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Wania, Frank; Zhan, F.; Li, Y.; Oh, J.; Shunthirasingham, Chubashini & Lei, Y. D.
[Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2023).
Identifying and Quantifying Atmospheric Sources of Organic Contaminants to the Habitat of the Saint Lawrence Estuary Belugas.
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Breivik, Knut; McLachlan, Michael S & Wania, Frank
(2023).
Modelling of CECs.
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Wania, Frank; Tong, Kate & Breivik, Knut
(2023).
Toxic Organic Chemicals in a Globally Connected World: Quantifying Real and Virtual Flows Embodied in the International Trade of Chemicals, Products and Wastes.
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Breivik, Knut; McLachlan, Michael S & Wania, Frank
(2023).
Screening chemicals for Long-Range Transport Potential (LRTP) using existing and alternative metrics in the OECD POV and LRTP Screening Tool.
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Li, Li; Chen, Chengkang; Li, Dingsheng; Breivik, Knut; Abbasi, Golnoush & Li, Yi-Fan
(2023).
What Do We Know about the Production and Release of Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Global Environment?
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Sangion, Alessandro; Breivik, Knut; Toose, Liisa; Armitage, James M; Wania, Frank & Arnot, Jon A.
(2023).
An integrated tool for the screening of fate, persistence and long-range transport of organic chemicals.
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D'Amico, Marianna; Frank, Wania; Breivik, Knut; Gambaro, Andrea & Vecchiato, Marco
(2023).
Are Ingredients of Personal Care Products Likely to Undergo Long Range Transport to Remote Regions?
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Breivik, Knut; McLachlan, Michael S. & Frank, Wania
(2023).
Screening chemicals for POP-like long range transport behavior.
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Breivik, Knut & Li, Li
(2023).
Emission inventories: Rationale, methods, evolution, and integration.
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Breivik, Knut; McLachlan, Michael S. & Frank, Wania
(2023).
Cefic LRI ECO53 ‘A chemical categorization approach for Long-Range Transport Potential (LRTP) assessment’.
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Breivik, Knut; McLachlan, Michael & Wania, Frank
(2022).
Alternative Metrics for Long-Range Atmospheric Transport Potential (LRATP).
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Halvorsen, Helene Lunder; Bohlin-Nizzetto, Pernilla; Breivik, Knut; Eckhardt, Sabine; Moeckel, Claudia & Gusev, Alexey
[Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2022).
Spatial Variability of POPs in Air at European Background Sites.
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Breivik, Knut; McLachlan, Michael S. & Wania, Frank
(2022).
The emissions fractions approach to LRTP assessment.
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Breivik, Knut; Eckhardt, Sabine; Sunde Krogseth, Ingjerd; McLachlan, Michael S. & Wania, Frank
(2022).
Nested multimedia fate and exposure modelling.
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Breivik, Knut; McLachlan, Michael S & Frank, Wania
(2022).
ECO53 - A chemical categorization approach for Long-Range Transport Potential (LRTP) assessment.
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Skogeng, Lovise Pedersen; Eulaers, Igor; Blévin, Pierre; Sagerup, Kjetil; Bustnes, Jan Ove & Gabrielsen, Geir Wing
[Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2022).
Modelling the influence of climate change on contaminant exposure in three key seabird species in the European Arctic.
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Sunde Krogseth, Ingjerd; Routti, Heli Anna Irmeli; Eulaers, Igor; Breivik, Knut; Aars, Jon & Eckhardt, Sabine
[Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2022).
Development, evaluation, and application of a mechanistic bioaccumulation model for organic contaminants in Svalbard polar bears.
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Nipen, Maja; Vogt, Rolf David; Bohlin-Nizzetto, Pernilla; Borgå, Katrine; Mwakalapa, Eliezer & Borgen, Anders
[Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2022).
Increasing Trends of Legacy and Emerging Organic Contaminants in a Dated Sediment Core From East-Africa.
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Sunde Krogseth, Ingjerd; Blévin, Pierre; Borch, Trude Kristin; Breivik, Knut; Bustnes, Jan Ove & Chastel, Olivier
[Vis alle 19 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2022).
