Oliver Plümper

• Zertani, Sascha; Lantman, Hugo Willem van Schrojenstein; Kaatz, Lisa; Chogani, Alireza; Plümper, Oliver & Menegon, Luca [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2026). Grain-scale residual stress distribution and dislocation reorganization during plagioclase-breakdown reactions. Tectonophysics. ISSN 0040-1951. 936, s. 231313–231313. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2026.231313. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Aiken, John Mark; Dufournet, Elliot; Amiri, Hamed; Ternieten, Lotta & Plümper, Oliver (2025). An AI-Enabled Data Processing Pipeline for Ingesting Borehole Data in Peridotite Environments. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Machine Learning and Computation. 2(2). doi: 10.1029/2025JH000666. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Researchers analyzing data collected from borehole drilling projects can face dozens of terabytes of seismic, hydrologic, geologic, and rock mechanics data, including complex imagery, physical measurements, and expert-written reports. These diverse data sets play a pivotal role in constraining solid-Earth processes. Ingesting and analyzing such data presents a colossal challenge that typically demands a team of experts and a lot of time. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning have emerged as compelling approaches to tackle volume and complexity of drilling data. This paper presents an AI-based pipeline for ingesting data from the Oman Drilling Project's Multi-borehole Observatory. The study focuses on the alteration of peridotite core segments taken from Borehole BA1B, utilizing a gradient-boosted trees (CatBoost) regression model trained on an integrated data set of machine-learning segmented core images, physical measurements, geological, lithographic data, and AI-summarized expert texts and feature selection. This paper aims to establish a repeatable and efficient pattern for processing such multifaceted data from the well. We present results using the data set generated from BA1B. First, we examine the relationship between fracture/vein networks and peridotite alteration, a stand-in for historical fluid flows. Here we demonstrate that we do not find a strong relationship between these networks and alteration. Then we examine the very strong and also nonlinear relationship between alteration and the magnetic susceptibility and resistivity measured in BA1B.

• Michalchuk, Stephen Paul; Zertani, Sascha; Renard, Francois; Fusseis, Florian; Chogani, Alireza & Plümper, Oliver [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Dynamic Evolution of Porosity in Lower-Crustal Faults During the Earthquake Cycle. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Solid Earth. ISSN 2169-9313. 128(8). doi: 10.1029/2023JB026809. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Abstract Earthquake‐induced fracturing of the dry and strong lower crust can transiently increase permeability for fluids to flow and trigger metamorphic and rheological transformations. However, little is known about the porosity that facilitates these transformations. We analyzed microstructures that have recorded the mechanisms generating porosity in the lower crust from a pristine pseudotachylyte (solidified earthquake‐derived frictional melt) and a mylonitized pseudotachylyte from Lofoten, Norway to understand the evolution of fluid pathways from the coseismic to the post‐ and interseismic stages of the earthquake cycle. Porosity is dispersed and poorly interconnected within the pseudotachylyte vein (0.14 vol%), with a noticeably increased amount along garnet grain boundaries (0.25–0.41 vol%). This porosity formed due to a net negative volume change at the grain boundary when garnet overgrows the pseudotachylyte matrix. Efficient healing of the damage zone by fluid‐assisted growth of feldspar neoblasts resulted in the preservation of only a few but relatively large interconnected pores along coseismic fractures (0.03 vol% porosity). In contrast, porosity in the mylonitized pseudotachylyte is dramatically reduced (0.02 vol% overall), because of the efficient precipitation of phases (amphibole, biotite and feldspars) into transient pores during grain‐size sensitive creep. Porosity reduction on the order of >85% may be a contributing factor in shear zone hardening, potentially leading to the development of new pseudotachylytes overprinting the mylonites. Our results show that earthquake‐induced rheological weakening of the lower crust is intermittent and occurs when a fluid can infiltrate a transiently permeable shear zone, thereby facilitating diffusive mass transfer and creep.

