Atle Mysterud

• Broekman, Maarten J. E.; Hilbers, Jelle P.; Huijbregts, Mark A. J.; Mueller, Thomas; Ali, Abdullah H. & Andrén, Henrik [Vis alle 56 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Evaluating expert-based habitat suitability information of terrestrial mammals with GPS-tracking data. Global Ecology and Biogeography. ISSN 1466-822X. doi: 10.1111/geb.13523.
• Forsyth, David M.; Comte, Sebastien; Davis, Naomi E.; Bengsen, Andrew J.; Côté, Steeve D. & Hewitt, David G. [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Methodology matters when estimating deer abundance: a global systematic review and recommendations for improvements. Journal of Wildlife Management. ISSN 0022-541X. doi: 10.1002/jwmg.22207.
• Mysterud, Atle (2021). Climate and prediction of tick-borne diseases facing the complexity of the pathogen-tick-host triad at northern latitudes. I Nuttall, Pat (Red.), Climate, ticks and disease. CABI Publishing. ISSN 9781789249637. s. 247–252. doi: 10.1079/9781789249637.0035.
• Vuorinen, Katariina Elsa Maria; Austrheim, Gunnar; Mysterud, Atle; Gya, Ragnhild; Vandvik, Vigdis & Grytnes, John Arvid [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Functional traits of alpine plant communities show long-term resistance to changing herbivore densities. Ecosphere. ISSN 2150-8925. 12(12). doi: 10.1002/ecs2.3887. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Passoni, Gioele; Coulson, Tim; Ranc, Nathan; Corradini, Andrea; Hewison, A. J. Mark & Ciuti, Simone [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Roads constrain movement across behavioural processes in a partially migratory ungulate. Movement Ecology. ISSN 2051-3933. 9(57), s. 1–12. doi: 10.1186/s40462-021-00292-4. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mysterud, Atle; Viljugrein, Hildegunn; Lund, Jan Henning L’Abée; Lund, Svein Erik; Rolandsen, Christer Moe & Strand, Olav (2021). The relationship between quotas and harvest in the alpine reindeer population on Hardangervidda, Norway. European Journal of Wildlife Research. ISSN 1612-4642. 67(6), s. 1–11. doi: 10.1007/s10344-021-01542-x. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Viljugrein, Hildegunn; Hopp, Petter; Benestad, Sylvie L.; Våge, Jørn & Mysterud, Atle (2021). Risk-based surveillance of chronic wasting disease in semi-domestic reindeer. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. ISSN 0167-5877. 196. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105497. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Esmaeili, Saeideh; Jesmer, Brett R.; Albeke, Shannon E.; Aikens, Ellen O.; Schoenecker, Kathryn A. & King, Sarah R. B. [Vis alle 50 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Body size and digestive system shape resource selection by ungulates: A cross-taxa test of the forage maturation hypothesis. Ecology Letters. ISSN 1461-023X. 24(10), s. 2178–2191. doi: 10.1111/ele.13848. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The forage maturation hypothesis (FMH) states that energy intake for ungulates is maximised when forage biomass is at intermediate levels. Nevertheless, metabolic allometry and different digestive systems suggest that resource selection should vary across ungulate species. By combining GPS relocations with remotely sensed data on forage characteristics and surface water, we quantified the effect of body size and digestive system in determining movements of 30 populations of hindgut fermenters (equids) and ruminants across biomes. Selection for intermediate forage biomass was negatively related to body size, regardless of digestive system. Selection for proximity to surface water was stronger for equids relative to ruminants, regardless of body size. To be more generalisable, we suggest that the FMH explicitly incorporate contingencies in body size and digestive system, with small-bodied ruminants selecting more strongly for potential energy intake, and hindgut fermenters selecting more strongly for surface water.

• Van Moorter, Bram; Singh, Navinder J.; Rolandsen, Christer Moe; Solberg, Erling Johan; Dettki, Holger & Pusenius, Jyrki [Vis alle 14 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Seasonal release from competition explains partial migration in European moose. Oikos. ISSN 0030-1299. 130(9), s. 1548–1561. doi: 10.1111/oik.07875. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mysterud, Atle; Hügli, Christian & Viljugrein, Hildegunn (2021). Tick infestation on medium–large-sized mammalian hosts: are all equally suitable to Ixodes ricinus adults? Parasites & Vectors. ISSN 1756-3305. 14(1), s. 1–6. doi: 10.1186/s13071-021-04775-6. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mysterud, Atle; Skjelbostad, Isa Nergård; Rivrud, Inger Maren; Brekkum, Øystein & Meisingset, Erling L. (2021). Spatial clustering by red deer and its relevance for management of chronic wasting disease. Animals. ISSN 2076-2615. 11(5), s. 1–13. doi: 10.3390/ani11051272. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Simple Summary Chronic Wasting Disease is a deadly infectious disease affecting cervids that was discovered in Norway in 2016. CWD can transmit through environmental reservoirs and aggregation and spatial clustering of animals may affect transmission. Deer usually forage on scattered forage, but anthropogenic food sources are often concentrated in space, leading to spatial aggregation. We determined what caused red deer to revisit the same locations in the environment, and the extent to which this was caused by anthropogenic food sources. We document that the most visited sites were indeed anthropogenic, which opens potential avenues to disease mitigation. Abstract Herbivores like cervids usually graze on widely scattered forage, but anthropogenic food sources may cause spatial revisitation and aggregation, posing a risk for transmission of infectious diseases. In 2016, chronic wasting disease (CWD) was first detected in Norway. A legal regulation to ban supplemental feeding of cervids and to fence stored hay bales was implemented to lower aggregation of cervids. Knowledge of further patterns and causes of spatial revisitation can inform disease management. We used a recently developed revisitation analysis on GPS-positions from 13 red deer (Cervus elaphus) to identify the pattern of spatial clustering, and we visited 185 spatial clusters during winter to identify the causes of clustering. Anthropogenic food sources were found in 11.9% of spatial clusters, which represented 31.0% of the clusters in agricultural fields. Dumping of silage and hay bales were the main anthropogenic food sources (apart from agricultural fields), and unfenced hay bales were available despite the regulation. The probability of the clusters being in agricultural fields was high during winter. It may be necessary to find other ways of disposing of silage and enforcing the requirement of fencing around hay bales to ensure compliance, in particular during winters with deep snow.