Merverdi av samarbeidet i flaggskipet Miljøgifter: How to COPE?
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Sunde Krogseth, Ingjerd; Breivik, Knut; Frantzen, Sylvia; Nilsen, Bente Merete; Eckhardt, Sabine & Nøst, Therese Haugdahl
[Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2022).
Modelling organic contaminants in northern ecosystems across time, space and species using the integrated NEM model.
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Breivik, Knut; Eckhardt, Sabine; McLachlan, Michael S. & Wania, Frank
(2021).
A chemical categorisation approach for LRTP assessment.
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Hung, Hayley; Wong, Fiona; Dryfhout-Clark, Helena; Aas, Wenche; Bohlin-Nizzetto, Pernilla & Breivik, Knut
[Vis alle 22 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2021).
Time Trends of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and Chemicals of Emerging Arctic Concern (CEAC) in Arctic Air From 25 Years of Monitoring.
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Nipen, Maja; Bohlin-Nizzetto, Pernilla; Borgen, Anders; Borgå, Katrine; Jørgensen, Susanne Jøntvedt & Mmochi, Aviti John
[Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2020).
Spatial trends of chlorinated paraffins and dechloranes in soil and air from Tanzania.
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Halvorsen, Helene Lunder; Bohlin-Nizzetto, Pernilla; Eckhardt, Sabine; Gusev, Alexey; Krogseth, Ingjerd Sunde & Möckel, Claudia
[Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2020).
Main sources controlling atmospheric burdens of persistant organic pollutants across Norway.
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Skogeng, Lovise Pedersen; Möckel, Claudia; Halvorsen, Helene Lunder; Krogseth, Ingjerd Sunde; Eckhardt, Sabine & Breivik, Knut
(2020).
Spatial distribution of dechlorane plus and analogs in European background air.
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Arriola, Aline; Krogseth, Ingjerd Sunde; Warner, Nicholas Alexander; Herzke, Dorte; Evenset, Anita & Möckel, Claudia
[Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2020).
Environmental behaviour and bioaccumulation of chlorinated paraffins, dechloranes and PCBs in northern freshwater ecosystems.
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Krogseth, Ingjerd Sunde; Breivik, Knut & Wania, F.
(2019).
Introducing a Nested Exposure Model for organic contaminants (NEM): Part 2. Bioaccumulation in Arctic Ecosystems.
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Breivik, Knut; Eckhardt, Sabine; Krogseth, Ingjerd Sunde; MacLeod, M. & Wania, F.
(2019).
Introducing a Nested Exposure Model for organic contaminants (NEM): Part 1. The physical environment.
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Krogseth, Ingjerd Sunde; Breivik, Knut; Eckhardt, Sabine; MacLeod, M. & Wania, F.
(2019).
Towards a temporally and spatially resolved Nested Exposure Model for organic contaminants in Arctic ecosystems.
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Krogseth, Ingjerd Sunde; Nøst, Therese Haugdahl & Breivik, Knut
(2019).
Modellering som verktøy til å forstå utslipp, eksponering og bioakkumulering.
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Nipen, Maja; Borgå, Katrine; Christensen, Guttorm; Haarr, Ane; Mmochi, Aviti John & Mwakalapa, Eliezer Brown
[Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2019).
Pollution from electronic waste in the physical environment.
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Nipen, Maja; Vogt, Rolf David; Borgå, Katrine; Haarr, Ane; Mwakalapa, Eliezer Brown & Schlabach, Martin
[Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2019).
Spatial and temporal trends in e-waste related organic pollutants in a developing economy - A pilot study.
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Möckel, Claudia; Eckhardt, Sabine; Krogseth, Ingjerd Sunde & Breivik, Knut
(2019).
Can long-range atmospheric transport events of "new" POPs to a remote site in Norway be predicted using FLEXPART?
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Arriola, Aline; Evenset, Anita; Krogseth, Ingjerd Sunde; Herzke, Dorte; Warner, Nicholas Alexander & Möckel, Claudia
[Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2019).