• Zertani, Sascha; John, Timm; Brachmann, Caroline; Vrijmoed, Johannes Christiaan & Plümper, Oliver (2022). Reactive fluid flow guided by grain-scale equilibrium reactions during eclogitization of dry crustal rocks. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. ISSN 0010-7999. 177. doi: 10.1007/s00410-022-01928-3. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Abstract Fluid flow in crystalline rocks in the absence of fractures or ductile shear zones dominantly occurs by grain boundary diffusion, as it is faster than volume diffusion. It is, however, unclear how reactive fluid flow is guided through such pathways. We present a microstructural, mineral chemical, and thermodynamic analysis of a static fluid-driven reaction from dry granulite to ‘wet’ eclogite. Fluid infiltration resulted in re-equilibration at eclogite-facies conditions, indicating that the granulitic protolith was out of equilibrium, but unable to adjust to changing P – T conditions. The transformation occurred in three steps: (1) initial hydration along plagioclase grain boundaries, (2) complete breakdown of plagioclase and hydration along phase boundaries between plagioclase and garnet/clinopyroxene, and (3) re-equilibration of the rock to an eclogite-facies mineral assemblage. Thermodynamic modelling of local compositions reveals that this reaction sequence is proportional to the local decrease of the Gibbs free energy calculated for ‘dry’ and ‘wet’ cases. These energy differences result in increased net reaction rates and the reactions that result in the largest decrease of the Gibbs free energy occur first. In addition, these reactions result in a local volume decrease leading to porosity formation; i.e., pathways for new fluid to enter the reaction site thus controlling net fluid flow. Element transport to and from the reaction sites only occurs if it is energetically beneficial, and enough transport agent is available. Reactive fluid flow during static re-equilibration of nominally impermeable rocks is thus guided by differences in the energy budget of the local equilibrium domains.

• Petley-Ragan, Arianne Juliette; Plümper, Oliver; Ildefonse, Benoit & Jamtveit, Bjørn (2021). Nanoscale earthquake records preserved in plagioclase microfractures from the lower continental crust. Solid Earth (SE). ISSN 1869-9510. 12(4), s. 959–969. doi: 10.5194/se-12-959-2021. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Seismic faulting causes wall rock damage, which is driven by both mechanical and thermal stress. In the lower crust, co-seismic damage increases wall rock permeability, permits fluid infiltration and triggers metamorphic reactions that transform rock rheology. Wall rock microstructures reveal high-stress conditions near earthquake faults; however, there is limited documentation on the effects of a thermal pulse coupled with fluid infiltration. Here, we present a transmission electron microscopy study of co-seismic microfractures in plagioclase feldspar from lower crustal granulites from the Bergen Arcs, Western Norway. Focused ion beam foils are collected 1.25 mm and 1.8 cm from a 1.3 mm thick eclogite facies pseudotachylyte vein. Dislocation-free plagioclase and K-feldspar aggregates in the microfractures record a history of fluid introduction and recovery from a short-lived high-stress state caused by slip along the nearby fault. The feldspar aggregates retain the crystallographic orientation of their host and are elongated subparallel to the pseudotachylyte. We propose that plagioclase partially amorphized along the microfractures at peak stress conditions followed by repolymerization to form dislocation-free grain aggregates. Repolymerization and recrystallization were enhanced by the infiltration of fluids that transported Ca and K into the microfractures. Subsequent cooling led to exsolution of intermediate plagioclase compositions and the formation of the Bøggild–Huttenlocher intergrowth in the grains from the fracture closest to the pseudotachylyte. Our findings provide unequivocal evidence that the introduction of fluids in the microfractures occurred within the timescale of the thermal perturbation, prompting rapid annealing of damaged wall rock soon after earthquake rupture.

• Marti, Sina; Stunitz, Holger; Heilbronner, Renee & Plümper, Oliver (2020). Amorphous material in experimentally deformed mafic rock and its temperature dependence: Implications for fault rheology during aseismic creep and seismic rupture. Journal of Structural Geology. ISSN 0191-8141. doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2020.104081. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Marti, Sina; Stünitz, Holger; Heilbronner, Renee & Plümper, Oliver (2020). Amorphous material in experimentally deformed mafic rock and its temperature dependence: Implications for fault rheology during aseismic creep and seismic rupture. Journal of Structural Geology. ISSN 0191-8141. 138, s. 1–21. doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2020.104081. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Amorphous materials are frequently observed in natural and experimentally produced fault rocks. Their common occurrence suggests that amorphous materials are of importance to fault zone dynamics. However, little is known about the physico-chemical impact of amorphous materials on fault rheology. Here we present deformation experiments on mafic fault rock, where amorphous material forms due to intense mechanical wear during the experiments. The experiments are run at temperatures from 300 to 600 °C, confining pressures of 0.5 or 1.0 GPa, and at constant displacement rates of (ax) 2 ·10−7, 2 ·10−8 or 2 ·10−9 ms−1, resulting in bulk strain rates () of ≈3 ·10−4, 3 ·10−5 and 3 ·10−6 s−1. At these conditions, the mafic rock material undergoes intense brittle deformation and cataclastic flow, but sample strength significantly decreases with increasing temperatures – a feature commonly attributed to viscous deformation processes. Microstructural analyses show that after an initial stage of homogeneous cataclastic flow, strain localizes into narrow (2–10 μm wide) ultra-cataclastic bands that evolve into amorphous shear bands. With the data presented in this research paper, we argue that the temperature sensitivity recorded in the mechanical data is caused by viscous deformation of the amorphous material. We suggest that with the formation of amorphous materials during brittle deformation, fault rheology becomes significantly temperature-sensitive. This has important implications for our understanding of fault strength and weakening due to the presence of amorphous materials. In addition, weak material along faults will lead to stress concentrations that may trigger seismic rupture

