Emergent networks

• McBeck, J., Mair, K., & Renard, F. Decrypting healed fault zones: How gouge production reduces the influence of fault roughness. Geophysical Journal International, in press.

• McBeck, J., Ben-Zion, Y., & Renard, F. How the force and fracture architectures develop within and around healed fault zones during biaxial loading toward macroscopic failure. Journal of Structural Geology, in review.

• McBeck, J., Aiken, J., Mathiesen, J., Ben-Zion, Y., & Renard, F. (2020) Deformation precursors to catastrophic failure in rocks. Geophysical Research Letters, e2020GL090255

• McBeck, J., Zhu, W., & Renard, F. The competition between fracture nucleation, propagation and coalescence in the crystalline continental upper crust. Solid Earth, in review.

• Mathiesen, Joachim; Beck, Jessica Ann Mc; Cordonnier, Benoit; Ben-Zion, Yehuda & Renard, Francois (2024). Deep‐learning analysis of fracture networks leading to system‐size failure in rocks. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Machine Learning and Computation. 1(3). doi: 10.1029/2023JH000103. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Fracture networks in rocks and other geomaterials form by seismic and aseismic damage processes that could lead to system-size failure. Here, we use a multi-view convolutional neural network model to predict the stress proximity to macroscopic failure of experimentally deformed rock samples using two-dimensional images. Models are trained on time series of fractures observed in rock samples through dynamic in situ synchrotron X-ray tomography experiments. The results demonstrate that deep learning models outperform traditional estimates based on fracture density, increasing the accuracy of the predictions. Furthermore, the models provide insights into fundamental characteristics of fracture patterns that may provide precursory information on impending material failure. The trained deep learning models estimate the angle of the fracture plane relative to the principal loading direction, which is a key factor contributing to shear failure. The predicted angle of the fracture plane, in the range of 10°–30° with respect to the direction of maximum compressive stress, is consistent with the established failure criteria used in rock mechanics.

• Xue, Chunqi; McBeck, Jessica Ann; Lu, Hongjun; Yan, Changhao; Zhong, Jianhua & Wu, Jianguang [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2024). Classification of shale lithofacies with minimal data: Application to the early Permian shales in the Ordos Basin, China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. ISSN 1367-9120. 259. doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2023.105901. Full text in Research Archive
• McBeck, Jessica Ann; Cordonnier, Benoit; Ben-Zion, Yehuda & Renard, Francois (2023). The Influence of Confining Pressure and Preexisting Damage on Strain Localization in Fluid-Saturated Crystalline Rocks in the Upper Crust. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Solid Earth. ISSN 2169-9313. 128(8). doi: 10.1029/2023JB026987. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The spatial organization of deformation may provide key information about the timing of catastrophic failure in the brittle regime. In an ideal homogenous system, deformation may continually localize toward macroscopic failure, and so increasing localization unambiguously signals approaching failure. However, recent analyses demonstrate that deformation, including low-magnitude seismicity, and fractures and strain in triaxial compression experiments, experience temporary phases of delocalization superposed on an overall trend of localization toward large failure events. To constrain the conditions that promote delocalization, we perform a series of X-ray tomography experiments at varying confining pressures (5–20 MPa) and fluid pressures (0–10 MPa) on Westerly granite cores with varying amounts of preexisting damage. We track the spatial distribution of the strain events with the highest magnitudes of the population within a given time step. The results show that larger confining pressure promotes more dilation, and promotes greater localization of the high strain events approaching macroscopic failure. In contrast, greater amounts of preexisting damage promote delocalization. Importantly, the dilative strain experiences more systematic localization than the shear strain, and so may provide more reliable information about the timing of catastrophic failure than the shear strain.

