Karl Egil Malterud

• Bathen, Mina; Sigurjónsson, Svanur; Malterud, Karl Egil; Hasselstrøm, Daniel Haga; Gani, Osman & Vik, Anders [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2026). A modular semi-synthetic approach to form a DHA-like polyunsaturated ether lipid with 15-lipoxygenase-1 substrate activity. Organic and biomolecular chemistry. ISSN 1477-0520. doi: 10.1039/d6ob00245e. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In this work a docosahexaenoic acid-like-methoxylated ether lipid was synthesised using a novel semi-synthetic approach, from natural docosahexaenoic acid and commercially available (2′ S )-epichlorohydrin and (2 R )-solketal.

• Mohamed, Warsan Nora; Butt, Hussain Shakeel; Schmidt, Thomas J.; Eltvik, Andrea Angelov; Wu, Desheng & Malterud, Karl Egil [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2025). Biflavonoids and bi- and tricoumarins from Daphne mezereum and inhibition of TNF-α secretion. Phytochemistry. ISSN 0031-9422. 229. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114308. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Daphne mezereum L. (Thymelaeaceae) was an important medicinal plant in Norway during the 18th and 19th centuries and used against diseases such as diarrhea, swelling, stomach pain, and tuberculosis. Five previously undescribed phenolic compounds, including two biflavonoids with a catechin core structure, two tricoumarins, and one bicoumarin, together with ten known compounds were isolated from a 50% EtOH extract of the bark of D. mezereum. Using NMR, HRESIMS, acid hydrolysis, and circular dichroism spectra, the biflavonoids were identified as 3′-hydroxygenkwanol A and 3′-hydroxydihydrodaphnodorin B, and the coumarins were identified as 3‴-O-acetyltriumbellin, triumbellin 4‴-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, and daphnogitin-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside. The absolute configuration of dihydrodaphnodorin B was for the first time established as 2R, 3S, 2″S, 3″S. Daphnin, syringin, 3′-hydroxydihydrodaphnodorin B, dihydrodaphnodorin B, and neochamaejasmin A and B were identified as the major secondary metabolites in the extract. Neochamaejasmin A and B showed the most potent inhibition of TNF-α secretion in Con A stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with 71.3 ± 3.4 and 83.5 ± 11.5% inhibition, respectively, at 50 μM.

• Sandvik, Lene; Goodman, Christopher Dean; Malterud, Karl Egil & Wangensteen, Helle (2025). Novel compounds from Gentiana purpurea L. and their anti-plasmodial evaluation. Fitoterapia. ISSN 0367-326X. 185, p. 106713–106713. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106713. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Gentiana pupurea L. (Gentianaceae) is an important medicinal plant in Norway and the bitter roots were used against a number of diseases, often related to gastrointestinal ailments and respiratory diseases. Gentian species are reported to be used against malaria in several geographic regions, and in vitro and computational experiments indicate that secoiridoids have an anti-plasmodial effect. Three previously undescribed compounds; the biphenyl secoiridoid glycoside 5′′-deoxyamaroswerin, the benzophenone 6′′-O-sinapoyl-2,4,3′-trihydroxy-benzophenone-6-O-β-glucopyranoside, and the benzyl benzoate (3-hydroxy-2-methoxybenzyl)-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate, together with eleven other low-molecular compounds were isolated from the 70 % ethanol extract of G. purpurea roots. The structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR methods and high-resolution mass spectrometry. No in vitro anti-plasmodial activity was observed for the 70 % ethanol extract, swertiamarin, sweroside, gentiopicrin, amaroswerin, amarogentin, 5′′-deoxyamaroswerin, and amaropanin obtained from G. purpurea.

• Butt, Hussain Shakeel; Bada, Lucía; Malterud, Karl Egil; Inngjerdingen, Kari Tvete & Wangensteen, Helle (2025). New coumarins from a hot water extract of Daphne mezereum bark. Phytochemistry Letters. ISSN 1874-3900. 67. doi: 10.1016/j.phytol.2025.102954. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This study aimed to investigate the low-molecular weight compounds in a hot water extract of the bark of Daphne mezereum L. (Thymelaceae), a medicinal plant with a longstanding medicinal use in Scandinavia. Among the fourteen isolated compounds, two coumarin glycosides are reported for the first time, and four known compounds were reported in D. mezereum for the first time. Their structures were elucidated by NMR, HRESIMS and methanolysis. The new compounds were identified as 3-(2-(β-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-4-[(7-hydroxy-6-methoxy-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)oxy]phenyl)propanoic acid (9), and 7-hydroxycoumarin-5,8-di-β-d-glucopyranoside (11). Cytotoxic effects were assessed by the MTT assay, while the anti-inflammatory effects were assessed by measuring the inhibition of NO-release by dendritic cells. The results revealed negligible cytotoxic effect and NO-inhibitory activity of compounds 9 and 11.

• Nolsøe, Jens Mortansson Jelstrup; Underhaug, Jarl; Sørskår, Åshild Moi; Antonsen, Simen; Malterud, Karl Egil & Gani, Osman [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2024). Biological Evaluations, NMR Analyses, Molecular Modeling Studies, and Overview of the Synthesis of the Marine Natural Product (−)-Mucosin. Molecules. ISSN 1431-5157. 29(5). doi: 10.3390/molecules29050994. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Natural products obtained from marine organisms continue to be a rich source of novel structural architecture and of importance in drug discovery, medicine, and health. However, the success of such endeavors depends on the exact structural elucidation and access to sufficient material, often by stereoselective total synthesis, of the isolated natural product of interest. (−)-Mucosin (1), a fatty acid derivative, previously presumed to contain a rare cis-bicyclo[4.3.0]non-3-ene moiety, has since been shown to be the trans-congener. Analytically, the fused bicyclic ring system in (−)-1 constitutes a particular challenge in order to establish its relative and absolute stereochemistry. Herein, data from biological evaluations, NMR and molecular modeling studies of (−)-1 are presented. An overview of the synthetic strategies enabling the exact structural elucidation of (−)-mucosin (1) is also presented.

