Synnøve Smebye Botnen

• Botnen, Synnøve Smebye; Mundra, Sunil; Kauserud, Håvard & Eidesen, Pernille Bronken (2020). Glacier retreat in the High Arctic: Opportunity or threat for ectomycorrhizal diversity?. FEMS Microbiology Ecology.  ISSN 0168-6496. . doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiaa171 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Climate change causes Arctic glaciers to retreat faster, exposing new areas for colonization. Several pioneer plants likely to colonize recent deglaciated, nutrient-poor areas depend on fungal partners for successful establishment. Little is known about general patterns or characteristics of facilitating fungal pioneers and how they vary with regional climate in the Arctic. The High Arctic Archipelago Svalbard represents an excellent study system to address these question, as glaciers cover about 60% of the land surface and recent estimations suggest at least 7% reduction of glacier area since 1960s. Roots of two ectomycorrhizal (ECM) plants (Salix polaris and Bistorta vivipara) were sampled in eight glacier forelands. Associated ECM fungi were assessed using DNA metabarcoding. About 25% of the diversity was unknown at family level, indicating presence of undescribed species. Seven genera dominated based on richness and abundance, but their relative importance varied with local factors. The genus Geopora showed surprisingly high richness and abundance, particularly in dry, nutrient-poor forelands. Such forelands will diminish along with increasing temperature and precipitation, and faster succession. Our results support a taxonomical shift in pioneer ECM diversity with climate change, and we are likely to lose unknown fungal diversity, without knowing their identity or ecological importance.

• Botnen, Synnøve Smebye; Thoen, Ella; Eidesen, Pernille Bronken; Krabberød, Anders Kristian & Kauserud, Håvard (2020). Community composition of arctic root-associated fungi mirrors host plant phylogeny. FEMS Microbiology Ecology.  ISSN 0168-6496. . doi: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa185
• Thoen, Ella; Harder, Christoffer Bugge; Kauserud, Håvard; Botnen, Synnøve Smebye; Vik, Unni; Taylor, Andy F.S.; Menkis, Audrius & Skrede, Inger (2020). In vitro evidence of root colonization suggests ecological versatility in the genus Mycena. New Phytologist.  ISSN 0028-646X.  227, s 601- 612
• Botnen, Synnøve Smebye; Davey, Marie Louise; Aas, Anders Bjørnsgard; Carlsen, Tor; Thoen, Ella; Heegaard, Einar; Vik, Unni; Dresch, Philipp; Mundra, Sunil; Peintner, Ursula; Taylor, Andy F. S. & Kauserud, Håvard (2019). Biogeography of plant root-associated fungal communities in the North Atlantic region mirrors climatic variability. Journal of Biogeography.  ISSN 0305-0270.  46(7), s 1532- 1546 . doi: 10.1111/jbi.13613 Vis sammendrag

  Aim Polar and alpine ecosystems appear to be particularly sensitive to increasing temperatures and the altered precipitation patterns linked to climate change. However, little is currently known about how these environmental drivers may affect edaphic organisms within these ecosystems. In this study, we examined communities of plant root‐associated fungi (RAF) over large biogeographical scales and along climatic gradients in the North Atlantic region in order to gain insights into the potential effects of climate variability on these communities. We also investigated whether selected fungal traits were associated with particular climates. Locations Austria, Scotland, Mainland Norway, Iceland, Jan Mayen and Svalbard. Taxa Root fungi associated with the ectomycorrhizal and herbaceous plant Bistorta vivipara. Methods DNA metabarcoding of the ITS1 region was used to characterize the RAF of 302 whole plant root systems, which were analysed by means of ordination methods and linear modelling. Fungal spore length, width, volume and shape, as well as mycelial exploration type (ET) of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) basidiomycetes were summarized at a community level. Results The RAF communities exhibited strong biogeographical structuring, and both compositional variation as well as fungal species richness correlated with annual temperature and precipitation. In accordance with general island biogeography theory, the least species‐rich RAF communities were found on Jan Mayen, a remote and small island in the North Atlantic Ocean. Fungal spores tended to be more elongated with increasing latitude. We also observed a climate effect on which mycelial ET was dominating among the ectomycorrhizal fungi. Main conclusions Both geographical and environmental variables were important for shaping root‐associated fungal communities at a North Atlantic scale, including the High Arctic. Fungal OTU richness followed general biogeographical patterns and decreased with decreasing size and/or increasing isolation of the host plant population. The probability of possessing more elongated spores increases with latitude, which may be explained by a selection for greater dispersal capacity among more isolated host plant populations in the Arctic.

