fpiel

• Samphutthanont, Ratchaphon; Crawford, James H.; Pawarmart, Ittipol; Wisthaler, Armin; Swift, Stefan J. & Piel, Felix Maximilian [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2026). A multi-platform validation of biomass burning emissions: Integrating ground, airborne, and satellite data to quantify regional haze health impacts in Thailand. Environmental Pollution (1987). ISSN 0269-7491. 405. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2026.128576. Full text in Research Archive
• Steimer, Sarah S.; Elmgren, Max; Håland, Alexander; Johansson, Christer; Mikoviny, Tomas & Norman, Michael [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2025). Emission rates and composition of particulate matter from a large waste fire in Stockholm, Sweden. Atmospheric Environment. ISSN 1352-2310. 362. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121529. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Uncontrolled waste burning and accidental waste fires are an important source of emissions into the air. However, there are currently only few field studies providing data on these emissions. In this study, we investigated the emission rates, pollutant dispersion and particle composition for a large waste fire in Stockholm county, Sweden. Our results show that the waste fire, while burning, may have contributed as much as 5 times the mean PM10 emissions from road traffic of the municipality it was located in (ca 95 000 inhabitants), which highlights the potential impact of temporary events such as waste fires on air quality. Gaussian dispersion calculations were used to model the spatial distribution of measured PM10 data, demonstrating its use for assessment of exposure and deposition. Particles impacted by the waste fire were enriched in several potentially toxic metals and metalloids including arsenic, copper, cadmium and, in particular, lead when compared to particles collected after the fire. In addition, they may also pose an increased cancer risk on a per-mass basis compared to the post-fire period due to the larger mass fraction of relevant PAHs.

• Durif, Olivier; Piel, Felix Maximilian; Wisthaler, Armin & Nozière, Barbara (2024). Strong Uptake of Gas-Phase Organic Peroxy Radicals (ROO^•) by Solid Surfaces Driven by Redox Reactions. JACS Au. doi: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00060. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Organic peroxy radicals (ROO•) are key oxidants in a wide range of chemical systems such as living organisms, chemical synthesis and polymerization systems, combustion systems, the natural environment, and the Earth’s atmosphere. Although surfaces are ubiquitous in all of these systems, the interactions of organic peroxy radicals with these surfaces have not been studied until today because of a lack of adequate detection techniques. In this work, the uptake and reaction of gas-phase organic peroxy radicals (CH3OO• and i-C3H7OO•) with solid surfaces was studied by monitoring each radical specifically and in real-time with mass spectrometry. Our results show that the uptake of organic peroxy radicals varies widely with the surface material. While their uptake by borosilicate glass and perfluoroalkoxy alkanes (PFA) was negligible, it was substantial with metals and even dominated over the gas-phase reactions with stainless steel and aluminum. The results also indicate that these uptakes are controlled by redox reactions at the surfaces for which the products were analyzed. Our results show that the reactions of organic peroxy radicals with metal surfaces have to be carefully considered in all the experimental investigations of these radicals as they could directly impact the kinetic and mechanistic knowledge derived from such studies.