• Moussavi, Nastaran; Ent, Wietske van der; Diallo, Drissa; Sanogo, Rokia; Malterud, Karl Egil & Esguerra, Camila V. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2024). Inhibition of Seizure-Like Paroxysms and Toxicity Effects of Securidaca longepedunculata Extracts and Constituents in Zebrafish Danio rerio. ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 15(3), p. 617–628. doi: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00642. Full text in Research Archive
• Zhang, Lin; Ulriksen, Emilie Steinbakk; Hoel, Håvard; Sandvik, Lene; Malterud, Karl Egil & Inngjerdingen, Kari Tvete [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Phytochemical characterization and anti-inflammatory activity of a water extract of Gentiana purpurea roots. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. ISSN 0378-8741. 301. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115818. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Ethnopharmacological relevance Gentiana purpurea was one of the most important medicinal plants in Norway during the 18th and 19th centuries, and the roots were used against different types of gastrointestinal and airway diseases. Aim of the study To explore the content of bioactive compounds in a water extract from the roots, a preparation commonly used in traditional medicine in Norway, to assess the anti-inflammatory potential, and furthermore to quantify the major bitter compounds in both roots and leaves. Materials and methods G. purpurea roots were boiled in water, the water extract applied on a Diaion HP20 column and further fractionated with Sephadex LH20, reverse phase C18 and normal phase silica gel to obtain the low molecular compounds. 1D NMR, 2D NMR, and ESI-MS were used for structure elucidation. HPLC-DAD analysis was used for quantification. The inhibition of TNF-α secretion in ConA stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was investigated. Results Eleven compounds were isolated and identified from the hot water extract of G. purpurea roots. Gentiopicrin, amarogentin, erythrocentaurin and gentiogenal showed dose-dependent inhibition of TNF-α secretion. Gentiopicrin is the major secondary metabolite in the roots, while sweroside dominates in the leaves. Conclusions The present work gives a comprehensive overview of the major low-molecular weight compounds in the water extracts of G. purpurea, including metabolites produced during the decoction process, and show new anti-inflammatory activities for the native bitter compounds as well as the metabolites produced during preparation of the crude drug.

• Fu, Yu-ping; Malterud, Karl Egil; Hamre, Anne Grethe; Inngjerdingen, Kari Tvete & Wangensteen, Helle (2023). Polysaccharides and Bioactive Phenolics from Aconitum septentrionale Roots. Chemistry and Biodiversity. ISSN 1612-1872. 20(8). doi: 10.1002/cbdv.202300161. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Aconitum septentrionale is known to contain toxic diterpene alkaloids, while other bioactive compounds in the plant remain unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the phenolic compounds and polysaccharides from the water extract of A. septentrionale roots. Fifteen phenolic compounds were isolated and identified by NMR and MS, including fourteen known and one new dianthramide glucoside (2‐[[2‐(β‐D‐glucopyranosyloxy)‐5‐hydroxybenzoyl]amino]‐4,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester, 14 ). One neutral (complex of glucans with minor amounts of mannans) and two acidic polysaccharide fractions (complexes of pectic polysaccharides and glucans) were also obtained. Hydroxytyrosol ( 1 ), hydroxytyrosol‐1‐ O ‐β‐glucoside ( 2 ) and bracteanolide A ( 7 ) inhibited the release of nitric oxide by dendritic cells. Magnoflorine ( 8 ) and 2‐[[2‐(β‐D‐glucopyranosyloxy)‐5‐hydroxybenzoyl]amino]‐5‐hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester ( 12 ) inhibited 15‐lipoxygenase, and bracteanolide A ( 7 ) was a moderate inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. This study is the first to describe the diversity of phenolics and polysaccharides from A. septentrionale and their anti‐inflammatory and anti‐oxidant activities.

• Moussavi, Nastaran; Azizullah, Hasina; Malterud, Karl Egil; Inngjerdingen, Kari Tvete & Wangensteen, Helle (2022). Immunomodulating polyphenols from Sideritis scardica. Journal of Functional Foods. ISSN 1756-4646. 96. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105197. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The herb Sideritis scardica is used in traditional medicine in the Balkan Peninsula. Limited information exists on its health effects, such as improvement of cognitive functions. This study explores the in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of extracts and polyphenols of S. scardica with focus on neurodegenerative disease. BuOH, DCM and EtOAc fractions were isolated from the crude EtOH extract of aerial parts of S. scardica and further purified by chromatographic methods. Eleven phenolic compounds were isolated. The extracts and compounds were assessed for immunomodulatory, enzyme-interacting and cytotoxic properties. The crude extract, EtOAc fraction and precipitate, BuOH fraction, verbascoside and acetylallosylglucosyl-isoscutellarein 4′-methylether displayed DPPH scavenging activity. The EtOAc fraction and echinaticin displayed XO inhibiting activity. The DCM fraction reduced nitric oxide production in D2SC/1 dendritic cells and demonstrated potent activity in a human complement assay. Verbascoside and chlorogenic acid lowered NO levels without affecting cell viability in D2SC/1 dendritic cells. The results reveal a broad-spectrum activity of this herb, which might potentially serve as a multi-target system in Alzheimer’s disease.