Environmental behavior and bioaccumulation of contaminants of emerging concern in northern freshwater ecosystems.
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Krogseth, Ingjerd Sunde; Breivik, Knut & Wania, Frank
(2019).
Towards a temporally and spatially resolved Nested Exposure Model for organic contaminants in Arctic marine ecosystems.
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Ratola, Nuno; Cincinelli, Alessandra; Pieri, Francesca; Montesinos, Sonia; Schuster, Jasmin K. & Katsoyiannis, Athanasios A.
[Vis alle 17 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2018).
North Hemisphere air quality transects to assess legacy and emerging semivolatile organic contaminants.
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Krogseth, Ingjerd Sunde; Bohlin-Nizzetto, Pernilla; Nøst, Therese Haugdahl & Breivik, Knut
(2018).
Towards an in-house Arctic environmental fate and bioaccumulation model for organic contaminants – A platform for cooperation across institutes?
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Graf, Carola; Breivik, Knut; Jones, Kevin C & Sweetman, Andrew J
(2018).
Long-term trend in PCB and PBDE concentrations in ambient air: The TOMPS network and the UK-Norway transect.
Vis sammendrag
The UK Toxic Organic Micro Pollutants (TOMPs) Network, which has operated since 1991, collects ambient air samples at six urban, rural, and semi-rural sites across England and Scotland, using high-volume active air samplers [1]. Furthermore, in 1994, a latitudinal sampling transect from the south of England to the north of Norway was established with eleven sampling sites, mainly in remote locations, using Semi-Permeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs) as passive air samplers [2]. Both networks provide continuous, long-term ambient air trend data for a range of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), including PCBs and PBDEs, and have helped demonstrating a decline in POPs air concentrations over the last three decades. However, in recent years no further significant declines have been observed. SumPCB and SumPBDE levels in the UK are lowest at the rural sites and highest for the urban sites (TOMPs), and they generally decrease from the south of England to the north of Norway (UK/Norway) in line with expectations. Higher values at less remote sites and sites downwind from population centres show that POPs concentrations may still mainly be influenced by primary emissions. Concentrations at semi-rural sites lie between rural and urban sites; however, they can exceed the latter in some years. This can probably be attributed to short-term local effects. The data from the TOMPs network shows that concentrations of PCBs are higher in warmer than in colder months, while the seasonal patterns are less uniform for PBDEs.
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Möckel, Claudia; Halvorsen, Helene Lunder; Pedersen, Lovise Skogeng; Krogseth, Ingjerd Sunde; Bohlin-Nizzetto, Pernilla & Borgen, Anders
[Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2018).
Spatial distribution of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in European background air.
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Halvorsen, Helene Lunder; Möckel, Claudia; Pedersen, Lovise Skogeng; Krogseth, Ingjerd Sunde; Bohlin-Nizzetto, Pernilla & Schlabach, Martin
[Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2018).
Passive air sampling of POPs in background air along a European-Arctic transect.
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Krogseth, Ingjerd Sunde; Breivik, Knut & Wania, Frank
(2018).
Development and evaluation of a bioaccumulation model for organic contaminants in European Arctic marine ecosystems.
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Möckel, Claudia; Halvorsen, Helene Lunder; Pedersen, Lovise Skogeng; Krogseth, Ingjerd Sunde; Bohlin-Nizzetto, Pernilla & Borgen, Anders
[Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2018).
Spatial distribution of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in European background air
.
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Krogseth, Ingjerd Sunde; Breivik, Knut & Wania, Frank
(2018).
Development and evaluation of a bioaccumulation model for organic contaminants in European Arctic marine ecosystems.
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Krogseth, Ingjerd Sunde; Undeman, E.; Evenset, Anita; Christensen, G. N.; Whelan, M. J. & Breivik, Knut
[Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2018).
Environmental fate and bioaccumulation of cVMS in a subarctic freshwater lake.
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Breivik, Knut
(2017).
Development, evaluation and application of a nested exposure assessment model for organic contaminants in the Nordic and Arctic region (NEM).