• Gkatzelis, Georgios I.; Coggon, Matthew M.; Stockwell, Chelsea E.; Hornbrook, Rebecca S.; Allen, Hannah & Apel, Eric C. [Show all 65 contributors for this article] (2024). Parameterizations of US wildfire and prescribed fire emission ratios and emission factors based on FIREX-AQ aircraft measurements. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP). ISSN 1680-7316. 24(2), p. 929–956. doi: 10.5194/acp-24-929-2024. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Extensive airborne measurements of non-methane organic gases (NMOGs), methane, nitrogen oxides, reduced nitrogen species, and aerosol emissions from US wild and prescribed fires were conducted during the 2019 NOAA/NASA Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality campaign (FIREX-AQ). Here, we report the atmospheric enhancement ratios (ERs) and inferred emission factors (EFs) for compounds measured on board the NASA DC-8 research aircraft for nine wildfires and one prescribed fire, which encompass a range of vegetation types. We use photochemical proxies to identify young smoke and reduce the effects of chemical degradation on our emissions calculations. ERs and EFs calculated from FIREX-AQ observations agree within a factor of 2, with values reported from previous laboratory and field studies for more than 80 % of the carbon- and nitrogen-containing species. Wildfire emissions are parameterized based on correlations of the sum of NMOGs with reactive nitrogen oxides (NOy) to modified combustion efficiency (MCE) as well as other chemical signatures indicative of flaming/smoldering combustion, including carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and black carbon aerosol. The sum of primary NMOG EFs correlates to MCE with an R2 of 0.68 and a slope of −296 ± 51 g kg−1, consistent with previous studies. The sum of the NMOG mixing ratios correlates well with CO with an R2 of 0.98 and a slope of 137 ± 4 ppbv of NMOGs per parts per million by volume (ppmv) of CO, demonstrating that primary NMOG emissions can be estimated from CO. Individual nitrogen-containing species correlate better with NO2, NOy, and black carbon than with CO. More than half of the NOy in fresh plumes is NO2 with an R2 of 0.95 and a ratio of NO2 to NOy of 0.55 ± 0.05 ppbv ppbv−1, highlighting that fast photochemistry had already occurred in the sampled fire plumes. The ratio of NOy to the sum of NMOGs follows trends observed in laboratory experiments and increases exponentially with MCE, due to increased emission of key nitrogen species and reduced emission of NMOGs at higher MCE during flaming combustion. These parameterizations will provide more accurate boundary conditions for modeling and satellite studies of fire plume chemistry an

• Coggon, Matthew M.; Stockwell, Chelsea E.; Claflin, Megan S.; Pfannerstill, Eva Y.; Xu, Lu & Gilman, Jessica B. [Show all 24 contributors for this article] (2024). Identifying and correcting interferences to PTR-ToF-MS measurements of isoprene and other urban volatile organic compounds. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. ISSN 1867-1381. 17(2), p. 801–825. doi: 10.5194/amt-17-801-2024. Full text in Research Archive
• Decker, Zachary C. J.; Novak, Gordon A.; Aikin, Kenneth; Veres, Patrick R.; Neuman, J. Andrew & Bourgeois, Ilann [Show all 52 contributors for this article] (2024). Airborne Observations Constrain Heterogeneous Nitrogen and Halogen Chemistry on Tropospheric and Stratospheric Biomass Burning Aerosol. Geophysical Research Letters. ISSN 0094-8276. 51(4). doi: 10.1029/2023GL107273. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Heterogeneous chemical cycles of pyrogenic nitrogen and halides influence tropospheric ozone and affect the stratosphere during extreme Pyrocumulonimbus (PyroCB) events. We report field-derived N2O5 uptake coefficients, γ(N2O5), and ClNO2 yields, φ(ClNO2), from two aircraft campaigns observing fresh smoke in the lower and mid troposphere and processed/aged smoke in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). Derived φ(ClNO2) varied across the full 0–1 range but was typically <0.5 and smallest in a PyroCB (<0.05). Derived γ(N2O5) was low in agricultural smoke (0.2–3.6 × 10−3), extremely low in mid-tropospheric wildfire smoke (0.1 × 10−3), but larger in PyroCB processed smoke (0.7–5.0 × 10−3). Aged biomass burning aerosol in the UTLS had a higher γ(N2O5) of 17 × 10−3 that increased with sulfate and liquid water, but that was 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than values for aqueous sulfuric aerosol used in stratospheric models.