• Puventhiran, Nithuja; Malterud, Karl Egil; Wangensteen, Helle & Gjelstad, Astrid (2022). Plantebaserte legemidler – er de forbudt i idrett? Norsk Farmaceutisk Tidsskrift (NFT). ISSN 0029-1935. 7, p. 48–50. Full text in Research Archive
• Monsen, Ragnhild Elisabeth; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad; Gay, Caryl; Fjeld, Katrine Gahre; Hove, Lene Hystad & Malterud, Karl Egil [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2021). A mouth rinse based on a tea solution of Salvia officinalis for oral discomfort in palliative cancer care: A randomized controlled trial. Supportive Care in Cancer. ISSN 0941-4355. doi: 10.1007/s00520-021-06021-2. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Few clinical studies evaluate interventions to reduce oral discomfort among patients in palliative care. Aim: This study examines the efficacy of a Salvia officinalis (SO) based herbal mouth rinse compared to conventional normal saline (NS) in order to improve oral health. Design: A block-randomized controlled trial. Data were collected before and after a 4-day intervention with either SO (n=44) or NS (n=44). Numerical rating scales (NRS, 0-10) and 12 items from the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire-Oral Health 17 (EORTC QLQ-OH17) measured patient-reported oral symptoms. An oral examination was performed before and after the intervention. Setting/participants: This study included adult patients with late-stage cancer in an inpatient hospice unit. Results: Of the 88 patients included (mean age=63.9 years, SD=10.6), 73 (83%) completed the study. At baseline, 78% reported dry mouth on the EORTC QLQ-OH17, and 80% rated dry mouth ≥4 on the NRS. Total oral health scores based on the 12 EORTC QLQ-OH17 items improved similarly in both groups (p

• Goodman, Christopher Dean; Hoang, An Thuy; Diallo, Drissa; Malterud, Karl Egil; McFadden, Geoffrey & Wangensteen, Helle (2019). Anti-plasmodial effects of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides. Planta Medica. ISSN 0032-0943. 85(13), p. 1073–1079. doi: 10.1055/a-0973-0067. Full text in Research Archive
• Lawal, Fatimah; Bapela, M.J.; Adebayo, S.A.; Nkadimeng, S.M.; Yusuf, A.A. & Malterud, Karl Egil [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2019). Anti-inflammatory potential of South African medicinal plants used for the treatment of sexually transmitted infections. South African Journal of Botany. ISSN 0254-6299. 125, p. 62–71. doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2019.06.023. Full text in Research Archive
• Saroja, Seethapathy Gopalakrishnan; Tadesse, Margey; Urumarudappa, Santhosh Kumar J.; Gunaga, Srikanth V.; Vasudeva, Ramesh & Malterud, Karl Egil [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2018). Authentication of Garcinia fruits and food supplements using DNA barcoding and NMR spectroscopy. Scientific Reports. 8:10561, p. 1–12. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-28635-z. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Garcinia L. (Clusiaceae) fruits are a rich source of (−)-hydroxycitric acid, and this has gained considerable attention as an anti-obesity agent and a popular weight loss food supplement. In this study, we assessed adulteration of morphologically similar samples of Garcinia using DNA barcoding, and used NMR to quantify the content of (−)-hydroxycitric acid and (−)-hydroxycitric acid lactone in raw herbal drugs and Garcinia food supplements. DNA barcoding revealed that mostly G. gummi-gutta (previously known as G. cambogia) and G. indica were traded in Indian herbal markets, and there was no adulteration. The content of (−)-hydroxycitric acid and (−)-hydroxycitric acid lactone in the two species varied from 1.7% to 16.3%, and 3.5% to 20.7% respectively. Analysis of ten Garcinia food supplements revealed a large variation in the content of (−)-hydroxycitric acid, from 29 mg (4.6%) to 289 mg (50.6%) content per capsule or tablet. Only one product contained quantifiable amounts of (−)-hydroxycitric acid lactone. Furthermore the study demonstrates that DNA barcoding and NMR could be effectively used as a regulatory tool to authenticate Garcinia fruit rinds and food supplements.

• Malterud, Karl Egil (2017). Ethnopharmacology, chemistry and biological properties of four Malian medicinal plants. Plants. 6(1:11), p. 1–13. doi: 10.3390/plants6010011. Full text in Research Archive
• Nguyen, Thuy Lan; Rusten, Anders; Skogsrud, Mona; Malterud, Karl Egil; Diallo, Drissa & Paulsen, Berit Smestad [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2016). Flavonoids, gallotannins and ellagitannins in Syzygium guineense and the traditional use among Malian healers. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. ISSN 0378-8741. 192, p. 450–458. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.09.035. Full text in Research Archive
• Austarheim, Ingvild; Pham, Anh Thu; Nguyen, Celine; Zou, Yuanfeng; Diallo, Drissa & Malterud, Karl Egil [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2016). Antiplasmodial, anti-complement and anti-inflammatory in vitro effects of Biophytum umbraculum Welw. traditionally used against cerebral malaria in Mali. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. ISSN 0378-8741. 190, p. 159–164. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.05.058. Full text in Research Archive
• Wangensteen, Helle; Ho, Giang Thanh Thi; Tadesse, Margey; Miles, Christopher Owen; Moussaavi, Nastaran & Mikolo, Bertin [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2016). A new benzophenanthridine alkaloid and other bioactive constituents from the stem bark of Zanthoxylum heitzii. Fitoterapia. ISSN 0367-326X. 109, p. 196–200. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2016.01.012. Full text in Research Archive
• Goodman, Christopher Dean; Austarheim, Ingvild; Mollard, Vanessa; Mikolo, Bertin; Malterud, Karl Egil & McFadden, Geoffrey [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2016). Natural products from Zanthoxylum heitzii with potent activity against the malaria parasite. Malaria Journal. 15(481). doi: 10.1186/s12936-016-1533-x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Zanthoxylum heitzii (Rutaceae) (olon) is used in traditional medicine in Central and West Africa to treat malaria. To identify novel compounds with anti-parasitic activity and validate medicinal usage, extracts and compounds isolated from this tree were tested against the erythrocytic stages of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum and for inhibition of transmission in rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei. Results Hexane bark extract showed activity against P. falciparum (IC50 0.050 μg/ml), while leaf and seed extracts were inactive. Fractionation of the hexane bark extract led to the identification of three active constituents; dihydronitidine, pellitories and heitziquinone. Dihydronitidine was the most active compound with an IC50 value of 0.0089 µg/ml (25 nM). This compound was slow acting, requiring 50 % longer exposure time than standard anti-malarials to reach full efficacy. Heitziquinone and pellitorine were less potent, with IC50 values of 3.55 μg/ml and 1.96 µg/ml, but were fast-acting. Plasmodium berghei ookinete conversion was also inhibited by the hexane extract (IC50 1.75 µg/ml), dihydronitidine (0.59 µg/ml) and heitziquinone (6.2 µg/ml). Water extracts of Z. heitzii bark contain only low levels of dihydronitidine and show modest anti-parasitic activity. Conclusions Three compounds with anti-parasitic activity were identified in Z. heitzii bark extract. The alkaloid dihydronitidine is the most effective of these, accounting for the bulk of activity in both erythrocytic and transmission-blocking assays. These compounds may present good leads for development of novel anti-malarials and add to the understanding of the chemical basis of the anti-parasitic activity in these classes of natural product.