• Rolandsen, Christer Moe; Madslien, Knut Ivar Engesæter; Ytrehus, Bjørnar; Hamnes, Inger Sofie; Solberg, Erling Johan & Mysterud, Atle [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Distribution, prevalence and intensity of moose nose bot fly (Cephenemyia ulrichii) larvae in moose (Alces alces) from Norway. International Journal of Parasitology. ISSN 0020-7519. 15, s. 120–126. doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.04.012. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  High host density combined with climate change may lead to invasion of harmful parasites in cervid (host) populations. Bot flies (Diptera: Oestridae) are a group of ectoparasites that may have strong impact on their hosts, but data on the current distribution, prevalence and intensity of the moose nose bot fly (Cephenemyia ulrichii) in Scandinavia are lacking. We estimated prevalence and intensity of nose bot fly larvae in 30 moose from southern and 79 moose from central Norway. All larvae detected were identified as the moose nose bot fly. We found surprisingly high prevalence in these areas, which are up to 1300 km south-southwest of the first published location in Norway and west of the distribution in Sweden. Prevalence (0.44–1.00) was higher in areas with higher moose density. Parasite intensity in hunter killed moose was higher in central Norway (mean 5.7) than southern Norway (mean 2.9), and in both regions higher in calves and yearlings than adults. Fallen moose had higher parasite intensity (mean 9.8) compared to hunter killed moose in the subsample from central Norway, suggesting a link to host condition or behavior. Our study provides evidence of parasite range expansion, and establishing monitoring appears urgent to better understand impact on host populations. Cephenemyia Parasites Prevalence Intensity Distribution Moose population density

• Mysterud, Atle; Viljugrein, Hildegunn; Rolandsen, Christer Moe & Belsare, Aniruddha V. (2021). Harvest strategies for the elimination of low prevalence wildlife diseases. Royal Society Open Science. ISSN 2054-5703. 8(3), s. 1–13. doi: 10.1098/rsos.210124. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ytrehus, Bjørnar; Asmyhr, Maria Gulbrandsen; Hansen, Helge; Mysterud, Atle; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland & Strand, Olav [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Handlingsrommet etter påvisning av skrantesyke (Chronic Wasting Disease, CWD) på Hardangervidda – grunnlag for fremtidige forvaltningsstrategier. Vitenskapelig uttalelse fra Vitenskapskomiteen for Mat og Miljø (VKM). VKM Report. ISSN 2535-4019. 2021(1), s. 1–122. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Belsare, Aniruddha V.; Millspaugh, Joshua J.; Mason, J.Russ; Sumners, Jason; Viljugrein, Hildegunn & Mysterud, Atle (2021). Getting in front of chronic wasting disease: Model-informed proactive approach for managing an emerging wildlife disease. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. ISSN 2297-1769. 7, s. 1–6. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.608235. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansson, Maria; Mysterud, Atle & Flykt, Anders (2020). Livestock owners’ worry and fear of tick‑borne diseases. Parasites & Vectors. ISSN 1756-3305. 13(331). doi: 10.1186/s13071-020-04162-7. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mysterud, Atle; Strand, Olav & Rolandsen, Christer Moe (2020). Embracing fragmentation to save reindeer from disease. Conservation Science and Practice (CSP). ISSN 2578-4854. 2, s. 1–4. doi: 10.1111/csp2.244. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mysterud, Atle; Hopp, Petter; Alvseike, Kristin Ruud; Benestad, Sylvie L.; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland & Rolandsen, Christer Moe [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Hunting strategies to increase detection of chronic wasting disease in cervids. Nature Communications. ISSN 2041-1723. 11, s. 1–11. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-18229-7. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mysterud, Atle; Ytrehus, Bjørnar; Tranulis, Michael A.; Rauset, Geir Rune; Rolandsen, Christer Moe & Strand, Olav (2020). Antler cannibalism in reindeer. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 10, s. 1–7. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-79050-2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Loe, Leif Egil; Liston, Glen E.; Pigeon, Gabriel; Barker, Kristin; Horvitz, Nir & Stien, Audun [Vis alle 20 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). The neglected season: Warmer autumns counteract harsher winters and promote population growth in Arctic reindeer. Global Change Biology. ISSN 1354-1013. 27(5), s. 993–1002. doi: 10.1111/gcb.15458. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mysterud, Atle; Benestad, Sylvie L.; Rolandsen, Christer Moe & Våge, Jørn (2020). Policy implications of an expanded chronic wasting disease universe. Journal of Applied Ecology. ISSN 0021-8901. s. 1–5. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.13783. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mysterud, Atle; Rauset, Geir Rune; Van Moorter, Bram; Andersen, Roy; Strand, Olav & Rivrud, Inger Maren (2020). The last moves: The effect of hunting and culling on the risk of disease spread from a population of reindeer. Journal of Applied Ecology. ISSN 0021-8901. 57, s. 2509–2518. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.13761. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  1. Hunting and culling are frequently used to combat infectious wildlife diseases. The aim is to markedly lower population density in order to limit disease transmission or to eradicate the host. Massive host culling can yield a trade-off when combating wildlife disease; it follows that intrusive actions may have unintended behavioural side effects, leading to the geographic spread of disease. The manner in which such excessive hunting and culling of hosts can affect the movement and dispersion of cervids has not been studied. 2. In this study, we quantified the behaviour (daily movements and habitat use) and dispersion of GPS-marked reindeer (n = 24) before and during the eradication of an entire population (>2,000 reindeer) infected with chronic wasting disease (CWD) in Norway. We compared behaviour and dispersion during 10 ordinary hunting seasons (2007–2016), an extended hunting season (2017) and marksmen culling (2017/2018). 3. Seasonality had a major impact on movements. Reindeer movements during the early hunting season (20 August–20 September) did not increase the overall movements compared to that in the pre-hunt season (20 July–19 August), while extended hunting into October (as in 2017) and marksmen culling from November to February markedly increased daytime movements relative to that normally observed in this time of the year. Towards the end of the eradication, the remaining reindeer sought refuge at restricted high-elevation areas with limited forage production. Reindeer used novel areas towards the perimeter of the range, but active herding during culling stopped one herd from leaving the CWD zone. 4. Synthesis and applications. With emerging wildlife diseases, host culling is becoming a more frequently used tool for managers in Europe. Our study highlights the potential trade-off between combating disease transmission within a population and the risk of geographic spread. Such insight is important to design mitigation measures, such as perimeter fencing or herding, to avoid the risk of the geographic spread of disease in cases of severe and economically important wildlife diseases. cervids, chronic wasting disease, disease ecology, disease management, host culling, movement ecology, spatial organization, unintended side effects

• Van Moorter, Bram; Engen, Steinar; Fryxell, John M.; Panzacchi, Manuela; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland & Mysterud, Atle (2020). Consequences of barriers and changing seasonality on population dynamics and harvest of migratory ungulates. Theoretical Ecology. ISSN 1874-1738. 13, s. 595–605. doi: 10.1007/s12080-020-00471-w. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Madslien, Knut Ivar Engesæter; Stubsjøen, Solveig Marie; Viljugrein, Hildegunn; Ytrehus, Bjørnar; Solberg, Erling Johan & Kapronczai, Luciene [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Hair cortisol concentration and body mass in moose (Alces alces) infested with deer keds (Lipoptena cervi). Journal of Wildlife Diseases. ISSN 0090-3558. 56(3), s. 687–692. doi: 10.7589/2019-07-185.
• Aikens, Ellen O.; Mysterud, Atle; Merkle, Jerod A.; Cagnacci, Francesca; Rivrud, Inger Maren & Hebblewhite, Mark [Vis alle 36 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Wave-like patterns of plant phenology determine ungulate movement tactics. Current Biology. ISSN 0960-9822. 30(17), s. 3444–3449. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.032. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Animals exhibit a diversity of movement tactics [1]. Tracking resources that change across space and time is predicted to be a fundamental driver of animal movement [2]. For example, some migratory ungulates (i.e., hooved mammals) closely track the progression of highly nutritious plant green-up, a phenomenon called ‘‘green-wave surfing’’ [3–5]. Yet general principles describing how the dynamic nature of resources determine movement tactics are lacking [6]. We tested an emerging theory that predicts surfing and the existence of migratory behavior will be favored in environments where green-up is fleeting and moves sequentially across large landscapes (i.e., wave-like green-up) [7]. Landscapes exhibiting wave-like patterns of greenup facilitated surfing and explained the existence of migratory behavior across 61 populations of four ungulate species on two continents (n = 1,696 individuals). At the species level, foraging benefits were equivalent between tactics, suggesting that each movement tactic is fine-tuned to local patterns of plant phenology. For decades, ecologists have sought to understand how animals move to select habitat, commonly defining habitat as a set of static patches [8, 9]. Our findings indicate that animal movement tactics emerge as a function of the flux of resources across space and time, underscoring the need to redefine habitat to include its dynamic attributes. As global habitats continue to be modified by anthropogenic disturbance and climate change [10], our synthesis provides a generalizable framework to understand how animal movement will be influenced by altered patterns of resource phenology.

