Martin Malmstrøm

• Velle, Gaute; Edsman, Lennart; Evangelista, Charlotte; Johnsen, Stein Ivar; Malmstrøm, Martin; Vrålstad, Trude; de Boer, Hugo; Eldegard, Katrine; Hindar, Kjetil; Hole, Lars Robert; Kausrud, Kyrre Linné; Järnegren, Johanna; Måren, Inger Elisabeth; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland; Rueness, Eli Knispel; Thorstad, Eva Bonsak & Nielsen, Anders (2021). Assessment of the risk to Norwegian biodiversity from import and keeping of crustaceans in freshwater aquaria. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM Report.  ISSN 2535-4019.  2021(02), s 1- 377
• Hindar, Kjetil; Hole, Lars Robert; Kausrud, Kyrre Linné; Malmstrøm, Martin; Rimstad, Espen; Robertson, Lucy; Sandlund, Odd Terje; Thorstad, Eva Bonsak; Vollset, Knut; de Boer, Hugo; Eldegard, Katrine; Järnegren, Johanna; Kirkendall, Lawrence Richard; Måren, Inger Elisabeth; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland; Rueness, Eli Knispel; Nielsen, Anders & Velle, Gaute (2020). Assessment of the risk to Norwegian biodiversity and aquaculture from pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM Report.  ISSN 2535-4019.  2020(01), s 1- 157 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Key words: VKM, risk assessment, Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment, Norwegian Environment Agency, Norwegian Food Safety Authority Introduction: The Norwegian Environment Agency and the Norwegian Food Safety Authority asked the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment to assess the risk to Norwegian biodiversity, to the productivity of native salmonid populations, and to aquaculture, from the spread and establishment of pink salmon in Norwegian rivers, and to assess mitigation measures to prevent the spread and establishment of this alien species. Pink salmon is native to rivers around the northern Pacific Ocean. The species usually has a strict two-year life cycle, with populations spawning in even and odd years being genetically isolated. Fertilized eggs of pink salmon were transferred from Sakhalin Island to Northwest Russia in the late 1950s, and fry were released in rivers draining to the White Sea. The first abundant return to rivers in Northwest Russia, as well as to Norway and other countries in northwestern Europe, was recorded in 1960. Stocking with fish from Sakhalin was terminated in 1979. By then, no self-sustaining populations had been established. From 1985 onwards, stocking in White Sea rivers was resumed with fish from rivers in the more northerly Magadan oblast on the Russian Pacific, resulting in the establishment of reproducing populations. Stocking was continued until 1999, when the last batch of evenyear fertilized eggs was imported, and the fry released in spring 2000. Thus, all pink salmon caught after 2001 in the Northeast Atlantic and the Atlantic side of the Arctic Ocean including the Barents Sea, as well as in rivers draining into these seas, are the result of reproduction in the wild. Pink salmon is now established with abundant and increasing stocks in Northwest Russia and regular occurrence in rivers in eastern Finnmark. Catches of odd-year adult pink salmon in Northwest Russia were usually below 100 tonnes before 2001 and increased to an annual average of 220.5 tonnes during the period 2001-2017. Even-year returns are smaller than odd-year returns both in Northwest Russia and in Norway. The number of pink salmon recorded in Norwegian rivers peaked in 2017, with a high number of fish in eastern Finnmark, and substantial numbers recorded in rivers all along the coast of Norway and in other European countries. In 2019, the area with abundant returns expanded in comparison with 2017, to include rivers in western Finnmark and Troms. The recorded numbers were perhaps lower in southern Norway in 2017 than in 2019 (full statistics not available when this report was finalised), but also in southern Norway there were more pink salmon in 2019 than in any year before 2017. The large numbers of pink salmon in western Finnmark and Troms in 2019 may indicate an expansion of the area in Norway with abundant odd-year pink salmon returns. In some small rivers in eastern Finnmark, between 1000 and 1500 pink salmon were fished out by local people in 2019, demonstrating the magnitude of the potential impact in terms of numbers of pink salmon. We cannot rule out that this will not happen over larger parts of Norway in the coming years. The even-year strain of pink salmon only occurs in low numbers in Russian rivers, as well as Norwegian, rivers. Adult pink salmon enter the rivers from early July, and spawning occurs in AugustSeptember. Spawning habitat requirements are like those of native salmonids: Atlantic salmon, brown trout, and Arctic charr. Spawning of pink salmon occurs earlier than the native salmonids, but observations in 2019 indicate a possible overlap with native salmonids in September in northern Norway. . Pink salmon eggs hatch in late winter or spring, and the alevins remain in the gravel until most of the yolk sac has been resorbed. Emerging fry are approximately 30 mm in length. ...................