• Madathiparambil, Aldritt Scaria; Tekseth, Kim Robert Bjørk; Mürer, Fredrik Kristoffer; Cordonnier, Benoit; Agofack, Nicolaine & McBeck, Jessica Ann [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2023). Time-Resolved in Situ Imaging of Strain Localization in Draupne Shale under Triaxial Compression. Physical Review Applied. 20(3). doi: 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.20.034046. Full text in Research Archive
• McBeck, Jessica Ann; Cordonnier, Benoit; Cooke, Michele; Fattaruso, Laura & Renard, Francois (2023). Deformation evolves from shear to extensile in rocks due to energy optimization. Communications Earth & Environment. 4. doi: 10.1038/s43247-023-01023-w. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Determining how fracture network development leads to macroscopic failure in heterogeneous materials may help estimate the timing of failure in rocks in the upper crust as well as in engineered structures. The proportion of extensile and shear deformation produced by fracture development indicates the appropriate failure criteria to apply, and thus is a key constraint in such an effort. Here, we measure the volume proportion of extensile and shear fractures using the orientation of the fractures that develop in triaxial compression experiments in which fractures are identified using dynamic in situ synchrotron X-ray imaging. The fracture orientations transition from shear to extensile approaching macroscopic, system-size failure. Numerical models suggest that this transition occurs because the fracture networks evolve in order to optimize the total mechanical efficiency of the system. Our results provide a physical interpretation of the empirical internal friction coefficient in rocks.

• McBeck, Jessica Ann; Cordonnier, Benoit & Renard, Francois (2023). The evolving representative elementary volume size in crystalline and granular rocks under triaxial compression approaching macroscopic failure. Geophysical Journal International. ISSN 0956-540X. 232(3), p. 1898–1913. doi: 10.1093/gji/ggac426. Full text in Research Archive
• Stappen, Van F. Van; McBeck, Jessica Ann; Cordonnier, Benoit; Pijnenburg, R.P.J.; Renard, Francois & Spiers, C.J. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). 4D Synchrotron X-ray Imaging of Grain Scale Deformation Mechanisms in a Seismogenic Gas Reservoir Sandstone During Axial Compaction. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. ISSN 0723-2632. 55(8), p. 4697–4715. doi: 10.1007/s00603-022-02842-7. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Understanding the grain-scale processes leading to reservoir compaction during hydrocarbons production is crucial for enabling physics-based predictions of induced surface subsidence and seismicity hazards. However, typical laboratory experiments only allow for pre- and post-experimental microstructural investigation of deformation mechanisms. Using high-resolution time-lapse X-ray micro-tomography imaging (4D µCT) during triaxial deformation, the controlling grain-scale processes can be visualized through time and space at realistic subsurface conditions. We deformed a sample of Slochteren sandstone, the reservoir rock from the seismogenic Groningen gas field in the Netherlands. The sample was deformed beyond its yield point (axial strain > 15%) in triaxial compression at reservoir P–T-stress conditions (100 °C, 10 MPa pore pressure, 40 MPa effective confining pressure). A total of 50 three-dimensional µCT scans were obtained during deformation, at a spatial resolution of 6.5 µm. Time lapse imaging plus digital volume correlation (DVC) enabled identification of the grain-scale deformation mechanisms operating throughout the experiment, for the first time, both at small, reservoir-relevant strains (< 1%), and in the approach to brittle failure at strains > 10%. During small-strain deformation, the sample showed compaction through grain rearrangement accommodated by inter-granular slip and normal displacements across grain boundaries, in particular, by closure of open grain boundaries or compaction of inter-granular clay films. At intermediate and large strains (> 4%), grain fracturing and pore collapse were observed, leading to sample-scale brittle failure. These observations provide key input for developing microphysical models describing compaction of the Groningen and other producing (gas) reservoirs.

• McBeck, Jessica Ann; Ben-Zion, Y.; Zhou, X. & Renard, Francois (2022). Precursory Off-Fault Deformation in Restraining and Releasing Step Overs: Insights From Discrete Element Method Models. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Solid Earth. ISSN 2169-9313. 127(9). doi: 10.1029/2022JB024326. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Accelerating geophysical activity is detected preceding some, but not all, large earthquakes. This observation may indicate that no precursors occur before some earthquakes, or that the instrumentation lacks the required sensitivity. To aid crustal monitoring efforts, we use discrete element method models to identify the locations and styles of deformation that may provide useful information about approaching fault reactivation. We model the reactivation of two healed rough faults in a variety of step over configurations, embedded in a host rock with varying amounts of damage subject to shear velocity loading parallel to the faults. Both the fault geometry and ratio of fault to host rock strength control the amount of off-fault deformation. Consistent with field observations, models with larger steps and more preexisting host rock damage produce higher amounts of off-fault deformation. We assess the size of the continuous regions of high velocities and strains to compare the value of the precursory information of each velocity and strain component. Comparing the three components of the velocity vector suggests that the fault-parallel velocity produces the largest and most temporally continuous regions of elevated velocity. The size of these regions increases toward failure, indicating the usefulness of tracking this component. Comparing the volumetric and shear components of the three-dimensional strain tensor suggests that during most of the interseismic period, the shear strain provides more information about approaching fault slip than the volumetric strain. However, in the days and months preceding fault reactivation, both the shear and volumetric strains provide similarly valuable information.