• Mysterud, Atle; Rivrud, Inger Maren; Gundersen, Vegard; Rolandsen, Christer Moe & Viljugrein, Hildegunn (2020). The unique spatial ecology of human hunters. Nature Human Behaviour. ISSN 2397-3374. 4, s. 694–701. doi: 10.1038/s41562-020-0836-7. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hagge, Jonas; Müller, Jörg; Bässler, Claus; Biebl, Samantha Susanne; Brandl, Roland & Drexler, Matthias [Vis alle 14 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Deadwood retention in forests lowers short-term browsing pressure on silver fir saplings by overabundant deer. Forest Ecology and Management. ISSN 0378-1127. 451, s. 1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117531. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Jaarsma, Ryanne I.; Sprong, Hein; Takumi, Katsuhisa; Kazimirova, Maria; Silaghi, Cornelia & Mysterud, Atle [Vis alle 19 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Anaplasma phagocytophilum evolves in geographical and biotic niches of vertebrates and ticks. Parasites & Vectors. ISSN 1756-3305. 12, s. 1–17. doi: 10.1186/s13071-019-3583-8. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mysterud, Atle; Strand, Olav & Rolandsen, Christer Moe (2019). Efficacy of Recreational Hunters and Marksmen for Host Culling to Combat Chronic Wasting Disease in Reindeer. Wildlife Society Bulletin (WSB). ISSN 0091-7648. 43(4), s. 683–692. doi: 10.1002/wsb.1024. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mysterud, Atle; Madslien, Knut Ivar Engesæter; Viljugrein, Hildegunn; Vikøren, Turid; Andersen, Roy & Guere Calderon, Mariella Evelyn [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). The demographic pattern of infection with chronic wasting disease in reindeer at an early epidemic stage. Ecosphere. ISSN 2150-8925. 10(11), s. 1–11. doi: 10.1002/ecs2.2931. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Williamsen, Linda; Pigeon, Gabriel; Mysterud, Atle; Stien, Audun; Forchhammer, Mads C. & Loe, Leif Egil (2019). Keeping cool in the warming Arctic: thermoregulatory behaviour by Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus). Canadian Journal of Zoology. ISSN 0008-4301. 97(12), s. 1177–1185. doi: 10.1139/cjz-2019-0090. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mysterud, Atle; Viljugrein, Hildegunn; Solberg, Erling Johan & Rolandsen, Christer Moe (2019). Legal regulation of supplementary cervid feeding facing chronic wasting disease. Journal of Wildlife Management. ISSN 0022-541X. 83(8), s. 1667–1675. doi: 10.1002/jwmg.21746. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mysterud, Atle; Bleka, Øyvind; Nielsen, Anders; Steinheim, Geir; Yoccoz, Nigel Gilles & Storvik, Geir Olve (2019). Climate and synchrony of lamb body mass. I Olaussen, Jon Olaf (Red.), Contributions in natural resource economics. Festschrift to Anders Skonhoft. Fagbokforlaget. ISSN 9788245024715. s. 183–197.
• Debeffe, Lucie Isabelle; Rivrud, Inger Maren; Meisingset, Erling L. & Mysterud, Atle (2019). Sex-specific differences in spring and autumn migration in a northern large herbivore. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 9, s. 1–11. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42639-3. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mysterud, Atle; Heylen, Dieter J. A.; Matthysen, Erik; Garcia, Aïda Lopez; Jore, Solveig & Viljugrein, Hildegunn (2019). Lyme neuroborreliosis and bird populations in northern Europe. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences. ISSN 0962-8452. 286(1903), s. 1–10. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0759. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mysterud, Atle; Stigum, Vetle Malmer; Linløkken, Harald Kolstad; Herland, Anders & Viljugrein, Hildegunn (2019). How general are generalist parasites? The small mammal part of the Lyme disease transmission cycle in two ecosystems in northern Europe. Oecologia. ISSN 0029-8549. 190(1), s. 115–126. doi: 10.1007/s00442-019-04411-2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mysterud, Atle; Stigum, Vetle Malmer; Jaarsma, Ryanne I. & Sprong, Hein (2019). Genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato detected in 16 mammal species and questing ticks from northern Europe. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 9, s. 1–8. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41686-0. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rivrud, Inger Maren; Meisingset, Erling L.; Loe, Leif Egil & Mysterud, Atle (2019). Future suitability of habitat in a migratory ungulate under climate change. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences. ISSN 0962-8452. 286(1899). doi: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0442. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Stigum, Vetle Malmer; Jaarsma, Ryanne I.; Sprong, Hein; Rolandsen, Christer Moe & Mysterud, Atle (2019). Infection prevalence and ecotypes of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in moose Alces alces, red deer Cervus elaphus, roe deer Capreolus capreolus and Ixodes ricinus ticks from Norway. Parasites & Vectors. ISSN 1756-3305. 12, s. 1–8. doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-3256-z. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hofman, M. P. G.; Hayward, M.W.; Heim, Morten; Marchand, P.; Rolandsen, Christer Moe & Mattisson, Jenny [Vis alle 118 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Right on track? Performance of satellite telemetry in terrestrial wildlife research. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 14:e0216223(5), s. 1–26. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216223. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Loe, Leif Egil; Pigeon, Gabriel; Albon, Steve D.; Giske, Pernille Andrine Eriksdatter; Irvine, R. Justin & Ropstad, Erik [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Antler growth as a cost of reproduction in female reindeer. Oecologia. ISSN 0029-8549. 189(3), s. 601–609. doi: 10.1007/s00442-019-04347-7. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mysterud, Atle & Edmunds, David R. (2019). A review of chronic wasting disease in North America with implications for Europe. European Journal of Wildlife Research. ISSN 1612-4642. 65(26), s. 1–13. doi: 10.1007/s10344-019-1260-z. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rivrud, Inger Maren; Frank, Shane; Bischof, Richard; Mysterud, Atle; Steyaert, Sam & Hertel, Anne Gabriela [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Heritability of head size in a hunted large carnivore, the brown bear (Ursus arctos). Evolutionary Applications. ISSN 1752-4571. 12(6), s. 1124–1135. doi: 10.1111/eva.12786. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• De Groeve, Johannes; Cagnacci, Francesca; Ranc, Nathan; Bonnot, Nadège C.; Gehr, Benedikt & Heurich, Marco [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Individual Movement - Sequence Analysis Method (IM-SAM): characterizing spatio-temporal patterns of animal habitat use across landscapes. International Journal of Geographical Information Science (IJGIS). ISSN 1365-8816. s. 1–23. doi: 10.1080/13658816.2019.1594822. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  We present methodological advances to a recently developed framework to study sequential habitat use by animals using a visually-explicit and tree-based Sequence Analysis Method (SAM), derived from molecular biology and more recently used in time geography. Habitat use sequences are expressed as annotations obtained by intersecting GPS movement trajectories with environmental layers. Here, we develop IM-SAM, where we use the individual reference area of use as the reference spatial context. To assess IM-SAM’s applicability, we investigated the sequential use of open and closed habitats across multiple European roe deer populations ranging in landscapes with contrasting structure. Starting from simulated sequences based on a mechanistic movement model, we found that different sequential patterns of habitat use were distinguished as separate, robust clusters, with less variable cluster size when habitats were present in equal proportions within the individual reference area of use. Application on real roe deer sequences showed that our approach effectively captured variation in spatio-temporal patterns of sequential habitat use, and provided evidence for important behavioral processes, such as day-night habitat alternation. By characterizing sequential habitat use patterns of animals, we may better evaluate the temporal trade-offs in animal habitat use and how they are affected by changes in landscapes. Sequence dissimilarity; dendrogram; ungulates; spatio-temporal habitat use; mechanistic movement model