• Botnen, Synnøve Smebye; Davey, Marie Louise; Halvorsen, Rune & Kauserud, Håvard (2018). Sequence clustering threshold has little effect on the recovery of microbial community structure. Molecular Ecology Resources.  ISSN 1755-098X.  18(5), s 1064- 1076 . doi: 10.1111/1755-0998.12894 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Lorberau, Kelsey; Botnen, Synnøve Smebye; Mundra, Sunil; Aas, Anders Bjørnsgard; Rozema, Jelte; Eidesen, Pernille Bronken & Kauserud, Håvard (2017). Does warming by open-top chambers induce change in the root-associated fungal community of the arctic dwarf shrub Cassiope tetragona (Ericaceae)?. Mycorrhiza.  ISSN 0940-6360.  27(5), s 513- 524 . doi: 10.1007/s00572-017-0767-y
• Høiland, Klaus & Botnen, Synnøve Smebye (2016). A comparison of aboveground sporocarps and belowground ectomycorrhizal structures of Agaricales, Boletales and Russulales in a sand dune ecosystem on Lista, South-western Norway. Agarica.  ISSN 0800-1820.  37, s 67- 77 Vis sammendrag

  In the present work we put focus on ectomycorrhizal Agaricales, Boletales and Russulales, all with conspicuous sporocarps, giving us an opportunity to compare the below ground ectomycorrhiza diversity with the aboveground sporocarp diversity. In the sand dune area on Lista, South-west Norway, nine plots of 3 m diameter were established in Salix repens (creeping willow) dominated vegetation; i.e. three plots on dune slacks, three plots on hummock dunes, and three plots on eroded dunes. In 2009 ectomycorrhizal Salix repens roots were sampled in each plot. Ectomycorrhizal taxa were identified by pyrosequencing. From 2008 to 2014 fungal sporocarps were collected and identified in the same plots. Of the 30 actual ectomycorrhizal taxa identified on the roots, 10 of them were also accompanied by aboveground sporocarps. In addition, 11 taxa were only recorded as sporocarps. The most frequent ectomycorrhizal taxon was Hebeloma spp, recorded in all nine plots. The most frequent taxon on species level was Cortinarius saniosus, however, only recorded on ectomycorrhizal roots while sporocarps were found outside the plots. The most frequent ectomycorrhizal species with at least one plot housing accompanied sporocarps were Cortinarius casimiri and Russula laccata. Some of the ectomycorrhizal taxa belong to the typical inventory of Salix repens dominated dune vegetation: Lactarius controversus, Russula persicina, Tricholoma cingulatum, Inocybe impexa, I. dunensis and Laccaria maritima; the two last taxa only represented by sporocarps. We conclude that a combination of sampling below ground ECM and monitoring aboveground sporocarps seems to be an optimal approach if we want to cover the diversity of conspicuous ECM fungi in an area.

• Botnen, Synnøve; Kauserud, Håvard; Carlsen, Tor; Blaalid, Rakel & Høiland, Klaus (2015). Mycorrhizal fungal communities in coastal sand dunes and heaths investigated by pyrosequencing analyses. Mycorrhiza.  ISSN 0940-6360.  25(6), s 447- 456 . doi: 10.1007/s00572-014-0624-1
• Botnen, Synnøve; Vik, Unni; Carlsen, Tor; Eidesen, Pernille Bronken; Davey, Marie Louise & Kauserud, Håvard (2014). Low host specificity of root-associated fungi at an Arctic site. Molecular Ecology.  ISSN 0962-1083.  23(4), s 975- 985 . doi: 10.1111/mec.12646

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• Vik, Unni; Fønnebø, Bente; Langholm, Guri; Skaug, Hilde Nancy; Neegaard, Henrik; Sandbakken, Mari; Osnes, Heid; Byhring, Anne Kristine; Hagen, Anikke; Jørgensen, Kari-Anne; Synnes, Kari; Botnen, Synnøve Smebye; Solheim, Elias & Tuset, Elly Herikstad (2019). Plastdekke i barns lekemiljøer - til beste for hvem?. barnehage.no.
• Høiland, Klaus & Botnen, Synnøve Smebye (2017). Studier av ektomykorrhiza på krypvier i sanddynene på Lista.
• Eidesen, Pernille Bronken; Mundra, Sunil; Botnen, Synnøve Smebye; Davey, Marie Louise; Lorberau, Kelsey & Kauserud, Håvard (2016). Spatial diversity and community composition of root associated fungi in the High Arctic archipelago Svalbard - environmental influence is scale dependent.
• Jacobsen, Rannveig M; Birkemoe, Tone; Sverdrup-Thygeson, Anne; Kauserud, Håvard & Botnen, Synnøve Smebye (2016). The potential of insects to act as spore vectors.

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