Nadeem Joudeh

• Perilla, Ana Lucia Campana; Gomez-Bolivar, Jamie; Merroun, Mohamed; Joudeh, Nadeem; Saragliadis, Athanasios & Røyne, Anja [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Characterization of Bimetallic Pd-Fe Nanoparticles Synthesized in Escherichia coli. ACS Applied Bio Materials (AABM). 7(12), s. 8573–8589. doi: 10.1021/acsabm.4c01354. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Biologically mediated nanoparticle (NP) synthesis offers a reliable and sustainable alternative route for metal NP production. Compared with conventional chemical and physical production methods that require hazardous materials and considerable energy expenditure, some microorganisms can reduce metal ions into NPs during standard metabolic processes. However, to be considered a feasible commercial option, the properties and inherent activity of bio-NPs still need to be significantly improved. In this work, we present an Escherichia coli-mediated synthesis method for catalytically active Pd–Fe NPs. The produced biogenic Pd–Fe NPs with varying Fe content were characterized using complementary analytical techniques to assess their size, composition, and structural properties. In addition, their catalytic performance was assessed by using standardized chemical reactions. We demonstrate that the combination of Pd with Fe leads to synergistic effects that enhance the catalytic performance of Pd NPs and make biogenic Pd–Fe NPs excellent potential substitutes for currently used catalysts. Briefly, the apparent rates for the model reaction of 4-nitrophenol reduction to 4-aminophenol catalyzed by Pd-based nanoparticles were as high as 0.1312 min–1 using bimetallic Pd–Fe NPs, which is far superior to the rates of monometallic Pd NPs counterparts. This study provides a feasible strategy for the synthesis of multimetallic Pd-based NPs using common microbial processes. It emphasizes the potential of biogenic Pd–Fe NPs as efficient and sustainable catalysts for hydrogenation reactions, offering an environmentally friendly synthesis for various applications, including wastewater treatment and the production of fine chemicals.

• Joudeh, Nadeem; Saragliadis, Athanasios; Koster, Gerbrand; Mikheenko, Pavlo & Linke, Dirk (2022). Synthesis methods and applications of palladium nanoparticles: A review. Frontiers in Nanotechnology. 4, s. 1–24. doi: 10.3389/fnano.2022.1062608. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Palladium (Pd) is a key component of many catalysts. Nanoparticles (NPs) offer a larger surface area than bulk materials, and with Pd cost increasing 5-fold in the last 10 years, Pd NPs are in increasing demand. Due to novel or enhanced physicochemical properties that Pd NPs exhibit at the nanoscale, Pd NPs have a wide range of applications not only in chemical catalysis, but also for example in hydrogen sensing and storage, and in medicine in photothermal, antibacterial, and anticancer therapies. Pd NPs, on the industrial scale, are currently synthesized using various chemical and physical methods. The physical methods require energy-intensive processes that include maintaining high temperatures and/or pressure. The chemical methods usually involve harmful solvents, hazardous reducing or stabilizing agents, or produce toxic pollutants and by-products. Lately, more environmentally friendly approaches for the synthesis of Pd NPs have emerged. These new approaches are based on the use of the reducing ability of phytochemicals and other biomolecules to chemically reduce Pd ions and form NPs. In this review, we describe the common physical and chemical methods used for the synthesis of Pd NPs and compare them to the plant- and bacteria-mediated biogenic synthesis methods. As size and shape determine many of the unique properties of Pd NPs on the nanoscale, special emphasis is given to the control of these parameters, clarifying how they impact current and future applications of this exciting nanomaterial.

• Joudeh, Nadeem & Linke, Dirk (2022). Nanoparticle classification, physicochemical properties, characterization, and applications: a comprehensive review for biologists. Journal of Nanobiotechnology. 20(1). doi: 10.1186/s12951-022-01477-8. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Interest in nanomaterials and especially nanoparticles has exploded in the past decades primarily due to their novel or enhanced physical and chemical properties compared to bulk material. These extraordinary properties have created a multitude of innovative applications in the fields of medicine and pharma, electronics, agriculture, chemical catalysis, food industry, and many others. More recently, nanoparticles are also being synthesized ‘biologically’ through the use of plant- or microorganism-mediated processes, as an environmentally friendly alternative to the expensive, energy-intensive, and potentially toxic physical and chemical synthesis methods. This transdisciplinary approach to nanoparticle synthesis requires that biologists and biotechnologists understand and learn to use the complex methodology needed to properly characterize these processes. This review targets a bio-oriented audience and summarizes the physico–chemical properties of nanoparticles, and methods used for their characterization. It highlights why nanomaterials are different compared to micro- or bulk materials. We try to provide a comprehensive overview of the different classes of nanoparticles and their novel or enhanced physicochemical properties including mechanical, thermal, magnetic, electronic, optical, and catalytic properties. A comprehensive list of the common methods and techniques used for the characterization and analysis of these properties is presented together with a large list of examples for biogenic nanoparticles that have been previously synthesized and characterized, including their application in the fields of medicine, electronics, agriculture, and food production. We hope that this makes the many different methods more accessible to the readers, and to help with identifying the proper methodology for any given nanoscience problem.