• Prager, Katrin; Lorenzo-Arribas, Altea; Bull, Hans; Kvernstuen, Mikkel Slaaen; Loe, Leif Egil & Mysterud, Atle (2018). Social constraints in cross-boundary collaborative deer management. Ecology & Society. ISSN 1708-3087. 23(4), s. 1–33. doi: 10.5751/ES-10549-230429. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mysterud, Atle & Rolandsen, Christer Moe (2018). Fencing for wildlife disease control. Journal of Applied Ecology. ISSN 0021-8901. 56(3), s. 519–525. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.13301. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Festa-Bianchet, Marco & Mysterud, Atle (2018). Hunting and evolution: theory, evidence, and unknowns. Journal of Mammalogy. ISSN 0022-2372. 99(6), s. 1281–1292. doi: 10.1093/jmammal/gyy138. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Peters, Wibke; Hebblewhite, Mark; Mysterud, Atle; Eacker, Daniel; Hewison, A.J. Mark & Linnell, John Durrus [Vis alle 21 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Large herbivore migration plasticity along environmental gradients in Europe: life-history traits modulate forage effects. Oikos. ISSN 0030-1299. s. 1–14. doi: 10.1111/oik.05588.
• Gaudry, William; Gaillard, J.-M.; Saïd, S.; Bonenfant, Christophe; Mysterud, Atle & Morellet, Nicolas [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Same habitat types but different use: evidence of context-dependent habitat selection in roe deer across populations. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 8(1), s. 1–13. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-23111-0. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Viljugrein, Hildegunn; Hopp, Petter; Benestad, Sylvie Lafond; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland; Våge, Jørn & Tavornpanich, Saraya [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). A method that accounts for differential detectability in mixed samples of long-term infections with applications to the case of Chronic Wasting Disease in cervids . Methods in Ecology and Evolution. ISSN 2041-210X. s. 1–12. doi: 10.1111/2041-210X.13088. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  1. Surveillance of wildlife diseases is logistically difficult, and imperfect detection is a recurrent challenge for disease estimation. Using citizen science can increase sample sizes, but it is associated with a cost in terms of the anatomical type and quality of the sample. Additionally, biological tissue samples from remote areas lose quality due to autolysis. These challenges are faced in the case of emerging Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in cervids. 2. Here, we develop a stochastic scenario tree model of diagnostic sensitivity, allowing for a mixture of tissue sample types (lymph nodes and brain) and qualities while accounting for different detection probabilities during the CWD infection, lasting 2-3 years. We apply the diagnostic sensitivity in a Bayesian framework, enabling estimation of age-class-specific true prevalence, including the prevalence in latent, recently infected stages. We provide a simulation framework to estimate the sensitivity of the surveillance system (i.e., the probability of detecting the infection in a given population), when detectability varies among individuals due to different disease progression. 3. We demonstrate the utility of our framework by applying it to the recent emergence of CWD in a European population of reindeer. We estimated apparent CWD prevalence at 1.2 % of adults in the infected population of wild reindeer, while the true prevalence was 1.6 %. The sensitivity estimation of the CWD surveillance was performed in an adjacent small (~500) and a large (~10,000) reindeer population, demonstrating low certainty of CWD absence. 4. Our method has immediate application to the mandatory testing for CWD in EU countries commencing in 2018. Similar approaches that account for latent stages and a serial disease progression in various tissues with a temporal pattern of diagnostic sensitivity may enhance the estimation of the prevalence of wildlife diseases more generally. Bayesian estimation methods, surveillance, wildlife diseases, diagnostic sensitivity, test sensitivity, chronic wasting disease, prevalence, prions, PrP CWD

• Büntgen, Ulf; Galvan, Juan D.; Mysterud, Atle; Krusic, Paul J.; Hulsmann, Lisa & Jenny, Hannes [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Horn growth variation and hunting selection of the Alpine ibex. Journal of Animal Ecology. ISSN 0021-8790. 87(4), s. 1069–1079. doi: 10.1111/1365-2656.12839. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Couriot, Ophélie; Hewison, A. J. Mark; Saïd, Sonia; Cagnacci, Francesca; Chamaillé-Jammes, Simon & Linnell, John Durrus [Vis alle 19 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Truly sedentary? The multi-range tactic as a response to resource heterogeneity and unpredictability in a large herbivore. Oecologia. ISSN 0029-8549. 187(1), s. 47–60. doi: 10.1007/s00442-018-4131-5. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rivrud, Inger Maren; Sivertsen, Therese Ramberg; Mysterud, Atle; Åhman, Birgitta; Støen, Ole-Gunnar & Skarin, Anna (2018). Reindeer green-wave surfing constrained by predators. Ecosphere. ISSN 2150-8925. 9(5). doi: 10.1002/ecs2.2210. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mysterud, Atle; Stigum, Vetle Malmer; Seland, Ingrid Vikingsdal; Herland, Anders; Easterday, William Ryan & Jore, Solveig [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Tick abundance, pathogen prevalence, and disease incidence in two contrasting regions at the northern distribution range of Europe. Parasites & Vectors. ISSN 1756-3305. 11. doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-2890-9. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Tucker, Marlee A.; Böhning-Gaese, Katrin; Fagan, William F.; Fryxell, John M.; Van Moorter, Bram & Alberts, Susan C. [Vis alle 115 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Moving in the Anthropocene: Global reductions in terrestrial mammalian movements. Science. ISSN 0036-8075. 359(6374), s. 466–469. doi: 10.1126/science.aam9712. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bischof, Richard; Bonenfant, Christophe; Rivrud, Inger Maren; Zedrosser, Andreas; Friebe, Andrea & Coulson, Tim [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Regulated hunting re-shapes the life history of brown bears. Nature Ecology and Evolution. ISSN 2397-334X. 2(1), s. 116–123. doi: 10.1038/s41559-017-0400-7. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Management of large carnivores is among the most controversial topics in natural resource administration. Regulated hunting is a centrepiece of many carnivore management programmes and, although a number of hunting effects on population dynamics, body-size distributions and life history in other wildlife have been observed, its effects on life history and demography of large carnivores remain poorly documented. We report results from a 30-year study of brown bears (Ursus arctos) analysed using an integrated hierarchical approach. Our study revealed that regulated hunting has severely disrupted the interplay between age-specific survival and environmental factors, altered the consequences of reproductive strategies, and changed reproductive values and life expectancy in a population of the world’s largest terrestrial carnivore. Protection and sustainable management have led to numerical recovery of several populations of large carnivores, but managers and policymakers should be aware of the extent to which regulated hunting may be influencing vital rates, thereby reshaping the life history of apex predators.

