Jøran Idar Moen

• Moser, Chrystal; LaBelle, James William; Hatch, Spencer Mark; Moen, Jøran Idar; Spicher, Andres & Takahashi, Toru [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2021). The Cusp as a VLF Saucer Source: First Rocket Observations of Long‐Duration VLF Saucers on the Dayside. Geophysical Research Letters. ISSN 0094-8276. 48(2). doi: 10.1029/2020GL090747. Full text in Research Archive
• Di Mare, Francesca; Spicher, Andres; Clausen, Lasse; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek & Moen, Jøran Idar (2021). Turbulence and Intermittency in the Winter Cusp Ionosphere Studied With the ICI Sounding Rockets. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 126(8). doi: 10.1029/2021JA029150. Full text in Research Archive
• Zhang, Qing-He; Zhang, Yong-Liang; Wang, Chi; Oksavik, Kjellmar; Lyons, Larry R. & Lockwood, Michael [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2021). A space hurricane over the Earth’s polar ionosphere. Nature Communications. ISSN 2041-1723. 12. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-21459-y.
• Olifer, L.; Feltman, C.; Ghaffari, R.; Henderson, S.; Huyghebaert, Devin & Burchill, J. [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2021). Swarm Observations of Dawn/Dusk Asymmetries Between Pedersen Conductance in Upward and Downward Field-Aligned Current Regions. Earth and Space Science. ISSN 2333-5084. 8(7). doi: 10.1029/2020EA001167.
• Jin, Yaqi; Clausen, Lasse; Spicher, Andres; Ivarsen, Magnus Fagernes; Zhang, Yongliang & Miloch, Wojciech Jacek [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Statistical Distribution of Decameter Scale (50 m) Ionospheric Irregularities at High Latitudes. Geophysical Research Letters. ISSN 0094-8276. 48(19). doi: 10.1029/2021GL094794. Full text in Research Archive
• Sawyer, R.P.; Fuselier, Stephen A.; Kletzing, C.A.; Bonnell, J.W.; Roglans, R. & Bounds, S.R. [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2021). TRICE 2 Observations of Low-Energy Magnetospheric Ions Within the Cusp. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 126(9). doi: 10.1029/2021JA029382.
• Zhang, Qing-He; Zhang, Yong-Liang; Wang, Chi; Lockwood, Michael; Yang, Hui-Gen & Tang, Bin-Bin [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2020). Multiple transpolar auroral arcs reveal insight about coupling processes in the Earth’s magnetotail. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. ISSN 0027-8424. 117(28), p. 16193–16198. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2000614117. Full text in Research Archive
• Follestad, Anna Kristine Fæhn; Herlingshaw, Katie; Ghadjari, Hossein; Knudsen, David J.; McWilliams, Kathryn A. & Moen, Jøran Idar [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2020). Dayside Field-Aligned Current Impacts on Ionospheric Irregularities. Geophysical Research Letters. ISSN 0094-8276. 47(11). doi: 10.1029/2019GL086722. Full text in Research Archive
• Spicher, Andres; Deshpande, Kshitija; Jin, Yaqi; Oksavik, Kjellmar; Zettergren, Matthew D. & Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2020). On the Production of Ionospheric Irregularities Via Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Associated with Cusp Flow Channels. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 125(6). doi: 10.1029/2019JA027734. Full text in Research Archive
• Nishimura, Yukitoshi; Zhang, Shun-Rong; Lyons, Lawrence R.; Deng, Yue; Coster, Anthea J. & Moen, Jøran Idar [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2020). Source Region and Propagation of Dayside Large-Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances. Geophysical Research Letters. ISSN 0094-8276. 47(19). doi: 10.1029/2020GL089451.
• Lessard, Marc R.; Fritz, Bruce; Sadler, Brent; Cohen, Ian J.; Kenward, David & Godbole, Niharika [Show all 21 contributors for this article] (2020). Overview of the Rocket Experiment for Neutral Upwelling Sounding Rocket 2 (RENU2). Geophysical Research Letters. ISSN 0094-8276. 47(21), p. 1–7. doi: 10.1029/2018GL081885. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Rocket Experiment for Neutral Upwelling 2 (RENU2) rocket was launched on 13 December 2015 at 07:34 UT. The payload transited the cusp region during a neutral upwelling event, supported by a comprehensive set of onboard and ground‐based instrumentation. RENU2 data highlight two important processes. One is that a proper understanding of neutral upwelling by Poleward Moving Auroral Forms (PMAFs) requires a treatment that mimics the quasiperiodic passage of a sequence of PMAFs. As a PMAF reaches a flux tube, its physical consequences must be determined including the residual history of effects from previous passages, implying that understanding such a process requires an accounting of the system hysteresis. Second, RENU2 observations suggest that neutral density enhancements driven by precipitation and/or Joule heating can be highly structured in altitude and latitude. In addition, timescales involving neutral dynamics suggest that the structuring must be slowly changing, for example, over the course of 10 to tens of minutes.