• Elihn, Karine; Dalmijn, Joost; Froment, Jean Francois; Håland, Alexander; Johansson, Jana H. & Karlsson, Hanna L. [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2023). Air quality impacts of a large waste fire in Stockholm, Sweden. Atmospheric Environment. ISSN 1352-2310. 315. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.120124. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Fires in waste facilities are a common occurrence. Since many waste facilities are located adjacent to densely populated areas, these fires could potentially expose large populations to the emitted pollutants. However, at the moment there are only few field studies investigating the impact of waste fire emissions on air quality since the unpredictable nature of these events makes them challenging to capture. This study investigated the impact of a large and persistent un-prescribed fire in a waste storage facility in Stockholm county, Sweden, on the local air quality of two residential areas in close proximity to the fire. In-situ measurements of particulate matter, black carbon and nitrogen oxide concentrations were conducted both during open burning and after the fire was fully covered. In addition, filter samples were collected for offline analysis of organic composition, metal content and toxicity. Strongly increased concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and black carbon were found during the open burning period, especially when the wind was coming from the direction of the fire. In addition, elevated concentrations of particulate heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were observed in the air during the open burning period. These results show that waste fires can have a strong impact on the air quality of nearby residential areas.

• Geetha, Anjitha Sarachandra Kumar; Mikoviny, Tomas; Piel, Felix Maximilian & Wisthaler, Armin (2023). Room temperature rate coefficients for the reaction of chlorine atoms with a series of volatile methylsiloxanes (L<inf>2</inf>-L<inf>5</inf>, D<inf>3</inf>-D<inf>6</inf>). International Journal of Chemical Kinetics. ISSN 0538-8066. 55(9), p. 570–576. doi: 10.1002/kin.21657. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract The kinetics of chlorine (Cl) atom reactions with a series of volatile methylsiloxanes (VMS) including hexamethyldisiloxane (L2), octamethyltrisiloxane (L3), decamethyltetrasiloxane (L4), dodecamethylpentasiloxane (L5), hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3), octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) were investigated in relative rate experiments at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The experiments were carried out in a 0.2 m 3 PFA Teflon chamber, employing proton‐transfer‐reaction time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (PTR‐ToF‐MS) as the chemical‐analytical tool. The following relative and absolute reaction rate coefficients were obtained using isoprene as reference compound ( k VMS /k isoprene ; k VMS  × 10 10  cm 3 molec −1 s −1 ): L2 (0.32 ± 0.02; 1.31 ± 0.21), L3 (0.38 ± 0.00; 1.56 ± 0.23), L4 (0.48 ± 0.01; 1.98 ± 0.29), L5 (0.54 ± 0.03; 2.22 ± 0.34), D3 (0.14 ± 0.02; 0.56 ± 0.13), D4 (0.26 ± 0.01; 1.05 ± 0.16), D5 (0.36 ± 0.02; 1.46 ± 0.22), D6 (0.39 ± 0.02; 1.61 ± 0.25). The following relative and absolute reaction rate coefficients were obtained using toluene as reference compound ( k VMS /k toluene ; k VMS  × 10 10  cm 3 molec −1 s −1 ): L2 (1.59 ± 0.18; 0.95 ± 0.14), L3 (2.25 ± 0.14; 1.35 ± 0.16), L4 (2.38 ± 0.01; 1.43 ± 0.14), L5 (3.57 ± 0.11; 2.14 ± 0.22), D3 (0.87 ± 0.01; 0.52 ± 0.05), D4 (1.48 ± 0.12; 0.89 ± 0.11), D5 (2.02 ± 0.15; 1.21 ± 0.15), D6 (2.54 ± 0.11; 1.52 ± 0.17). Our data confirm that reactions with Cl atoms need to be taken into account when assessing the decomposition of VMS in Cl‐rich tropospheric environments.