• Moussaavi, Nastaran; Malterud, Karl Egil; Mikolo, Bertin; Dawes, Dag; Chandre, Fabrice & Corbel, Vincent [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2015). Identification of chemical constituents of Zanthoxylum heitzii stem bark and their insecticidal activity against the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Parasites & Vectors. 8:503. doi: 10.1186/s13071-015-1113-x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Zanthoxylum heitzii bark extracts have insecticidal properties and have been reported to be used against malaria in Western Africa. Previously, it has been shown that a hexane extract of the bark is toxic to adult females of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae, a malaria vector. As part of our project on the control of malaria vectors using plant extracts, the phytochemistry of Z. heitzii bark hexane extract has been investigated with the aim to identify the major components with adulticidal and larvicidal effects on An. gambiae. Methods Z. heitzii stem bark was extracted with hexane, and the extract was fractionated to isolate major components from the bark, identified by NMR spectroscopy. Isolated compounds were tested for toxicity towards adult female An. gambiae mosquitoes and for larvicidal effects towards An. gambiae. Results The alkaloid dihydronitidine, the sesquiterpenoid caryophyllene oxide, the amide pellitorine and the lignan sesamin were identified as the major constituents in Z. heitzii bark. Pellitorine was toxic to both adult insects (LD50 50 ng/mg insect) and larvae (LD50 13 μg/ml). None of the other compounds were toxic to adults, but caryophyllene oxide and sesamin exhibited moderate larvicidal effects (LD50 > 150 μg/ml). A mixture of the four compounds in the same ratio as in the hexane extract showed higher toxicity (LD50 34 ng/mg insect) towards adult insects than the pure compounds. Conclusion The toxicity of Z. heitzii bark hexane extract to An. gambiae is mostly due to pellitorine, although interactions between pellitorine and other, inactive constituents may enhance the activity of the extract.

• Zou, Yuanfeng; Chen, Xing-Fu; Malterud, Karl Egil; Rise, Frode; Barsett, Hilde & Inngjerdingen, Kari Tvete [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2014). Structural features and complement fixing activity of polysaccharides from Codonopsis pilosula Nannf. var. modesta L.T.Shen roots. Carbohydrate Polymers. ISSN 0144-8617. 113, p. 420–429. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.07.036. Full text in Research Archive
• Overgaard, Hans; Sirisopa, Patcharawan; Mikolo, Bertin; Malterud, Karl Egil; Wangensteen, Helle & Zou, Yuanfeng [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2014). Insecticidal activities of bark, leaf and seed extracts of Zanthoxylum heitzii against the African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Molecules. ISSN 1431-5157. 19(12), p. 21276–21290. doi: 10.3390/molecules191221276. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The olon tree, Zanthoxylum heitzii (syn. Fagara heitzii) is commonly found in the central-west African forests. In the Republic of Congo (Congo-Brazzaville) its bark is anecdotally reported to provide human protection against fleas. Here we assess the insecticidal activities of Z. heitzii stem bark, seed and leaf extracts against Anopheles gambiae s.s, the main malaria vector in Africa. Extracts were obtained by Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) using solvents of different polarity and by classical Soxhlet extraction using hexane as solvent. The insecticidal effects of the crude extracts were evaluated using topical applications of insecticides on mosquitoes of a susceptible reference strain (Kisumu [Kis]), a strain homozygous for the L1014F kdr mutation (kdrKis), and a strain homozygous for the G119S Ace1R allele (AcerKis). The insecticidal activities were measured using LD50 and LD95 and active extracts were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and HPLC chromatography. Results show that the ASE hexane stem bark extract was the most effective compound against An. gambiae (LD50 = 102 ng/mg female), but was not as effective as common synthetic insecticides. Overall, there was no significant difference between the responses of the three mosquito strains to Z. heitzii extracts, indicating no cross resistance with conventional pesticides.

