Lee Hsiang Liow

• Jain, Sudhanshi S; Gordon, Dennis P; Huang, Danwei; Kuklinski, Piotr & Liow, Lee Hsiang (2022). Targeted collections reveal new species and records of Bryozoa and the discovery of Pterobranchia in Singapore. The Raffles bulletin of zoology. ISSN 0217-2445. 70, p. 257–274. doi: 10.26107/RBZ-2022-0011.
• Reitan, Trond; Ergon, Torbjørn & Liow, Lee Hsiang (2022). Relative species abundance and population densities of the past; developing multi-species occupancy models for fossil data. Paleobiology. ISSN 0094-8373. doi: 10.1017/pab.2022.17.
• Orr, Russell John Scott; Di Martino, Emanuela; Ramsfjell, Mali Hamre; Gordon, Dennis P.; Berning, Björn & Chowdhury, Ismael [Show all 33 contributors for this article] (2022). Paleozoic origins of cheilostome bryozoans and their parental care inferred by a new genome-skimmed phylogeny. Science Advances. ISSN 2375-2548. 8(13). doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abm7452. Full text in Research Archive
• Lidgard, Scott; Di Martino, Emanuela; Zagorszek, Kamil & Liow, Lee Hsiang (2021). When fossil clades ‘compete’: local dominance, global diversification dynamics and causation. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences. ISSN 0962-8452. 288, p. 1–10. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1632. Full text in Research Archive
• Love, Alan; Grabowski, Mark Walter; Houle, David; Liow, Lee Hsiang; Porto, Arthur Guimaraes Carvalho & Tsuboi, Masahito [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Evolvability in the fossil record. Paleobiology. ISSN 0094-8373. p. 1–24. doi: 10.1017/pab.2021.36. Full text in Research Archive
• Orr, Russell John Scott; Di Martino, Emanuela; Gordon, Dennis P.; Ramsfjell, Mali Hamre; Mello, Hannah & Smith, Abigail M. (2021). A broadly resolved molecular phylogeny of New Zealand cheilostome bryozoans as a framework for hypotheses of morphological evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. ISSN 1055-7903. 161. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107172. Full text in Research Archive
• Di Martino, Emanuela & Liow, Lee Hsiang (2021). Larger offspring associated with lower temperatures across species of Microporella, a widespread colonial invertebrate. Marine Ecology Progress Series. ISSN 0171-8630. 662, p. 1–13. doi: 10.3354/meps13656. Full text in Research Archive
• Di Martino, Emanuela & Liow, Lee Hsiang (2021). Trait-fitness associations do not predict within-species phenotypic evolution over 2 million years. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences. ISSN 0962-8452. 288(1943), p. 1–9. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2047. Full text in Research Archive
• Franeck, Franziska & Liow, Lee Hsiang (2020). Did hard substrate taxa diversify prior to the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event? Palaeontology. ISSN 0031-0239. 63(4), p. 675–687. doi: 10.1111/pala.12489. Full text in Research Archive
• Liow, Lee Hsiang & Gordon, Dennis P. (2020). New species of Adeonellopsis (Bryozoa: Adeonidae) from southern Zealandia and the western Tasman Sea. Zootaxa. ISSN 1175-5326. 4895(3), p. 301–331. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.3.1.