• Musilova, Zuzana; Cortesi, Fabio; Matschiner, Michael; Davies, Wayne I. L.; Patel, Jagdish Suresh; Stieb, Sara M.; De Busserolles, Fanny; Malmstrøm, Martin; Tørresen, Ole K.; Brown, Celeste J.; Mountford, Jessica K.; Hanel, Reinhold; Stenkamp, Deborah L.; Jakobsen, Kjetill Sigurd; Carleton, Karen L.; Jentoft, Sissel; Marshall, Justin & Salzburger, Walter (2019). Vision using multiple distinct rod opsins in deep-sea fishes. Science.  ISSN 0036-8075.  364(6440), s 588- 592 . doi: 10.1126/science.aav4632
• Malmstrøm, Martin; Britz, Ralf; Matschiner, Michael; Tørresen, Ole K.; Hadiaty, Renny Kurnia; Yaakob, Norsham; Tan, Heok Hui; Jakobsen, Kjetill Sigurd; Salzburger, Walter & Rüber, Lukas (2018). The Most Developmentally Truncated Fishes Show Extensive Hox Gene Loss and Miniaturized Genomes. Genome Biology and Evolution (GBE).  ISSN 1759-6653.  10(4), s 1088- 1103 . doi: 10.1093/gbe/evy058 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Baalsrud, Helle Tessand; Voje, Kjetil L.; Tørresen, Ole Kristian; Solbakken, Monica Hongrø; Matschiner, Michael; Malmstrøm, Martin; Hanel, Reinhold; Salzburger, Walter; Jakobsen, Kjetill Sigurd & Jentoft, Sissel (2017). Evolution of Hemoglobin Genes in Codfishes Influenced by Ocean Depth. Scientific Reports.  ISSN 2045-2322.  7, s 1- 10 . doi: doi:10.1038/s41598-017-08286-2 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Understanding the genetic basis of adaptation is one of the main enigmas of evolutionary biology. Among vertebrates, hemoglobin has been well documented as a key trait for adaptation to different environments. Here, we investigate the role of hemoglobins in adaptation to ocean depth in the diverse teleost order Gadiformes, with species distributed at a wide range of depths varying in temperature, hydrostatic pressure and oxygen levels. Using genomic data we characterized the full hemoglobin (Hb) gene repertoire for subset of species within this lineage. We discovered a correlation between expanded numbers of Hb genes and ocean depth, with the highest numbers in species occupying shallower, epipelagic regions. Moreover, we demonstrate that the Hb genes have functionally diverged through diversifying selection. Our results suggest that the more variable environment in shallower water has led to selection for a larger Hb gene repertoire and that Hbs have a key role in adaptive processes in marine environments.

• Malmstrøm, Martin; Matschiner, Michael; Tørresen, Ole Kristian; Jakobsen, Kjetill Sigurd & Jentoft, Sissel (2017). Whole genome sequencing data and de novo draft assemblies for 66 teleost species. Scientific Data.  ISSN 2052-4463.  4, s 1- 13 . doi: 10.1038/sdata.2016.132 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Gante, Hugo F; Matschiner, Michael; Malmstrøm, Martin; Jakobsen, Kjetill Sigurd; Jentoft, Sissel & Salzburger, Walter (2016). Genomics of speciation and introgression in Princess cichlid fishes from Lake Tanganyika. Molecular Ecology.  ISSN 0962-1083.  25(24), s 6143- 6161 . doi: 10.1111/mec.13767 Vis sammendrag

  How variation in the genome translates into biological diversity and new species originate has endured as the mystery of mysteries in evolutionary biology. African cichlid fishes are prime model systems to address speciation-related questions for their remarkable taxonomic and phenotypic diversity, and the possible role of gene flow in this process. Here, we capitalize on genome sequencing and phylogenomic analyses to address the relative impacts of incomplete lineage sorting, introgression and hybrid speciation in the Neolamprologus savoryi-complex (the ‘Princess cichlids’) from Lake Tanganyika. We present a time-calibrated species tree based on whole-genome sequences and provide strong evidence for incomplete lineage sorting in the early phases of diversification and multiple introgression events affecting different stages. Importantly, we find that the Neolamprologus chromosomes show centre-to-periphery biases in nucleotide diversity, sequence divergence, GC content, incomplete lineage sorting and rates of introgression, which are likely modulated by recombination density and linked selection. The detection of heterogeneous genomic landscapes has strong implications on the genomic mechanisms involved in speciation. Collinear chromosomal regions can be protected from gene flow and harbour incompatibility genes if they reside in lowly recombining regions, and coupling can evolve between nonphysically linked genomic regions (chromosome centres in particular). Simultaneously, higher recombination towards chromosome peripheries makes these more dynamic, evolvable regions where adaptation polymorphisms have a fertile ground. Hence, differences in genome architecture could explain the levels of taxonomic and phenotypic diversity seen in taxa with collinear genomes and might have contributed to the spectacular cichlid diversity observed today.