• Meisingset, Erling L.; Loe, Leif Egil; Brekkum, Øystein; Bischof, Richard; Rivrud, Inger Maren & Lande, Unni Støbet [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Spatial mismatch between management units and movement ecology of a partially migratory ungulate. Journal of Applied Ecology. ISSN 0021-8901. 55(2), s. 745–753. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.13003. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  1. Population-level management is difficult to achieve if wildlife routinely crosses administrative boundaries, as is particularly frequent for migratory populations. However, the degree of mismatch between management units and scales at which ecological processes operate has rarely been quantified. Such insight is vital for delimiting functional population units of partially migratory species common in northern forest ecosystems. 2. We combined an extensive dataset of 412 GPS-marked red deer (Cervus elaphus) across Norway with information on the size and borders of two administrative levels, the governmental level (municipality) and landowner level (local management units, LMUs), to determine the timing and scale of mismatch between animal space use and management units. We analysed how landscape characteristics affected the use of management units and the timing and likelihood of crossing borders between them, in an effort to delineate more appropriate units in various landscapes. 3. Median municipality size could potentially cover 70% of female and 62% of male annual ranges, while only 12% and 4% of LMUs were expansive enough to accommodate migratory routes in females and males, respectively. Red deer migrate along elevational gradients and are more likely to find both suitable lowland winter habitat and higher summer habitat within management units with variable topography. Consistent with this, the likelihood of border crossing decreased with increasing diversity of elevations. 4. Synthesis and applications. We demonstrate a considerable mismatch between animal space use and management units. Far-ranging movements and frequent administrative border crossings during autumn migration coincides with the period of active management (hunting season). Our study also highlights that, due to extensive movements of males, coordination of management aims may provide a more realistic avenue than increasing sizes of local management units. A more general insight is that the degree of mismatch between range use and management units depends on the season and landscape type. This needs to be accounted for when delimitating functional population units of migratory populations.

• Hertel, Anne Gabriela; Bischof, Richard; Langval, Ola; Mysterud, Atle; Kindberg, Jonas & Swenson, Jon [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Berry production drives bottom-up effects on body mass and reproductive success in an omnivore. Oikos. ISSN 0030-1299. 127(2), s. 197–207. doi: 10.1111/oik.04515. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Obligate herbivores dominate studies of the eff ects of climate change on mammals, however there is limited empirical evidence for how changes in the abundance or quality of plant food aff ect mammalian omnivores. Omnivores can exploit a range of diff erent food resources over the course of a year, but they often rely on seasonally restricted highly nutritious fruiting bodies during critical life stages. Brown bears Ursus arctos in Sweden are dependent on berries for fattening before entering hibernation. We used a ten-year time series to evaluate the eff ect of temperature and snow on annual variation in berry abundance and how this variation aff ected bears. We found marked interannual variation in berry production of bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus and lingonberry V. vitis-idaea , that we could attribute in part to temperature during plant dormancy and flowering and precipitation during fruit ripening. Both, autumn weights of female bears and spring weights of yearling bears increased linearly with bilberry abundance. When bilberry abundance was low, lightweight female bears had a lower reproductive success than females in better condition. Th is eff ect vanished when food abundance was above average, indicating that lightweight females could compensate for their initial weight during good bilberry years. Our study highlights the importance of considering individuals ’ dynamic responses to variation in food availability, which leave some more vulnerable to food shortage than others. Individual life-history heterogeneity in response to resource variation likely aff ects long-term population recruitment. Our fi ndings emphasize that Scandinavian bears can be dependent on a single food resource during a critical period of the year and are therefore less resilient to environmental change than expected for an omnivore. Future climate scenarios predict ambiguous trends for weather covariates that aff ected crucial stages of berry phenology, preventing a clear prognosis of how climate change may aff ect long-term bilberry production.

• Debeffe, Lucie Isabelle; Rivrud, Inger Maren; Brekkum, Øystein; Meisingset, Erling L. & Mysterud, Atle (2017). Implications of the forage maturation hypothesis for activity of partially migratory male and female deer . Ecosphere. ISSN 2150-8925. 8(12), s. 1–16. doi: 10.1002/ecs2.2050. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Partial migration is common in a large variety of taxa in seasonally variable environments. Understanding the mechanisms underlying migration is important, as migration affects individual fi tness. Migratory herbivores bene fi t from delayed forage maturation and hence higher food quality during migra- tion and at their summer range, termed the forage maturation hypothesis (FMH). The link between diet quality and rumination time allows migrants eating a higher quality diet to spend less time on rumination, and they can thus allocate more time to additional feeding. However, such an argument implicitly assumes that deer are energy maximizers, while studies have reported also time minimization strategies under risk of predation. Male and female distributions are limited by different factors linked to both body size differ- ences and reproductive strategies, but there is no study investigating differences in activity pattern accord- ing to the individual migratory patterns for male and female deer. We here unify the FMH with the hypotheses predicting sex-speci fi c time allocation strategies. To test predictions of sex-speci fi c activity of resident and migratory red deer ( Cervus elaphus ), we analyzed activity data of 286 individuals that were fi tted with GPS collars from a population in western Norway. While migrants were more active during the migration itself, we found no differences in activity pattern between migrant and resident deer during the main growth season, neither in terms of proportion of daily time active nor in terms of daily mean movement speed, thus rejecting that deer were energy maximizers. Overall, we found that females were more active during the main growth season even after controlling for body size differences. These patterns are consistent with patterns predicted from sexual segregation theory linked to the reproductive strategy hypothesis. Our study highlights how the understanding of migration can be advanced by considering it in the context of different reproductive strategies of males and females.