• Orr, Russell; Sannum, Maja Margret; Boessenkool, Sanne; Di Martino, Emanuela; Gordon, Dennis & Mello, Hannah [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2020). A molecular phylogeny of historical and contemporary specimens of an under‐studied micro‐invertebrate group. Ecology and Evolution. ISSN 2045-7758. 11(1), p. 309–320. doi: 10.1002/ece3.7042. Full text in Research Archive
• Di Martino, Emanuela; Liow, Lee Hsiang; Perkins, Tom; Portell, Roger W. & Taylor, Paul D. (2020). Sneaking up on ‘enemies’: alleviating inherent disadvantages in competitive outcomes in a nearly 3-million-year-old palaeocommunity from Florida, USA. Lethaia: An International Journal of Palaeontology and Stratigraphy. ISSN 0024-1164. 53(4), p. 553–562. doi: 10.1111/let.12376. Full text in Research Archive
• Orr, Russell; Haugen, Marianne Nilsen; Berning, Björn; Bock, Phil; Cumming, Robyn L. & Florence, Wayne [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2019). A genome-skimmed phylogeny of a widespread bryozoan family, Adeonidae. BMC Evolutionary Biology. ISSN 1471-2148. 19(235). doi: 10.1186/s12862-019-1563-4. Full text in Research Archive
• Reitan, Trond & Liow, Lee Hsiang (2019). layeranalyzer: inferring correlative and causal connections from time series data in R. Methods in Ecology and Evolution. ISSN 2041-210X. 10(12), p. 2183–2188. doi: 10.1111/2041-210X.13299. Full text in Research Archive
• Liow, Lee Hsiang & Taylor, Paul D. (2019). Cope's Rule in a modular organism: Directional evolution without an overarching macroevolutionary trend. Evolution. ISSN 0014-3820. 73(9), p. 1863–1872. doi: 10.1111/evo.13800. Full text in Research Archive
• Liow, Lee Hsiang; Reitan, Trond; Voje, Kjetil L.; Taylor, Paul D. & Di Martino, Emanuela (2019). Size, weapons, and armor as predictors of competitive outcomes in fossil and contemporary marine communities. Ecological Monographs. ISSN 0012-9615. p. 1–15. doi: 10.1002/ecm.1354.
• Kopperud, Bjørn Tore; Lidgard, Scott & Liow, Lee Hsiang (2019). Text-mined fossil biodiversity dynamics using machine learning . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences. ISSN 0962-8452. 286(1901). doi: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0022. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Documented occurrences of fossil taxa are the empirical foundation for understanding large-scale biodiversity changes and evolutionary dynamics in deep time. The fossil record contains vast amounts of understudied taxa. Yet the compilation of huge volumes of data remains a labour-intensive impediment to a more complete understanding of Earth’s biodiversity history. Even so, many occurrence records of species and genera in these taxa can be uncovered in the palaeontological literature. Here, we extract observations of fossils and their inferred ages from unstructured text in books and scientific articles using machine-learning approaches. We use Bryozoa, a group of marine invertebrates with a rich fossil record, as a case study. Building on recent advances in computational linguistics, we develop a pipeline to recognize taxonomic names and geologic time intervals in published literature and use supervised learning to machine-read whether the species in question occurred in a given age interval. Intermediate machine error rates appear comparable to human error rates in a simple trial, and resulting genus richness curves capture the main features of published fossil diversity studies of bryozoans. We believe our automated pipeline, that greatly reduced the time required to compile our dataset, can help others compile similar data for other taxa.

• Franeck, Franziska & Liow, Lee Hsiang (2019). Dissecting the paleocontinental and paleoenvironmental dynamics of the great Ordovician biodiversification. Paleobiology. ISSN 0094-8373. 45(2), p. 221–234. doi: 10.1017/pab.2019.4. Full text in Research Archive
• Orr, Russell; Waeschenbach, Andrea; Enevoldsen, Emily; Boeve, Jeroen Pieter; Haugen, Marianne Nilsen & Voje, Kjetil L. [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2018). Bryozoan genera Fenestrulina and Microporella no longer confamilial; multi-gene phylogeny supports separation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. ISSN 0024-4082. p. 1–10. doi: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly055. Full text in Research Archive
• Voje, Kjetil L.; Starrfelt, Jostein & Liow, Lee Hsiang (2018). Model adequacy and microevolutionary explanations for stasis in the fossil record. The American Naturalist. ISSN 0003-0147. 191(4), p. 509–523. doi: 10.1086/696265. Full text in Research Archive
• Hannisdal, Bjarte & Liow, Lee Hsiang (2018). Causality from palaeontological time series. Palaeontology. ISSN 0031-0239. 61(4), p. 495–509. doi: 10.1111/pala.12370. Full text in Research Archive
• Toljagic, Olja; Voje, Kjetil L.; Matschiner, Michael; Liow, Lee Hsiang & Hansen, Thomas F (2018). Millions of Years Behind: Slow Adaptation of Ruminants to Grasslands. Systematic Biology. ISSN 1063-5157. 67(1), p. 145–157. doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syx059.
