Daniel Hitchcock

• Ciesielski, Tomasz Maciej; Sonne, Christian; Laastad, Eli Ingebjørg Smette; Villanger, Gro Dehli; Styrishave, Bjarne & Letcher, Robert J. [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). Testosterone and persistent organic pollutants in East Greenland male polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Heliyon. ISSN 2405-8440. 9(3). doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13263. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are chemicals that undergo long-range transport to the Arctic. These chemicals possess endocrine disruptive properties raising concerns for development and reproduction. Here, we report the relationship between concentrations of testosterone (T) and persistent organic pollutant (POPs) in 40 East Greenland male polar bears (Ursus maritimus) sampled during January to September 1999–2001. The mean ± standard concentrations of blood T were 0.31 ± 0.49 (mean ± SD) ng/mL in juveniles/subadults (n = 22) and 3.58 ± 7.45 ng/mL in adults (n = 18). The ∑POP concentrations (mean ± SD) in adipose tissue were 8139 ± 2990 ng/g lipid weight (lw) in juveniles/subadults and 11,037 ± 3950 ng/g lw in adult males, respectively, of which Σpolychlorinated biphenyls (ΣPCBs) were found in highest concentrations. The variation in T concentrations explained by sampling date (season), biometrics and adipose tissue POP concentrations was explored using redundancy analysis (RDA). The results showed that age, body length, and adipose lipid content in adult males contributed (p = 0.02) to the variation in POP concentrations. However, although some significant relationships between individual organochlorine contaminants and T concentrations in both juveniles/subadults and adult polar bears were identified, no significant relationships (p = 0.32) between T and POP concentrations were identified by the RDAs. Our results suggest that confounders such as biometrics and reproductive status may mask the endocrine disruptive effects that POPs have on blood T levels in male polar bears, demonstrating why it can be difficult to detect effects on wildlife populations.

• Midthaug, Hilde Karin; Hitchcock, Daniel James; Bustnes, Jan Ove; Polder, Anuschka; Descamps, Sebastien & Tarroux, Arnaud [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Within and between breeding-season changes in contaminant occurrence and body condition in the Antarctic breeding south polar skua. Environmental Pollution (1987). ISSN 0269-7491. 284, p. 1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117434. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Antarctic ecosystem represents a remote region far from point sources of pollution. Still, Antarctic marine predators, such as seabirds, are exposed to organohalogen contaminants (OHCs) which may induce adverse health effects. With increasing restrictions and regulations on OHCs, the levels and exposure are expected to decrease over time. We studied south polar skua (Catharacta maccormiciki), a top predator seabird, to compare OHC concentrations measured in whole blood from 2001/2002 and 2013/2014 in Dronning Maud Land. As a previous study found increasing organochlorine concentrations with sampling day during the 2001/2002 breeding season, suggesting dietary changes, we investigated if this increase was repeated in the 2013/2014 breeding season. In addition to organochlorines, we analyzed hydroxy-metabolites, brominated contaminants and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in 2013/2014, as well as dietary descriptors of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen, to assess potential changes in diet during breeding. Lipid normalized concentrations of individual OHCs were 63%, 87% and 105% higher for hexachlorobenzene (HCB), 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (p- chlorophenyl)ethylene (p,p’-DDE), and ∑Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), respectively, in 2013/2014 compared to 2001/2002. South polar skuas males in 2013/2014 were in poorer body condition than in 2001/ 2002, and with higher pollutant levels. Poorer body condition may cause the remobilization of contaminants from stored body reserves, and continued exposure to legacy contaminants at overwintering areas may explain the unexpected higher OHC concentrations in 2013/2014 than 2001/2002. Concentrations of protein-associated PFAS increased with sampling day during the 2013/2014 breeding season, whereas the lipid-soluble chlorinated pesticides, PCBs and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDEs) showed no change. OHC occurrence was not correlated with stable isotopes. The PFAS biomagnification through the local food web at the colony should be investigated further. Organic pollutants Seabirds PFAS PCB HCB Mirex Catharacta maccormicki

• Hitchcock, Daniel James; Andersen, Tom; Varpe, Øystein & Borgå, Katrine (2019). Effects of Maternal Reproductive Investment on Sex-Specific Pollutant Accumulation in Seabirds: A Meta-Analysis. Environmental Science and Technology. ISSN 0013-936X. 53(13), p. 7821–7829. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01296.
• Hitchcock, Daniel James; Andersen, Tom; Varpe, Øystein; Loonen, Maarten; Warner, Nicholas Alexander & Herzke, Dorte [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2019). Potential Effect of Migration Strategy on Pollutant Occurrence in Eggs of Arctic Breeding Barnacle Geese (Branta leucopsis). Environmental Science and Technology. ISSN 0013-936X. 53(9), p. 5427–5435. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00014. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Arctic-breeding geese acquire resources for egg production from overwintering and breeding grounds, where pollutant exposure may differ. We investigated the effect of migration strategy on pollutant occurrence of lipophilic polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and protein-associated poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and mercury (Hg) in eggs of herbivorous barnacle geese (Branta leucopsis) from an island colony on Svalbard. Stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) in eggs and vegetation collected along the migration route were similar. Pollutant concentrations in eggs were low, reflecting their terrestrial diet (∑PCB = 1.23 ± 0.80 ng/g ww; ∑PFAS = 1.21 ± 2.97 ng/g ww; Hg = 20.17 ± 7.52 ng/g dw). PCB concentrations in eggs increased with later hatch date, independently of lipid content which also increased over time. Some females may remobilize and transfer more PCBs to their eggs, by delaying migration several weeks, relying on more polluted and stored resources, or being in poor body condition when arriving at the breeding grounds. PFAS and Hg occurrence in eggs did not change throughout the breeding season, suggesting migration has a greater effect on lipophilic pollutants. Pollutant exposure during offspring production in Arctic-breeding migrants may result in different profiles, with effects becoming more apparent with increasing trophic levels.

• Hitchcock, Daniel James; Varpe, Øystein; Andersen, Tom & Borgå, Katrine (2017). Effects of reproductive strategies on pollutant concentrations in pinnipeds: a meta-analysis. Oikos. ISSN 0030-1299. 126(6), p. 772–781. doi: 10.1111/oik.03955.
• Bizarro, Cristina; Eide, Marta; Hitchcock, Daniel James; Goksøyr, Anders & Ortiz-Zarragoitia, Maren (2016). Single and mixture effects of aquatic micropollutants studied in precision-cut liver slices of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Aquatic Toxicology. ISSN 0166-445X. 177, p. 395–404. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.06.013.

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• Hitchcock, Daniel James; Loonen, M. J.; Warner, Nicholas Alexander; Herzke, Dorte; Tombre, Ingunn & Shimmings, Paul [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2018). Migration effects on pollutants in eggs of Arctic - breeding geese.

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