• Fattaruso, Laura; Cooke, Michele & McBeck, Jessica Ann (2022). The Influence of Fracture Growth and Coalescence on the Energy Budget Leading to Failure. Frontiers in Earth Science. 10. doi: 10.3389/feart.2022.853030. Full text in Research Archive
• McBeck, Jessica Ann; Ben-Zion, Y. & Renard, Francois (2022). Predicting fault reactivation and macroscopic failure in discrete element method simulations of restraining and releasing step overs. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. ISSN 0012-821X. 593. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117667. Full text in Research Archive
• McBeck, Jessica Ann; Ben-Zion, Yehuda & Renard, Francois (2022). Volumetric and shear strain localization throughout triaxial compression experiments on rocks. Tectonophysics. ISSN 0040-1951. 822. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2021.229181. Full text in Research Archive
• McBeck, Jessica Ann & Renard, Francois (2022). Deriving three-dimensional properties of fracture networks from two-dimensional observations in rocks approaching failure under triaxial compression: Implications for fluid flow. Water Resources Research. ISSN 0043-1397. 58(11). doi: 10.1029/2022WR032783. Full text in Research Archive
• McBeck, Jessica Ann (2022). Predicting the Timing of Catastrophic Failure During Triaxial Compression: Insights from Discrete Element Method Simulations. Pure and Applied Geophysics (PAGEOPH). ISSN 0033-4553. 179, p. 3625–3645. doi: 10.1007/s00024-022-03151-4. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Examining the deformation of rocks during triaxial compression may provide insights into the precursory phase that leads to large earthquakes by revealing the components of the deformation field that evolve with predictable, systematic behavior preceding catastrophic failure. Here, we build three-dimensional discrete element method simulations of the triaxial compression of rock cores that include a variety of fault geometries in order to identify the components of the deformation field, including the velocity and strain components, that enable machine learning models to predict the timing of macroscopic failure. The results suggest that the velocity field provides more valuable information about the timing of macroscopic failure than the strain field, and in particular, the velocity component parallel to the maximum compression direction. The models also strongly depend on the second invariant of the strain deviator tensor, J2

• McBeck, Jessica Ann; Ben-Zion, Yehuda & Renard, Francois (2021). How the force and fracture architectures develop within and around healed fault zones during biaxial loading toward macroscopic failure. Journal of Structural Geology. ISSN 0191-8141. 147. doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2021.104329. Full text in Research Archive
• McBeck, Jessica Ann; Mair, Karen & Renard, Francois Marie Paul L (2021). Decrypting healed fault zones: How gouge production reduces the influence of fault roughness. Geophysical Journal International. ISSN 0956-540X. 225(2), p. 759–774. doi: 10.1093/gji/ggab003. Full text in Research Archive
• McBeck, Jessica Ann; Aiken, John; Cordonnier, B.; Ben-Zion, Yehuda & Renard, Francois (2021). Predicting Fracture Network Development in Crystalline Rocks. Pure and Applied Geophysics (PAGEOPH). ISSN 0033-4553. 179, p. 275–299. doi: 10.1007/s00024-021-02908-7. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract The geometric properties of fractures influence whether they propagate, arrest, or coalesce with other fractures. Thus, quantifying the relationship between fracture network characteristics may help predict fracture network development, and perhaps precursors to catastrophic failure. To constrain the relationship and predictability of fracture characteristics, we deform eight one centimeter tall rock cores under triaxial compression while acquiring in situ X-ray tomograms. The tomograms reveal precise measurements of the fracture network characteristics above the spatial resolution of 6.5 µm. We develop machine learning models to predict the value of each characteristic using the other characteristics, and excluding the macroscopic stress or strain imposed on the rock. The models predict fracture development more accurately in the experiments performed on granite and monzonite, than the experiments on marble. Fracture network development may be more predictable in these igneous rocks because their microstructure is more mechanically homogeneous than the marble, producing more systematic fracture development that is not strongly impeded by grain contacts and cleavage planes. The varying performance of the models suggest that fracture volume, length, and aperture are the most predictable of the characteristics, while fracture orientation is the least predictable. Orientation does not correlate with length, as suggested by the idea that the orientation evolves with increasing differential stress and thus fracture length. This difference between the observed and expected relationship between orientation and length highlights the influence of mechanical heterogeneities and local stress perturbations on fracture growth as fractures propagate, link, and coalesce.