• Struck, Torsten H; Feder, Jeffrey L.; Bendiksby, Mika; Birkeland, Siri; Cerca De Oliveira, Josè & Gusarov, Vladimir [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2017). Finding Evolutionary Processes Hidden in Cryptic Species. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. ISSN 0169-5347. 33(3), p. 153–163. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2017.11.007. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Cryptic species could represent a substantial fraction of biodiversity. However, inconsistent definitions and taxonomic treatment of cryptic species prevent informed estimates of their contribution to biodiversity and impede our understanding of their evolutionary and ecological significance. We propose a conceptual framework that recognizes cryptic species based on their low levels of phenotypic (morphological) disparity relative to their degree of genetic differentiation and divergence times as compared to non-cryptic species. We discuss how application of a more rigorous definition of cryptic species in taxonomic practice will lead to more accurate estimates of their prevalence in nature, better understanding of their distribution patterns on the tree of life, and increased abilities to resolve the processes underlying their evolution.

• Di Martino, Emanuela; Taylor, Paul D.; Gordon, Dennis & Liow, Lee Hsiang (2017). New bryozoan species from the Pleistocene of the Wanganui Basin, North Island, New Zealand. European Journal of Taxonomy. ISSN 2118-9773. 2017(345), p. 1–15. doi: 10.5852/ejt.2017.345.
• Reitan, Trond & Liow, Lee Hsiang (2017). An unknown Phanerozoic driver of brachiopod extinction rates unveiled by multivariate linear stochastic differential equations. Paleobiology. ISSN 0094-8373. 43(4), p. 537–549. doi: 10.1017/pab.2017.11.
• Hannisdal, Bjarte; Haaga, Kristian Agasøster ; Reitan, Trond; Diego Castro, David & Liow, Lee Hsiang (2017). Common species link global ecosystems to climate change: Dynamical evidence in the planktonic fossil record. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences. ISSN 0962-8452. 284(1858), p. 1–9. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0722. Show summary

  Common species shape the world around us, and changes in their commonness signify large-scale shifts in ecosystem structure and function. However, our understanding of long-term ecosystem response to environmental forcing in the deep past is centred on species richness, neglecting the disproportional impact of common species. Here, we use common and widespread species of planktonic foraminifera in deep-sea sediments to track changes in observed global occupancy (proportion of sampled sites at which a species is present and observed) through the turbulent climatic history of the last 65 Myr. Our approach is sensitive to relative changes in global abundance of the species set and robust to factors that bias richness estimators. Using three independent methods for detecting causality, we show that the observed global occupancy of planktonic foraminifera has been dynamically coupled to past oceanographic changes captured in deep-ocean temperature reconstructions. The causal inference does not imply a direct mechanism, but is consistent with an indirect, time-delayed causal linkage. Given the strong quantitative evidence that a dynamical coupling exists, we hypothesize that mixotrophy (symbiont hosting) may be an ecological factor linking the global abundance of planktonic foraminifera to long-term climate changes via the relative extent of oligotrophic oceans.

• Liow, Lee Hsiang; Di Martino, Emanuela; Krzeminska, Malgorzata; Ramsfjell, Mali Hamre; Rust, Seabourne & Taylor, Paul D. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Relative size predicts competitive outcome through 2 million years. Ecology Letters. ISSN 1461-023X. 20(8), p. 981–988. doi: 10.1111/ele.12795.
• Finarelli, John A. & Liow, Lee Hsiang (2016). Diversification histories for North American and Eurasian carnivorans. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. ISSN 0024-4066. 118(1), p. 26–38. doi: 10.1111/bij.12777.
• Di Martino, Emanuela; Taylor, Paul D.; Gordon, Dennis & Liow, Lee Hsiang (2016). On Powellithecidae fam. nov., a new Pliocene to Recent bryozoan family endemic to New Zealand, with the description of Powellitheca gen. nov. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). European Journal of Taxonomy. ISSN 2118-9773. 2016(207), p. 1–17. doi: 10.5852/ejt.2016.207.