• Mysterud, Atle; Jore, Solveig; Østerås, Olav & Viljugrein, Hildegunn (2017). Emergence of tick-borne diseases at northern latitudes in Europe: a comparative approach. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 7. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-15742-6. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Büntgen, Ulf; Greuter, Lucie; Bollmann, Kurt; Jenny, Hannes; Liebhold, Andrew & Galván, J. Diego [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Elevational range shifts in four mountain ungulate species from the Swiss Alps. Ecosphere. ISSN 2150-8925. 8(4), s. 1–15. doi: 10.1002/ecs2.1761. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mysterud, Atle; Vike, Brit Karen; Meisingset, Erling L. & Rivrud, Inger Maren (2017). The role of landscape characteristics for forage maturation and nutritional benefits of migration in red deer. Ecology and Evolution. ISSN 2045-7758. 7(12), s. 4448–4455. doi: 10.1002/ece3.3006. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Large herbivores gain nutritional benefits from following the sequential flush of newly emergent, high- quality forage along environmental gradients in the landscape, termed green wave surfing. Which landscape characteristics underlie the environmental gradi-ent causing the green wave and to what extent landscape characteristics alone explain individual variation in nutritional benefits remain unresolved questions. Here, we com-bine GPS data from 346 red deer (Cervus elaphus) from four partially migratory popula-tions in Norway with the satellite- derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), an index of plant phenology. We quantify whether migratory deer had access to higher quality forage than resident deer, how landscape characteristics within sum-mer home ranges affected nutritional benefits, and whether differences in landscape characteristics could explain differences in nutritional gain between migratory and resident deer. We found that migratory red deer gained access to higher quality forage than resident deer but that this difference persisted even after controlling for land-scape characteristics within the summer home ranges. There was a positive effect of elevation on access to high- quality forage, but only for migratory deer. We discuss how the landscape an ungulate inhabits may determine its responses to plant phenol-ogy and also highlight how individual behavior may influence nutritional gain beyond the effect of landscape.

• Peters, Wibke Erika Brigitta; Hebblewhite, Mark; Mysterud, Atle; Spitz, Derek; Focardi, Stefano & Urbano, Ferdinando [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Migration in geographic and ecological space by a large herbivore. Ecological Monographs. ISSN 0012-9615. 87(2), s. 297–320. doi: 10.1002/ecm.1250. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Partial migration, when only part of the population migrates seasonally while the other part remains resident on the shared range, is the most common form of migration in ungulates. Migration is often defined by spatial separation of seasonal ranges and consequently, classification of individuals as migrants or residents is usually only based on geographic criteria. However, the underlying mechanism for migration is hypothesized to be movement in response to spatiotemporal resource variability and thus, migrants are assumed to travel an “ecological distance” (ED) or shift their realized ecological niches. While ecological and geographic distances should be related, their relationship may depend on landscape heterogeneity. Here, we tested the utility of ecological niche theory to both classify migratory individuals and to understand the underlying ecological factors for migratory behavior. We developed an integrative approach combining measures in geographic and ecological niche space and used this to classify and explain migratory behavior of 71 annual roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) movement trajectories in five European study areas. First, to assess the utility of the ED concept for classifying migratory behavior, we tested whether roe deer sought the same ecological conditions year-round or moved to different ecological conditions by measuring the annual ED travelled and the seasonal niche overlap using multivariate statistics. Comparing methods to classify migrants and residents based on geographic and ecological niche space, we found that migratory roe deer switched between seasons both in geographic and in ecological dimensions. Second, we tested which seasonal ecological factors separated resident from migrant niches using discriminant analysis and which broad-scale determinants (e.g., spatiotemporal forage variation and population density) predicted migration probability using generalized linear models. Our results indicated that factors describing forage and topographic variability discriminated seasonal migrant from resident niches. Determinants for predicting migration probability included the temporal variation (seasonality) and also the spatial variability of forage patches. Last, we also found suggestive evidence for a positive relationship between population density and migration probability. By applying the ecological niche concept to the study of partial migration in ungulates, our work underlines that partial migration is a form of behavioral plasticity. Key words: behavioral plasticity; Capreolus capreolus; ecological distance; large herbivores; niche switching; Normalized Difference Vegetation Index; partial migration; realized niche; spatiotemporal variation; ungulates

• Ossi, Federico; Gaillard, Jean Michel; Hebblewhite, Mark; Morellet, Nicolas; Ranc, Nathan & Sandfort, Robin [Vis alle 17 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Plastic response by a small cervid to supplemental feeding in winter across a wide environmental gradient. Ecosphere. ISSN 2150-8925. 8(1), s. 1–17. doi: 10.1002/ecs2.1629. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Apollonio, Marco; Belkin, Vladimir V.; Borkowski, Jakub; Borodin, Oleg I.; Borowik, Tomasz & Cagnacci, Fransesca [Vis alle 35 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Challenges and science-based implications for modern management and conservation of European ungulate populations. Mammal Research. ISSN 2199-2401. 62(3), s. 209–217. doi: 10.1007/s13364-017-0321-5. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Wildlife management systems face growing challenges to cope with increasingly complex interactions between wildlife populations, the environment and human activities. In this position statement, we address the most important issues characterising current ungulate conservation and management in Europe. We present some key points arising from ecological research that may be critical for a reassessment of ungulate management in the future. Ecosystem . Population sustainability . Science-basedmanagement .Wildlifemanagement .Adaptive management