• Malmstrøm, Martin; Matschiner, Michael; Tørresen, Ole Kristian; Star, Bastiaan; Snipen, Lars-Gustav; Hansen, Thomas F; Baalsrud, Helle Tessand; Nederbragt, Alexander Johan; Hanel, Reinhold; Salzburger, Walter; Stenseth, Nils Christian; Jakobsen, Kjetill Sigurd & Jentoft, Sissel (2016). Evolution of the immune system influences speciation rates in teleost fishes. Nature Genetics.  ISSN 1061-4036.  48(10), s 1204- 1210 . doi: 10.1038/ng.3645 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Cortesi, Fabio; Musilováa, Zuzana; Stieb, Sara M.; Hart, Nathan S.; Siebeck, Ulrike E.; Malmstrøm, Martin; Tørresen, Ole Kristian; Jentoft, Sissel; Cheney, Karen L.; Marshall, N. Justin; Carleton, Karen L. & Salzburger, Walter (2015). Ancestral duplications and highly dynamic opsin gene evolution in percomorph fishes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.  ISSN 0027-8424.  112(5), s 1493- 1498 . doi: 10.1073/pnas.1417803112
• Malmstrøm, Martin; Jentoft, Sissel; Gregers, Tone Fredsvik & Jakobsen, Kjetill Sigurd (2013). Unraveling the Evolution of the Atlantic Cod’s (Gadus morhua L.) Alternative Immune Strategy. PLOS ONE.  ISSN 1932-6203.  8(9) . doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074004 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Star, Bastiaan; Nederbragt, Alexander Johan; Jentoft, Sissel; Grimholt, Unni; Malmstrøm, Martin; Gregers, Tone Fredsvik; Rounge, Trine Ballestad; Paulsen, Jonas; Solbakken, Monica Hongrø; Sharma, Animesh; Wetten, Ola Frang; Lanzén, Anders; Winer, Roger; Knight, James; Vogel, Jan-Hinnerk; Aken, Bronwen; Andersen, Øivind; Lagesen, Karin; Tooming-Klunderud, Ave; Edvardsen, Rolf; Kirubakaran, G. Tina; Espelund, Mari; Nepal, Chirag; Previti, A. Christopher; Karlsen, Bård Ove; Moum, Truls; Skage, Morten; Berg, Paul Ragnar; Gjøen, Tor; Kuhl, Heiner; Thorsen, Jim; Malde, Ketil; Reinhardt, Richard; Du, Lei; Johansen, Steinar Daae; Searle, Steve; Lien, Sigbjørn; Nilsen, Frank; Jonassen, Inge; Omholt, Stig W; Stenseth, Nils Christian & Jakobsen, Kjetill Sigurd (2011). The genome sequence of Atlantic cod reveals a unique immune system. Nature.  ISSN 0028-0836.  477(7363), s 207- 210 . doi: 10.1038/nature10342 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.