• Liow, Lee Hsiang; Di Martino, Emanuela; Voje, Kjetil L.; Rust, Seabourne & Taylor, Paul D. (2016). Interspecific interactions through 2 million years: are competitive outcomes predictable? Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences. ISSN 0962-8452. 283(1837), p. 1–7. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0981.
• Starrfelt, Jostein & Liow, Lee Hsiang (2016). How many dinosaur species were there? Fossil bias and true richness estimated using a Poisson sampling model. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences. ISSN 0962-8436. 371(1691), p. 1–10. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0219.
• Liow, Lee Hsiang & Ergon, Torbjørn (2016). Fitting ancestral age-dependent speciation models to fossil data. In Allmon, Warren D. & Yacobucci, Margaret M. (Ed.), Species and Speciation in the Fossil Record. University of Chicago Press. ISSN 9780226377445. p. 198–216. doi: 10.7208/chicago/9780226377582.001.0001.
• Rosso, A.; Di Martino, Emanuela; Sanfilippo, P.; Sciuto, F. & Liow, Lee Hsiang (2015). Resurrection of an old forgotten name: the case of the Pliocene to Recent bryozoan Cleidochasmidra portisi (Neviani, 1895) from the Mediterranean. Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana. ISSN 0375-7633. 54, p. 91–102.
• Liow, Lee Hsiang; Reitan, Trond & Harnik, Paul G. (2015). Ecological interactions on macroevolutionary time scales: clams and brachiopods are more than ships that pass in the night. Ecology Letters. ISSN 1461-023X. 18(10), p. 1030–1039. doi: 10.1111/ele.12485.
• Orzechowski, Emily; Lockwood, Rowan; Byrnes, Jarrett E.; Anderson, Sean; Finnegan, Seth & Finkel, Zoe V. [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2015). Marine extinction risk shaped by trait–environment interactions over 500 million years. Global Change Biology. ISSN 1354-1013. 21(10), p. 3595–3607. doi: 10.1111/gcb.12963.
• Finnegan, Seth; Anderson, Sean C.; Harnik, Paul G.; Simpson, Carl; Tittensor, Derek P. & Byrnes, Jarrett E. [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2015). Paleontological baselines for evaluating extinction risk in the modern oceans. Science. ISSN 0036-8075. 348(6234), p. 567–570. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa6635.
• Voje, Kjetil L.; Holen, Øistein Haugsten; Liow, Lee Hsiang & Stenseth, Nils Christian (2015). The role of biotic forces in driving macroevolution: Beyond the Red Queen. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences. ISSN 0962-8452. 282(1808), p. 1–9. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2015.0186.
• De Blasio, Fabio V; Liow, Lee Hsiang; Schweder, Tore & De Blasio, Birgitte Freiesleben (2015). A model for global diversity in response to temperature change over geological time scales, with reference to planktic organisms. Journal of Theoretical Biology. ISSN 0022-5193. 365, p. 445–456. doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.10.031.
• Silvestro, Daniele; Schnitzler, Jan; Liow, Lee Hsiang; Antonelli, Alexandre & Salamin, Nicolas (2014). Bayesian estimation of speciation and extinction from incomplete fossil occurrence data. Systematic Biology. ISSN 1063-5157. 63(3), p. 349–367. doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syu006.
• Liow, Lee Hsiang & Finarelli, John (2014). A dynamic global equilibrium in carnivoran diversification over 20 million years. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences. ISSN 0962-8452. 281(1778). doi: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2312.
• Seddon, Alistair; Mackay, Anson W.; Baker, Ambroise G.; Birks, Harry John Betteley; Breman, Elinor & Buck, C.E. [Show all 69 contributors for this article] (2014). Looking forward through the past: identification of 50 priority research questions in palaeoecology. Journal of Ecology. ISSN 0022-0477. 102(1), p. 256–267. doi: 10.1111/1365-2745.12195. Full text in Research Archive
• Liow, Lee Hsiang (2013). Simultaneous estimation of occupancy and detection probabilities: an illustration using Cincinnatian brachiopods. Paleobiology. ISSN 0094-8373. 39(2), p. 193–213. doi: 10.1666/12009.
