MAPLES – MAgma PLays with sedimEntary rockS

• Percival, Lawrence M. E.; Matsumoto, Hironao; Callegaro, Sara; Erba, Elisabetta; Kerr, Andrew C. & Mutterlose, Jorg [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2024). Cretaceous Large Igneous Provinces: from volcanic formation to environmental catastrophes and biological crises. Geological Society Special Publication. ISSN 0305-8719. 544(1), p. 299–342. doi: 10.1144/SP544-2023-88. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Cretaceous Period was marked by the formation of numerous large igneous provinces (LIPs), several of which were associated with geologically rapid climate, environmental and biosphere perturbations, including the early Aptian and latest Cenomanian oceanic anoxic events (OAEs 1a and 2, respectively). In most cases, magmatic CO2 emissions are thought to have been the major driver of climate and biosphere degradation. This work summarizes the relationships between Cretaceous LIPs and environmental perturbations, focusing on how volcanism caused climate warming during OAE 1a using osmium-isotope and mercury concentration data. The new results support magmatic CO2 output from submarine LIP activity as the primary trigger of climate warming and biosphere stress before/during OAE 1a. This submarine volcanic trigger of OAE 1a (and OAE 2), two of the most climatically/biotically severe Cretaceous events, highlights the capacity of oceanic LIPs to impact Earth's environment as profoundly as many continental provinces. Cretaceous magmatism (and likely output of CO2 and trace-metal micronutrients) was apparently most intense during those OAEs; further studies are needed to better constrain the eruption histories of those oceanic plateaus. Another open question is why the Cretaceous Period overall featured a higher rate of magmatic activity and LIP formation compared with before and afterwards.

• Boon, Annique van der; Naudé, Marjolein; Callegaro, Sara; Monsef, Iman; Rezaeian, Mahnaz & Niknam, Ali [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2024). Propagating Neotethys slab break-off beneath Iran following Arabia-Eurasia collision. Lithos. ISSN 0024-4937. 482-483. doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2024.107737. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The closure of the Paleo- and Neotethys resulted in a long history of subduction of oceanic crust and production of a large variety of Phanerozoic magmatic rocks in the region occupied by present day Iran. Adakitic rocks of varying ages are common in this area and have distinctive geochemical signatures that have been variably linked to slab break-off or melting of the lower continental crust. The geographic distribution and age of the adakitic rocks indicates a potential younging trend from northwest to southeast Iran, but this trend was interrupted by an older outlier in the area of Tafresh, in the central part of the Neotethys arc. We obtained new geochemical and U-Pb geochronological data for Eocene volcanic and Miocene intrusive rocks from this anomalous locality. Our results show that adakitic signatures are only present in younger Miocene intrusive porphyritic bodies and not in the main calc-alkaline Eocene volcanic succession as previously thought. The Tafresh adakitic porphyritic bodies have an age of 15.7 ± 0.1 Ma (n = 183, 2σ SE), which fits well with a regional younging of the adakites towards the southeast of Iran. The Tafresh adakitic rocks are classified as the high-silica variety, and show trace element signatures and isotopic values that are consistent with melting of the lower continental crust. We hypothesise that progressive slab break-off provided a mechanism for the formation of high-silica adakitic rocks along the former Neotethys arc.

• Belosa, Lea; Callegaro, Sara; Meyzen, Christine M; Gaina, Carmen; Polteau, Stephane & Bizimis, Michael [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2024). Deep Mantle Component and Continental Crust Remobilization in the Source of Vesteris Seamount, East Greenland Margin. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems. 25(1). doi: 10.1029/2023GC011196. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Vesteris Seamount is a large Quaternary intraplate submarine volcano in the SW Greenland Sea, about 1,000 km NE of Iceland and 300 km NW of the Mohn's spreading ridge, whose mode of formation remains unsolved. We present geochemical data for new samples dredged from the Vesteris edifice, including major, trace elements and Sr‐Nd‐Pb‐Hf isotopes. The isotopic characteristics of the alkaline lavas, covering the basanite/tephrite to benmoreite range, indicate the involvement of depleted and enriched mantle components. The source is dominated by the depleted mantle (85%–90%) and a deep enriched component possibly supplied by the Iceland Plume (IP) (10%–15%). Additional source enrichment was due to recycled crust and sub‐continental lithospheric mantle, as suggested by Hf isotopes (0.283147 ± 0.000005) measured for the first time in Vesteris lavas and by a decoupling in Pb isotopes evidenced by relatively low‐radiogenic 207 Pb/ 204 Pb (15.510) and high‐radiogenic 208 Pb/ 204 Pb (38.554) with respect to the Northern Hemisphere Reference Line. We interpret the geochemical results using existing knowledge about the regional lithospheric and upper mantle structure. Our findings suggest that a deep (ca. 420–320 km) mantle anomaly, with seismological characteristics of the Iceland mantle plume, extends from East Greenland to the north of Jan Mayen Fracture Zone. The regional lithospheric thinning toward the Greenland Basin enabled the melting events that produced the Vesteris seamount. This lateral NNE‐directed flow lobe of the Iceland plume may have carved and transferred enriched components from the continental lithospheric margin of Greenland north of Scoresby Sund toward the Vesteris source.