• Marti, Sina; Stunitz, Holger; Heilbronner, Renee; Plümper, Oliver & Kilian, Rüdiger (2018). Syn-kinematic hydration reactions, grain size reduction, and dissolution–precipitation creep in experimentally deformed plagioclase–pyroxene mixtures. Solid Earth (SE). ISSN 1869-9510. doi: 10.5194/se-9-985-2018. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Marti, Sina; Stunitz, Holger; Heilbronner, Renée; Plümper, Oliver & Kilian, Rüdiger (2018). Syn-kinematic hydration reactions, grain size reduction, and dissolution-precipitation creep in experimentally deformed plagioclase-pyroxene mixtures. Solid Earth (SE). ISSN 1869-9510. 9, s. 985–1009. doi: 10.5194/se-9-985-2018. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  It is widely observed that mafic rocks are able to accommodate high strains by viscous flow. Yet, a number of questions concerning the exact nature of the involved deformation mechanisms continue to be debated. In this contribution, rock deformation experiments on four different water-added plagioclase–pyroxene mixtures are presented:(i) plagioclase(An60–70)–clinopyroxene–orthopyroxene,(ii) plagioclase(An60)–diopside,(iii) plagioclase(An60)–enstatite,and iv) plagioclase(An01)–enstatite. Samples were deformed in general shear at strain rates of 3×10−5 to 3×10−6 s−1, 800°C, and confining pressure of 1.0 or 1.5GPa. Results indicate that dissolution–precipitation creep (DPC) and grain boundary sliding (GBS) are the dominant deformation mechanisms and operate simultaneously. Coinciding with sample deformation, syn-kinematic mineral reactions yield abundant nucleation of new grains; the resulting intense gray size reduction is considered crucial for the activity of DPC and GBS. In high strain zones dominated by plagioclase, a weak, nonrandom, and geometrically consistent crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) is observed. Usually, a CPO is considered a consequence of dislocation creep, but the experiments presented here demonstrate that a CPO can develop during DPC and GBS. This study provides new evidence for the importance of DPC and GBS in mid-crustal shear zones within mafic rocks, which has important implications for understanding and modeling mid-crustal rheology and flow.

• Austrheim, Håkon Olaf; Dunkel, Kristina G; Plümper, Oliver; Ildefonse, Benoit; Liu, Yang & Jamtveit, Bjørn (2017). Fragmentation of wall rock garnets during deep crustal earthquakes. Science Advances. 3(2). doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1602067. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Fractures and faults riddle the Earth’s crust on all scales, and the deformation associated with them is presumed to have had significant effects on its petrological and structural evolution. However, despite the abundance of directly observable earthquake activity, unequivocal evidence for seismic slip rates along ancient faults is rare and usually related to frictional melting and the formation of pseudotachylites. We report novel microstructures from garnet crystals in the immediate vicinity of seismic slip planes that transected lower crustal granulites during intermediate-depth earthquakes in the Bergen Arcs area, western Norway, some 420 million years ago. Seismic loading caused massive dislocation formations and fragmentation of wall rock garnets. Microfracturing and the injection of sulfide melts occurred during an early stage of loading. Subsequent dilation caused pervasive transport of fluids into the garnets along a network of microfractures, dislocations, and subgrain and grain boundaries, leading to the growth of abundant mineral inclusions inside the fragmented garnets. Recrystallization by grain boundary migration closed most of the pores and fractures generated by the seismic event. This wall rock alteration represents the initial stages of an earthquake-triggered metamorphic transformation process that ultimately led to reworking of the lower crust on a regional scale.