Se alle arbeider i Cristin

• Rolandsen, Christer Moe; Davey, Marie Louise; Kleven, Oddmund; Ågren, Erik; Grøntvedt, Carl Andreas & Mysterud, Atle [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Kartlegging av villsvinets diett, bestandsstruktur og slektskap med genetiske metoder og individdata fra jakt og fallvilt.
• Rolandsen, Christer Moe; Andersen, Roy; Strand, Olav; Solberg, Erling Johan; Meisingset, Erling L. & Mysterud, Atle [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Hardangervidda og Setesdal. GPS merking av villrein, elg og hjort.
• Rolandsen, Christer Moe; Kleven, Oddmund; Davey, Marie Louise; Mysterud, Atle; Odden, John & Rosvold, Jørgen (2021). Kartlegging av villsvinets diett, bestandsstruktur og slektskap med genetiske metoder og individdata fra jakt og fallvilt.
• Rolandsen, Christer Moe; Andersen, Roy; Strand, Olav; Solberg, Erling Johan; Meisingset, Erling L. & Mysterud, Atle (2021). Hardangervidda og Setesdal – GPS merking av villrein, elg og hjort.
• Meisingset, Erling L.; Rolandsen, Christer Moe; Andersen, Roy; Strand, Olav; Solberg, Erling Johan & Mysterud, Atle [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). GPS merking av hjort, elg og villrein i Nordfjella regionen og Hardangervidda.
• Mysterud, Atle; Rolandsen, Christer Moe & Tranulis, Michael A. (2021). Behov for helhetlig forskning på skrantesyke. . Nationen. ISSN 0805-3782.
• Mysterud, Atle & Tranulis, Michael A. (2021). Skrantesyke hos villrein - usikker forekomst vil prege forvaltningen i år framover. Nationen. ISSN 0805-3782.
• Mysterud, Atle & Tranulis, Michael A. (2021). Skrantesyke som forventet i Nordfjella. Nationen. ISSN 0805-3782.
• Mysterud, Atle & Holthe, Vidar (2021). Hva betyr innmarka for hjorten - og hjorten for innmarka? Nationen. ISSN 0805-3782.
• Kauffman, Matthew J.; Cagnacci, Francesca; Chamaillé-Jammes, Simon; Hebblewhite, Mark; Hopcraft, J. Grant C. & Merkle, Jerod A. [Vis alle 54 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Mapping out a future for ungulate migrations. Limited mapping of migrations hampers conservation. Science. ISSN 0036-8075. 372(6542), s. 566–569. doi: 10.1126/science.abf0998.
• Atmeh, Kamal; Loison, Anne; Morellet, Nicolas; Hewison, A. J. Mark; Marchand, P. & Garel, Mathieu [Vis alle 14 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Tell me how large ungulates move - I will tell you how they mate and reproduce.
• Viljugrein, Hildegunn; Jore, Solveig & Mysterud, Atle (2018). Emergence of tick-borne diseases at Northern latitudes in Europe: a comparative approach.
• Hopp, Petter; Viljugrein, Hildegunn; Benestad, Sylvie Lafond; Våge, Jørn; Rolandsen, Christer Moe & Mysterud, Atle (2018). Evaluating freedom of chronic wasting disease in wild reindeer populations accounting for differential sensitivity during the course of infection .
• Mysterud, Atle; Linnell, John Durrus & Odden, John (2018). Pattedyrene beveger seg mye mindre nær folk. Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.). ISSN 0804-3116.
• Mysterud, Atle; Tranulis, Michael A. & Røed, Knut (2018). Skrantesyke hos villrein går ikke over av seg selv. Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.). ISSN 0804-3116.
• Mysterud, Atle; Kjørstad, Morten Andre; Meisingset, Erling L.; Rolandsen, Christer Moe; Solberg, Erling Johan & Strand, Olav (2018). Derfor merker vi dyr med GPS. Hjorteviltet. ISSN 1502-3729. 28, s. 20–23.
• Mysterud, Atle; Kjørstad, Morten Andre; Meisingset, Erling L.; Rolandsen, Christer Moe; Solberg, Erling Johan & Strand, Olav (2018). Merking gir verdifull informasjon. Nationen. ISSN 0805-3782.
• Ytrehus, Bjørnar; Hansen, Helge; Kapperud, Georg; Mysterud, Atle; Solberg, Erling Johan & Strand, Olav [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). The background for the management of CWD in Norway – scientific reasoning with high degree of uncertainty.
• Mysterud, Atle & Rolandsen, Christer Moe (2018). A reindeer cull to prevent chronic wasting disease in Europe. Nature Ecology and Evolution. ISSN 2397-334X. s. 1–3. doi: 10.1038/s41559-018-0616-1.
• Munkelien, Fredrik & Mysterud, Atle (2017). The distribution of small mammals and its relationship with ticks in two coastal areas of Norway through a population cycle.
• Mysterud, Atle; Viljugrein, Hildegunn & Meisingset, Erling L. (2017). Hjortedyr, flått og Lyme borreliose. Hjorteviltet. ISSN 1502-3729. 22, s. 18–21.
• Mysterud, Atle; Viljugrein, Hildegunn; Hopp, Petter; Rolandsen, Christer Moe & Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland (2017). Utbruddet av skrantesyke er et tidsskille i norsk naturforvaltning. Aftenposten Viten. ISSN 2464-3033.
• Hopp, Petter; Mysterud, Atle; Benestad, Sylvie Lafond; Vikøren, Turid & Viljugrein, Hildegunn (2017). Skrantesyke. Resultater av overvåkingen 2016.
• Austrheim, Gunnar; Berger, Victoria; Daverdin, Marc; Gebreyohanis, Winta Berhie; Kolstad, Anders Lorentzen & Speed, James David Mervyn [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). SustHerb - towards sustainable herbivore management.
• Rød-Eriksen, Lars; Hildebrand, Aniko; Meås, Roger; Gudmundsson, Aron Freyr; Mysterud, Atle & Rolandsen, Christer Moe (2021). Observasjoner av hjortedyr ved sperregjerder langs fylkesveg 50 og riksveg 52 i Nordfjella. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 978-82-426-4797-9. Vis sammendrag

  Våren 2016 ble det oppdaget skrantesjuke (CWD) hos ei reinsimle i Nordfjella villreinområde sone 1. Som del av bekjempelsen av sykdommen ble hele delbestanden i Nordfjella sone 1 på drøyt 2000 rein utryddet i 2017 og 2018. Det er innført en rekke tiltak og en brakkleggingsperiode av sone 1 på minimum 5 år med overordnet mål å hindre potensiell smitteoverføring fra miljøet til hjortedyr. Sperregjerder langs henholdsvis fv. 50 gjennom Hol og Aurland kommuner (9,4 km), og rv. 52 gjennom Hemsedal og Lærdal kommuner (25,2 km) er et tiltak som er iverksatt for å hindre geografisk spredning av skrantesjuke mellom bestander av reinsdyr. Effektiviteten i bruk av sperregjerder til dette formålet er i liten grad vitenskapelig dokumentert. I denne rapporten presenterer vi resultatene fra en undersøkelse med intensjonen om å evaluere og dokumentere effekten av sperregjerdene ved hjelp av viltkameraovervåking og snømålinger i perioden 2018-2021, samt andre opplysninger om observasjoner av rein nær gjerdene og i Nordfjella sone 1 etter at bestanden ble utryddet i 2018. Det ble montert 20 viltkamera på hver av gjerdestrekningene, med til sammen 20000 overvå-kingsdøgn i studieperioden. Kameraovervåking, snømålinger og inspeksjoner antyder at gjerdene kan bidra til å holde rein ut av sone 1 i snøfrie perioder på året, men at store snømengder om vinteren gjør at en stor andel av gjerdestrekningene ikke utgjør noen effektiv barriere for å hindre kryssing av rein eller andre større dyr. Utfordringen med nedsnødde gjerder om vinteren har vært forsøkt utbedret, for eksempel ved at det på enkelte strekninger er montert forlengere (skjøtestolper) med topptråd/sperrebånd. Vi har ingen data på hvordan disse forlengerne har fungert. Uten forlengerne var den opprinnelige høyden på gjerdene omkring 1,6 meter, med litt variasjon grunnet terrengforskjeller. Dette er en vanlig høyde for gjerder brukt i reindrift, men høyere gjerder vil trolig være mer effektive. Denne undersøkelsen og inspeksjoner gjort av Mat-tilsynet (rv. 52) og Aurland fjellstyre (fv. 50) har dokumentert at utbedringer har vært nødvendig og at gjerdene krever jevnlig vedlikehold for at de skal fungere som tiltenkt. Det er i løpet av perioden blitt gjort enkelte observasjoner av rein innenfor sperregjerdet i Nordfjella sone 1. Disse tilfellene har blitt godt dokumentert, og de skyldes i hovedsak mindre flokker eller enkeltdyr som har tatt seg inn rundt gjerdeendene eller gjennom hull eller svakheter i gjerdet. Reinsdyrene har i disse tilfellene enten blitt drevet ut av Nordfjella sone 1, eller avlivet. Unntaket fra dette er en hendelse høsten 2021, hvor det ikke er kjent (pr. 20. oktober 2021) hvor ei simle og en kalv ble av etter siste observasjon inne i sone 1 19.08.21. Gjerdene ble bygget med tanke på å hindre tamrein fra Filefjell (rv. 52) og villrein fra Nordfjella sone 2 (fv. 50) å bevege seg inn i Nordfjella sone 1. Gjerdene har derfor ikke vært til hinder for at andre hjortedyr vandrer inn i Nordfjella sone 1 fra andre kanter. Det er derfor som forventet at bildene av andre hjortedyr har vært fra begge sider av gjerdene. Dette inkluderer eksempler på at en elg har hop-pet over, og en hjort som kryper under gjerdet langs rv. 52. Dette viser at det kan være vanskelig å bygge gjerder som effektivt hindrer større dyr å krysse. Antall observasjoner av hjortedyr avtok med økende høyde over havet. Denne undersøkelsen har generert kunnskap som er relevant for den kommende prosessen med reetablering av villrein i Nordfjella sone 1. Kunnskapen viser at det ikke er mulig å unngå risiko for blanding av rein utenfor og innenfor Nordfjella sone 1 kun ved bruk av sperregjerdene. Forbedringer av sperregjerdene, blant annet gjennom undersøkelser rundt optimal plassering av sperregjerdene i forhold til veier, bør vurderes sammen med eventuelle andre tiltak. Nordfjella Hjortedyr Villrein Viltkamera Skrantesjuke CWD