• Hwang, K.-J.; Nishimura, Yukitoshi; Coster, A.; Gillies, R.G.; Fear, R. C. & Fuselier, Stephen A. [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2020). Sequential Observations of Flux Transfer Events, Poleward-Moving Auroral Forms, and Polar Cap Patches. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 125(6). doi: 10.1029/2019JA027674. Full text in Research Archive
• Burleigh, Meghan R.; Zettergren, Matthew David; Lynch, Kristina A.; Lessard, Marc R.; Moen, Jøran Idar & Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2019). Transient Ionospheric Upflow Driven by Poleward Moving Auroral forms Observed During the Rocket Experiment for Neutral Upwelling 2 (RENU2) Campaign. Geophysical Research Letters. ISSN 0094-8276. 46(12), p. 6297–6305. doi: 10.1029/2018GL081886. Full text in Research Archive
• Ivarsen, Magnus Fagernes; Hoang, Huy Minh; Yang, Lei; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Spicher, Andres & Jin, Yaqi [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2019). Multineedle Langmuir Probe Operation and Acute Probe Current Susceptibility to Spacecraft Potential. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. ISSN 0093-3813. 47(8), p. 3816–3823. doi: 10.1109/TPS.2019.2906377. Full text in Research Archive
• Jin, Yaqi; Moen, Jøran Idar; Spicher, Andres; Oksavik, Kjellmar; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek & Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2019). Simultaneous rocket and scintillation observations of plasma irregularities associated with a reversed flow event in the cusp ionosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 124(8), p. 7098–7111. doi: 10.1029/2019JA026942. Full text in Research Archive
• Hoang, Huy Minh; Røed, Ketil; Bekkeng, Tore Andre; Moen, Jøran Idar; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock & Trondsen, Espen [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2019). The Multi-needle Langmuir Probe Instrument for QB50 Mission: Case Studies of Ex-Alta 1 and Hoopoe Satellites. Space Science Reviews. ISSN 0038-6308. 215:21(2), p. 1–19. doi: 10.1007/s11214-019-0586-x. Full text in Research Archive
• Bekkeng, Tore Andre; Helgeby, Espen Sørlie; Pedersen, Arne; Trondsen, Espen; Lindem, Torfinn & Moen, Jøran Idar (2019). Multi-Needle Langmuir Probe System for Electron Density Measurements and Active Spacecraft Potential Control on CubeSats. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems. ISSN 0018-9251. 55(6), p. 2951–2964. doi: 10.1109/TAES.2019.2900132.
• Zhang, Qing-He; Lockwood, Michael; Foster, John C; Zong, Quigang; Dunlop, Malcolm W. & Zhang, Shun-Rong [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2018). Observations of the step-like accelerating processes of cold ions in the reconnection layer at the dayside magnetopause. Science Bulletin. ISSN 2095-9273. 63(1), p. 31–37. doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2018.01.003.
• Hoang, Huy Minh; Røed, Ketil; Bekkeng, Tore Andre; Moen, Jøran Idar; Spicher, Andres & Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2018). A study of data analysis techniques for the multi-needle Langmuir probe. Measurement Science and Technology. ISSN 0957-0233. 29(6). doi: 10.1088/1361-6501/aab948.
• Hoang, Huy Minh; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Røed, Ketil; Bekkeng, Tore Andre; Trondsen, Espen & Lybekk, Bjørn [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2018). The Multi-Needle Langmuir Probe System on Board NorSat-1. Space Science Reviews. ISSN 0038-6308. 214(4). doi: 10.1007/s11214-018-0509-2. Full text in Research Archive
• Chernyshov, Aleksander A.; Spicher, Andres; Ilyasov, Askar A.; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock & Saito, Yoshifumi [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2018). Studies of small-scale plasma inhomogeneities in the cusp ionosphere using sounding rocket data. Physics of Plasmas. ISSN 1070-664X. 25(4). doi: 10.1063/1.5026281. Full text in Research Archive
• Jin, Yaqi; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek; Moen, Jøran Idar & Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock (2018). Solar cycle and seasonal variations of the GPS phase scintillation at high latitudes. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate. ISSN 2115-7251. 8. doi: 10.1051/swsc/2018034. Full text in Research Archive
• Paulsson, Joakim John Paul; Spicher, Andres; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Moen, Jøran Idar & Miloch, Wojciech Jacek (2018). Wake Potential and Wake Effects on the Ionospheric Plasma Density Measurements With Sounding Rockets. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 123(11), p. 9711–9725. doi: 10.1029/2017JA025004. Full text in Research Archive
• Wang, Yong; Zhang, Q. H.; Jayachandran, P.T.; Moen, Jøran Idar; Xing, ZY & Chadwick, Ruth [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2018). Experimental Evidence on the Dependence of the Standard GPS Phase Scintillation Index on the Ionospheric Plasma Drift Around Noon Sector of the Polar Ionosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 123(3), p. 2370–2378. doi: 10.1002/2017JA024805. Full text in Research Archive
• Ma, Yu-Zhang; Zhang, Qing-He; Xing, Zan-Yang; Jayachandran, P.T.; Moen, Jøran Idar & Heelis, Roderick A. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Combined Contribution of Solar Illumination, Solar Activity, and Convection to Ion Upflow Above the Polar Cap. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 123(5), p. 4317–4328. doi: 10.1029/2017JA024974. Full text in Research Archive
• Mann, Ingrid; Kauristie, Kirsti; Bamford, Ruth; McCrea, Ian; Moen, Jøran Idar & Oksavik, Kjellmar [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2018). Challenges and Strategic Research Plans for Earth and Heliosphere: Research Infrastructures, Projects and Initiatives. Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. ISSN 1743-9213. 13(S335), p. 219–225. doi: 10.1017/S1743921318000571. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We describe existing research infrastructures relevant for space weather and open issues of space weather research including the need for sustainable observation networks and for high-quality data products as basis for model development. The local relevance in Europe for studies of the ionosphere at high latitude is described. We propose as possible a way forward to sustain space weather research in Europe to establish a European research infrastructure project for space weather research and observations.