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Krogseth, Ingjerd Sunde; Breivik, Knut & Nøst, Therese Haugdahl
(2017).
Towards an “in-house” Arctic bioaccumulation model for organic contaminants. A platform for cooperation across institutes?
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Krogseth, Ingjerd Sunde; Undeman, Emma; Evenset, Anita; Christensen, Guttorm N; Whelan, Mick & Breivik, Knut
[Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2017).
Factors affecting bioaccumulation of cyclic volatile methyl
siloxanes in a subarctic benthopelagic food web.
Vis sammendrag
Cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMS) are used in
personal care products and are emitted to aquatic environments through wastewater effluents. Due to the high hydrophobicity of cVMS, sediments are expected to be an important source for exposure in benthic and benthopelagic food webs. However, details of exposure pathways have yet to be fully understood. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the role of sediments in the bioaccumulation of cVMS, using a north-Norwegian lake (Lake Storvannet, 70 °N, 23 °E) as a case-study. Concentrations of cVMS were measured in benthos (chironomid larvae and the pea clam Pisidium sp.) and fish (three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus), arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus), and brown trout (Salmo trutta)), while existing measurements of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs 101, 138, 153) were used to evaluate a new benthopelagic model. The aquatic module of the bioaccumulation model ACC-HUMAN was expanded to include a benthic filter feeder and a benthic predator/deposit feeder, and the model was parameterized for Storvannet. The pelagic version of the model over-predicted PCB concentrations in char and trout by factors of 3 to 16 compared to measurements (ratio between median values), and the benthopelagic model by factors of 2 to 7. Inclusion of the benthic link, therefore, improved predictions, particularly for char that feed mainly on benthos in this lake. D5 was the dominant cVMS congener in the lake, with measured concentrations of 2.0 ± 0.04, 17.8 ± 0.7, 3.2 ± 2.3, 3.8 ± 2.8, and 0.8 ± 0.6 μg/g lipid in chironomid larvae, Pisidium sp., three-spined sticklebacks, char, and trout, respectively. The benthopelagic model over-predicted cVMS concentrations in all species, but reproduced well the relationships between the different species. As Storvannet has temperatures around 0 °C for the majority of the year, the differing temperature-dependency of partitioning between organic phases and water for PCBs and cVMS was important for the model predictions. This was particularly pronounced in the benthic linkages within the model, where several differences in bioaccumulation behavior between PCBs and cVMS was observed. This highlights the need to increase the understanding of partitioning of cVMS at low temperatures. Also, it stresses the importance of understanding bioaccumulation behavior and biotransformation capacities in lower trophic levels, which are fundamental to understand also the higher trophic levels.
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Krogseth, Ingjerd Sunde; Undeman, Emma; Evenset, Anita; Christensen, Guttorm N; Whelan, Mick & Breivik, Knut
[Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2017).
Factors affecting bioaccumulation of cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes in a sub-arctic bentho-pelagic food web.
