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Fagfellebedømte artikkelpublikasjoner:

Harder, C.B. and Aanen, D.K. (2009):”Unilateral nuclear migration in Basidiomycetes: Pheromone interaction, genomic conflicts and mating type reversion”. Fungal Biology Reviews 23 (1-2) pp. 48 – 54.

Harder, C.B, Læssøe, T., Kjøller, R. and Frøslev, T.G. (2010):”A comparison between ITS phylogenetic relationships and morphological species recognition within Mycena sect. Calodontes in Northern Europe“. Mycological Progress 9, pp. 395-405.

Harder, C. B., Lodge, D. J., Petersen, R. H., Hughes, K. W., Blanco, J. C., Frøslev, T. G. and Læssøe, T. (2012): Amyloidity is not diagnostic for species in the Mycena pearsoniana complex (Mycena sectio Calodontes). Mycological Progress 11, pp. 725-32.

Harder, C.B, Læssøe, T., Frøslev, T.G, Ekelund, F., Rosendahl, S., and Kjøller, R. (2013):A three-gene phylogeny of the Mycena pura complex reveals 11 phylogenetic species and shows ITS to be unreliable for species identification. Fungal Biology 117(11), 764-75.

Harder, C.B, Karpov, S.A. and Ekelund, F. (2014): “Ultrastructure, molecular phylogeny and taxonomy of bicosoecids (Heterokonta) with new taxa descriptions Regin rotiferus gen. et sp. nov. and Otto terricolus gen. et sp. nov.” Protist, 165(2), 144-160.

Albers, C.N., Ellegaard-Jensen, L., Harder, C.B., Rosendahl, S., Knudsen,B.E., Ekelund, F., Aamand, J.(2015) :Groundwater chemistry determines the prokaryotic communty structure of waterworks sand filters. Environmental Science & Technology 49, 839-46.

Ekelund, F.; Harder, C. B.; Knudsen, B. E.; Aamand, J (2015). Aminobacter MSH1-mineralisation of BAM in Sand-Filters Depends on Biological Diversity. PLoS One 10 (6), e0128838.

Harder C.B., Rønn, R. Brejnrod A., Bass, D. al-Soud, A, and Ekelund, F. (2016).: Local diversity of heathland Cercozoa explored by in-depth sequencing. The ISME journal, doi:10.1038/ismej.2016.31.

• Harder, Christoffer Bugge; Miyuachi, Shingo; Virágh, Máté; Kuo, Alan; Thoen, Ella & Andreopoulos, Bill [Vis alle 28 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Extreme overall mushroom genome expansion in Mycena s.s. irrespective of plant hosts or substrate specializations. Cell Genomics. 4(7), s. 1–16. doi: 10.1016/j.xgen.2024.100586. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Mycena s.s. is a ubiquitous mushroom genus whose members degrade multiple dead plant substrates and opportunistically invade living plant roots. Having sequenced the nuclear genomes of 24 Mycena species, we find them to defy the expected patterns for fungi based on both their traditionally perceived saprotrophic ecology and substrate specializations. Mycena displayed massive genome expansions overall affecting all gene families, driven by novel gene family emergence, gene duplications, enlarged secretomes encoding polysaccharide degradation enzymes, transposable element (TE) proliferation, and horizontal gene transfers. Mainly due to TE proliferation, Arctic Mycena species display genomes of up to 502 Mbp (2–8× the temperate Mycena), the largest among mushroom-forming Agaricomycetes, indicating a possible evolutionary convergence to genomic expansions sometimes seen in Arctic plants. Overall, Mycena show highly unusual, varied mosaic-like genomic structures adaptable to multiple lifestyles, providing genomic illustration for the growing realization that fungal niche adaptations can be far more fluid than traditionally believed.