• Jin, Yaqi; Moen, Jøran Idar; Oksavik, Kjellmar; Spicher, Andres; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock & Miloch, Wojciech Jacek (2017). GPS scintillations associated with cusp dynamics and polar cap patches. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate. ISSN 2115-7251. 7. doi: 10.1051/swsc/2017022. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper investigates the relative scintillation level associated with cusp dynamics (including precipitation, flow shears, etc.) with and without the formation of polar cap patches around the cusp inflow region by the EISCAT Svalbard radar (ESR) and two GPS scintillation receivers. A series of polar cap patches were observed by the ESR between 8:40 and 10:20 UT on December 3, 2011. The polar cap patches combined with the auroral dynamics were associated with a significantly higher GPS phase scintillation level (up to 0.6 rad) than those observed for the other two alternatives, i.e., cusp dynamics without polar cap patches, and polar cap patches without cusp aurora. The cusp auroral dynamics without plasma patches were indeed related to GPS phase scintillations at a moderate level (up to 0.3 rad). The polar cap patches away from the active cusp were associated with sporadic and moderate GPS phase scintillations (up to 0.2 rad). The main conclusion is that the worst global navigation satellite system space weather events on the dayside occur when polar cap patches enter the polar cap and are subject to particle precipitation and flow shears, which is analogous to the nightside when polar cap patches exit the polar cap and enter the auroral oval.

• Kim, Hyomin; Lessard, Marc R.; Jones, Sarah L.; Lynch, Kristina A.; Fernandes, Philip A. & Aruliah, Anasuya L. [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2017). Simultaneous observations of traveling convection vortices: Ionosphere-thermosphere coupling. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 122(5), p. 4943–4959. doi: 10.1002/2017JA023904. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We present simultaneous observations of magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere coupling over Svalbard during a traveling convection vortex (TCV) event. Various spaceborne and ground-based instruments made coordinated measurements, including magnetometers, particle detectors, an all-sky camera, European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) Svalbard Radar, Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN), and SCANning Doppler Imager (SCANDI). The instruments recorded TCVs associated with a sudden change in solar wind dynamic pressure. The data display typical features of TCVs including vortical ionospheric convection patterns seen by the ground magnetometers and SuperDARN radars and auroral precipitation near the cusp observed by the all-sky camera. Simultaneously, electron and ion temperature enhancements with corresponding density increase from soft precipitation are also observed by the EISCAT Svalbard Radar. The ground magnetometers also detected electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves at the approximate time of the TCV arrival. This implies that they were generated by a temperature anisotropy resulting from a compression on the dayside magnetosphere. SCANDI data show a divergence in thermospheric winds during the TCVs, presumably due to thermospheric heating associated with the current closure linked to a field-aligned current system generated by the TCVs. We conclude that solar wind pressure impulse-related transient phenomena can affect even the upper atmospheric dynamics via current systems established by a magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere coupling process.