• Tomsche, Laura; Piel, Felix Maximilian; Mikoviny, Tomas; Nielsen, Claus Jørgen; Guo, Hongyu & Campuzano-Jost, Pedro [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2023). Measurement report: Emission factors of NH3 and NHx for wildfires and agricultural fires in the United States. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP). ISSN 1680-7316. 23(4), p. 2331–2343. doi: 10.5194/acp-23-2331-2023. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract. During the 2019 Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality (FIREX-AQ) study, the NASA DC-8 carried out in situ chemical measurements in smoke plumes emitted from wildfires and agricultural fires in the contiguous United States. The DC-8 payload included a modified proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) for the fast measurement of gaseous ammonia (NH3) and a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) for the fast measurement of submicron particulate ammonium (NH4+). We herein report data collected in smoke plumes emitted from 6 wildfires in the Western United States, 2 prescribed grassland fires in the Central United States, 1 prescribed forest fire in the Southern United States, and 66 small agricultural fires in the Southeastern United States. Smoke plumes contained double to triple digit ppb levels of NH3. In the wildfire plumes, a significant fraction of NH3 had already been converted to NH4+ at the time of sampling (≥2 h after emission). Substantial amounts of NH4+ were also detected in freshly emitted smoke from corn and rice field fires. We herein present a comprehensive set of emission factors of NH3 and NHx, with NHx=NH3+NH4+. Average NH3 and NHx emission factors for wildfires in the Western United States were 1.86±0.75 g kg−1 and 2.47±0.80 g kg−1 of fuel burned, respectively. Average NH3 and NHx emission factors for agricultural fires in the Southeastern United States were 0.89±0.58 and 1.74±0.92 g kg−1, respectively. Our data show no clear inverse correlation between modified combustion efficiency (MCE) and NH3 emissions. The observed NH3 emissions were significantly higher than measured in previous laboratory experiments in the FIREX FireLab 2016 study.

• Nozière, Barbara; Durif, Olivier; Dubus, Eloé; Kylington, Stephanie; Emmer, Åsa & Fache, Fabienne [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). The reaction of organic peroxy radicals with unsaturated compounds controlled by a non-epoxide pathway under atmospheric conditions. Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics - PCCP. ISSN 1463-9076. doi: 10.1039/d2cp05166d. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Reactions of organic peroxy radicals (RO 2 ) with alkenes at room temperature were found to proceed by the formation of large peroxy radicals (ROO-R’O 2 ) instead of epoxides, which was reported until now for these reactions in combustion systems.

• Stockwell, Chelsea E.; Bela, Megan M.; Coggon, Matthew M.; Wiggins, Elizabeth; Gargulinski, Emily M. & Shingler, Taylor [Show all 44 contributors for this article] (2022). Airborne Emission Rate Measurements Validate Remote Sensing Observations and Emission Inventories of Western U.S. Wildfires. Environmental Science and Technology. ISSN 0013-936X. 56(12), p. 7564–7577. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07121. Full text in Research Archive
• Carter, Therese S.; Heald, Colette L.; Kroll, Jesse H.; Apel, Eric C.; Blake, Donald & Coggon, Matthew [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2022). An improved representation of fire non-methane organic gases (NMOGs) in models: emissions to reactivity. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP). ISSN 1680-7316. 22(18), p. 12093–12111. doi: 10.5194/acp-22-12093-2022. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Fires emit a substantial amount of non-methane organic gases (NMOGs), the atmospheric oxidation of which can contribute to ozone and secondary particulate matter formation. However, the abundance and reactivity of these fire NMOGs are uncertain and historically not well constrained. In this work, we expand the representation of fire NMOGs in a global chemical transport model, GEOS-Chem. We update emission factors to Andreae (2019) and the chemical mechanism to include recent aromatic and ethene and ethyne model improvements (Bates et al., 2021; Kwon et al., 2021). We expand the representation of NMOGs by adding lumped furans to the model (including their fire emission and oxidation chemistry) and by adding fire emissions of nine species already included in the model, prioritized for their reactivity using data from the Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments (FIREX) laboratory studies. Based on quantified emissions factors, we estimate that our improved representation captures 72 % of emitted, identified NMOG carbon mass and 49 % of OH reactivity from savanna and temperate forest fires, a substantial increase from the standard model (49 % of mass, 28 % of OH reactivity). We evaluate fire NMOGs in our model with observations from the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) in Brazil, Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality (FIREX-AQ) and DC3 in the US, and Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) in boreal Canada. We show that NMOGs, including furan, are well simulated in the eastern US with some underestimates in the western US and that adding fire emissions improves our ability to simulate ethene in boreal Canada. We estimate that fires provide 15 % of annual mean simulated surface OH reactivity globally, as well as more than 75 % over fire source regions. Over continental regions about half of this simulated fire reactivity comes from NMOG species. We find that furans and ethene are important globally for reactivity, while phenol is more important at a local level in the boreal regions. This is the first global estimate of the impact of fire on atmospheric reactivity.