• Perilla, Ana Lucia Campana; Joudeh, Nadeem; Linke, Dirk & Mikheenko, Pavlo (2021). Magnetic decoration of Escherichia coli loaded with Palladium nanoparticles, 2021 IEEE 10th International Conference on “Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties” (NAP – 2021). IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 9781665439077. s. NCI01-1–NCI01-5. doi: 10.1109/NAP51885.2021.9568523. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Palladium (Pd) is a scarce metal, which is able to catalyze a variety of important chemical reactions. In the bulk form, Pd is anomalous paramagnetic, but in the form of nanoparticles, it has been reported as ferromagnetic. Detecting the magnetism of Pd nanoparticles is, however, difficult due to their reduced dimension. In addition, the ferromagnetic nature is a size-dependent property and, for Pd, the strength of magnetism decreases with slight increments in size. A “green” methodology for the preparation of small Pd nanoparticles was followed in this study. It is based on the ability of bacteria to take up Pd 2+ ions from its surrounding solution and to enzymatically reduce it to metallic Pd 0 nanoparticles. The efficiency of the production can be determined by transmission electron microscopy and, as a new technique, magnetic force microscopy. Notwithstanding, the study of nanoparticles of the size of just a few nanometers with these techniques is still difficult. Here we present a methodology for the enhancement of the magnetic signal of biologically produced Pd-based nanoparticles through the decoration of Escherichia coli bacteria cross-sections with Fe nanoparticles. This methodology allows the visualization of bacteria that are loaded with magnetic nanoparticles even when conventional transmission electron microscopy has difficulties to resolve them inside the microorganisms.

• Joudeh, Nadeem; Saragliadis, Athanasios; Schulz, Christian; Voigt, Andre; Almaas, Eivind & Linke, Dirk (2021). Transcriptomic Response Analysis of Escherichia coli to Palladium Stress. Frontiers in Microbiology. 12. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.741836. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Palladium (Pd), due to its unique catalytic properties, is an industrially important heavy metal especially in the form of nanoparticles. It has a wide range of applications from automobile catalytic converters to the pharmaceutical production of morphine. Bacteria have been used to biologically produce Pd nanoparticles as a new environmentally friendly alternative to the currently used energy-intensive and toxic physicochemical methods. Heavy metals, including Pd, are toxic to bacterial cells and cause general and oxidative stress that hinders the use of bacteria to produce Pd nanoparticles efficiently. In this study, we show in detail the Pd stress-related effects on E. coli. Pd stress effects were measured as changes in the transcriptome through RNA-Seq after 10 min of exposure to 100 μM sodium tetrachloropalladate (II). We found that 709 out of 3,898 genes were differentially expressed, with 58% of them being up-regulated and 42% of them being down-regulated. Pd was found to induce several common heavy metal stress-related effects but interestingly, Pd causes unique effects too. Our data suggests that Pd disrupts the homeostasis of Fe, Zn, and Cu cellular pools. In addition, the expression of inorganic ion transporters in E. coli was found to be massively modulated due to Pd intoxication, with 17 out of 31 systems being affected. Moreover, the expression of several carbohydrate, amino acid, and nucleotide transport and metabolism genes was vastly changed. These results bring us one step closer to the generation of genetically engineered E. coli strains with enhanced capabilities for Pd nanoparticles synthesis.