• Callegaro, Sara; Baker, Don R.; Renne, Paul R.; Melluso, Leone; Geraki, Kalotina & Whitehouse, Martin J. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Recurring volcanic winters during the latest Cretaceous: Sulfur and fluorine budgets of Deccan Traps lavas. Science Advances. 9(40). doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adg8284. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Two events share the stage as main drivers of the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction—Deccan Traps volcanism, and an asteroid impact recorded by the Chicxulub crater. We contribute to refining knowledge of the volcanic stressor by providing sulfur and fluorine budgets of Deccan lavas from the Western Ghats (India), which straddle the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. Volcanic fluorine budgets were variable (400 to 3000 parts per million) and probably sufficient to affect the environment, albeit only regionally. The highest sulfur budgets (up to 1800 parts per million) are recorded in Deccan lavas emplaced just prior (within 0.1 million years) to the extinction interval, whereas later basalts are generally sulfur-poor (up to 750 parts per million). Independent evidence suggests the Deccan flood basalts erupted in high-flux pulses. Our data suggest that volcanic sulfur degassing from such activity could have caused repeated short-lived global drops in temperature, stressing the ecosystems long before the bolide impact delivered its final blow at the end of the Cretaceous.

• Baker, Don R.; Callegaro, Sara; Marzoli, Andrea; Min, Angelo De; Geraki, Kalotina & Whitehouse, Martin, J. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Sulfur and chlorine in nakhlite clinopyroxenes: Source region concentrations and magmatic evolution. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. ISSN 0016-7037. 359, p. 1–19. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2023.08.007. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The volatile concentrations of the martian mantle and martian magmas remain important questions due to their role in petrogenesis and planetary habitability. The sulfur and chlorine concentrations, and their spatial distribution, in clinopyroxenes from nakhlites MIL 03346, Nakhla, and NWA 998 were measured to provide insight into these volatiles in the parental melts and source regions of nakhlites, and to constrain the evolution of the nakhlite melts. Sulfur and chlorine in four clinopyroxene crystals from MIL 03346, four from Nakhla, and five from NWA 998 were measured in crystal cores and rims by synchrotron X-ray fluorescence using beamline I18 at the Diamond Light Source. Portions of two crystals from MIL 03346 and one from Nakhla were mapped for S and Cl; a few reconnaissance analyses of Cl and F in MIL 03346 and Nakhla were made by ion microprobe. Clinopyroxene cores in Nakhla and NWA 998 contain ∼ 10 ppm S, ∼ 10 ppm Cl and ∼ 74 ppm F (only Nakhla analyzed), whereas the cores of MIL 03346 contain ∼ 10 ppm S, ∼ 5 ppm Cl and ∼ 53 ppm F. Using the volatile concentrations in the cores combined with previously determined partition coefficients we calculate that these clinopyroxenes crystallized from evolved basaltic melts containing ∼ 500 ppm S, ∼ 500 to 1900 ppm Cl, and 160 to 420 ppm F. These evolved melts can be used to calculate primitive melts in equilibrium with martian peridotite and the concentrations of S, Cl and F in the mantle source region of the nakhlite melts. Depending upon the extent of melting (5 to 30 %) necessary to produce the primary melts associated with nakhlites, our calculations indicate that the nakhlite source region has a S concentration between 20 (5 % melting) to 120 ppm (30 % melting), Cl between 16 to 97 ppm, and F between 14 to 48 ppm. These concentrations in the nakhlite magma source region are similar to previous estimates for the martian mantle; our calculated source region concentrations of F and Cl agree best with previous estimates if the martian mantle undergoes 10 to 20% melting to produce primary magmas that evolve to be parental to nakhlites. However, our maximum estimated sulfur concentration of the source (calculated for 30 % melting) is near previous minimum estimates for the martian mantle, suggesting the possibility that the nakhlite source region is depleted in sulfur relative to much of Mars’ mantle. Mapping the spatial distribution of volatiles in three clinopyroxene crystals demonstrates that S and Cl concentrations of the evolving melts changed significantly from the core to the rim, particularly those in MIL 03346. Increasing S and Cl concentrations between the core and rim of MIL 03346 crystals are attributed to incorporation of additional volatiles through assimilation, but the Nakhla crystal shows no such evidence. However, concentrations of Cl and S at some outer crystal rims of one MIL 03346 crystal decrease, most probably due to volatile degassing during the final stages of clinopyroxene growth.