• Decker, Zachary C. J.; Wang, Siyuan; Bourgeois, Ilann; Campuzano-Jost, Pedro; Coggon, Matthew M. & Digangi, Joshua P. [Show all 42 contributors for this article] (2021). Novel Analysis to Quantify Plume Crosswind Heterogeneity Applied to Biomass Burning Smoke. Environmental Science and Technology. ISSN 0013-936X. 55(23), p. 15646–15657. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03803. Full text in Research Archive
• Decker, Zachary C. J.; Robinson, Michael A.; Barsanti, Kelley C.; Bourgeois, Ilann; Coggon, Matthew M. & Digangi, Joshua P. [Show all 44 contributors for this article] (2021). Nighttime and daytime dark oxidation chemistry in wildfire plumes: An observation and model analysis of FIREX-AQ aircraft data. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP). ISSN 1680-7316. 21(21), p. 16293–16317. doi: 10.5194/acp-21-16293-2021. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Wildfires are increasing in size across the western US, leading to increases in human smoke exposure and associated negative health impacts. The impact of biomass burning (BB) smoke, including wildfires, on regional air quality depends on emissions, transport, and chemistry, including oxidation of emitted BB volatile organic compounds (BBVOCs) by the hydroxyl radical (OH), nitrate radical (NO3), and ozone (O3). During the daytime, when light penetrates the plumes, BBVOCs are oxidized mainly by O3 and OH. In contrast, at night or in optically dense plumes, BBVOCs are oxidized mainly by O3 and NO3. This work focuses on the transition between daytime and nighttime oxidation, which has significant implications for the formation of secondary pollutants and loss of nitrogen oxides () and has been understudied. We present wildfire plume observations made during FIREX-AQ (Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality), a field campaign involving multiple aircraft, ground, satellite, and mobile platforms that took place in the United States in the summer of 2019 to study both wildfire and agricultural burning emissions and atmospheric chemistry. We use observations from two research aircraft, the NASA DC-8 and the NOAA Twin Otter, with a detailed chemical box model, including updated phenolic mechanisms, to analyze smoke sampled during midday, sunset, and nighttime. Aircraft observations suggest a range of NO3 production rates (0.1–1.5 ppbv h−1) in plumes transported during both midday and after dark. Modeled initial instantaneous reactivity toward BBVOCs for NO3, OH, and O3 is 80.1 %, 87.7 %, and 99.6 %, respectively. Initial NO3 reactivity is 10–104 times greater than typical values in forested or urban environments, and reactions with BBVOCs account for >97 % of NO3 loss in sunlit plumes (jNO2 up to ), while conventional photochemical NO3 loss through reaction with NO and photolysis are minor pathways. Alkenes and furans are mostly oxidized by OH and O3 (11 %–43 %, 54 %–88 % for alkenes; 18 %–55 %, 39 %–76 %, for furans, respectively), but phenolic oxidation is split between NO3, O3, and OH (26 %–52 %, 22 %–43 %, 16 %–33 %, respectively). Nitrate radical oxidation accounts for 26 %–52 % of phenolic chemical loss in sunset plumes and in an optically thick plume. Nitrocatechol yields varied between 33 % and 45 %, and NO3 chemistry in BB plumes emitted late in the day is responsible for 72 %–92 % (84 % in an optically thick midday plume) of nitrocatechol formation and controls nitrophenolic formation overall. As a result, overnight nitrophenolic formation pathways account for 56 %±2 % of NOx loss by sunrise the following day. In all but one overnight plume we modeled, there was remaining NOx (13 %–57 %) and BBVOCs (8 %–72 %) at sunrise.