• Claxton, James Benedict; Joudeh, Nadeem; Røyne, Anja; Linke, Dirk & Mikheenko, Pavlo (2020). Sequential magnetic mapping of bacteria loaded with Pd-Fe nanoparticles, 2020 IEEE 10th International Conference on “Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties” (NAP – 2020). IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 9781728185064. s. 01NIC01-1–01NIC01-5. doi: 10.1109/NAP51477.2020.9309619. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Magnetic nanoparticles are of widespread use in nanotechnology. One of the most unusual are magnetic palladium nanoparticles that combine magnetism with high catalytic activity. These nanoparticles could be obtained biologically by exposing bacteria to a palladium salt. Due to their small size and weak magnetism, however, it is challenging to measure their magnetic properties. One of the solutions to enhance their magnetism is to incorporate a small amount of iron atoms into them. After this procedure, the nanoparticles together with bacteria can be embedded in resin and characterized by the technique of magnetic force microscopy. This technique allows imaging cross-sections of the bacteria with nanoparticles, but cannot give information from the depth of the sample. Here we report on an approach partially solving this problem. Its novelty lies in measurements of consecutive thin slices of resin, which allows mapping cross-sections of individual bacteria and different parts of the material surrounding the same bacterium. An interesting observed feature is the formation of magnetic chains of nanoparticles outside of the bacteria.

• Perilla, Ana Lucia Campaña; Joudeh, Nadeem; Høyer, Henrik; Røyne, Anja; Linke, Dirk & Mikheenko, Pavlo (2020). Probing van der Waals and magnetic forces in bacteria with magnetic nanoparticles, 2020 IEEE 10th International Conference on “Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties” (NAP – 2020). IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 9781728185064. s. 01NSSA03-1–01NSSA03-5. doi: 10.1109/NAP51477.2020.9309722. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Bioinspired metal-based nanoparticles have potential uses in many applications, but before a possible commercial exploitation, it is important to clarify the pathways of their production and deposition inside the organisms, for example in bacteria. The technique of magnetic force microscopy (MFM) could be used to evaluate the nanoparticles magnetic properties, in addition to allowing tracing their location inside or outside of bacteria, which could help to understand pathways of their biosynthesis. In this work, using MFM and analyzing the interaction of magnetic tip with nanoparticles and bacteria imbedded in resin at different heights above the surface, and comparing gradients of forces recorded by magnetic and non-magnetic tips, a condition was found, which allows to measure pure magnetic response of Pd-Fe nanoparticles. For these nanoparticles, the interplay between magnetic and van der Waals forces is described at small distances to the surface. Experimental data are compared with simulations, based on the calculation of the distribution of magnetic field around a nanoparticle, which defines magnetic force acting on the MFM tip.

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• Campana, A.; Joudeh, Nadeem; Merroun, Mohamed; Gomez-Bolivar, Jamie; Linke, Dirk & Mikheenko, Pavlo (2023). Biosynthesis and characterization of Palladium-based nanoparticles produced by Escherichia coli. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Perilla, Ana Lucia Campana; Joudeh, Nadeem; Merroun, Mohamed; Gomez-Bolivar, Jamie; Linke, Dirk & Mikheenko, Pavlo (2023). Bacterial synthesis of Palladium nanoparticles. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Perilla, Ana Lucia Campana; Joudeh, Nadeem; Merroun, Mohamed; Gomez-Bolivar, Jamie; Linke, Dirk & Mikheenko, Pavlo (2023). Bacterial synthesis of Palladium nanoparticles. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Perilla, Ana Lucia Campana; Joudeh, Nadeem; Merroun, Mohamed; Gomez-Bolivar, Jamie; Linke, Dirk & Mikheenko, Pavlo (2023). Biosynthesis and characterization of Palladium-based nanoparticles produced by Escherichia coli. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Perilla, Ana Lucia Campana; Joudeh, Nadeem; Merroun, Mohamed; Gomez-Bolivar, Jamie; Røyne, Anja & Linke, Dirk [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Biosynthesis and characterization of Palladium-Based Nanoparticles using Escherichia coli. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Perilla, Ana Lucia Campana; Joudeh, Nadeem; Linke, Dirk & Mikheenko, Pavlo (2021). Magnetic decoration of Escherichia coli loaded with Palladium nanoparticles. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Perilla, Ana Lucia Campaña; Joudeh, Nadeem; Høyer, Henrik; Røyne, Anja; Linke, Dirk & Mikheenko, Pavlo (2020). Probing van der Waals and magnetic forces in bacteria with magnetic nanoparticles. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Bioinspired metal-based nanoparticles have potential uses in many applications, but before a possible commercial exploitation, it is important to clarify the pathways of their production and deposition inside the organisms, for example in bacteria. The technique of magnetic force microscopy (MFM) could be used to evaluate the nanoparticles magnetic properties, in addition to allowing tracing their location inside or outside of bacteria, which could help to understand pathways of their biosynthesis. In this work, using MFM and analyzing the interaction of magnetic tip with nanoparticles and bacteria imbedded in resin at different heights above the surface, and comparing gradients of forces recorded by magnetic and non-magnetic tips, a condition was found, which allows to measure pure magnetic response of Pd-Fe nanoparticles. For these nanoparticles, the interplay between magnetic and van der Waals forces is described at small distances to the surface. Experimental data are compared with simulations, based on the calculation of the distribution of magnetic field around a nanoparticle, which defines magnetic force acting on the MFM tip.