• Deegan, Frances M.; Callegaro, Sara; Davies, Joshua H.F.L. & Svensen, Henrik Hovland (2023). Driving Global Change One LIP at a Time. Elements. ISSN 1811-5209. 19(5), p. 269–275. doi: 10.2138/gselements.19.5.269. Full text in Research Archive
• Deegan, Frances M.; Bédard, Jean H.; Grasby, Stephen E.; Dewing, Keith; Geiger, Harri & Misiti, Valeria [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2022). Magma-Shale Interaction in Large Igneous Provinces: Implications for Climate Warming and Sulfide Genesis. Journal of Petrology. ISSN 0022-3530. 63(9), p. 1–10. doi: 10.1093/petrology/egac094. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) whose magma plumbing systems intersect sedimentary basins are linked to upheavals of Earth’s carbon and sulfur cycles and thus climate and life history. However, the underlying mechanistic links between these phenomena are elusive. We address this knowledge gap through short time-scale petrological experiments (1200 °C and 150 MPa) that explore interaction between basaltic melt and carbonaceous shale (mudstone) using starting materials from the Canadian High Arctic LIP and the Sverdrup Basin in which it intrudes. Here we show that entrainment of shale xenoliths in basaltic melt causes shale to shatter due to incipient thermal stress and devolatilization, which accelerates assimilation by increasing reactive surface area. Shale assimilation therefore facilitates transfer of sediment-derived volatile elements to the shallow parts of LIP plumbing systems, whereupon carbon dominates the vapor phase whilst sulfur is partitioned into sulfide melt droplets. This study reveals that although carbon and sulfur are efficiently mobilized as a consequence of shale assimilation, sulfides can sequester sulfur - an important climate cooling agent - thus enhancing net emissions of climate warming greenhouse gases by shale-intersecting LIPs.

• Corso, Jacopo Dal; Song, Haijun; Callegaro, Sara; Chu, Daoliang; Sun, Yadong & Hilton, Jason [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2022). Environmental crises at the Permian–Triassic mass extinction. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment. 3, p. 197–214. doi: 10.1038/s43017-021-00259-4. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The link between the Permian–Triassic mass extinction (252 million years ago) and the emplacement of the Siberian Traps Large Igneous Province (STLIP) was first proposed in the 1990s. However, the complex cascade of volcanically driven environmental and biological events that led to the largest known extinction remains challenging to reconstruct. In this Review, we critically evaluate the geological evidence and discuss the current hypotheses surrounding the kill mechanisms of the Permian–Triassic mass extinction. The initial extrusive and pyroclastic phase of STLIP volcanism was coeval with a widespread crisis of terrestrial biota and increased stress on marine animal species at high northern latitudes. The terrestrial ecological disturbance probably started 60–370 thousand years before that in the ocean, indicating different response times of terrestrial and marine ecosystems to the Siberian Traps eruptions, and was related to increased seasonality, ozone depletion and acid rain, the effects of which could have lasted more than 1 million years. The mainly intrusive STLIP phase that followed is linked with the final collapse of terrestrial ecosystems and the rapid (around 60 thousand years) extinction of 81–94% of marine species, potentially related to a combination of global warming, anoxia and ocean acidification. Nevertheless, the ultimate reasons for the exceptional severity of the Permian–Triassic mass extinction remain debated. Improved geochronology (especially of terrestrial records and STLIP products), tighter ecological constraints and higher-resolution Earth system modelling are needed to resolve the causal relations between volcanism, environmental perturbations and the patterns of ecosystem collapse.

• Boscaini, Andrea; Marzoli, A; Bertrand, Hervé; Chiaradia, Massimo; Jourdan, Fred & Faccenda, Manuele [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2022). Cratonic keels controlled the emplacement of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. ISSN 0012-821X. 584. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117480. Full text in Research Archive
• Boscaini, Andrea; Callegaro, Sara; Sun, Yadong & Marzoli, Andrea (2022). Late Permian to Late Triassic Large Igneous Provinces: Timing, Eruptive Style and Paleoenvironmental Perturbations. Frontiers in Earth Science. 10. doi: 10.3389/feart.2022.887632. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The emplacement of the Siberian Traps, the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) and the Wrangellia have been linked to the end-Permian, the end-Triassic mass extinctions, and to the Carnian Pluvial Episode (CPE), respectively. Exploring the timing, eruptive styles, and volatile degassing of these Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) is crucial to understand their causal link to the catastrophic environmental crises that punctuated the Triassic. In this study we review the main characteristics of these LIPs, emphasizing common features and differences, and discussing aspects that are still in debate. Estimates of CO2 budgets and emissions from the three LIPs are based on the Nb content of little evolved basalts and highlight that early Siberian Traps and CAMP and high-Ti Wrangellia volcanics were quite CO2-rich. On the contrary, other volcanics from the three LIPs probably emitted relatively low amounts of CO2, which reinforces the possibility that thermogenic reactions between sills and sediments were additional fundamental suppliers of climate-modifying gases.