Vis sammendrag
Cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMS) are used in personal care products and are emitted to aquatic
environments through wastewater effluents. Due to the high hydrophobicity of cVMS, sediments are
expected to be an important source for exposure in benthic and bentho-pelagic food webs. However, details
of exposure pathways have yet to be fully understood. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the
role of sediments in the bioaccumulation of cVMS in Nordic environments, using a north-Norwegian lake
(Lake Storvannet) as a case-study. Concentrations of cVMS were measured in benthos (chironomid larvae
and the pea clam Pisidium sp.) and fish (three-spined sticklebacks [Gasterosteus aculeatus], Arctic char
[Salvelinus alpinus], and brown trout [Salmo trutta]) from the lake. Existing measurements of
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs 101, 118, 138, 153, 180) were used to evaluate a new bentho-pelagic
version of the bioaccumulation model ACC-HUMAN (including a benthic filter feeder and a benthic
predator/deposit feeder). The model predictions of PCB concentrations in char and trout were in better
agreement with measurements (predictions were within a factor of 4 to measured concentrations) compared
to predictions with the pelagic-only model (factor of 8 between predictions and measurements). Predictions
improved most for char, which feed mainly on benthos in this lake. This suggests that the bentho-pelagic
model is a better representation of the Storvannet ecosystem than the pelagic-only model. The model was
next applied to evaluate the fate of cVMS in the Storvannet food web. Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5)
was the dominant cVMS congener in the lake, with measured concentrations of 2.0 ± 0.04, 17.8 ± 0.7, 3.2 ±
2.3, 3.8 ± 2.8, and 0.8 ± 0.6 μg/g lipid in chironomid larvae, Pisidium sp., sticklebacks, char, and trout,
respectively. Concentrations were lower, and sometimes below limits of quantification, for
octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6). Predicted cVMS
concentrations in benthos were underestimated compared to measurements (ratio of 0.04 to 0.4 between
predictions and measurements), while predicted cVMS concentrations in fish were in good agreement with
measurements (ratio of 0.5 to 2.5). Model predictions were highly sensitive to the partition coefficients
between organic carbon and water (KOC) and its temperature dependence. This is because the model predicts
benthic organisms to be the main source of cVMS for fish, and KOC controls bioavailability of cVMS for
benthos in the model. The model furthermore predicted considerable losses of cVMS through ventilation for
fish, resulting from higher fugacity in the benthic-feeding fish than in lake water. As a result, model
predictions were relatively insensitive to the biotransformation rate constants in fish.
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Breivik, Knut
(2017).
Stationary sampling of ambient air in Europe - in the context of human exposure of chemicals through the environment.
Vis sammendrag
Beyond direct inhalation, the atmosphere has been shown to represent a key pathway for chemical entry via other parts of the physical environment as well as the human food-chain. Air monitoring data is therefore important for a complete understanding of human exposure to airborne chemicals. Such data are furthermore required for attempts to understand and evaluate relationships between emission sources and atmospheric concentrations - and thereby an integrated aspect of overall source-exposure relationships. In this talk, an introduction to existing databases on chemicals in ambient air will be given. The focus will highlight monitoring data and databases for selected persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and heavy metals in European background air. Using organic contaminants as examples, the merit and limitations of different techniques to measure spatial and temporal trends of chemicals in air and deposition will be discussed in terms of exposure relevance. Finally, opportunities of combining air monitoring data with exposure models to understand and predict human exposure via the environment will be assessed.
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Breivik, Knut; MacLeod, Matthew; Wania, Frank & Eckhardt, Sabine
(2017).
Towards a nested multimedia fate, transport and bioaccumulation model for the Nordic region.
Vis sammendrag
Most empirical monitoring programs on organic contaminants, including POPs, typically target a specific area, country or region. The Nordic region, including remote Arctic areas such as Svalbard, is probably among the more well studied regions with respect to the empirical occurrence of organic contaminants within various ecosystems. Yet, gaps remain in our understanding of the link between sources and exposures in this region, including how source-exposure relationships may vary in space and time, for individual contaminants
and across abiotic and biotic compartments. As POPs are global pollutants, sources affecting Nordic regions
could both be distant and/or of more local origin. Furthermore, the persistence of POPs implies that current
exposures could be a result of both historical as well as recent emissions. This calls for regional modelling
strategies which are global in context yet dynamic, reflecting both the possible mobility and life-time of
relevant contaminants. Here, we introduce the first version of an integrated fate, transport and exposure model for the Nordic region (Nordic Exposure Model - NEM). The point of departure for NEM are three existing models, notably BETR-Global, ACC-Human and CoZMo-POP2. In contrast to these models, theNEM model reflects the hypothesis that accurate predictions of organic contaminant exposures call for
increasing resolution with increasing proximity (in space and time) to a study region of interest. Hence, NEM is being developed as a nested model, consisting of (up to) five different gridded model domains, simulated in sequence: Global (30ºx120º Lat/Long) > Northern Hemisphere (30ºx30º) > Europe (15ºx15º) > Northern Europe (7.5ºx7.5º) > Nordic region (3.75ºx3.75º). Chemical transport between neighbouring grid cells may occur by air, fresh water and seawater. Chemical inflow from the outside world and into a given domain (except the initial global domain), is based on simulations of the preceding domain. The physical environment within a given grid cell within NEM includes up to 10 different compartments (upper and lower atmosphere, broadleaf and needleleaf canopies, forest soil, uncultivated soil, agricultural soil, fresh water, fresh water sediment and marine water). The NEM model also includes the opportunity to simulate bioaccumulation in the human food-chain within a user-defined grid cell, allowing relationships between sources and biotic exposures in a specific receptor to be evaluated. Here, an overview of the initial version of NEM will be given, along with initial results using PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) as an example. Plans for further development, evaluation and opportunities for future applications will be presented.