• Claxton, James; Joudeh, Nadeem; Røyne, Anja; Linke, Dirk & Mikheenko, Pavlo (2020). Sequential magnetic mapping of bacteria loaded with Pd-Fe nanoparticles. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Magnetic nanoparticles are of widespread use in nanotechnology. One of the most unusual are magnetic palladium nanoparticles that combine magnetism with high catalytic activity. These nanoparticles could be obtained biologically by exposing bacteria to a palladium salt. Due to their small size and weak magnetism, however, it is challenging to measure their magnetic properties. One of the solutions to enhance their magnetism is to incorporate a small amount of iron atoms into them. After this procedure, the nanoparticles together with bacteria can be embedded in resin and characterized by the technique of magnetic force microscopy. This technique allows imaging cross-sections of the bacteria with nanoparticles, but cannot give information from the depth of the sample. Here we report on an approach partially solving this problem. Its novelty lies in measurements of consecutive thin slices of resin, which allows mapping cross-sections of individual bacteria and different parts of the material surrounding the same bacterium. An interesting observed feature is the formation of magnetic chains of nanoparticles outside of the bacteria.

• Joudeh, Nadeem; Røyne, Anja; Mikheenko, Pavlo & Linke, Dirk (2019). Bio-Engineered Palladium Nanoparticles (BEDPAN). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Joudeh, Nadeem & Linke, Dirk (2019). Bio-engineered Palladium Nanoparticles. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mikheenko, Pavlo; Mikheenko, Iryna; Joudeh, Nadeem; Claxton, J. B.; Røyne, Anja & Linke, Dirk (2019). Imaging magnetism of biologically produced palladium nanoparticles. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linke, Dirk & Joudeh, Nadeem (2019). Centre for Digital Life helps researchers right out of the gate (Senter for digitalt liv hjelper forskere ut av innovasjonsstartgropa). [Internet]. Center For Digital Life - Website. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Joudeh, Nadeem & Linke, Dirk (2019). Bio-engineered Pd Nanoparticles. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Joudeh, Nadeem; Leo, Jack Christopher; Torgeman, Eric & Linke, Dirk (2018). Mechanism of Palladium and Gold uptake and reduction in E. coli. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Joudeh, Nadeem & Linke, Dirk (2018). BEDPAN - Nanoparticles from Bacteria. [Internet]. Digital Life Website. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Joudeh, Nadeem; Leo, Jack Christopher; Torgeman, Eric; Mikheenko, Pavlo & Linke, Dirk (2017). Mechanism of Palladium and Gold uptake and transport in E. coli. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Joudeh, Nadeem & Linke, Dirk (2017). Mechanism of palladium and gold uptake and transport in E. coli. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Joudeh, Nadeem; Linke, Dirk & Mikheenko, Pavlo (2022). Escherichia coli-mediated palladium nanoparticle synthesis. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) offer a wide range of novel and exciting applications in catalysis, medicine, engineering, and electronics. Currently, these NPs are synthesized using conventional physical and chemical methods. These methods have several disadvantages as the physical methods usually require energy-intensive processes, and the chemical methods often involve harmful solvents or produce toxic by-products. Lately, more environmentally friendly approaches for the synthesis of NPs have emerged using microorganisms. Several bacteria were reported for their ability to biosynthesize Pd NPs. In this process, Pd ions are biologically transported into the bacterial cells and subsequently reduced to metallic Pd, forming Pd NPs. The current knowledge on the proteins, enzymes, or pathways involved in the transport and reduction of Pd is very limited, which hinders the ability to genetically engineer bacterial strains capable of producing Pd NPs with fine-tuned properties. This thesis provides new insights on the genes that might be responsible for the transport of Pd ions in E. coli, the toxicological effects of Pd, and the potential detoxification strategies that E. coli employ to deal with Pd stress. In addition, this thesis describes an E. coli-mediated approach for the synthesis of 1-2 nm Pd and Pd-Fe NPs displaying novel ferromagnetic properties. At the same time, this thesis shows different methods for the characterization of the magnetic properties of these NPs in biological samples.

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