Kristian Breivik Kvamme

• Kvalvik, Julie Nitsche; Kvamme, Kristian Breivik; Almaas, Kjetil; Ruud, Amund; Sønsteby, Henrik Hovde & Nilsen, Ola (2020). LiF by atomic layer deposition—Made easy. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology. A. Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films. ISSN 0734-2101. 38(5), p. 1–4. doi: 10.1116/6.0000314. Full text in Research Archive
• Brennhagen, Anders; Kvamme, Kristian Breivik; Sverdlilje, Katja S. S. & Nilsen, Ola (2020). High power iron phosphate cathodes by atomic layer deposition. Solid State Ionics. ISSN 0167-2738. 353. doi: 10.1016/j.ssi.2020.115377. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Amorphous thin films of FePO4 and Fe4(P2O7)3 show excellent power capabilities and good stability as cathode materials in Li-ion batteries. Within our tested range of materials, 10 nm FePO4 shows the best results and can handle specific powers above 1 MW/kg. The thin films are deposited using atomic layer deposition (ALD) and we studied the growth using in situ quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) showing self-limiting growth. Their electrochemical properties were characterized as cathode materials in coin cell batteries using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic cycling (GC), correcting for the roughness of the substrates and addressing contributions from non-Faradaic processes.

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• Kvamme, Kristian Breivik; Ruud, Amund; Weibye, Kristian & Nilsen, Ola (2019). Phosphites as precursors in thin film synthesis. Using LiPO as cathode coating in Li-ion batteries.
• Kvamme, Kristian Breivik; Ruud, Amund; Weibye, Kristian & Nilsen, Ola (2019). Phosphites as precursors in thin film synthesis. Using LiPO as cathode coating in Li-ion batteries.
• Brennhagen, Anders; Kvamme, Kristian Breivik; Sverdlilje, Katja S. S. & Nilsen, Ola (2019). Amorphous Iron Phosphates for Thin Film batteries.
• Kvamme, Kristian Breivik; Sverdlilje, Katja Sofie Støren & Nilsen, Ola (2018). Thin film batteries at UiO . Show summary

  Batteries are fast becoming the go-to energy storage solution of our future, even for highly demanding applications such as aviation. The growing expectations and demands for our future batteries require radical improvements in both design and construction. Several approaches are being pursued throughout the research community. At UiO, we are exploring solid-state electrolytes to fulfil these demands. Changing from a liquid to a solid electrolyte is a drastic change in battery design, and solid electrolytes will significantly improve the properties of batteries. This will in turn enable new applications and further decouple our civilization from fossil fuels. Most solid materials have low ionic conductivity, but not all. We are exploring solid materials with high ionic conductivity, including combinations of organic and inorganic structures forming a class of hybrid materials. This work is based on our previous, successful work on high-performance FePO4 cathode materials that show quasi-capacitive behaviour.

• Kvamme, Kristian Breivik; Ruud, Amund; Weibye, Kristian & Nilsen, Ola (2017). LiPO barriers by ALD Surface modification of LiFePO4 cathodes . Show summary

  Lithium phosphate (Li3PO4) is a promising material as solid state electrolyte. In this work a new route for synthesis of phosphorous based materials using Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is demonstrated. The established phosphate precursor for ALD use has been replaced by the more volatile phosphite precursors for synthesis of LiPO and AlPO materials. Furthermore, the LiPO product has been tested as a barrier material onto LiFePO4 cathodes to improve kinetics and cycling performance. We have shown that there is indeed an improvement at low barrier thicknesses Figure 1. Adding barrier layers in the interphase between the cathode and electrolyte can be seen as a step on towards development and implementation of commercially viable solid state electrolytes. Deposition of barriers for battery materials by ALD is not a new field [1]. Films of; AlPO4, FePO4 [2], Al2O3 [3, 4], TiO2 [5], Li3PO4 [5] and LiPON [6] have all been reported. Our novel approach is application of phosphorous precursors in the +III oxidation state, such as trimethyl phosphite (Me3PO3) and triethyl phosphite (Et3PO3). These precursors can replace trimethyl phosphate (Me3PO4) in established deposition routes for aluminium phosphate (AlPO4) [7] and lithium phosphate (Li3PO4) [8, 9] by ALD. Furthermore, the resulting LixPO3 product can form a barrier layer where certain thicknesses will give a positive contribution to kinetics, capacity retention and cycling performance.

• Brennhagen, Anders; Nilsen, Ola; Kvamme, Kristian Breivik & Sverdlilje, Katja S. S. (2019). Synthesis and electrochemical characterization of thin film iron phosphates as cathode material for Li-ion batteries. Universitetet i Oslo. Show summary

  Solid-state batteries is one of the main contenders for domination of the future battery marked. Thin film technology is important in the development of these batteries. In this work, we have shown that amorphous thin film FePO4 with a thickness around 10 nm, deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD), can reach a specific power above 1 MW/kg and approach theoretical capacity at lower currents. The 10 nm thin film also shows very good cycling stability at elevated currents and can retain 70 % of peak capacity after 8000 cycles at 80 µA (40C). The material also shows a significant self-enhancing mechanism leading to an increase in capacity during early cycling stages. We observed a capacity increase of 90 % for 10 nm after 100 cycles at 80 µA. In this study, we used quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) analysis to establish a stable ALD process for depositing amorphous thin films from the Fe-P-O system. By varying the pulsing ratio between the precursors, we obtained films with different compositions and chose to study Fe4(P2O7)3 and FePO4 more in detail. The films were uniform and flat with an RMS roughness below 1 nm. As the FePO4 films proved to be significantly better than the Fe4(P2O7)3, we focused mainly on FePO4. We used galvanostatic cycling (GC), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to characterize the electrochemical properties of the thin films. An important part of this study was to develop a good baseline for testing, including the use of reference batteries. In this work, we confirmed that LiClO4 is a better choice than LiPF6 as electrolyte for testing thin film cathodes, because of minimal side reactions with the steel casing. The FePO4 thin films show a combination of capacitive and redox behavior where both contribute to the capacity. In this study, we have tried to separate the two contributions and find their thickness and current dependency. In an attempt to increase the area capacity of the cathodes without increasing the film thickness, we created soot substrates with high surface 3D structures of carbon, deposited from the flames of a candle. We managed to maintain the structure and evenly coat it with FePO4. Despite the increase in mass, we obtained no higher capacity or better battery performance from the soot batteries.

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