• Capriolo, Manfredo; Mills, Benjamin J.W.; Newton, Robert J.; Corso, Jacopo Dal; Dunhill, Alexander M. & Wignall, Paul B. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Anthropogenic-scale CO2 degassing from the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province as a driver of the end-Triassic mass extinction. Global and Planetary Change. ISSN 0921-8181. 209. doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2021.103731. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The climatic and environmental impact of exclusively volcanic CO2 emissions is assessed during the main effusive phase of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), which is synchronous with the end-Triassic mass extinction. CAMP volcanism occurred in brief and intense eruptive pulses each producing extensive basaltic lava flows. Here, CAMP volcanic CO2 injections into the surface system are modelled using a biogeochemical box model for the carbon cycle. Our modelling shows that, even if positive feedback phenomena may be invoked to explain the carbon isotope excursions preserved in end-Triassic sedimentary records, intense and pulsed volcanic activity alone may have caused repeated temperature increases and pH drops, up to 5 °C and about 0.2 log units respectively. Hence, rapid and massive volcanic CO2 emissions from CAMP, on a similar scale to current anthropogenic emissions, severely impacted on climate and environment at a global scale, leading to catastrophic biotic consequences.

• Callegaro, Sara; Svensen, Henrik Hovland; Neumann, Else Ragnhild; Polozov, Alexander G.; Jerram, Dougal Alexander & Deegan, Frances M. [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2021). Geochemistry of deep Tunguska Basin sills, Siberian Traps: correlations and potential implications for the end-Permian environmental crisis. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. ISSN 0010-7999. 176. doi: 10.1007/s00410-021-01807-3. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract A vast portion of the plumbing system of the Siberian Traps Large Igneous Province (STLIP) is emplaced in the Tunguska Basin, where borehole data reveal ubiquitous and abundant sills with great lateral extension. These intrusions intersect Cambrian–Ordovician evaporite, carbonate and siliciclastic series, and locally coal-bearing Permian host rocks, with a high potential for thermogenic gas generation. Here we present new geochemical data from 71 magmatic and 4 sedimentary rock samples from the Tunguska Basin center and periphery, recovered from 15 deep sills intercepted by boreholes. The studied samples are all low-Ti basalt and basaltic andesites, confirming absence of high-Ti and alkaline STLIP magmatism in the Tunguska Basin. The sills derive from picritic parental melts produced by extensive melting of a mantle source with recycled crustal components below a thinned lithosphere (50–60 km), within the spinel stability field. The mantle source was dominantly peridotitic, with enriched pyroxenitic domains formed by recycled lower crust, in agreement with previous models for the main tholeiitic STLIP phase. Limited amounts (up to 5%) of highly radiogenic granitoids or moderately radiogenic metapelites were assimilated in upper crustal magma reservoirs. After emplacement, sills intruded in Cambrian evaporites assimilated marlstones and interacted with the evaporitic host rocks, probably via fluids and brines. This is the first time that such process is described in subvolcanic rocks from all across the volcanic basin. The sills are correlated geochemically with the established chemostratigraphy for the on-craton STLIP lava piles and intrusions (Norilsk region). Sills correlated with the Morongovsky–Mokulaevsky Fm. and the Norilsk-type intrusions are the most voluminous, present all across the central Tunguska Basin, and bear the strongest evidence of interaction with evaporites. Massive discharge of thermogenic volatiles is suggested by explosive pipes and hydrothermal vent structures throughout the Tunguska Basin. We propose that this voluminous pulse of magmatism is a good candidate for the hitherto unidentified early intrusive phase of the STLIP, and may link the deep Tunguska basin sills to the end-Permian environmental crisis.

