T (2013). Multi-instrument observations during the ICI-3 sounding rocket campaign.
• Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Moen, Jøran Idar; Saito, Yoshifumi; Chaston, C. C.; Trondsen, Espen & Bekkeng, Tore Andre [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2013). Inertial Alfven waves observed by ICI-2.

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