• McBeck, Jessica Ann; Ben-Zion, Yehuda; Zhou, Xiaoyu & Renard, François (2021). The influence of preexisting host rock damage on fault network localization. Journal of Structural Geology. ISSN 0191-8141. 153. doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2021.104471. Full text in Research Archive
• Kandula, Neelima; McBeck, Jessica Ann; Cordonnier, Benoît; Weiss, Jérôme; Dysthe, Dag Kristian & Renard, François (2021). Synchrotron 4D X-Ray Imaging Reveals Strain Localization at the Onset of System-Size Failure in Porous Reservoir Rocks. Pure and Applied Geophysics (PAGEOPH). ISSN 0033-4553. 179, p. 325–350. doi: 10.1007/s00024-021-02902-z. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Understanding the mechanisms of strain localization leading to brittle failure in reservoir rocks can shed light on geomechanical processes such as porosity and permeability evolution during rock deformation, induced seismicity, fracturing, and subsidence in geological reservoirs. We perform triaxial compression tests on three types of porous reservoir rocks to reveal the local deformation mechanisms that control system-size failure. We deformed cylindrical samples of Adamswiller sandstone (23% porosity), Bentheim sandstone (23% porosity), and Anstrude limestone (20% porosity), using an X-ray transparent triaxial deformation apparatus. This apparatus enables the acquisition of three-dimensional synchrotron X-ray images, under in situ stress conditions. Analysis of the tomograms provide 3D distributions of the microfractures and dilatant pores from which we calculated the evolving macroporosity. Digital volume correlation analysis reveals the dominant strain localization mechanisms by providing the incremental strain components of pairs of tomograms. In the three rock types, damage localized as a single shear band or by the formation of conjugate bands at failure. The porosity evolution closely matches the evolution of the incremental strain components of dilation, contraction, and shear. With increasing confinement, the dominant strain in the sandstones shifts from dilative strain (Bentheim sandstone) to contractive strain (Adamswiller sandstone). Our study also links the formation of compactive shear bands with porosity variations in Anstrude limestone, which is characterized by a complex pore geometry. Scanning electron microscopy images indicate that the microscale mechanisms guiding strain localization are pore collapse and grain crushing in sandstones, and pore collapse, pore-emanated fractures and cataclasis in limestones. Our dynamic X-ray microtomography data brings unique insights on the correlation between the evolutions of rock microstructure, porosity evolution, and macroscopic strain during the approach to brittle failure in reservoir rocks.