• Capriolo, Manfredo; Marzoli, Andrea; Aradi, László E.; Ackerson, Michael R.; Bartoli, Omar & Callegaro, Sara [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2021). Massive methane fluxing from magma–sediment interaction in the end-Triassic Central Atlantic Magmatic Province. Nature Communications. 12. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-25510-w. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Exceptional magmatic events coincided with the largest mass extinctions throughout Earth’s history. Extensive degassing from organic-rich sediments intruded by magmas is a possible driver of the catastrophic environmental changes, which triggered the biotic crises. One of Earth’s largest magmatic events is represented by the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province, which was synchronous with the end-Triassic mass extinction. Here, we show direct evidence for the presence in basaltic magmas of methane, generated or remobilized from the host sedimentary sequence during the emplacement of this Large Igneous Province. Abundant methane-rich fluid inclusions were entrapped within quartz at the end of magmatic crystallization in voluminous (about 1.0 × 10 6  km 3 ) intrusions in Brazilian Amazonia, indicating a massive (about 7.2 × 10 3  Gt) fluxing of methane. These micrometre-sized imperfections in quartz crystals attest an extensive release of methane from magma–sediment interaction, which likely contributed to the global climate changes responsible for the end-Triassic mass extinction.

• Lindström, Sofie; Callegaro, Sara; Davies, Joshua H.F.L.; Tegner, Christian; Marzoli, Andrea & Schootbrugge, Bas van de [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2020). Tracing volcanic emissions from the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province in the sedimentary record. Earth-Science Reviews. ISSN 0012-8252. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103444. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The end-Triassic mass extinction (ETME) is thought to have been caused by voluminous, pulsed volcanic activity of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP). Over the last decades, various geochemical signals and proxy records, including δ13C, pCO2, iridium and other platinum-group elements, mercury, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), charcoal and SO2, have been directly or indirectly attributed to CAMP magmatism. Here, we compile these various records in a stratigraphic framework to present a cohesive chain of events for the CAMP and the end-Triassic mass extinction. Mercury and iridium anomalies in sediments indicate that CAMP activity commenced prior to the onset of the marine extinctions (as marked by the last occurrence of the Triassic ammonoid Choristoceras marshi or closely related species), and a negative δ13C excursion in organic matter (the Marshi CIE). This CIE may be explained by input of light carbon to the atmosphere from CAMP lavas of the Tiourjdal and Prevalent groups. Pedogenic carbonate below and above the Prevalent group in North America indicates a more than twofold increase in atmospheric pCO2. Subsequent n-alkane C-isotopes, and stomatal pCO2 data seem to indicate a temporary cooling after the Marshi CIE, which is consistent with climate models incorporating volcanic emissions of both CO2 and SO2. Records of excess iridium and Hg/TOC indicate intensified magmatism during the extinction interval. Tectonic and perhaps epeirogenic (i.e. doming due to rise of magma) activity is suggested by the occurrence of multiple and widespread seismites in Europe. Atmospheric pCO2 proxies indicate global warming, which culminated contemporaneously with the Spelae CIE. Global warming is corroborated by increased wildfire activity testified by charcoal and pyrolytic PAH records. Increased isotopic ratios of Os and Sr from sections that record global ocean signatures suggest increased weathering of continental crust likely due to climatic changes. Just prior to the increase in pCO2 from stomatal proxy data, fossil plants exhibit SO2-induced damage indicating excess sulfur dioxide deposition priot to and across the Triassic–Jurassic boundary. At the same time, increased ratios of heavy molecular PAHs (coronene/benzo(a)pyrene) in sediments suggest metamorphism of organic sediments also occurred across the Triassic–Jurassic boundary. These proxies may suggest that thermogenic release of light carbon and sulfur from sill intrusions in the Trans-Amazonian basins, where both evaporate- and organic-rich sediments are known to have been intruded, may have played an important role during the course of the ETME. Geochemical traces of magmatism, i.e. Ir and Hg, appear to have gradually disappeared during the Hettangian, suggesting that later phases of CAMP were less voluminous. Stomatal proxy data from Greenland and n-alkane C-isotope data from the UK, together with oxygen isotope data from carbonate fossils in the UK, may indicate that the global warming at the Spelae CIE was succeeded by another short-term cooling event. A gradual decrease in δ13C culminated at the top-Tilmanni CIE, marking the beginning of a long-term steady state with more negative C-isotope values than prior to the ETME. At this time, terrestrial ecosystems appear to have stabilized globally and ammonoids had begun to rediversify.

• Capriolo, Manfredo; Marzoli, Andrea; Aradi, László E.; Callegaro, Sara; Corso, Jacopo Dal & Newton, Robert J. [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2020). Deep CO2 in the end-Triassic Central Atlantic Magmatic Province. Nature Communications. 11. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-15325-6. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Large Igneous Province eruptions coincide with many major Phanerozoic mass extinctions, suggesting a cause-effect relationship where volcanic degassing triggers global climatic changes. In order to fully understand this relationship, it is necessary to constrain the quantity and type of degassed magmatic volatiles, and to determine the depth of their source and the timing of eruption. Here we present direct evidence of abundant CO2 in basaltic rocks from the end-Triassic Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), through investigation of gas exsolution bubbles preserved by melt inclusions. Our results indicate abundance of CO2 and a mantle and/or lower-middle crustal origin for at least part of the degassed carbon. The presence of deep carbon is a key control on the emplacement mode of CAMP magmas, favouring rapid eruption pulses (a few centuries each). Our estimates suggest that the amount of CO2 that each CAMP magmatic pulse injected into the end-Triassic atmosphere is comparable to the amount of anthropogenic emissions projected for the 21st century. Such large volumes of volcanic CO2 likely contributed to end-Triassic global warming and ocean acidification.