• Skjæveland, Åsmund; Carlson, Herbert C & Moen, Jøran Idar (2017). A statistical survey of heat input parameters into the cusp thermosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 122, p. 9622–9651. doi: 10.1002/2016JA023594. Full text in Research Archive
• Chen, Xiangcai; Han, Desheng; Lorentzen, Dag Arne; Oksavik, Kjellmar; Moen, Jøran Idar & Baddeley, Lisa (2017). Dynamic properties of throat aurora revealed by simultaneous ground and satellite observations. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 122(3), p. 3469–3486. doi: 10.1002/2016JA023033. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Throat aurora is defined as south-north aligned auroral arcs equatorward of the dayside cusp aurora and was suggested to be the results of cold magnetospheric plasma interaction with magnetopause reconnection, but its observational properties have not yet been well established. In this paper we carefully examine a sequence of throat auroras observed over Svalbard on 27 December 2003. Observations from 630.0 nm [OI] show that poleward moving throat auroras frequently show brightening followed by dimming in auroral intensity, and sometimes, the brightening throat aurora is a precursor of poleward moving auroral forms. Simultaneous all-sky images and HF radar backscatter observations along geomagnetic meridian show that the throat aurora brightening is drifting with ionospheric E × B convection and is colocated with enhanced spectral width poleward of the convection reversal boundary (CRB), while its dimming tends to be in the vicinity of the CRB. This leads us to propose that the throat aurora brightening and dimming may be on the open and closed field lines, respectively. Particle data from NOAA 16 confirm that the dimming throat aurora is associated with precipitation of magnetosheath-like particles mixed with magnetospheric ions (>30 keV), which is characteristic of the low-latitude boundary layer. For particle data from Defense Meteorological Satellite Program F16, we notice that the dimming throat aurora is associated with lower fluxes of magnetosheath-like electrons accompanied with magnetospheric electrons, which is most likely on closed field lines. The dynamic properties of throat aurora presented in this paper are thus important to understand its generation mechanisms.

• Zhou, Xiaoyan; Haerendel, Gerhard; Moen, Jøran Idar; Trondsen, Espen; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock & Strangeway, Robert J. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2017). Shock aurora: Field-aligned discrete structures moving along the dawnside oval. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 122(3), p. 3145–3162. doi: 10.1002/2016JA022666. Full text in Research Archive
• Hoang, Huy Minh; Røed, Ketil; Bekkeng, Tore Andre; Trondsen, Espen; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock & Miloch, Wojciech Jacek [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). High spatial-resolution electron density measurement by Langmuir probe for multi-point observations using tiny spacecraft. Measurement Science and Technology. ISSN 0957-0233. 28(11). doi: 10.1088/1361-6501/aa87e1.
• Spicher, Andres; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek; Lofstad, Victoria; Jin, Yaqi & Moen, Jøran Idar (2017). Interhemispheric study of polar cap patch occurrence based on Swarm in situ data. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. doi: 10.1002/2016JA023750. Full text in Research Archive
• Zhang, Q. H.; Ma, YZ; Jayachandran, P.T.; Moen, Jøran Idar; Lockwood, M & Zhang, YL [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2017). Polar cap hot patches: Enhanced density structures different from the classical patches in the ionosphere. Geophysical Research Letters. ISSN 0094-8276. 44(16), p. 8159–8167. doi: 10.1002/2017GL073439. Full text in Research Archive

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• Zhang, Qing-He; Zhang, Yongliang; Wang, Chi; Lockwood, Michael; Yang, Huigen & Tang, Bin-Bin [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2021). Multiple Transpolar Auroral Arcs Reveal New Insight About Coupling Processes in the Earth’s Magnetotail.
• Oksavik, Kjellmar & Moen, Jøran Idar (2021). Historisk rom-orkan. [Internet]. Svalbardposten.
• Zhang, Qing-He; Zhang, Yongliang; Wang, Chi; Lockwood, Michael; Yang, Huigen & Tang, Bin-Bin [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2021). Multiple transpolar auroral arcs reveal new insight about coupling processes in the Earth’s magnetotail.
• Zhang, Qing-He; Zhang, Yongliang; Wang, Chi; Oksavik, Kjellmar; Lyons, Larry R. & Lockwood, Michael [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2021). A Space Hurricane Over the Earth’s Polar Ionosphere.
• Zhang, Qing-He; Zhang, Yongliang; Wang, Chi; Lockwood, Michael; Yang, Huigen & Tang, Bin-Bin [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2021). Multiple Transpolar Auroral Arcs Reveal New Insight About Coupling Processes in the Earth’s Magnetotail.
• Spicher, Andres; Moen, Jøran Idar; Rowland, Douglas E.; LaBelle, James William; Kletzing, Craig A. & Blix, Kolbjørn [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Sounding rocket studies above Svalbard: the grand challenge initiative cusp.
• Spicher, Andres; Kletzing, Craig A.; Bounds, Scott; Bonnell, John W.; Roglans, Roger & Fuselier, Stephen A. [Show all 21 contributors for this article] (2020). Cusp rocket experiment of density structures.
• Spicher, Andres; LaBelle, James William; Bonnell, John W; Bounds, Scott; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock & Di Mare, Francesca [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2020). On multi-scale density irregularities observed by sounding rockets within regions of enhanced scintillations in the cusp ionosphere.
• Zhang, Qing-He; Zhang, Yongliang; Wang, Chi; Lockwood, Michael; Yang, Huigen & Tang, Bin-Bin [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2020). Multiple transpolar auroral arcs reveal insight about coupling processes in the Earth’s magnetotail.
• Di Mare, Francesca; Spicher, Andres; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek & Moen, Jøran Idar (2020). Turbulent Signatures in the Polar Cusp Ionosphere using sounding rocket mission observations .
• Di Mare, Francesca; Spicher, Andres; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek & Moen, Jøran Idar (2020). Turbulence Signatures in the Polar/Cusp Ionosphere based on ICI sounding rocket missions .
• Fossland, Jørgen; Roppen, Johann; Førde, Andreas; Ringdal, Ole; Nøra, Stig & Thoresen, Kjersti [Show all 21 contributors for this article] (2020). Fortsatt høy beredskap og kriseledelse flere steder. [Newspaper]. Khrono.no.
• Clemmons, J.; Rowland, Douglas E.; Pfaff, Robert F.; Hecht, J; Collier, M & Moen, Jøran Idar [Show all 25 contributors for this article] (2019). Results from a Grand Challenge Initiative-Cusp Mission: VISIONS-2.
• Rowland, Douglas E.; Burchill, Jonathan; Clemmons, J.; Collier, M; Di Mare, Francesca & Hecht, J [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2019). VISIONS-2: Imaging ion energization in the cusp.
• LaBelle, James; Kletzing, Craig A.; Moen, Jøran Idar; Bounds, Scott; Moser, C. & Oksavik, Kjellmar [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2019). The Cusp Alfven and Plasma Electrodynamics 2 Mission.
• Hatch, Spencer Mark; Baddeley, Lisa; Oksavik, Kjellmar; Sigernes, Fred; Moen, Jøran Idar & LaBelle, James William (2019). EDGAR: Energy Deposition in the Geomagnetic Cusp Alfvén Resonator.
• Follestad, Anna Kristine Fæhn; Herlingshaw, Katie; Ghadjari, Hossein; Knudsen, David J.; McWilliams, Kathryn A. & Moen, Jøran Idar [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2019). Birkeland Current Impacts on Cusp Ionospheric Irregularities. Show summary

  Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) scintillations at high latitudes have traditionally been attributed to the Gradient Drift Instability (GDI) associated with polar cap patches and flow shear instabilities such as the Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability (KHI). Previous studies have also shown that electron precipitation may play an important role for scintillations in the cusp. In this study, we combine in situ Swarm data with GNSS observations from a network of three ground based receivers around Svalbard, Norway, to further investigate the role of particle precipitation on phase scintillations in the cusp region. In particular, we examine the relation between strong scintillations and finely structured Birkeland currents. For this purpose, we identified 23 events in the winter time cusp with phase scintillations >0.45 radians. We show consistent colocation between enhanced cusp scintillations and regions of filamented Birkeland currents. In addition, we relate the observations to the presence of turbulence and dispersive Alfvén waves. The observations suggest that the filamentary field aligned currents and related particle precipitations in themselves together may act as the primary driver for the creation of irregularities responsible for ground based phase scintillations measured underneath the cusp.

• Moser, Chrystal; LaBelle, James William; Kletzing, Craig A.; Bounds, Scott; Hatch, Spencer Mark & Oksavik, Kjellmar [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2019). CAPER-2 and TRICE-2 Sounding Rocket Investigations: Whistler and Upper-Hybrid Waves in the Polar Cusp. Show summary

  The CAPER-2 and TRICE-2 sounding rockets launched 4 January 2019 and 8 December 2018, respectively, into the cusp of earth’s magnetic field as part of the Grand Challenge Initiative to study cusp dynamics. Both of these missions carried receivers to examine auroral radio emissions ranging from a few hertz to several megahertz allowing for fine structures within the spectra to be observed. For instance, on field lines from 300-1300 km equator-ward of the estimated cusp boundary, CAPER-2 VLF receivers observed saucer-like features in its time-frequency spectra. Although superficially similar to those seen by James [1976], these features extend over a far greater spatial extent implying a much more distant source, perhaps > 10,000 km above the space- craft. Because the plasma and the magnetic field are not uniform over such a large altitude range, ray tracing will be required to interpret these features, and determine whether or not they originate in the cusp. HF receivers aboard TRICE-2 observed several intervals of intense non-thermal upper-hybrid waves with banded-structures, having 4-12 bands with spacings and bandwidths of about 5 kHz. Two possible explanations for these features are: 1) modulation from wave-wave interactions of upper-hybrid waves with lower-hybrid/whistler waves, or 2) the HF antennas have a separation equal to an integral number of the observed wavelength resulting in nulls within the spectra. Data from the UCB VLF receivers shows lower-hybrid cutoff near 5 kHz, suggesting the presence of a wave-wave interaction. Consideration of rocket probe attitude is required to test these and other mechanisms. Both CAPER-2 and TRICE-2 observed a host of other wave and particle phenomena in the cusp that need to be investigated further to enhance our understanding of the auroral ionosphere and magnetospheric-ionospheric interactions.