• Pham, Anh Thu; Malterud, Karl Egil; Paulsen, Berit Smestad; Diallo, Drissa & Wangensteen, Helle (2014). α-Glucosidase inhibition, 15-lipoxygenase inhibition, and brine shrimp toxicity of extracts and isolated compounds from Terminalia macroptera leaves. Pharmaceutical Biology. ISSN 1388-0209. 52(9), p. 1166–1169. doi: 10.3109/13880209.2014.880486. Full text in Research Archive
• Wangensteen, Helle; Bräunlich, Paula Marie; Nikolic, Viktoria; Malterud, Karl Egil; Slimestad, Rune & Barsett, Hilde (2014). Anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins and total phenolics in four cultivars of aronia: Antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory effects. Journal of Functional Foods. ISSN 1756-4646. 7(1), p. 746–752. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.02.006. Full text in Research Archive
• Ho, Giang Thanh Thi; Bräunlich, Paula Marie; Austarheim, Ingvild; Wangensteen, Helle; Malterud, Karl Egil & Slimestad, Rune [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2014). Immunomodulating activity of Aronia melanocarpa polyphenols. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. ISSN 1661-6596. 15(7), p. 11626–11636. doi: 10.3390/ijms150711626. Full text in Research Archive
• Zou, Yuanfeng; Ho, Giang Thanh Thi; Malterud, Karl Egil; Le, Nhat Hao Tran; Inngjerdingen, Kari Tvete & Barsett, Hilde [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2014). Enzyme inhibition, antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities, and brine shrimp toxicity of extracts from the root bark, stem bark and leaves of Terminalia macroptera. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. ISSN 0378-8741. 155(2), p. 1219–1226. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.07.004. Full text in Research Archive
• Bräunlich, Paula Marie; Økstad, Ole Andreas Løchen; Slimestad, Rune; Wangensteen, Helle; Malterud, Karl Egil & Barsett, Hilde (2013). Effects of Aronia melanocarpa constituents on biofilm formation of Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus. Molecules. ISSN 1431-5157. 18(12), p. 14989–14999. doi: 10.3390/molecules181214989. Full text in Research Archive
• Wangensteen, Helle; Klarpås, Line; Alamgir, Mahiuddin; Samuelsen, Anne Berit C. & Malterud, Karl Egil (2013). Can scientific evidence support using Bangladeshi traditional medicinal plants in the treatment of diarrhoea? A review on seven plants. Nutrients. 5, p. 1757–1800. doi: 10.3390/nu5051757. Full text in Research Archive
• Inngjerdingen, Kari Tvete; Ballo, Ngolo; Zhang, Bingzhao; Malterud, Karl Egil; Michaelsen, Terje Einar & Diallo, Drissa [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2013). A comparison of bioactive aqueous extracts and polysaccharide factions from roots of wild and cultivated Cochlospermum tinctorium A. Rich. Phytochemistry. ISSN 0031-9422. 93, p. 136–143. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.03.012. Full text in Research Archive
• Pham, Anh Thu; Nguyen, Celine; Malterud, Karl Egil; Diallo, Drissa & Wangensteen, Helle (2013). Bioactive flavone-C-glycosides of the African medicinal plant Biophytum umbraculum. Molecules. ISSN 1431-5157. 18(9), p. 10312–10319. doi: 10.3390/molecules180910312. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Three flavone-C-glycosides—cassiaoccidentalin A (1), isovitexin (2) and isoorientin (3)—were isolated from the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) soluble fraction of the methanol crude extract of the African medicinal plant Biophytum umbraculum, This is the first report of these compounds in this plant. All compounds were identified by spectroscopic analysis and comparison with published data. Isoorientin (3) and the EtOAc extract showed the greatest antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay as well as the strongest inhibition of xanthine oxidase (XO) and 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO). From these results, the extract of B. umbraculum might be a valuable source of flavone C-glycosides.

• Bräunlich, Paula Marie; Christensen, Hege Staaland; Johannesen, Siri; Slimestad, Rune; Wangensteen, Helle & Malterud, Karl Egil [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2013). In Vitro Inhibition of Cytochrome P450 3A4 by Aronia melanocarpa Constituents. Planta Medica. ISSN 0032-0943. 79(2), p. 137–141. doi: 10.1055/s-0032-1328055. Full text in Research Archive
• Bräunlich, Paula Marie; Slimestad, Rune; Wangensteen, Helle; Brede, Cato; Malterud, Karl Egil & Barsett, Hilde (2013). Extracts, Anthocyanins and Procyanidins from Aronia melanocarpa eas Radical Scavengers and Enzyme Inhibitors. Nutrients. 5(3), p. 663–678. doi: 10.3390/nu5030663. Full text in Research Archive
• Wangensteen, Helle; Phan, Thi Thanh; Rise, Frode; Halvorsen, Trine Grønhaug & Malterud, Karl Egil (2012). New labdane diterpenes from Solidago canadensis. Natural Product Research. ISSN 1478-6419. 26(14), p. 1348–1354. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2011.565005. Full text in Research Archive
• Le, Nhat Hao Tran; Malterud, Karl Egil; Diallo, Drissa; Paulsen, Berit Smestad; Nergård, Cecilie Sogn & Wangensteen, Helle (2012). Bioactive polyphenols in Ximenia americana and the traditional use among Malian healers. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. ISSN 0378-8741. 139(3), p. 858–862. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.12.031. Full text in Research Archive
• Pham, Anh Thu; Dvergses, Christina; Togola, Adiaratou; Wangensteen, Helle; Diallo, Drissa & Paulsen, Berit Smestad [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2011). Terminalia macroptera, its current medicinal use and future perspectives. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. ISSN 0378-8741. 137(3), p. 1486–1491. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.08.029. Full text in Research Archive
• Pham, Anh Thu; Malterud, Karl Egil; Paulsen, Berit Smestad; Diallo, Drissa & Wangensteen, Helle (2011). DPPH Radical Scavenging and Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity of Terminalia macroptera Leaves. Natural Product Communications. ISSN 1934-578X. 6(8), p. 1125–1128. doi: 10.1177/1934578x1100600819. Full text in Research Archive
• Apetrei, Cristina Lungu; Tuchilus, Cristina; Aprotosoaie, Ana Clara; Oprea, Adrian; Malterud, Karl Egil & Miron, Anca (2011). Chemical, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Investigations of Pinus cembra L. Bark and Needles. Molecules. ISSN 1431-5157. 16(9), p. 7773–7788. doi: 10.3390/molecules16097773. Full text in Research Archive
• Wangensteen, Helle; Alamgir, Mahiuddin; Duong, GM; Grønhaug, Tom Erik; Samuelsen, Anne Berit & Malterud, Karl Egil (2010). Chemical and Biological Studies of Medicinal Plants from the Sundarbans Mangrove Forest. In eddouks, mohamed (Eds.), Advances in Phytotherapy Research. Research Signpost. ISSN 9788130802237. p. 59–78. Full text in Research Archive