• Baker, Don R.; Callegaro, Sara; Min, Angelo De; Whitehouse, Martin J. & Marzoli, Andrea (2020). Fluorine partitioning between quadrilateral clinopyroxenes and melt. American Mineralogist. ISSN 0003-004X. 107(2), p. 167–177. doi: 10.2138/am-2021-7868. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Concentrations of fluorine and chlorine were measured in glasses (quenched melts) and coexisting clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, olivine, and plagioclase in run products of experiments previously used to measure sulfur partitioning between these phases. The partitioning of F between clinopyroxene and silicate melt was determined in 13 experiments at a variety of pressures, temperatures, and melt compositions ranging from basaltic to dacitic (49 to 66 wt% SiO2) at 0.8 to 1.2 GPa and 1000 to 1240 °C, at hydrous and anhydrous conditions. Additionally, we determined the crystal-melt partitioning of F for 4 experiments with plagioclase, 2 with orthopyroxene, and 1 with olivine. Although Cl was also measured in the experiments, the concentrations in the crystals are close to background concentration levels. The partition coefficients of fluorine between clinopyroxene and melt varied from ~0.09 to 0.29 and were linearly dependent upon the concentration of aluminum in the octahedral M1 site of clinopyroxene. Similar relationships are seen when our results are combined with previous measurements of the fluorine partition coefficient between clinopyroxene and melt, but each study shows its own unique correlation between the F partition coefficient and AlM1. These dissimilarities in correlations with AlM1 are attributed to differing analytical protocols used in the various studies. However, the combined data set demonstrates a linear correlation with AlM1, the inverse of the NBO/T ratio of the melt (T/NBO), pressure and temperature, which can be described as: l n ⁡ ( D F C p x / L ) = ( 0.2298 ± 0.04847 ) ( T / N B O ) - ( 1.029 ± 0.8045 ) ( A l M 1 ) - ( 3889 ± 1803 ) ( 1 / T ) - ( 0.5472 ± 0.1084 ) ( P ) + 0.5871 ± 1.304 , where each uncertainty is 1 standard error in the fit (as calculated by the R-project software), T is in K, and P is in GPa. Although this relationship reproduces 81% of the partitioning data to within 25% (relative), the different linear trends of the partition coefficient, DFCpx/L vs. AlM1 from different laboratories suggest the need for additional investigations and development of clinopyroxene standards with certified fluorine compositions. Nevertheless, we conclude that the self-consistency of each study indicates that F partition coefficients determined using one protocol can be applied to minerals or glasses analyzed using the same protocol and ion microprobe to better understand the storage and transport of fluorine in magmatic systems.