• Rowland, Douglas E.; Moen, Jøran Idar; Pfaff, Robert F.; Clemmons, J.H.; Spicher, Andres & Freudenreich, H. [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2019). VISIONS-2 observations of the electrodynamics of magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling. Show summary

  The VISIONS-2 sounding rocket mission, launched Dec 7, 2019 into the cusp, was predominantly designed to study ion outflow acceleration mechanisms. However, its rocket-borne and ground-based instrument complement was well suited to study the electrodynamics of the cusp, including the pathways of magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling. VISIONS-2 launched southward from Ny Alesund, Svalbard, under active cusp conditions, with southward Bz and positive Bx and negative By. The Kjell Henriksen Observatory (KHO) optical instruments and the EISCAT radar were used to measure the conditions before, during, and after the VISIONS-2 launch. VISIONS-2 observed strong convection indicative of a potential penetration into the afternoon convection cell, strong Alfvénic activity, and intense filamentary soft precipitation. VISIONS-2's unique combination of rocket borne multispectral imagery along with in situ instrumentation of particles and fields as well as the ground-based measurements provide a unique view of the M-I coupling processes taking place at this time. We will describe the VISIONS-2 observations of the large-scale electrodynamics and discuss how the observations fit into our understanding of cusp processes.

• Rowland, Douglas E.; Moen, Jøran Idar; Pfaff, Robert F.; Clemmons, J.H.; Spicher, Andres & Freudenreich, H. [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2019). VISIONS-2 observations of ion heating and energization near the exobase, and the role of wave-particle interactions. Show summary

  The VISIONS-2 sounding rocket mission, launched Dec 7, 2019 into the cusp, was predominantly designed to study ion outflow acceleration mechanisms. It carried a variety of in situ particles and fields sensors to diagnose ion energization and heating mechanisms, as well as remote sensing instrumentation to image the energy inputs (rocket-borne visible wavelength multispectral auroral imager) and ion outflow (energetic neutral atom imager). The Kjell Henriksen Observatory (KHO) optical instruments and the EISCAT radar were used to measure the conditions before, during, and after the VISIONS-2 launch. VISIONS-2 observed strong cusp outflow of <20 eV ions at altitudes at and below 600 km. Uniquely, VISIONS-2 flew two payloads on nearly the same set of field lines, but separated by 200 km. They both observed intense VLF wave activity, but only the higher one (~800 km apogee) observed significant ELF wave activity. We will describe the VISIONS-2 observations of the ion acceleration and compare to simple models of wave-particle heating by VLF and ELF waves, and discuss the overall mechanism (potentially Alfven waves coupling to LH which then directly heat the ions).

• Spicher, Andres; Deshpande, Kshitija; Zettergren, Matthew D.; Oksavik, Kjellmar; Jin, Yaqi & Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Modeling scintillation produced by ionospheric Kelvin Helmholtz in the cusp ionosphere using GEMINI-SIGMA. Show summary

  Ionospheric irregularities are known to cause fluctuations in radio signals called scintillation in the phase and amplitude of the complex signal. The turbulent structures responsible for the scintillation are a few hundreds of meters to few tens of kilometers scale sizes (intermediate scale sizes). With the growing interest in high latitude scintillation, we would like to investigate the effect of typical physical mechanisms on the radio scintillation. Here we present our modeling studies of Global Positioning System (GPS) scintillation through Kelvin Helmholtz instability (KHI) in the cusp region. For modeling we use the first principles based Geospace Environment Model of Ion-Neutral Interactions (GEMINI) and Satellite-beacon Ionospheric-scintillation Global Model of the upper Atmosphere (SIGMA). We utilize a cusp event study with detailed observations from the EISCAT Svalbard Radar (ESR) and scintillations detected from a network of four Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers in Svalbard. The event presents evidences of the role of magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling in the generation of plasma irregularities and scintillations in the cusp. Using numerical simulations, we investigate the potential role of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in producing such scintillation. Furthermore, we compare the results with characteristics of GPS scintillations associated with a polar cap patch and the gradient drift instability to deduce distinctive characteristics of the respective plasma irregularities.

• Clemmons, J.H.; Rowland, Douglas E.; Hecht, J. H.; Pfaff, Robert F.; Michell, Robert & Moen, Jøran Idar [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2019). VISIONS-2 Observations of Electron Dynamics and Alfvén Waves. Show summary

  Results from last year’s VISIONS-2 sounding rocket mission to investigate the physics of the cusp are presented and discussed. The focus is on the relationship of the highly-structured, field-aligned, dispersed electron fluxes and the concurrently-measured low frequency electric and magnetic fields, which are taken to be Alfvén waves. The discussion centers on the copious appearance of these phenomena within the VISIONS-2 measurements, and discusses the distinct characteristics of the electron bursts in the context of the waves. Featured are Poynting flux calculations (magnitude and direction) of the waves and a characterization of the wave polarization relative to the direction of the mean plasma flow. Energy analyses of the electrons and waves are used to elucidate their interrelationship, and time-of-flight analyses are used to constrain the interaction domain in the vertical direction.

