Zhao Zhang

• Mykland, Olai Brevik & Zhang, Zhao (2026). Exact critical exponents of the Motzkin and Fredkin chains. SciPost Physics Core. 9(3). doi: 10.21468/scipostphyscore.9.3.055. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The Motzkin and Fredkin chains are frustration-free spin models with exactly solvable ground states whose q q -deformations realize an exotic quantum phase transition from a disordered phase to an ordered one under domain-wall boundary conditions. Previous work has mainly focused on their entanglement scaling and spectral gaps, particularly in color-enriched variants. Here we systematically characterize the critical behavior of this transition with three main advances. First, we interpret bulk magnetic order as arising from correlations with boundary spins subject to an effective edge field, directly relating the ordered phase to the domain-wall boundary condition. Second, using the transfer matrix (TM) constructed from the exact matrix product state (MPS) representation, together with a continuum and RG analysis, we derive the algebraic decay of spin correlations and obtain the critical exponent \eta = \frac{3}{2} η = 3 2 . We further generalize the TM method to translationally invariant gapless states with generic power-law correlations, via a zero-dimensional Hamiltonian dual to the one-dimensional TM. Third, the TM spectrum reveals a duality between the ordered and disordered phases which, combined with scale invariance at criticality and the scaling dimension of the spin operator, yields \nu_± = \frac{2}{3} ν ± = 2 3 from an RG analysis of the q q -deformed ground states. Both exponents are confirmed numerically by MPS simulations and by direct diagonalization of the TM.

• Mykland, Olai Brevik & Zhang, Zhao (2026). Highly entangled 2D ground states: Tensor network, order parameter and correlation. SciPost Physics. 20(5). doi: 10.21468/scipostphys.20.5.126. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  We present analytical results on the exact tensor network representations and correlation functions of the first examples of 2D ground states with quantum phase transitions between area law and extensive entanglement entropy. The tensor networks constructed are one dimension higher than the lattices of the physical systems, allowing entangled physical degrees of freedoms to be paired with one another arbitrarily far away. Contraction rules of the internal legs are specified by a simple translationally invariant set of rules in terms of the tesselation of cubes or prisms in 3D space. The networks directly generalize the previous holographic tensor networks for 1D Fredkin and Motzkin chains. We also analyze the correlation in the spin and color sectors from the scaling of the height function of random surfaces, revealing additional characterizations of the exotic phase transitions.

• Zhang, Zhao & Glittum, Cecilie (2026). Resonating valence bond ground states on corner-sharing simplices. SciPost Physics. 20(4). doi: 10.21468/scipostphys.20.4.121. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The Hubbard model in the U\to∞ U → ∞ limit has been known to have resonating valence bond (RVB) ground states on certain corner-sharing simplex lattices. Examples include both the quasi-1D sawtooth lattice with open boundary and a larger class of higher dimensional lattices without boundaries. The two types of results were obtained by different approaches which do not apply to one another. In the second class of lattices, the simplest simplex is a tetrahedron. We hereby generalize both results by studying the singly hole-doped system on the quasi-1D lattice of a tetrahedron chain, which can be considered a stripe of the pyrochlore or checkerboard lattices. The energy level ordering of irreducible representations of each tetrahedron shows that a chain of them has exponentially degenerate partial RVB or dimer-monomer ground states where each tetrahedron hosts one spin- 1/2 1 / 2 monomer and one spin- 0 0 dimer. The exact ground states in the infinitely long chain limit are analytically solved by introducing basis transformations between local Hilbert spaces of neighboring tetrahedra, and its energy agrees with the extrapolation of numerical exact diagonalization results of finite sized systems.

• Zhang, Zhao (2026). Bootstrapping the R-matrix. SciPost Physics. 20(4). doi: 10.21468/scipostphys.20.4.102. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  A bootstrap program is presented for algebraically solving the univariate R-matrix of a generic integrable quantum spin chain from its Hamiltonian. The Yang-Baxter equation contains an infinite number of seemingly independent constraints on the operator valued coefficients in the expansion of the R R -matrices with respect to their spectral parameters, with the lowest order one being the Reshetikhin condition. These coefficients can be solved iteratively in a self consistent way using a lemma due to Kennedy, which reconstructs the R-matrix after an infinite number of steps. For a generic Hamiltonian, the procedure could fail at any step, making the conditions useful as an integrability test. However, at least for the most common examples, they always turn out to be satisfied whenever the lowest order condition is. It remains to be understood whether they are indeed implied by the Reshetikhin condition.

• Zhang, Zhao (2024). Bicolor loop models and their long range entanglement. Quantum. 8, s. 1268–1268. doi: 10.22331/q-2024-02-29-1268. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Quantum loop models are well studied objects in the context of lattice gauge theories and topological quantum computing. They usually carry long range entanglement that is captured by the topological entanglement entropy. I consider generalization of the toric code model to bicolor loop models and show that the long range entanglement can be reflected in three different ways: a topologically invariant constant, a sub-leading logarithmic correction to the area law, or a modified bond dimension for the area-law term. The Hamiltonians are not exactly solvable for the whole spectra, but admit a tower of area-law exact excited states corresponding to the frustration free superposition of loop configurations with arbitrary pairs of localized vertex defects. The continuity of color along loops imposes kinetic constraints on the model and results in Hilbert space fragmentation, unless plaquette operators involving two neighboring faces are introduced to the Hamiltonian.

• Zhang, Zhao & Klich, Israel (2024). Quantum lozenge tiling and entanglement phase transition. Quantum. 8, s. 1497–1497. doi: 10.22331/q-2024-10-10-1497. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  While volume violation of area law has been exhibited in several quantum spin chains, the construction of a corresponding ground state in higher dimensions, entangled in more than one direction, has been an open problem. Here we construct a 2D frustration-free Hamiltonian with maximal violation of the area law. We do so by building a quantum model of random surfaces with color degree of freedom that can be viewed as a collection of colored Dyck paths. The Hamiltonian may be viewed as a 2D generalization of the Fredkin spin chain. It relates all the colored random surface configurations subject to a Dirichlet boundary condition and hard wall constraint from below to one another, and the ground state is therefore a superposition of all such classical states and non-degenerate. Its entanglement entropy between subsystems undergoes a quantum phase transition as the deformation parameter is tuned. The area- and volume-law phases are similar to the one-dimensional model, while the critical point scales with the linear size of the system L as L log L. Further it is conjectured that similar models with entanglement phase transitions can be built in higher dimensions with even softer area law violations at the critical point.

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