• McBeck, Jessica Ann; Ben-Zion, Yehuda & Renard, Francois (2021). Fracture Network Localization Preceding Catastrophic Failure in Triaxial Compression Experiments on Rocks. Frontiers in Earth Science. 9. doi: 10.3389/feart.2021.778811. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We quantify the spatial distribution of fracture networks throughout six in situ X-ray tomography triaxial compression experiments on crystalline rocks at confining stresses of 5–35 MPa in order to quantify how fracture development controls the final macroscopic failure of the rock, a process analogous to those that control geohazards such as earthquakes and landslides. Tracking the proportion of the cumulative volume of fractures with volumes >90th percentile to the total fracture volume, ∑v90/vtot indicates that the fracture networks tend to increase in localization toward these largest fractures for up to 80% of the applied differential stress. The evolution of this metric also matches the evolution of the Gini coefficient, which measures the deviation of a population from uniformity. These results are consistent with observations of localizing low magnitude seismicity before large earthquakes in southern California. In both this analysis and the present work, phases of delocalization interrupt the general increase in localization preceding catastrophic failure, indicating that delocalization does not necessarily indicate a reduction of seismic hazard. However, the proportion of the maximum fracture volume to the total fracture volume does not increase monotonically. Experiments with higher confining stress tend to experience greater localization. To further quantify localization, we compare the geometry of the largest fractures, with volumes >90th percentile, to the best fit plane through these fractures immediately preceding failure. The r2 scores and the mean distance of the fractures to the plane indicate greater localization in monzonite than in granite. The smaller mean mineral diameter and lower confining stress in the granite experiments may contribute to this result. Tracking these various metrics of localization reveals a close association between macroscopic yielding and the acceleration of fracture network localization. Near yielding, ∑v90/vtot and the Gini coefficient increase while the mean distance to the final failure plane decreases. Macroscopic yielding thus occurs when the rate of fracture network localization increases.

• McBeck, Jessica Ann; Cordonnier, B. & Renard, F. (2021). The influence of spatial resolution and noise on fracture network properties calculated from X-ray microtomography data. International Journal of Rock Mechanics And Mining Sciences. ISSN 1365-1609. 147. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2021.104922. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Rock deformation experiments performed at X-ray synchrotrons provide unique insights into the nature of fracture network development. However, these insights depend on the limitations of the X-ray tomography data. Here, we examine how spatial resolution and noise influence the calculated fracture network properties. To assess the influence of spatial resolution, we acquire two overlapping X-ray tomograms with spatial resolution that differ by an order of magnitude. To assess the influence of noise, we produce sets of synthetic tomograms with varying degrees of noise, including point-source noise and blurring noise. In the absence of noise, the differing spatial resolutions produce calculated porosities that differ by 0.05%, or 30% of the porosity measured in the high-resolution data. The fracture property that changes the most in the datasets of varying resolution is the fracture surface area, rather than the volume, length, or aperture. The two types of noise influence the porosity and fracture characteristics in opposite ways. In the synthetic tomograms in which higher values indicate fractures, added point noise increases the porosity while blurring noise decreases the porosity. In volumes with a mapping of gray values in which fractures have lower values, this trend would be reversed. This study is the first to quantify differences in fracture network properties extracted from X-ray tomograms due to spatial resolution and noise.

• McBeck, Jessica Ann; Zhu, Wenlu & Renard, Francois (2021). The competition between fracture nucleation, propagation and coalescence in crystalline rock. Solid Earth (SE). ISSN 1869-9510. 12(2), p. 375–387. doi: 10.5194/se-12-375-2021. Full text in Research Archive
• Renard, Francois; Kandula, Neelima; McBeck, Jessica Ann & Cordonnier, Benoit (2020). Creep Burst Coincident With Faulting in Marble Observed in 4-D Synchrotron X-Ray Imaging Triaxial Compression Experiments. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Solid Earth. ISSN 2169-9313. 125. doi: 10.1029/2020JB020354. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Faults in carbonate rocks show both seismic and aseismic deformation processes, leading to a wide range of slip velocities. We deformed two centimeter‐scale cores of Carrara marble at 25°C and imaged the nucleation and growth of faults using dynamic synchrotron X‐ray microtomography. The first sample experienced a constant confinement of 30 MPa and no pore fluid. The second sample experienced confinement in the range 35–23 MPa and water as a pore fluid at 10 MPa pore pressure. We increased the axial stress by steps until creep deformation occurred and imaged deformation in 4‐D. The samples deformed with a quasi‐constant or increasing strain rate when the differential stress was constant, a process called creep. However, for both samples, we also observed transient events that include the acceleration of creep, that is, creep bursts, phenomena similar to slow slip events that occur in continental active faults. During these transient creep events, strain rates increase and correlate in time with strain localization and the slow development of system‐spanning fault networks. In both samples, the acceleration of opening and shearing of microfractures accommodated creep bursts. High‐resolution time‐lapse X‐ray microtomography imaging and digital image correlation during triaxial deformation quantify creep in laboratory faults at subgrain spatial resolution. This work demonstrates that transient creep events, that is, creep bursts or slow slip events, correlate with the nucleation and slow growth of faults and not only with slip on preexisting faults.