• Pfaff, Robert F.; Rowland, Douglas E.; Freudenreich, H.; Clemmons, J.H.; Moen, Jøran Idar & Oksavik, Kjellmar [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2019). Dual Sounding Rocket Observations of Plasma Convection and Shear, Field-aligned Currents, and Alfven waves and Irregularities in the Cusp during IMF Bz Negative Conditions. Show summary

  On December 7, 2018, two NASA Black Brant X sounding rockets were launched simultaneously from Ny Ålesund, Spitzbergen (79˚ N) into the dayside cusp and subsequently cut across the open/closed field line boundary, reaching apogees of 601 km and 807 km. The launches occurred during Bz negative conditions. We provide an overview of the electrodynamic observations and focus on the DC electric field results, available from the lower altitude rocket, and field-aligned currents, observed on both rockets. The in situ DC electric fields reveal highly dynamic, structured flows within the cusp with steady flow towards the north and afternoon sector poleward of the cusp. Just equatorward of the cusp, strong meridional electric fields associated with westward plasma flow is observed in conjunction with zonal magnetic field perturbations, indicative of strong field-aligned currents. We discuss the large scale electrodynamics, including plasma shears and currents, as signatures of the open/closed character of the cusp/low latitude boundary layer as a function of the IMF. The electric field, magnetic field, and plasma density data also reveal strong ULF/ELF plasma waves and irregularities that exist within the open magnetic field line cusp region yet disappear when the payload was equatorward of the cusp on closed magnetic field lines. We present detailed wave characteristics and discuss them in terms of Alfvén waves and static irregularities that pervade the cusp region yet change character as a function of altitude.

• Di Mare, Francesca; Spicher, Andres; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock & Moen, Jøran Idar (2019). Turbulence observations in the Polar/Cusp Ionosphere using ICI data missions.
• Di Mare, Francesca; Spicher, Andres; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock & Moen, Jøran Idar (2019). Turbulence observations in the Polar/Cusp Ionosphere using ICI sounding rocket data.
• Di Mare, Francesca; Spicher, Andres; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock & Moen, Jøran Idar (2019). Mapping of turbulence at the high-latitude Ionosphere using ICI-2 and ICI-3 sounding rocket data.
• Røed, Ketil; Moen, Jøran Idar; Mann, Ian R.; Blix, Kolbjørn; jaynes, Allison N. & McWilliams, Kathryn A. [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2019). The CaNoRock Undergraduate Student Rocket School. Show summary

  The Canada-Norway Sounding Rocket student rocket and exchange program CaNoRock, sponsored by the Norwegian Space Centre and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) is a well established and extremely successful student rocket program. Twice a year 20 undergraduates from the participating institutions in Canada and Norway spend a week on site at the Andøya Space center, gaining hands-on experience in sounding rocket and payload instrument design. During this week the students work together in smaller groups to prepare a sounding rocket for flight, they take an active role in the rocket operation, and analyse the data from the rocket which is presented to their peers on the final day. A series of lectures on topics like introduction to rockets and rocket physics, balloons and radiosondes, payload integration, telemetry, and data analysis are also given by the staff at the rocket range. Additional lectures are also offered by the academic staff of the participating institutions, covering their state of the art research on space physics and measurement instrumentation. Besides the technical and scientific skills and theory the students gain during this intensive field school, they also develop soft and inter-cultural skills when working together in smaller teams of mixed nationalities and backgrounds. So far more than 300 Canadian and Norwegian students have participated in the school, and in the most recent editions US students have also been welcomed. The ultimate goal of the CaNoRock school is to inspire students to continue their studies within space physics and technology, and to expand their national and international network motivating them continue with a career in space-related industry or research.