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Graf, Carola; Breivik, Knut; Jones, Kevin C & Sweetman, Andrew J
(2017).
Investigating Long-term Trends in PCB Concentrations in Ambient Air: The TOMPs Network and the UK-Norway Transect.
Vis sammendrag
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) were first synthesised in 1881, but their commercial production only began in 1929 in the USA. They were marketed under various trade names depending on the country where they were produced such as Aroclor (Monosanto, USA) and Clophen (Bayer, Europe). Because of high chemical and thermal stability, electrical resistance, and low or no flammability, PCBs had extensive
applications. They were used as dielectric fluids in capacitors and transformers, in plasticisers, adhesives,
inks, sealants and surface coatings. Production of PCBs peaked in the 1960s in Europe and USA; they were
ultimately banned in the late 1970s / early 1980s. Before the ban, PCBs entered the environment through point and diffusive sources such as landfill sites, accidental releases/spillages via leakage during commercial
use of electrical equipment and transformer and capacitor fires, or incineration of PCB waste. Current atmospheric levels of PCBs in the environment can be accounted for by ongoing primary anthropogenic emissions (e.g. accidental release of products or materials containing PCBs), volatilisation from environmental reservoirs (e.g. oceans and soils) which have previously received PCBs (secondary
emissions), or incidental formation during combustion processes.
The UK Toxic Organic Micro Pollutants (TOMPs) Network, which has operated since 1991, collects ambient air samples at six sites across England and Scotland, using high-volume active air samplers. The network provides long-term ambient air trend data for a range of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), including PCBs, at both urban and rural locations, and thus allows detailed studies on atmospheric fate and
behaviour processes of persistent chemicals. It has played an important role in the successful understanding and modelling of their environmental sources and fate.
The continuous monitoring of PCBs for the TOMPs programme has demonstrated the constant decline in their UK air concentrations over the last decades. The concentrations of all congeners are generally significantly higher at urban compared to semi-rural and rural sites. The PCB fingerprint (relative concentrations) in TOMPs samples has not changed over time, which indicates that primary diffusive sources
in urban areas are still dominant and probably the controlling factor of trends in the UK ambient air PCB
concentrations.In 1994, a latitudinal sampling transect from the south of England to the north of Norway was established
with eleven sampling sites, mainly in remote locations, using Semi-Permeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs) as passive air samplers. The aim of this transect was to investigate spatial and temporal trends of POPs concentrations, and in particular to test the hypotheses of global distillation and fractionation. Since 1994, the UK/Norway SPMD transect has produced ten two-year samples (except 1996 – 1998) at each site. Results show that PCB concentrations have generally decreased from the south to the north of the transect, as
well as over time. They have, however, levelled off in recent years, which may be explained by increasing
importance of secondary emissions.
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Breivik, Knut; MacLeod, Matthew; Wania, Frank & Eckhardt, Sabine
(2017).
Towards a Nested Exposure Model for organic contaminants (NEM).
-
Abbasi, Golnoush; Li, Li & Breivik, Knut
(2017).
Global and historical emission inventory of BDE-209.