• Paul, Harnik; Lotze, Heike; Anderson, Sean; Finkel, Zoe; Finnegan, Seth & Lindberg, David R. [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2012). Extinctions in ancient and modern seas. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. ISSN 0169-5347. 27(11), p. 608–617. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2012.07.010.
• Liow, Lee Hsiang (2012). WHY PALEOBIOLOGICAL INSIGHTS MATTER FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGISTS. The Raffles bulletin of zoology. ISSN 0217-2445. 2012(25), p. 25–28.
• Hannisdal, Bjarte; Henderiks, Jorijntje & Liow, Lee Hsiang (2012). Long-term evolutionary and ecological responses of calcifying phytoplankton to changes in atmospheric CO2. Global Change Biology. ISSN 1354-1013. 18(12), p. 3504–3516. doi: 10.1111/gcb.12007.
• Liow, Lee Hsiang; Van Valen, Leigh & Stenseth, Nils Christian (2011). Red Queen: from populations to taxa and communities. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. ISSN 0169-5347. 26(7), p. 349–358. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2011.03.016.
• Liow, Lee Hsiang & Nichols, James D. (2010). Estimating rates and probabilities of origination and extinction using taxonomic occurrence data: Capture-recapture approaches. The Paleontological society papers. ISSN 1089-3326. 16, p. 81–94.
• Liow, Lee Hsiang; Quental, Tiago B. & Marshall, Charles R. (2010). When Can Decreasing Diversification Rates Be Detected with Molecular Phylogenies and the Fossil Record? Systematic Biology. ISSN 1063-5157. 59(6), p. 646–659. doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syq052.
• Liow, Lee Hsiang; Skaug, Hans Julius; Ergon, Torbjørn H. & Schweder, Tore (2010). Global occurrence trajectories of microfossils: environmental volatility and the rise and fall of individual species. Paleobiology. ISSN 0094-8373. 36(2), p. 224–252. doi: 10.1666/08080.1.
• Colles, A; Liow, Lee Hsiang & Prinzing, A (2009). Are specialists at risk under environmental change? Neoecological, paleoecological and phylogenetic approaches. Ecology Letters. ISSN 1461-023X. 12(8), p. 849–863. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01336.x.

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• Liow, Lee Hsiang (2021). From “minor phylum” to the Drosophila of macroevolution: elevating Bryozoa by integrating disparate tools and approaches.
• Liow, Lee Hsiang (2021). An integrated view of diversification, ecology, life history traits and paleoenvironment: bryozoans as a model.
• Liow, Lee Hsiang (2021). Consequences of selection and biotic interactions for macroevolution .
• Liow, Lee Hsiang (2021). Marine diversity in deep-time: opportunities and challenges.
• Di Martino, Emanuela & Liow, Lee Hsiang (2021). Static and evolutionary allometry in multiple temporal populations of closely related cheilostome bryozoan species.
• Di Martino, Emanuela & Liow, Lee Hsiang (2021). Static and evolutionary allometry in multiple temporal populations of closely related cheilostome bryozoan species.
• Freckleton, Robert; Ellison, Aaron; Liow, Lee Hsiang & OHara, Robert Brian (2020). Ten years of Methods in Ecology and Evolution. Methods in Ecology and Evolution. ISSN 2041-210X. 11(1), p. 3–5. doi: 10.1111/2041-210X.13344.
• Struck, Torsten H; Feder, Jeffrey L.; Bendiksby, Mika; Birkeland, Siri; Cerca De Oliveira, Josè & Gusarov, Vladimir [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2018). Cryptic Species – More Than Terminological Chaos: A Reply to Heethoff. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. ISSN 0169-5347. 33(5), p. 310–312. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2018.02.008.
• Sztepanacz, Jacqueline & Liow, Lee Hsiang (2017). Estimating the effect size distribution of genes underlying quantitative traits.
• Nærø, Jonas Solnørdal & Liow, Lee Hsiang (2017). Bryozoan growth rates and life histories in the Arctic marine environment.