• Piel, Felix; Müller, Markus; Winkler, Klaus; Sätra, Jenny Marie Skytte Af & Wisthaler, Armin (2021). Introducing the extended volatility range proton-Transfer-reaction mass spectrometer (EVR PTR-MS). Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. ISSN 1867-1381. 14(2), p. 1355–1363. doi: 10.5194/amt-14-1355-2021. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) is widely used in atmospheric sciences for measuring volatile organic compounds in real time. In the most widely used type of PTR-MS instruments, air is directly introduced into a chemical ionization reactor via an inlet capillary system. The reactor has a volumetric exchange time of ∼0.1 s, enabling PTR-MS analyzers to measure at a frequency of 10 Hz. The time response does, however, deteriorate if low-volatility analytes interact with surfaces in the inlet or in the instrument. Herein, we present the extended volatility range (EVR) PTR-MS instrument which mitigates this issue. In the EVR configuration, inlet capillaries are made of passivated stainless steel, and all wetted metal parts in the chemical ionization reactor are surface-passivated with a functionalized hydrogenated amorphous silicon coating. Heating the entire setup (up to 120 ∘C) further improves the time-response performance. We carried out time-response performance tests on a set of 29 analytes having saturation mass concentrations C0 in the range between 10−3 and 105 µg m−3. The 1/e-signal decay times after instant removal of the analyte from the sampling flow were between 0.2 and 90 s for gaseous analytes. We also tested the EVR PTR-MS instrument in combination with the chemical analysis of aerosols online (CHARON) particle inlet, and 1/e-signal decay times were in the range between 5 and 35 s for particulate analytes. We show on a set of example compounds that the time-response performance of the EVR PTR-MS instrument is comparable to that of the fastest flow tube chemical ionization mass spectrometers that are currently in use. The fast time response can be used for rapid (∼1 min equilibration time) switching between gas and particle measurements. The CHARON EVR PTR-MS instrument can thus be used for real-time monitoring of both gaseous and particulate organics in the atmosphere. Finally, we show that the CHARON EVR PTR-MS instrument also rapidly detects highly oxygenated species (with up to eight oxygen atoms) in particles formed by limonene ozonolysis.

• Xu, Lu; Crounse, John D.; Vasquez, Krystal T.; Allen, Hannah; Wennberg, Paul O. & Bourgeois, Ilann [Show all 55 contributors for this article] (2021). Ozone chemistry in western U.S. wildfire plumes. Science Advances. 7(50), p. 1–10. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abl3648. Full text in Research Archive
• Lacko, Michal; Piel, Felix; Mauracher, Andreas & Španěl, Patrik (2020). Chemical ionization of glyoxal and formaldehyde with H3O+ ions using SIFT-MS under variable system humidity. Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics - PCCP. ISSN 1463-9076. 22(18), p. 10170–10178. doi: 10.1039/d0cp00297f. Full text in Research Archive
• Bsaibes, Sandy; Piel, Felix; Gros, Valérie; Truong, François; Lafouge, Florence & Ciuraru, Raluca [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2020). Monoterpene chemical speciation with high time resolution using a fastGC/PTR-MS: Results from the COV3ER experiment on Quercus ilex. Atmosphere. 11:690(7), p. 1–18. doi: 10.3390/atmos11070690. Full text in Research Archive
• Pugliese, Giovanni; Piel, Felix; Trefz, Phillip; Sulzer, P.; Schubert, Jochen K. & Miekisch, Wolfram (2020). Effects of modular ion-funnel technology onto analysis of breath VOCs by means of real-time mass spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. ISSN 1618-2642. 412(26), p. 7131–7140. doi: 10.1007/s00216-020-02846-8. Full text in Research Archive

View all works in NVA