• McBeck, Jessica Ann; Aiken, John Mark; Mathiesen, Joachim; Ben-Zion, Yehuda & Renard, Francois (2020). Deformation precursors to catastrophic failure in rocks. Geophysical Research Letters. ISSN 0094-8276. 47(24). doi: 10.1029/2020GL090255. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Forecasting the timing of catastrophic failure, such as crustal earthquakes, has been a central concern for centuries. Such forecasting requires identifying signals that evolve or accelerate in the precursory phase leading to failure, and the subset of signals that may be detected in the crust. We develop machine learning models to predict the proximity of catastrophic failure in synchrotron X‐ray tomography triaxial compression experiments on rocks using characteristics of evolving fracture networks. We then examine the characteristics that most strongly influence the model results, and thus may be considered the best predictors of the proximity of macroscopic failure. The resulting suite of predictive parameters underscores the importance of dilation in the precursory phase leading to catastrophic failure. The results indicate that the evolution of the strain energy density field may provide more robust predictions of the proximity of failure than other existing metrics of rock deformation.

• McBeck, Jessica Ann; Aiken, John Mark; Ben-Zion, Yehuda & Renard, Francois (2020). Predicting the proximity to macroscopic failure using local strain populations from dynamic in situ X-ray tomography triaxial compression experiments on rocks. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. ISSN 0012-821X. 543. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116344. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Predicting the proximity of large-scale dynamic failure is a critical concern in the engineering and geophysical sciences. Here we use evolving contractive, dilatational, and shear strain deformation preceding failure in dynamic X-ray tomography experiments to examine which strain components best predict the proximity to failure. We develop machine learning models to predict the proximity to failure using time series of three-dimensional local incremental strain tensor fields acquired in rock deformation experiments under stress conditions of the upper crust. Three-dimensional scans acquired in situ throughout triaxial compression experiments provide a distribution of density contrasts from which we estimate the three-dimensional incremental strain that accumulates between each scan acquisition. Training machine learning models on multiple experiments of six rock types provides suites of feature importance that indicate the predictive power of each feature. Comparing the average importance of groups of features that include information about each strain component quantifies the ability of the contractive, dilatational and shear strain to predict the proximity of macroscopic failure. A total of 24 models of four machine learning algorithms with six rock types indicate that 1) the dilatational strain provides the best predictive power of the strain components, and 2) the intermediate values (25th-75th percentile) of the strain population provide the best predictive power of the statistics of the strain populations. In addition, the success of the predictions of models trained on one rock type and tested on other rock types quantifies the similarities and differences of the precursory strain accumulation process in the six rock types. These similarities suggest the potential existence of a unified theory of brittle rock deformation for a range of rock types.

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• Madathiparambil, Aldritt Scaria; Mürer, Fredrik Kristoffer; Tekseth, Kim Robert Bjørk; Agofack, Nicolaine; Cerasi, Pierre & Cordonnier, Benoit [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2021). In situ computed tomography studies of strain evolution in Draupne shales. Full text in Research Archive
• McBeck, Jessica Ann (2021). Precursory off-fault deformation to slip along healed faults in restraining and releasing step overs. Full text in Research Archive
• McBeck, Jessica Ann (2021). Using fracture characteristics and strain fields to predict the timing of failure. Full text in Research Archive
• McBeck, Jessica Ann (2021). Predicting fracture network characteristics using machine learning. Full text in Research Archive
• McBeck, Jessica Ann (2021). Lazy localization? Deciphering the link between work optimization and spatial localization throughout fault network development. Full text in Research Archive
• McBeck, Jessica Ann (2021). Predicting the timing of catastrophic failure. Full text in Research Archive
• McBeck, Jessica Ann (2021). Precursory off-fault deformation: Insights from discrete element method models. Full text in Research Archive
• McBeck, Jessica Ann (2020). Predicting the proximity of failure using fracture networks. Full text in Research Archive

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