• Sahu, Neha; Indic, Boris; Wong-Bajracharya, Johanna; Merényi, Zsolt; Ke, Huei-Mien & Ahrendt, Steven [Vis alle 34 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Vertical and horizontal gene transfer shaped plant colonization and biomass degradation in the fungal genus Armillaria. Nature Microbiology. 8(9), s. 1668–1681. doi: 10.1038/s41564-023-01448-1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The fungal genus Armillaria contains necrotrophic pathogens and some of the largest terrestrial organisms that cause tremendous losses in diverse ecosystems, yet how they evolved pathogenicity in a clade of dominantly non-pathogenic wood degraders remains elusive. Here we show that Armillaria species, in addition to gene duplications and de novo gene origins, acquired at least 1,025 genes via 124 horizontal gene transfer events, primarily from Ascomycota. Horizontal gene transfer might have affected plant biomass degrading and virulence abilities of Armillaria, and provides an explanation for their unusual, soft rot-like wood decay strategy. Combined multi-species expression data revealed extensive regulation of horizontally acquired and wood-decay related genes, putative virulence factors and two novel conserved pathogenicity-induced small secreted proteins, which induced necrosis in planta. Overall, this study details how evolution knitted together horizontally and vertically inherited genes in complex adaptive traits of plant biomass degradation and pathogenicity in important fungal pathogens.

• Harder, Christoffer Bugge; Hesling, Emily; Botnen, Synnøve Smebye; Lorberau, Kelsey; Dima, Bálint & Bonsdorff-Salminen, Tea von [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Mycena species can be opportunist-generalist plant root invaders. Environmental Microbiology. ISSN 1462-2912. 25(10), s. 1875–1893. doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.16398. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Traditional strict separation of fungi into ecological niches as mutualist, parasite or saprotroph is increasingly called into question. Sequences of assumed saprotrophs have been amplified from plant root interiors, and several saprotrophic genera can invade and interact with host plants in laboratory growth experiments. However, it is uncertain if root invasion by saprotrophic fungi is a widespread phenomenon and if laboratory interactions mirror field conditions. Here, we focused on the widespread and speciose saprotrophic genus Mycena and performed (1) a systematic survey of their occurrences (in ITS1/ITS2 datasets) in mycorrhizal roots of 10 plant species, and (2) an analysis of natural abundances of ¹³C/¹⁵N stable isotope signatures of Mycena basidiocarps from five field locations to examine their trophic status. We found that Mycena was the only saprotrophic genus consistently found in 9 out of 10 plant host roots, with no indication that the host roots were senescent or otherwise vulnerable. Furthermore, Mycena basidiocarps displayed isotopic signatures consistent with published ¹³C/¹⁵N profiles of both saprotrophic and mutualistic lifestyles, supporting earlier laboratory-based studies. We argue that Mycena are widespread latent invaders of healthy plant roots and that Mycena species may form a spectrum of interactions besides saprotrophy also in the field.

• Thoen, Ella; Harder, Christoffer Bugge; Kauserud, Håvard; Botnen, Synnøve Smebye; Vik, Unni & Taylor, Andy F.S. [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). In vitro evidence of root colonization suggests ecological versatility in the genus Mycena. New Phytologist. ISSN 0028-646X. 227, s. 601–612. doi: 10.1111/nph.16545. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  - The root‐associated habit has evolved on numerous occasions in different fungal lineages, suggesting a strong evolutionary pressure for saprotrophic fungi to switch to symbiotic associations with plants. Species within the ubiquitous, saprotrophic genus Mycena are frequently major components in molecular studies of root‐associated fungal communities, suggesting that an evaluation of their trophic status is warranted. Here, we report on interactions between a range of Mycena species and the plant Betula pendula. - In all, 17 Mycena species were inoculated onto B. pendula seedlings. Physical interactions between hyphae and fine roots were examined using differential staining and fluorescence microscopy. Physiological interactions were investigated using 14C and 32P to show potential transfer between symbionts. - All Mycena species associated closely with fine roots, showing hyphal penetration into the roots, which in some cases were intracellular. Seven species formed mantle‐like structures around root tips, but none formed a Hartig net. Mycena pura and Mycena galopus both enhanced seedling growth, with M. pura showing significant transfer of 32P to the seedlings. - Our results support the view that several Mycena species can associate closely with plant roots and some may potentially occupy a transitional state between saprotrophy and biotrophy.

• Harder, Christoffer Bugge; Rønn, Regin; Brejnrod, Asker; Bass, David; Al-Soud, Waleed Abu & Ekelund, Flemming (2016). Local diversity of heathland Cercozoa explored by in-depth sequencing. The ISME Journal. ISSN 1751-7362. 10(10), s. 2488–2497. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2016.31. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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