• Marti, Sina; Stunitz, Holger; Heilbronner, Renee; Plümper, Oliver & Drury, Martyn (2017). Experimental investigation of the brittle-viscous transition in mafic rocks – Interplay between fracturing, reaction, and viscous deformation. Journal of Structural Geology. ISSN 0191-8141. doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2017.10.011. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Plümper, Oliver; Botan, Alexandru; Los, Catharina; Liu, Yang; Malthe-Sørenssen, Anders & Jamtveit, Bjørn (2017). Fluid-driven metamorphism of the continental crust governed by nanoscale fluid flow. Nature Geoscience. ISSN 1752-0894. 10(9), s. 685–690. doi: 10.1038/ngeo3009. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The transport of fluids through the Earth’s crust controls the redistribution of elements to form mineral and hydrocarbon deposits, the release and sequestration of greenhouse gases, and facilitates metamorphic reactions that influence lithospheric rheology. In permeable systems with a well-connected porosity, fluid transport is largely driven by fluid pressure gradients. In less permeable rocks, deformation may induce permeability by creating interconnected heterogeneities, but without these perturbations, mass transport is limited along grain boundaries or relies on transformation processes that self-generate transient fluid pathways. The latter can facilitate large-scale fluid and mass transport in nominally impermeable rocks without large-scale fluid transport pathways. Here, we show that pervasive, fluid-driven metamorphism of crustal igneous rocks is directly coupled to the production of nanoscale porosity. Using multi-dimensional nano-imaging and molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate that in feldspar, the most abundant mineral family in the Earth’s crust, electrokinetic transport through reaction-induced nanopores (<100 nm) can potentially be significant. This suggests that metamorphic fluid flow and fluid-mediated mineral transformation reactions can be considerably influenced by nanofluidic transport phenomena.

• Plümper, Oliver; John, Timm; Podladchikov, Yuri Y.; Vrijmoed, Johannes Christiaan & Scambelluri, Marco (2017). Fluid escape from subduction zones controlled by channel-forming reactive porosity. Nature Geoscience. ISSN 1752-0894. 10(2), s. 150–156. doi: 10.1038/ngeo2865. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Maffione, Marco; Thieulot, Cedric; Hinsbergen, Douwe Van; Morris, Antony; Plümper, Oliver & Spakman, Wim (2015). Dynamics of intraoceanic subduction initiation: 1. Oceanic detachment fault inversion and the formation of supra-subduction zone ophiolites. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems. 16(6), s. 1753–1770. doi: 10.1002/2015GC005746. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hinsbergen, Douwe Van; Peters, Kalijn; Maffione, Marco; Spakman, Wim; Guilmette, Carl & Thieulot, Cedric [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). Dynamics of intraoceanic subduction initiation: 2. suprasubduction zone ophiolite formation and metamorphic sole exhumation in context of absolute plate motions. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems. 16(6), s. 1771–1785. doi: 10.1002/2015GC005745. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Plümper, Oliver; Beinlich, Andreas; Bach, Wolfgang; Janots, Emilie & Austrheim, Håkon Olav (2014). Garnets within geode-like serpentinite veins: Implications for element transport, hydrogen production and life-supporting environment formation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. ISSN 0016-7037. 141, s. 454–471. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2014.07.002. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Beinlich, Andreas; Plümper, Oliver; Hövelmann, Jörn-Erik; Austrheim, Håkon Olav & Jamtveit, Bjørn (2012). Massive serpentinite carbonation at Linnajavri, N-Norway. Terra Nova. ISSN 0954-4879. 24(6), s. 446–455. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3121.2012.01083.x. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Plümper, Oliver; Piazolo, Sandra & Austrheim, Håkon Olav (2012). Olivine Pseudomorphs after Serpentinized Orthopyroxene Record Transient Oceanic Lithospheric Mantle Dehydration (Leka Ophiolite Complex, Norway). Journal of Petrology. ISSN 0022-3530. 53(9), s. 1943–1968. doi: 10.1093/petrology/egs039. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Plümper, Oliver; Røyne, Anja; Magraso, Anna & Jamtveit, Bjørn (2012). The interface-scale mechanism of reaction-induced fracturing during serpentinization. Geology. ISSN 0091-7613. 40(12), s. 1103–1106. doi: 10.1130/G33390.1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Plümper, Oliver; Røyne, Anja; Magraso, Anna & Jamtveit, Bjørn (2012). The interface-scale mechanism of reaction-induced fracturing during upper mantle serpentinization. Geology. ISSN 0091-7613. 40(12), s. 1103–1106. doi: 10.1130/G33390.1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Plümper, Oliver; King, Helen E.; Vollmer, Christian; Ramasse, Quentin; Jung, Haemyeong & Austrheim, Håkon Olav (2012). The legacy of crystal-plastic deformation in olivine: high-diffusivity pathways during serpentinization. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. ISSN 0010-7999. 163(4), s. 701–724. doi: 10.1007/s00410-011-0695-3. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• King, Helen E.; Plümper, Oliver; Geisler, Thorsten & Putnis, Andrew (2011). Experimental investigations into the silicification of olivine: Implications for the reaction mechanism and acid neutralization. American Mineralogist. ISSN 0003-004X. 96(10), s. 1503–1511. doi: 10.2138/am.2011.3779. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• King, HE; Plümper, Oliver & Putnis, Andrew (2010). Effect of Secondary Phase Formation on the Carbonation of Olivine. Environmental Science and Technology. ISSN 0013-936X. 44(16), s. 6503–6509. doi: 10.1021/es9038193. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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• Trautner, Viktoria Elisabeth; Rogowska, Melania; Plümper, Oliver; Nilsen, Ola & Dziadkowiec, Joanna (2026). How hard do crystals push when growing under confinement? Real-time measurements of surface forces during hydration of periclase to brucite. doi: 10.5194/egusphere-egu26-7493. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Interactions between minerals and reactive fluids in porous rocks and building materials often result in crystallization of new minerals. The forces exerted by minerals growing under confinement on the surrounding matrix can be large enough to cause fracturing. Fractures expose new reactive surfaces, leading to progressive disintegration of the material. These processes can result in severe damage to cultural heritage and modern infrastructure, as well as changes in the rheological properties and weathering of natural rocks. Understanding and controlling volume-expanding mineral replacement reactions in pore spaces is thus an important objective to address both societal and geological issues. While crystallization pressures have been measured at larger scales, nanoscale force evolution during confined mineral growth remains poorly constrained.Here, we investigate volume-expansive mineral reactions in pores spaces by studying the hydration of MgO (periclase) in the Surface Forces Apparatus (SFA). Hydration of MgO to Mg(OH)­2 (brucite) causes a volume increase to 220%, yielding high crystallization pressures. We use MgO thin films (~90 nm) prepared by atomic layer deposition as reactive surfaces in our experiments, which are performed at the Flow Laboratory, Njord Center, University of Oslo. With the SFA, we measure distance-resolved adhesive and repulsive forces acting between two MgO surfaces under variable external load and how these change over time as the reaction progresses. Preliminary results indicate evolution of forces from strongly adhesive to repulsive during the hydration reaction, likely due to the presence of amorphous, gel-like precursors in the early stages of the reaction. As a reference for the SFA experiments, we study the hydration of isolated MgO surfaces with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). This allows us to compare nucleation and growth rates, as well as microstructure and porosity of Mg(OH)­2 grown in SFA and AFM.