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• Nielsen, Anders; Dolmen, Dag; Höglund, Jacob; Kausrud, Kyrre; Malmstrøm, Martin; Taugbøl, Annette; Vrålstad, Trude; Ytrehus, Bjørnar; de Boer, Hugo; Hindar, Kjetil; Kirkendall, Lawrence R.; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland; Rueness, Eli Knispel & Velle, Gaute (2019). Assessment of the risk to Norwegian biodiversity from the pathogenic fungi Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal). Opinion of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM Report. 2019:4. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Rueness, Eli Knispel; Berg, Paul Ragnar; Gulla, Snorre; Halvorsen, Kim Aleksander Tallaksen; Järnegren, Johanna; Malmstrøm, Martin; Mo, Tor Atle; Rimstad, Espen; de Boer, Hugo; Eldegard, Katrine; Hindar, Kjetil; Hole, Lars Robert; Kausrud, Kyrre; Kirkendall, Lawrence R.; Måren, Inger Elisabeth; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland; Thorstad, Eva Bonsak; Nielsen, Anders & Velle, Gaute (2019). Assessment of the risk to Norwegian biodiversity from import of wrasses and other cleaner fish for use in aquaculture. Opinion of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM Report. 2019:15.
• Vrålstad, Trude; Nielsen, Anders; Dolmen, Dag; Jacob, Höglund; Kausrud, Kyrre; Malmstrøm, Martin; Taugbøl, Annette & Ytrehus, Bjørnar (2019). Risk assessment for amphibian diseases.
• Vrålstad, Trude; Nielsen, Anders; Dolmen, Dag; Jacob, Höglund; Kausrud, Kyrre; Malmstrøm, Martin; Taugbøl, Annette & Ytrehus, Bjørnar (2019). The risk of Bd and Bsal to Norwegian amphibian biodiversity.
• Skjerve, Eystein; Thurfjell, Henrik; Flø, Daniel; Grahek-Ogden, Danica; Malmstrøm, Martin; Nesbakken, Truls; Das Neves, Carlos G; Nielsen, Anders; Pedersen, Hans Christian; Robertson, Lucy; Rueness, Eli Knispel; de Boer, Hugo; Gudding, Roar; Hoel, Kristian; Kirkendall, Lawrence R.; Vandvik, Vigdis & Wasteson, Yngvild (2018). Wild boar population growth and expansion – implications for biodiversity, food safety, and animal health in Norway. Opinion of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM Report. 2018:14.
• Nielsen, Anders; Hatteland, Bjørn Arild; Malmstrøm, Martin; Proschwitz, Ted von; Velle, Gaute; de Boer, Hugo; Gjershaug, Jan Ove; Kirkendall, Lawrence R.; Rueness, Eli Knispel & Vandvik, Vigdis (2017). Assessment of the risk to Norwegian biodiversity from the import and keeping of terrestrial gastropods in terraria. Opinion of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM Report. 2017:33.
• Baalsrud, Helle Tessand; Tørresen, Ole Kristian; Malmstrøm, Martin; Salzburger, Walter; Jakobsen, Kjetill Sigurd & Jentoft, Sissel (2015). The hemoglobin repertoire in the order of Gadiformes linked to depth adaptation.
• Malmstrøm, Martin; Sydenham, Markus A. K. & Nielsen, Anders (2015). CEES, its people and machines - a goldmine for genetic studies.
• Malmstrøm, Martin (2013). Life without MHC II - a teleost genome project.
• Malmstrøm, Martin (2013). The 90+ teleost genome project.
• Solbakken, Monica Hongrø; Malmstrøm, Martin; Tørresen, Ole Kristian; Jakobsen, Kjetill Sigurd & Jentoft, Sissel (2013). Atlantic cod displays an unusual TLR repertoire – a Gadidae-specific feature?.
• Malmstrøm, Martin (2012). The 60+ teleost genome project.
• Star, Bastiaan; Nederbragt, Alexander Johan; Jentoft, Sissel; Grimholt, Unni; Malmstrøm, Martin; Gregers, Tone Fredsvik; Rounge, Trine Ballestad; Solbakken, Monica Hongrø; Paulsen, Jonas; Lagesen, Karin; Tooming-Klunderud, Ave; Tina, Kirubakaran G.; Espelund, Mari; Skage, Morten; Berg, Paul Ragnar; Omholt, Stig W; Stenseth, Nils Christian & Jakobsen, Kjetill Sigurd (2011). The genome of Atlantic cod reveals a unique immune system.
• Nederbragt, Alexander Johan; Lagesen, Karin & Malmstrøm, Martin (2011). Bioinformatic analysis of genomic data.
• Grimholt, Unni; Malmstrøm, Martin; Nederbragt, Alexander Johan; Rounge, Trine Ballestad; Jentoft, Sissel; Tooming-Klunderud, Ave; Star, Bastiaan; Skage, Morten; Gaup, Hege Junita & Jakobsen, Kjetill Sigurd (2009). The lack of cod MHC class II.
• Grimholt, Unni; Nederbragt, Alexander Johan; Rounge, Trine Ballestad; Malmstrøm, Martin; Star, Bastiaan; Tooming-Klunderud, Ave; Skage, Morten; Jentoft, Sissel; Gaup, Hege Junita; Bakke, Hege; Solbakken, Monica Hongrø & Jakobsen, Kjetill Sigurd (2009). The cod genome project.
• Malmstrøm, Martin; Strømnes, Einar; Hansen, Rune Roland & Ugland, Karl Inne (2007). The nematode Cucullanus heterochrous; a possible indicator species for marine xenobiotics.

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