• Haugen, Marianne Nilsen & Liow, Lee Hsiang (2017). Bryozoa as a model for the study of metazoan evolution.
• Liow, Lee Hsiang & Taylor, Paul D. (2017). Bigger is better, so let's get bigger? A survey of zooid size through 100 Myrs.
• Liow, Lee Hsiang (2017). Size matters in competitive overgrowth.
• Liow, Lee Hsiang (2017). Do biotic interactions really matter for evolution on geological time scales?
• Liow, Lee Hsiang (2016). Biotic interactions in the fossil record: picking the right tools and taxa.
• Nærø, Jonas Solnørdal & Liow, Lee Hsiang (2016). Bryozoan growth rates and life histories in the Arctic marine environment.
• Ramsfjell, Mali H. & Liow, Lee Hsiang (2016). Is bigger better? A study of competitive abilities in bryozoa in deep time.
• Haugen, Marianne Nilsen & Liow, Lee Hsiang (2016). Molecular phylogeny and trait evolution of adeonid bryozoans.
• Liow, Lee Hsiang (2016). Bryozoan phylogenies for understanding evolution.
• Enevoldsen, Emily; Boeve, Jeroen; Orr, Russell; Waeschenbach, Andrea & Liow, Lee Hsiang (2016). Advancing bryozoan phylogenetics: mitochondrial and nuclear genes.
• Liow, Lee Hsiang; Di Martino, Emanuela & Taylor, Paul D. (2016). Who's the winner? Competing for space through two million years of the New Zealand fossil record.
• Liow, Lee Hsiang (2016). Bryozoans as a model system in macroevolution.
• Boeve, Jeroen & Liow, Lee Hsiang (2015). Exploring uncharted territories: Building the largest cheilostome bryozoan phylogeny to date.
• Liow, Lee Hsiang (2015). Estimating diversification rates and hunting for their drivers in the deep past.
• Hannisdal, Bjarte & Liow, Lee Hsiang (2015). THE POSEIDON ADVENTURE: RICHNESS VERSUS COMMONNESS.
• Starrfelt, Jostein & Liow, Lee Hsiang (2015). INFERRING TRUE NUMBER OF DINOSAUR SPECIES BY ESTIMATING FOSSIL SAMPLING PROBABILITIES.
• Liow, Lee Hsiang (2015). REVISITING THE BIVALVE AND BRACHIOPOD SAGA USING NEW TOOLS AND DATA: THEY REALLY DID NOT PASS EACH OTHER IN THE NIGHT.
• Di Martino, Emanuela; Liow, Lee Hsiang; Taylor, Paul D.; Voje, Kjetil L. & Rust, Seabourne (2015). DOES COMPETITIVENESS CHANGE ON GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALES? HINTS FROM BRYOZOAN INTERACTIONS THROUGH TWO MILLION YEARS.
• Taylor, Paul D.; Dennis, Gordon; Jaeger, Manfred; Liow, Lee Hsiang; Waeschenbach, Andrea & Zibrowius, Helmut (2015). SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN SERPULID POLYCHAETES AND HYDROID CNIDARIANS: 187 MILLION YEARS OF BIOTIC INTERACTION. Show summary

  Embedment fossils – bioclaustrations – provide unequivocal evidence of biotic interactions in the geological past. Calcareous tubes of serpulid worms containing numerous tiny holes with raised rims have been known for almost 200 years. However, these bioclaustrations were not named formally until 1901 when Rovereto described examples infesting the serpulid Protula in the Pliocene of Italy and introduced the genus Protulophila. After studying the morphology of Protulophila in detail, including the network of zooids beneath the surface of the serpulid tubes, Scrutton (1975) inferred that Protulophila was a hydroid cnidarian. The discovery of modern examples of Protulophila in the Red Sea, Madagascar, Philippines, Indonesia, New Caledonia and New Zealand shows that Scrutton was correct. A molecular sequence obtained from a New Zealand sample shows the Protulophila animal is definitely a hydroid but cannot be matched any published sequences for either medusoid or free-living polypoid stages of these animals. The fossil record of Protulophila can be traced back to the Pliensbachian stage of the Early Jurassic. A wide diversity of fossil serpulid genera have been found infested by Protulophila, particularly in the Jurassic and Cretaceous of northern Europe. Ecological and evolutionary questions that can be asked of this symbiosis include: (1) how do the living symbionts interact and what advantages and disadvantages do they incur? (2) have infestation rates changed through time? (3) what evidence is there for species diversity among the Protulophila-producing hydroids? (4) have there been changes in habitat occupancy and biogeographical distribution through time?