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• Svensen, Henrik Hovland; Callegaro, Sara; Kjøll, Hans Jørgen; Midtkandal, Ivar; Whattam, Jack William & Dalslåen, Bjørgunn Heggem [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2024). Rhomb porphyry lavas from the Oslo Rift revisited: New insights from construction-related boreholes and cores. Full text in Research Archive
• Andersen, Guro Lilledal; Svensen, Henrik Hovland; Augland, Lars Eivind; Callegaro, Sara & Whattam, Jack (2024). The explosive volcanism of the Oslo Rift – insights from the ignimbrites of the Drammen Caldera. Full text in Research Archive
• Whattam, Jack; Svensen, Henrik Hovland; Midtkandal, Ivar; Jerram, Dougal Alexander & Callegaro, Sara (2024). Mafic volcaniclastic deposits in the Oslo Rift. Full text in Research Archive
• Callegaro, Sara; Svensen, Henrik Hovland; Heimdal, Thea H.; Kjøll, Hans Jørgen; Harstad, Andreas Olaus & Augland, Lars Eivind [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2024). Geochemistry of sills from the early stage of the Oslo Rift. Full text in Research Archive
• Callegaro, Sara; Baker, Don R.; Renne, Paul R.; Melluso, Leone; Geraki, Kalotina & Whitehouse, Martin J. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2024). Sulfur and fluorine degassing from Deccan Traps lavas inferred from pyroxene chemistry: potential for end-Cretaceous volcanic winters. Full text in Research Archive
• Callegaro, Sara (2024). Catch me if you can: reconstructing magmatic volatiles from Large Igneous Provinces with different approaches. Full text in Research Archive
• Callegaro, Sara (2024). Large Igneous Provinces: listening to warnings from past volcanoes. Full text in Research Archive
• Deegan, Frances M.; Capriolo, Manfredo; Weis, Franz; Callegaro, Sara; Troll, Valentin R. & Freda, Carmela [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2024). Tracking CO2 mobility during magma-limestone interaction: insights from spectroscopic analysis of experiments. Full text in Research Archive
• Capriolo, Manfredo; Callegaro, Sara; Deegan, Frances M.; Merle, Renaud; Jeon, Heejin & Whitehouse, Martin [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2024). The transcrustal plumbing system of Large Igneous Provinces: Insights from glomerocrysts and melt inclusions. Full text in Research Archive
• Callegaro, Sara; Whattam, Jack & Svensen, Henrik Hovland (2023). Eruption history through late-stage rift activity: the central volcanoes and caldera-related deposits of the Permian Oslo Rift, southern Norway. Full text in Research Archive
• Svensen, Henrik Hovland; John, Timm; Polozov, A.; Callegaro, Sara; Jones, Morgan Thomas & Newton, Robert [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Carbon, sulphur, and mercury geochemistry in a crater lake in the Siberian Traps. Full text in Research Archive
• Augland, Lars Eivind; Lundmark, Anders Mattias; Callegaro, Sara & Jerram, Dougal Alexander (2023). Rapid translithospheric ascent rates for Lamprophyres from zircon dissolution speedometry. Full text in Research Archive
• Callegaro, Sara; Svensen, Henrik Hovland; Heimdal, Thea Hatlen; Guarino, Vincenza; Deegan, Frances M. & Jerram, Dougal Alexander [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Dolerite sills from the Siberian Traps (Tunguska basin, Russia) bear evidence of halogens mobilization from evaporitic host rocks. Full text in Research Archive
• Callegaro, Sara; Svensen, Henrik Hovland; Heimdal, Thea Hatlen; Deegan, Frances M.; Jerram, Dougal Alexander & Polozov, Alexander [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Magma-evaporite interaction in doleritic sills from the Siberian Traps: insights from whole-rock and mineral data. Full text in Research Archive
• Deegan, Frances M.; Bédard, Jean H.; Grasby, Stephen E.; Dewing, Keith; Geiger, Harri & Misiti, Valeria [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2023). Magma-Shale Interaction and Volatile Mobilization at LIPs: Insights from Kinetic Experiments. Full text in Research Archive
• Callegaro, Sara; Corso, Jacopo Dal & Song, Haijun (2023). Editorial: How Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) during the Triassic shaped modern-day ecosystems. Frontiers in Earth Science. 11. doi: 10.3389/feart.2023.1302216. Full text in Research Archive
• Bond, David; Callegaro, Sara; Davies, Joshua; Deegan, Frances; Galloway, Jennifer & Gaynor, Sean [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2023). Meet the Authors. Elements. ISSN 1811-5209. 19(5), p. 265–266. doi: 10.2138/gselements.19.5.265. Full text in Research Archive
• Whattam, Jack; Svensen, Henrik Hovland; Midtkandal, Ivar; Callegaro, Sara & Jerram, Dougal Alexander (2023). Intermittent cessation and renewal of volcanism in the Oslo Rift revealed through detailed mapping and stratigraphy. Full text in Research Archive
• Boscaini, Andrea; Davies, Joshua H.F.L.; Sassi, Raffaele; Mazzoli, Claudio; Callegaro, Sara & Min, Angelo De [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Lifetime of the Early Permian giant caldera-system of Bolzano/Bozen (North-eastern Italy). Full text in Research Archive
• Belosa, Lea; Gaina, Carmen; Callegaro, Sara; Mazzini, Adriano; Meyzen, Christine M & Polteau, Stephane [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Plume-Fracture Zone interactions in the NE Atlantic. Full text in Research Archive
• Callegaro, Sara; Svensen, Henrik Hovland; Heimdal, Thea Hatlen; Kjøll, Hans Jørgen; Harstad, Andreas Olaus & Neumann, Else Ragnhild (2022). New insights on shallow intrusions from the early stage of the Oslo Rift. Full text in Research Archive
• Callegaro, Sara; Svensen, Henrik Hovland; Deegan, Frances M.; Planke, Sverre & Polozov, Alexander (2022). Magma-host rock interaction in basaltic sills from the Siberian Traps (Tunguska basin, Russia): mineral scale and whole-rock perspectives. Full text in Research Archive
• Boscaini, Andrea; Marzoli, Andrea; Bertrand, Hervé; Chiaradia, Massimo; Jourdan, Fred & Faccenda, Manuele [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2022). The architecture of the lithospheric mantle controlled the emplacement of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province. Full text in Research Archive
• Callegaro, Sara & Fransson, Line (2021). Frykter flere vulkan-utbrudd og giftig gass. [Journal]. Dagbladet. Full text in Research Archive
• Capriolo, Manfredo (2021). "Mass extinction-related CO2 emissions from Earth’s past". Full text in Research Archive
• Callegaro, Sara; Baker, Don R. & Marzoli, Andrea (2021). Quantifying S in silicate melts from their crystal cargo: data and applications. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Five volatile species, H2O, CO2, F, Cl, and S, exert their strong control on magmatic systems, but their quantification remains challenging due to their elusive nature. Partitioning between nominally volatile-free minerals and melts was vastly studied for four out of these five volatiles (H2O, CO2, F, and Cl), except sulfur. We here present measurements of sulfur partitioning between clinopyroxene and silicate melts over a range of pressure (0.8-1.2 GPa), temperature (1000-1240°C), and melt composition (49-66 wt% SiO2; Callegaro et al., 2014; 2020).