• Strobl, Leonie; Plümper, Oliver; Ohl, Markus & Beinlich, Andreas Michael (2021). Shallow-Depth Slab Decarbonation as a control on the Deep Carbon Cycle. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Plümper, Oliver; Botan, Alexandru; Los, Catharina; Liu, Yang; Malthe-Sørenssen, Anders & Jamtveit, Bjørn (2019). Erratum to: Fluid-driven metamorphism of the continental crust governed by nanoscale fluid flow (Nature Geoscience, (2017), 10, 9, (685-690), 10.1038/ngeo3009). Nature Geoscience. ISSN 1752-0894. 12(1), s. 80–80. doi: 10.1038/s41561-018-0276-4. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Plümper, Oliver; Beinlich, Andreas & Austrheim, Håkon Olav (2010). Constraining conditions of metasomatism in the oceanic lithosphere. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Beinlich, Andreas; Plümper, Oliver; Hövelmann, Jörn-Erik & Austrheim, Håkon Olav (2010). Long-term CO2 storage in weathered peridotite due to replacement of low-T altered olivine (deweylite) by calcite. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Beinlich, Andreas; Hövelmann, Jörn-Erik; Plümper, Oliver & Austrheim, Håkon Olav (2010). Mineral replacements during carbonation of peridotite: implications for CO2 sequestration in ultramafic rocks. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Austrheim, Håkon Olav; Beinlich, Andreas; Plümper, Oliver; Hövelmann, Jörn-Erik & Jamtveit, Bjørn (2010). Naturally sequestered CO2 in ultramafic rocks – field examples from Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Austrheim, Håkon Olav; Beinlich, Andreas; Glodny, Johannes; Erambert, Muriel; Andersen, Torgeir Bjørge & Plümper, Oliver [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2010). Carbonatization of peridotite within a sedimentary environment. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Plümper, Oliver; Austrheim, Håkon Olav & Jung, Hack (2009). The role of crystal-plastic deformation in the serpentinization of olivine. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. ISSN 0016-7037. 73(13), s. A1034–A1034. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Beinlich, Andreas Michael; Plümper, Oliver; Hövelmann, Jörn-Erik & Austrheim, Håkon Olav (2009). Sequestering Carbon Dioxide via Mineral Reactions in Peridotites: Insights from Natural Examples and Experimental Approaches. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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