• Rolandsen, Christer Moe; Våge, Jørn; Hopp, Petter; Benestad, Sylvie L.; Viljugrein, Hildegunn & Solberg, Erling Johan [Vis alle 16 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Kartlegging og overvåking av skrantesjuke (Chronic Wasting Disease - CWD) 2020. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 978-82-426-4761-0.
• Rolandsen, Christer Moe; Våge, Jørn; Hopp, Petter; Benestad, Sylvie Lafond; Viljugrein, Hildegunn & Solberg, Erling Johan [Vis alle 17 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Kartlegging og overvåking av skrantesjuke (Chronic Wasting Disease - CWD) 2016-2019. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA)/Veterinærinstituttet. ISSN 978-82-426-4577-7.
• Rivrud, Inger Maren; Rolandsen, Christer Moe; Rauset, Geir Rune; Kvasnes, Mikkel Andreas Jørnsøn; Mysterud, Atle & Solberg, Erling Johan (2020). Hjorteviltpåkjørsler i Norge: Årsaksforhold, lokalisering, risiko og datakvalitet. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 978-82-426-4564-7.
• Andersen, Oddgeir; Rolandsen, Christer Moe; Kaltenborn, Bjørn Petter & Mysterud, Atle (2020). Befolkningens vurdering av myndighetenes tiltak mot skrantesjuke. Resultater fra en spørreundersøkelse knyttet til uttaket av villreinstammen i Nordfjella sone 1. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 978-82-426-3397-2.
• Rolandsen, Christer Moe; Våge, Jørn; Hopp, Petter; Benestad, Sylvie Lafond; Viljugrein, Hildegunn & Solberg, Erling Johan [Vis alle 16 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Kartlegging av skrantesjuke (CWD) i 2016-2018. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA)/Veterinærinstituttet. ISSN 978-82-426-3461-0.
• Solberg, Erling Johan; Rivrud, Inger Maren; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland; Veiberg, Vebjørn; Rolandsen, Christer Moe & Meisingset, Erling L. [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Bestandsreduksjon av elg og hjort i Nordfjella-regionen i perioden 2019-2020. Forslag til avskytingsstrategier. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 978-82-426-3413-9. Vis sammendrag

• Ytrehus, Bjørnar; Grahek-Ogden, Danica; Strand, Olav; Tranulis, Michael A.; Mysterud, Atle & Aspholm, Marina [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Factors that can contribute to spread of CWD – an update on the situation in Nordfjella, Norway. Opinion of the Panel on biological hazards of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM). ISSN 978-82-8259-316-8.
• Rolandsen, Christer Moe; Våge, Jørn; Hopp, Petter; Benestad, Sylvie Lafond; Mysterud, Atle & Viljugrein, Hildegunn [Vis alle 17 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Kartlegging av skrantesjuke (CWD) i 2016 og 2017. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 978-82-426-3260-9. 1522(1522).
• Kjørstad, Morten Andre; Bøthun, Siri; Gundersen, Vegard; Holand, Øystein; Madslien, Knut & Mysterud, Atle [Vis alle 14 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Miljøkvalitetsnorm for villrein. Forslag fra en ekspertgruppe. Norsk instituttt for naturforskning. ISSN 978-82-426-3131-2. 1400(1400). Vis sammendrag

  Bakgrunn og oppdrag Miljødirektoratet har etter oppdrag fra Klima- og miljødepartementet (KLD) oppnevnt en uav- hengig ekspertgruppe for utvikling av en miljøkvalitetsnorm for villrein. Norge er pålagt et spesielt internasjonalt ansvar for bevaring av villrein. Det overordnede målet er at villreinen, og de 23 ulike delbestandene, forvaltes på en slik måte at internasjonale forpliktelser overholdes, og at nasjonale målsettinger om ivaretagelse av levedyktige bestander innen økologisk fungerende leveområder nås (naturmangfoldloven § 5). Villreinen er en krevende art å forvalte. Den har en tilpasning til ekstremt vekslende sesongmes- sige beiteforhold som innebærer en ekstensiv arealbruk. Vinterstid innebærer det beiting på sår- bare og seintvoksende lavressurser. Det sesongmessige trekket mellom ulike beiteområder skjer i et fjellandskap der tilgjengelig areal blir stadig mindre og mer oppdelt hovedsakelig pga. økende grad av menneskelige inngrep og forstyrrelser. Forvaltningen av villreinen har derfor hovedsa- kelig handlet om a) å balansere reinstammen i forhold til de naturlige beiteressurser gjennom bestandsforvaltning og jakt, og b) å sikre villreinen leveområder i konkurranse med infrastruktur og ferdsel gjennom arealforvaltning. Villreinforvaltningen påvirker og påvirkes derfor av energi-, nærings- og infrastrukturutvikling samt nye rekreasjonstrender i bruk av fjellområdene. I tillegg står vi ovenfor nye utfordringer som klimaendringer og utbrudd av sykdommer. Ekspertgruppa har vurdert kunnskapsgrunnlaget om villrein generelt og for de 23 villreinområ- dene, samt identifisert måleparametere for tilstand og påvirkningsfaktorer. Klassifiseringssystem I ekspertgruppas mandat ble det understreket at klassifiseringssystemet for miljøkvalitetsnormen ikke burde være mer komplisert enn nødvendig. Det ble enighet om en tredelt skala (God, Mid- dels og Dårlig) med en fargeangivelse og -betydning med en klar «trafikklysanalogi». En finere inndeling ville gitt inntrykk av en større presisjonsgrad og detaljkunnskap enn det ekspertgruppa fant støtte for. Det påpekes at det bør gjøres vurderinger av usikkerhet knyttet både til begrenset kunnskap og naturlig variasjon, særlig i tilfeller der man havner i overgangen mellom Middels og Dårlig tilstand. TABELL NØKKELORD : villrein, miljøkvalitetsnorm, forvaltning, måleparametere, slaktevekt, eldre bukker, kalveproduksjon, genetisk variasjon, meldepliktig sykdom, lavbeiter, menneskelig påvirkning, fokus-område, funksjonsområde KEY WORDS : wild reindeer, environmental quality standard, management, measurement parameters, body mass, calf production, adult males, genetic diversity, notifiable diseases, lichen pastures, human disturbance, focal areas, functional areas

• Hansen, Helge; Kapperud, Georg; Mysterud, Atle; Solberg, Erling Johan; Strand, Olav & Tranulis, Michael A. [Vis alle 19 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). CWD in Norway – a state of emergency for the future of cervids (Phase II). Opinion of the panel on Biological Hazards. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). ISSN 978-82-8259-266-6. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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