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• Malterud, Karl Egil (2022). Malaria og afrikanske medisinplanter. Full text in Research Archive
• Zhang, Lin; Sandvik, Lene; Hoel, Håvard; Malterud, Karl Egil; Inngjerdingen, Kari Tvete & Wangensteen, Helle (2022). Phytochemical screening of Gentiana purpurea, an important Norwegian medicinal plant. Full text in Research Archive
• Fu, Yu-Ping; Zou, Yuan-Feng; Malterud, Karl Egil; Inngjerdingen, Kari Tvete & Wangensteen, Helle (2022). Phenolics and polysaccharides isolated from the roots of Aconitum septentrionale, a Norwegian medicinal plant. Full text in Research Archive
• Zhang, Lin; Sandvik, Lene; Ulriksen, Emilie Steinbakk; Hoel, Håvard; Malterud, Karl Egil & Inngjerdingen, Kari Tvete [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). Søterot, en bitter og glemt norsk medisinplante. Full text in Research Archive
• Moussavi, Nastaran; Azizullah, Hasina; Malterud, Karl Egil; Inngjerdingen, Kari Tvete & Wangensteen, Helle (2022). Immunomodulating polyphenols from Sideritis scardica. Full text in Research Archive
• Moussavi, Nastaran; Azizullah, Hasina; Malterud, Karl Egil; Inngjerdingen, Kari Tvete & Wangensteen, Helle (2021). Greek mountain tea, Sideritis scardica, a medicinal plant from the Mediterranean and Balkans with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Full text in Research Archive
• Malterud, Karl Egil (2021). Kattefot - barneleke og legeplante. Sopp og nyttevekster. ISSN 1504-4165. 17(3), p. 42–43. Full text in Research Archive
• Malterud, Karl Egil & Helleve, Torstein (2020). Lokale healarar kan ha rett om tradisjonelt medisintre. [Internet]. titan.uio.no/node/3545. Full text in Research Archive
• Malterud, Karl Egil (2020). Hvitbladtistel - en gammel medisinplante. Sopp og nyttevekster. ISSN 1504-4165. 16(4), p. 22–23. Full text in Research Archive
• Moussavi, Nastaran; Azizullah, Hasina; Pahnke, Jens; Malterud, Karl Egil; Inngjerdingen, Kari Tvete & Wangensteen, Helle (2019). Greek mountain tea, a medicinal plant from the Mediterranean countries and Balkan. Full text in Research Archive
• Stevanovic, Stanislava; Malterud, Karl Egil; Sanogo, Rokia & Wangensteen, Helle (2019). Bioaktive stoffer i Ficus platyphylla, en afrikansk medisinplante. Full text in Research Archive
• Moussavi, Nastaran; Azizullah, Hasina; Pahnke, Jens; Malterud, Karl Egil; Inngjerdingen, Kari Tvete & Wangensteen, Helle (2019). Greek mountain tea, a medicinal plant from Mediterranean countries and Balkan. Full text in Research Archive
• Saroja, Seethapathy Gopalakrishnan; Tadesse, Margey; Malterud, Karl Egil; Shaanker, R.U.; Boer, Hugo de & Ravikanth, G. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). DNA strekkodeanalyser og kvantitativ NMR spektroskopi av garciniafrukter og ekstrakter. Full text in Research Archive
• Moussavi, Nastaran; Malterud, Karl Egil; Mikolo, Bertin; Chandre, Fabrice; Corbel, Vincent & Wangensteen, Helle (2018). Natural products of Zanthoxylum heitzii stem bark and their insecticidal activity aginst the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Full text in Research Archive
• Lawal, Fatimah; Bapela, M.J.; Adebayo, S.A.; Malterud, Karl Egil & Tshikalange, T.E. (2018). Anti-inflammatory potential of South African medicinal plants used in the treatment of sexually transmitted infections. South African Journal of Botany. ISSN 0254-6299. 115, p. 291–291. doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2018.02.059. Full text in Research Archive
• Wangensteen, Helle; Moussavi, Nastaran; Malterud, Karl Egil & Røsjø, Bjarne (2018). UiO-forskning om malaria gikk verden rundt. [Internet]. titan.uio.no/node/3058. Full text in Research Archive
• Lawal, Fatimah; Bapela, M.J.; Adebayo, S.A.; Nkadimeng, S.M.; Malterud, Karl Egil & McGaw, L.J. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and phytochemical studies of South African medicinal plants traditionally used in the treatment of sexually transmitted infections. Full text in Research Archive
• Azizullah, Hasina; Pahnke, Jens; Moussavi, Nastaran; Malterud, Karl Egil & Wangensteen, Helle (2018). Gresk fjellte, en medisinplante fra middelhavslandene og Balkan. Full text in Research Archive
• Malterud, Karl Egil (2017). Fra tradisjonelle healers apotek: Fire afrikanske medisinplanter. Full text in Research Archive
• Røsjø, Bjarne; Wangensteen, Helle & Malterud, Karl Egil (2017). African trees kill both malaria mosquitos and the parasite. [Internet]. http://www.alphagalileo.org/ViewItem.aspx?ItemId=171936&Cult. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  English version of "Naturstoffer fra samme tre dreper både malariamyggen og -parasitten" (titan.uio.no). See also: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/01/170125093825.htm http://beforeitsnews.com/science-and-technology/2017/01/african-trees-kill-both-malaria-mosquitos-and-the-parasite-2872054.html http://www.ineffableisland.com/2017/01/african-trees-kill-both-malaria.html