• Stenseth, Nils Christian; Voje, Kjetil L.; Holen, Øistein Haugsten; Liow, Lee Hsiang & Trosvik, Pål (2014). Biotic and abiotic interactions in evolution: the Red Queen perspective on evolution in biotic communities.
• Stenseth, Nils Christian; Voje, Kjetil L.; Holen, Øistein Haugsten; Liow, Lee Hsiang & Trosvik, Pål (2014). Coevolution in multispecies communities: the Red Queen Perspective.
• Enevoldsen, Emily; Liow, Lee Hsiang; Voje, Kjetil L.; Orr, Russell; Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran & Krabberød, Anders Kristian (2014). Macroevolution through molecular and morphological lenses: a history of microporellids.
• Hamre Ramsfjell, Mari & Liow, Lee Hsiang (2014). Competition in bryozoans: Does size matter?
• Liow, Lee Hsiang & Hannisdal, Bjarte (2014). How important (and easy) is counting taxa through time?
• Liow, Lee Hsiang (2014). Challenges in Macroecology: Scaling the Time Barrier.
• Liow, Lee Hsiang & Hansen, Thomas F (2013). The Macroevolution Group: monkeys, horses, moss- and other animals (and plants).
• Liow, Lee Hsiang (2013). Decrypting the deep fossil record: estimating diversification & ecological dominance.
• Henderiks, Jorijntje; Gerecht, Andrea; Hannisdal, Bjarte; Liow, Lee Hsiang; Reitan, Tore & Schweder, Tore [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2013). PhytoSCALE project: calibrating phytoplankton cell size as a proxy for climatic adaptation.
• Liow, Lee Hsiang (2012). Temporal changes in origination and sampling probabilities of carnivores.
• Liow, Lee Hsiang; Simpson, Carl; Bouchard, F.; Damuth, John; Hallgrimsson, Benedikt & Hunt, Gene [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2011). PIONEERING PARADIGMS AND MAGNIFICENT MANIFESTOS—LEIGH VAN VALEN’S PRICELESS CONTRIBUTIONS TO EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY. Evolution. ISSN 0014-3820. 65(4), p. 917–922. doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01242.x.
• Henderiks, Jorijntje; Hannisdal, Bjarte & Liow, Lee Hsiang (2010). Calcifying phytoplankton biomass and CO2: A striking balance.
• Liow, Lee Hsiang (2010). Estimating rates and probabilities of origination and extinction using taxonomic occurrence data: Capture-mark-recapture (CMR) approaches.
• Liow, Lee Hsiang (2010). Occupancy and abundance: being explicit about sampling processes.
• Liow, Lee Hsiang & Holland, Steve (2010). Changing tides and times. Ecological and sampling influences on occupancy in Ordovician seas.
• Liow, Lee Hsiang (2010). Modelling the rise and fall of fossil species.
• Liow, Lee Hsiang (2010). Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of paleontological data.
• Liow, Lee Hsiang (2010). Rise and fall of species in the fossil record: Does a species “remember” its beginnings?
• Hannisdal, Bjarte; Henderiks, Jorijntje & Liow, Lee Hsiang (2010). Cenozoic reduction in cell size and abundance of marine calcifying phytoplankton driven by a decline in atmospheric pCO2.
• Henderiks, Jorijntje; Hannisdal, Bjarte & Liow, Lee Hsiang (2010). Calcifying phytoplankton biomass and CO2: a striking balance.
• Henderiks, Jorijntje; Hannisdal, Bjarte; Rickaby, Rosalind E. M.; Liow, Lee Hsiang; Reitan, Trond & Schweder, Tore (2010). Phytoplankton size: climatic adaptation and long-term evolution.

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