• Spicher, Andres; Moen, Jøran Idar; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock & Miloch, Wojciech Jacek (2019). On the source and nature of ionospheric plasma irregularities: advances made through the Investigation of Cusp irregularities sounding rocket program .
• Spicher, Andres; Oksavik, Kjellmar; Jin, Yaqi; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Zettergren, Matthew D. & Deshpande, K. B. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2019). A reverse flow event as the onset of ionospheric scintillation irregularities in the cusp.
• Spicher, Andres; Oksavik, Kjellmar; Jin, Yaqi; Moen, Jøran Idar; Baddeley, Lisa & Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock (2019). On the sources of Cusp Ionospheric Scintillation Irregularities.
• Mann, Ingrid; Moen, Jøran Idar; Blix, Kolbjørn; Fredriksen, Åshild; Graversen, Rune & Havnes, Ove [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). MESOSPHERIC AND MIDDLE ATMOSPHERIC STUDIES IN NORWAY AND INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION.
• Moen, Jøran Idar (2018). 4DSpace Plasma Turbulence.
• Moen, Jøran Idar; Hoang, Huy Minh; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock & Trondsen, Espen (2018). The multi-Needle Langmuir probe system for exploration of the global ionosphere.
• Moen, Jøran Idar (2018). How to determine GCI Cusp rocket launch conditions by ground based multi-instrument techniques.
• Moen, Jøran Idar (2018). Hvordan kan Nordlyset påvirke menneskelig aktivitet som luftfart m.m.
• Moen, Jøran Idar (2018). Nordlys: Vakkert, spennende og utfordrende.
• Moen, Jøran Idar (2018). Physics of the Grand Challenge Initiative Cusp Rocket Project.
• Moen, Jøran Idar (2018). Grand Challenge Initiative Cusp Rocket data handling.
• Moen, Jøran Idar (2018). Physics of the Grand Challenge Initiative Cusp Rocket Project.
• Moen, Jøran Idar (2018). Northern Light Research and its relevance for Safety in the Arctic.
• Spicher, Andres; Moen, Jøran Idar; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek & Blix, Kolbjørn (2018). 4DSpace long term plans towards a multi-satellite M-Class mission.
• Spicher, Andres & Moen, Jøran Idar (2018). How to successfully launch a sounding rocket from Norway.
• Spicher, Andres; Moen, Jøran Idar; Hoang, Huy Minh; Røed, Ketil; Trondsen, Espen & Miloch, Wojciech Jacek [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). The Investigation of Cusp irregularities 5 sounding rocket: multi-point measurement of turbulence.
• Spicher, Andres; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek; Jin, Yaqi; Lofstad, Victoria Emilie & Moen, Jøran Idar (2018). Polar cap patch climatology based on Swarm density data.
• Moen, Jøran Idar; Oksavik, Kjellmar; Carlson, H. C.; Spicher, Andres; Bekkeng, T. A. & Abe, T [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2018). The investigation of cusp irregularities rocket program.
• Moen, Jøran Idar; Oksavik, Kjellmar; Carlson, Herbert C; Spicher, Andres; Bekkeng, Tore Andre & Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2018). The Investigation of Cusp Irregularities Rocket Program.
• Antonsen, Tarjei; Havnes, Ove; Fredriksen, Åshild; Friedrich, Martin; Sternovsky, Zoltan & Plane, John M.C. [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2017). Mesospheric dust observations during the MAXIDUSTY campaign.
• Moen, Jøran Idar (2017). Possible synergies with other supporting assets (magnetometer, ionosondes, all-sky cameras, GPS network.
• Moen, Jøran Idar & Blix, Kolbjørn (2017). Grand Challenge Initiative – Cusp multi-mission rocket program.
• Moen, Jøran Idar (2017). Vision for the International Space Master.
• Moen, Jøran Idar (2017). 4DSpace Research at UiO and the Prospect of the Grand Challenge Initiative Cusp Rocket Program.
• Moen, Jøran Idar & Blix, Kolbjørn (2017). Cusp multi-mission rocket program, Birkeland 150 year Anniversary Symposium.
• Moen, Jøran Idar (2017). Space weather : A research grand challenge.
• Moen, Jøran Idar (2017). Multi-scale physics, ionosphere space weather challenges for navigation and communication.
• Moen, Jøran Idar (2017). Multi-scale physics, ionosphere space weather challenges for navigation.
• Røsæg, Erik & Moen, Jøran Idar (2017). Vi trenger romværs-Yr. Nordlys. ISSN 0805-5440. Show summary

  Om lag en tredjedel av trafikken i Arktis er i norsk sektor. Både som kyststat, flaggstat og polarstat har Norge et spesielt ansvar for sikker ferdsel i Arktis. Men noen strategi for å takle dette har Norge ikke.

• Moen, Jøran Idar & Wormdal, Bård (2017). NASA-oppskyting fra Svalbard. [Internet]. NRK Finnmark.
• Moen, Jøran Idar & Lynnebakken, Hilde (2017). Norske forskere vil lage «Yr» for romvær. [Journal]. Teknisk ukeblad.
• Moen, Jøran Idar & Eriksen, Daniel (2017). NASA og Norge, et romfartseventyr. [Radio]. P2 Ytring.
• Moen, Jøran Idar & Sørgjerd, Christian (2017). NASA skal skyte opp forskningsraketter fra Norge. [Internet]. Aftenposten.
• Moen, Jøran Idar (2017). Introduction to the Physics of the Grand Challenge Initiative Cusp Rocket Program.
• Moen, Jøran Idar (2017). The m-NLP system and instability studies.
• Skjæveland, Åsmund; Carlson, H.C. & Moen, Jøran Idar (2017). A statistical survey of heat inputs into the cusp thermosphere.
• Moen, Jøran Idar & Vogt, Yngve (2017). Grand Challenge Initiative (GCI) Cusp - Andøya Space Center 11 raketter skal skytes opp: Tidenes største rakettforsøk finner sted i Norge. [Journal]. Teknisk Ukeblad.
• Moen, Jøran Idar & Vogt, Yngve (2017). Eleven rockets set to reveal the mysteries in the Earth's atmosphere. [Internet]. Appollon.
• Moen, Jøran Idar & Rapp, Ole Magnus (2017). Svalbard blir senter for varsling av romvær. [Newspaper]. Svalbardposten.

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