• Hoang, An Thuy; Goodman, Christopher Dean; Diallo, Drissa; Malterud, Karl Egil & Wangensteen, Helle (2017). Antimalarial activities of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides. Full text in Research Archive
• Wangensteen, Helle; Malterud, Karl Egil & Røsjø, Bjarne (2017). Naturstoffer fra samme tre dreper både malariamyggen og parasitten. [Internet]. titan.uio.no/node/2075. Full text in Research Archive
• Wangensteen, Helle; Hoang, An Thuy; Goodman, Christopher Dean; Diallo, Drissa & Malterud, Karl Egil (2017). Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides - an African medicinal tree with antimalarial effects. Full text in Research Archive
• Hoang, An Thuy; Goodman, Christopher Dean; Diallo, Drissa; Malterud, Karl Egil & Wangensteen, Helle (2016). En afrikansk medisinplante mot malaria. Full text in Research Archive
• Malterud, Karl Egil; Wangensteen, Helle & Hanger, Mari Rian (2016). Afrikansk medisinplante virksom mot malaria. [Internet]. http://www.dagensmedisin.no/pharma/. Full text in Research Archive
• Moussavi, Nastaran; Austarheim, Ingvild; Goodman, Dean; Malterud, Karl Egil & Wangensteen, Helle (2015). Zanthoxylum heitzii, a possible anti-malaria medicine. Full text in Research Archive
• Ho, Giang Thanh Thi; Braünlich, Marie; Økstad, Ole Andreas Løchen; Slimestad, Rune; Wangensteen, Helle & Malterud, Karl Egil [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2015). Effects of Aronia melanocarpa on biofilm formation of Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus. Full text in Research Archive
• Moussavi, Nastaran; Wangensteen, Helle; Austarheim, Ingvild & Malterud, Karl Egil (2015). Zanthoxylum heitzii, a possible anti-malaria medicine. Full text in Research Archive
• Nguyen, Thuy Lan; Malterud, Karl Egil; Diallo, Drissa & Wangensteen, Helle (2015). Flavonoids and hydrolysable tannins from the African medicinal plant Syzygium guineense. Full text in Research Archive
• Wangensteen, Helle; Klarpås, Line; Alamgir, Mahiuddin; Samuelsen, Anne Berit C. & Malterud, Karl Egil (2014). Medisinplanter fra Bangladesh med tradisjonell bruk i behandling av diaré. BestPractice Gastroenterologi. ISSN 1903-6590. 3(1), p. 15–19. Full text in Research Archive
• Ho, Giang Thanh Thi; Braünlich, Marie; Wangensteen, Helle; Malterud, Karl Egil; Slimestad, Rune & Barsett, Hilde (2014). Correlations between structure and biological activity of polysaccharides from berries of Aronia melanocarpa. Full text in Research Archive
• Ho, Giang Thanh Thi; Braünlich, Marie; Wangensteen, Helle; Malterud, Karl Egil; Økstad, Ole Andreas Løchen & Christensen, Hege Staaland [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2014). Spennende helseeffekter av aroniabær. Full text in Research Archive
• Austarheim, Ingvild; Goodman, Dean; Ho, Giang Thanh Thi; Malterud, Karl Egil & Wangensteen, Helle (2014). Et medisintre fra Kongo med anti-malaria aktivitet. Full text in Research Archive
• Ho, Giang Thanh Thi; Bräunlich, Paula Marie; Wangensteen, Helle; Malterud, Karl Egil; Slimestad, Rune & Barsett, Hilde (2013). Polysakkarider og polyfenoler fra svartsurbær (Aronia melanocarpa) med immunmodulerende aktivitet. Full text in Research Archive
• Bräunlich, Paula Marie; Wangensteen, Helle; Malterud, Karl Egil; Slimestad, Rune & Barsett, Hilde (2013). Aronia melanocarpa berries. Full text in Research Archive
• Malterud, Karl Egil; Mikolo, Bertin; Corbel, Vincent; Chandre, Fabrice; Patcharawan, Sirisopa & Wangensteen, Helle [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). Anti-mosquito activity of Zanthoxylum heitzii, a Congolese medicinal plant. Full text in Research Archive
• Austarheim, Ingvild; Pham, Anh Thu; Nguyen, Celine; Malterud, Karl Egil; Diallo, Drissa & Wangensteen, Helle (2013). Immunomodulating and antioxidative effects of Biophytum petersianum, a Malian medicinal plant. Full text in Research Archive
• Barsett, Hilde; Bräunlich, Paula Marie; Wangensteen, Helle; Malterud, Karl Egil; Christensen, Hege Staaland & Johannesen, Siri [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2013). Bioactive compounds in Aronia melanocarpa berries. Full text in Research Archive
• Pham, Anh Thu; Austarheim, Ingvild; Nguyen, Celine; Malterud, Karl Egil; Diallo, Drissa & Wangensteen, Helle (2013). Immunomodulating effects of Biophytum petersianum, a Malian medicinal plant. Full text in Research Archive
• Malterud, Karl Egil (2012). Medisiner fra naturen. Full text in Research Archive
• Overgaard, Hans; Mikolo, Bertin; Stangeland, Torunn; Malterud, Karl Egil; Wangensteen, Helle & Paulsen, Berit Smestad [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2012). A potentially promising botanical insecticide from the Congo. Full text in Research Archive
• Malterud, Karl Egil & Austarheim, Ingvild (2012). Omvisning i medisinplantehagen på Tøyen. Full text in Research Archive
• Nguyen, Christel; Pham, Anh Thu; Malterud, Karl Egil; Diallo, Drissa & Wangensteen, Helle (2012). Flavonoids from Biophytum petersianum, a Malian medicinal plant. Planta Medica. ISSN 0032-0943. 78(11), p. 1209–1209. Full text in Research Archive
• Malterud, Karl Egil & Wangensteen, Helle (2012). NMR spectroscopy in identification of secondary metabolites. Full text in Research Archive
• Nguyen, Celine; Pham, Anh Thu; Malterud, Karl Egil; Diallo, Drissa & Wangensteen, Helle (2012). Flavonoids from Biophytum petersianum, a Malian medicinal plant. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Planta Medica 78 (2012) PI288

• Braünlich, Marie; Slimestad, Rune; Wangensteen, Helle; Brede, Cato; Malterud, Karl Egil & Barsett, Hilde (2012). Extracts, anthocyanins and procyanidins from Aronia melanocarpa as radical scavengers and enzyme inhibitors. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Planta Medica 78 (2012) PF32