• Callegaro, Sara; Svensen, Henrik Hovland; Jerram, Dougal Alexander; Neumann, Else Ragnhild; Deegan, Frances M. & Polozov, Alexander [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Geochemistry of low-Ti Siberian Traps sills from the Tunguska Basin bears evidence of magma-crust interaction. Full text in Research Archive
• Callegaro, Sara; Baker, Don R. & Marzoli, Andrea (2021). Quantifying S in silicate melts from their crystal cargo: data and applications. Full text in Research Archive
• Lindström, Sofie; Callegaro, Sara; Davies, J.; Tegner, Christian; Schootbrugge, Bas van de & Pedersen, Gunver Krarup [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2021). Tracing volcanic emissions from the CAMP volcanism in the sedimentary and biotic record. Full text in Research Archive
• Baker, Don R.; Callegaro, Sara; Renne, Paul R; Min, A. De; Whitehouse, Martin J. & Marzoli, A (2021). Don’t blame it on Fluorine: Low F concentrations in Deccan Traps magmas straddling the extinction interval estimated from in situ analyses on clinopyroxene. Full text in Research Archive
• Belosa, Lea; Gaina, Carmen; Callegaro, Sara; Trønnes, Reidar G; Mazzini, Adriano & Meyzen, Christine M [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Constraining the enigmatic source of Vesteris Seamount volcanism. Full text in Research Archive
• Capriolo, Manfredo; Callegaro, Sara; Corso, Jacopo Dal; Newton, Robert J.; Baker, Don R. & Renne, Paul R [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Synchrotron light X-ray microtomography reveals a crystalline mush within the deep plumbing system of Large Igneous Provinces. Full text in Research Archive
• Capriolo, Manfredo; Callegaro, Sara; Marzoli, Andrea; Aradi, László E.; Corso, Jacopo Dal & Newton, Robert J. [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2021). Deep CO2 from the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province during the end-Triassic mass extinction. Full text in Research Archive
• Baker, Don R.; Callegaro, Sara; Min, Angelo De; Whitehouse, MJ & Marzoli, Andrea (2020). Fluorine partitioning between quadrilateral clinopyroxenes and melt. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Concentrations of fluorine and chlorine were measured by ion-probe in quenched melts (glasses) and coexisting clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, olivine, and plagioclase in run products of experiments previously used to measure sulfur partitioning between these phases. The partitioning of F between clinopyroxene and silicate melt was determined over a range of pressure, temperature, and melt compositions ranging from basaltic to dacitic (49 to 66 wt.% SiO2) at 0.8 to 1.2 GPa and 1000 to 1240 °C, at hydrous and anhydrous conditions in 13 experiments. Additionally, we determined the crystal-melt partitioning of F for 4 experiments with plagioclase, 2 with orthopyroxene, and 1 with olivine. Although Cl was also measured in the experiments, the concentrations in the crystals are close to measurements in the nominally Cl-free fused silica glass Herasil® and therefore may be at background concentration levels. The partition coefficients of fluorine between clinopyroxene and melt varied from ~0.09 to 0.29 and were linearly dependent upon the concentration of aluminum in the octahedral M1 site of clinopyroxene. Similar relationships were seen in previous studies of the fluorine partition coefficient between clinopyroxene and melt, but no universal relationship that explains all measurements was discovered. These differences are attributed to differing analytical protocols used in the various studies. Nevertheless, we conclude that the self-consistency of each study indicates that F partition coefficients determined using one protocol can be applied to minerals or glasses analyzed using the same protocol to better understand the storage and transport of fluorine in magmatic systems.

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