• Bräunlich, M.; Slimestad, Rune; Wangensteen, Helle; Brede, Cato; Malterud, Karl Egil & Barsett, Hilde (2012). Extracts, anthocyanins and procyanidins from Aronia melanocarpa as radical scavengers and enzyme inhibitors. Planta Medica. ISSN 0032-0943. 78(11), p. 1120–1121. Full text in Research Archive
• Malterud, Karl Egil (2011). Pors - i ølbrygging, hekseri, kjemi og medisin. Del 1: Historie, folketro og litteratur. Sopp og nyttevekster. ISSN 1504-4165. 7(1), p. 26–29. Full text in Research Archive
• Mikolo, Bertin; Overgaard, Hans; Stangeland, Torunn; Malterud, Karl Egil; Wangensteen, Helle & Paulsen, Berit Smestad [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2011). Adulticide activity in fractions of znathoxylum heitzii (Aubrev. & Pellegr.) P.G. Waterman exytract against Anopheles gambiae. Full text in Research Archive
• Pham, Anh Thu; Malterud, Karl Egil; Paulsen, Berit Smestad; Diallo, Drissa & Wangensteen, Helle (2011). Enzyme inhibitory activity of Terminalia macroptera leaves. Full text in Research Archive
• Bräunlich, Paula Marie; Wangensteen, Helle; Malterud, Karl Egil; Slimestad, Rune & Barsett, Hilde (2011). Polyphenolic fractions isolated from black chokeberry, Aronia melanocarpa. Full text in Research Archive
• Bräunlich, Paula Marie; Wangensteen, Helle; Malterud, Karl Egil; Slimestad, Rune & Barsett, Hilde (2011). Proantocyanidiner fra aroniabær viser høy antioksidantaktivitet. Full text in Research Archive
• Malterud, Karl Egil (2011). Pors - i ølbrygging, hekseri, kjemi og medisin. Del 2: Kjemi, biologi og medisin. Sopp og nyttevekster. ISSN 1504-4165. 7(2), p. 24–26. Full text in Research Archive
• Mikolo, Bertin; Overgaard, Hans; Stangeland, Torunn; Malterud, Karl Egil; Wangensteen, Helle & Paulsen, Berit Smestad [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2011). Adulticide activity in fractions of Zanthoxylum heitzii (Aubrév. & Pellegr.) P.G. Waterman extract against Anopheles gambiae. Full text in Research Archive
• Mikolo, Bertin; Overgaard, Hans; Stangeland, Torunn; Malterud, Karl Egil; Wangensteen, Helle & Paulsen, Berit Smestad [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2011). Adulticide activity in fractions of Zanthoxylumheitzii (Aubrév. &Pellegr.) P.G.Waterman extract against Anopheles gambiae. Full text in Research Archive
• Nguyen, Celine; Wangensteen, Helle; Malterud, Karl Egil & Diallo, Drissa (2011). Flavonoids from Biophytum petersianum, a Malian medicinal plant. Full text in Research Archive
• Le, Nhat Hao Tran; Wangensteen, Helle; Malterud, Karl Egil & Diallo, Drissa (2011). Bioactive constituents of Ximenia americana, a Malian medicinal plant. Full text in Research Archive
• Pham, Anh Thu; Wangensteen, Helle; Malterud, Karl Egil & Diallo, Drissa (2011). Antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activity of Terminalia macroptera. Full text in Research Archive
• Malterud, Karl Egil; Wangensteen, Helle; Paulsen, Berit Smestad & Diallo, Drissa (2011). Antioxidants in Malian medicinal plants. Full text in Research Archive
• Pham, Anh Thu; Wangensteen, Helle; Paulsen, Berit Smestad; Diallo, Drissa & Malterud, Karl Egil (2010). Terminalia macroptera, an African medicinal plant. Planta Medica. ISSN 0032-0943. 76(12), p. 1209–1209. Full text in Research Archive
• Bräunlich, Paula Marie; Barsett, Hilde; Wangensteen, Helle & Malterud, Karl Egil (2014). Bioactive constituents in aronia berries. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The aim of this thesis was to investigate some of the potential health benefits of aronia berries with main focus on the phenolic substances. Extractions and fractionations of aronia berries were performed to obtain several crude extracts and subfractions. In addition, well known constituents of aronia berries (anthocyanins, procyanidins and phenolic acids) were isolated. The different samples obtained were then tested in various in vitro bioassays to determine their biological activities as antioxidants, a-glucosidase inhibitors, CYP3A4 inhibitors, and antibacterial agents. Pure anthocyanins and anthocyanin-rich extracts were found to be potent a-glucosidase inhibitors compared to the positive control acarbose, the active principle in an anti-diabetic drug. a-Glucosidase plays a vital role in digestion of carbohydrates and by inhibition of this enzyme, it might be possible to control postprandial hyperglycemia which is important for diabetic patients. Antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH radical scavenging and by inhibition of 15-lipoxygenase and xanthine oxidase. In general, the substances tested displayed strong radical scavenging and 15-LO inhibitory effects, but exhibited less activity towards XO. CYP3A4 is an important-drug metabolizing enzyme, and any change of its activity may lead to pharmacokinetic interactions. Aronia substances were investigated for their CYP3A4 inhibitory effects, and it was shown that procyanidin B5 and subfraction Seph g, rich in proanthocyanidins with a high degree of polymerization, were potent inhibitors of this protein. In addition, the inhibitory activity of proanthocyanidin-containing subfractions was correlated to the degree of polymerization of these substances. The formation of bacterial biofilms is a well known health problem, as bacteria within such a structure are more difficult to eradicate. Aronia substances were added to planktonic cultures of Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus in order to measure their influence on biofilm formation. Results showed that the majority of the samples possessed a biofilm inhibitory activity against the Gram-positive B. cereus, but fewer samples were active against the Gram-negative E.coli. Minor differences in chemical structure, for example between procyanidin B2 and B5, gave rise to considerable differences in biological activities such as CYP3A4 inhibition and inhibition of biofilm formation. Also, biological activity seemed to be influenced by the sugar unit linked to the anthocyanidin. Four different cultivars of aronia were studied with respect to their phenolic composition and their biological activities. Aronia prunifolia contained the highest amount of total phenolics, anthocyanins, and proanthocyanidins. Despite the differences in chemical composition between the cultivars, which could be explained at least partly by unequal growing conditions, only minor differences in biological activity were found.

• Nikolic, Viktoria; Barsett, Hilde; Wangensteen, Helle & Malterud, Karl Egil (2012). Sammenligning av biologisk active lavmolekylære substanser fra forskjellige subspecies av arten Aronia melanocarpa. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive

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