Vis sammendrag
A thorough understanding of the fate of chemical in products (CiPs) within and across societies is a prerequisite to understand and predict their environmental fate. The complex processes by which chemicals are released to the environment from production, processing, use and disposal, make the
tracking of CiPs in the anthroposphere a challenging task. In this study, we used a dynamic substance flow analysis model, CiP-CAFE (Chemical in Products-Comprehensive Anthropospheric Fate Estimation), to quantify the global stock and flows of BDE-209 as a chemical mixture and within products over the period of 1970 to 2050. The CiP-CAFE model divides the world into 7 regions according to regional
differences in chemical industries, chemical and waste management practices as well as trade. Each region contains interconnected phases and processes which allow tracking of chemicals and quantification of stocks and flows of CiPs from one stage to the other. In this study, we used the historical production of Br and market demand of flame retardants to estimate the historical production of BDE-209. We estimated that ~1600 Kt of BDE-209 has been
manufactured since 1970. Despite the discontinuation of the use of BDE-209 since 2014, our results suggest that ~400 Kt of BDE-209 is still in in-use stock globally in 2017. A total of ~1120 Kt of BDE-209 has already entered the waste stream with 52% of the total waste remains in landfills and dumping sites while the remainder of waste (48%) has been subject to irreversible waste treatment. The latter
category includes inappropriate waste treatment (40%), incineration (26%), inadvertent recycling (21%)
and wastewater treatment plant (13%). Global emission of BDE-209 from 1970 to 2017 was estimated to be ~80 t with 75%, 2% and 23% of the total emission released to air, water and soil, respectively. According to our estimates, more than 60% of the global emission during the production and use of
BDE209-containing products occurred in more industrialized regions (North America, Europe, Japan, Australia and New Zealand), while more than 80% of emission during waste treatment and disposal of associated products occurred in less industrialized regions. This calls for further research in understating of emissions of harmful chemicals from throughout their entire life-cycles. The CiP-CAFE model provides a comprehensive analysis of the stock, flows and emissions of harmful chemicals that can be used as
valuable tool to devise more effective chemical management plans in order to protect the environment and human health at the global scale.
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Nøst, Therese Haugdahl; Sandanger, Torkjel M; Nieboer, Evert; Odland, Jon Øyvind & Breivik, Knut
(2017).
Delayed emissions of POPs from transboundary waste streams may cause spatially and temporally divergent monitoring trends.
Vis sammendrag
Time trends in human concentrations of select persistent organic pollutants (POPs) during 1979-2007 in five repeated blood samples from 53 men in Northern Norway demonstrated clear relations between and environmental emissions. Despite considerable declines for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) since 1986, the sum of the 49 targeted POPs increased from 1979 until 2001, with per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) dominating recent blood burden measurements. Specifically, the time trends in serum concentrations of POPs, exemplified by PCB-
153, 1,1′-(2,2,2-Trichloroethane-1,1-diyl)bis(4-chlorobenzene) (DDT) and perfluorooctane sulfonic
acid (PFOS), resembled the trends in available data on their emissions, production or use. Further, emission-based mechanistic modelling, exemplified by PCBs, provided estimated blood concentrations that agreed well with the time trends observed. Our results suggest that interpretations of human biomonitoring trends for POPs should consider historic emissions. Although emissions are low in many countries compared to those in the past, many industrial POPs remain in products and waste streams even today due to the long life-time of products containing these
compounds. As some of this waste is exported across country borders, this causes delayed emissions which may again cause divergent spatial and temporal trends among various monitoring studies. One example is the elevated emissions from informal waste or recycling processes in developing regions, such as of PCBs and other organic contaminants released from waste electrical and electronic equipment. Indeed, elevated concentrations of legacy POPs in humans in areas influenced by such activities have been reported. Thus, although temporal trends of the legacy POPs clearly indicate reduced human exposure to these compounds in industrialized countries, the trends in developing
countries do not necessarily conform. Comparisons of the PCB concentrations from Norway, a country with no past production of PCBs and that banned new use in 1980, to available monitoring results from selected areas known to be affected by informal waste and/or recycling processes
underlined that human time trends may be spatially variable across the globe, which in this specific case was likely attributed to elevated emissions from contaminants in transboundary waste streams. Clearly, knowledge of temporal and spatial differences in emissions of POPs from waste streams could guide the design and interpretation of biomonitoring studies in populations experiencing
possible significant time-lags in human exposure to legacy POPs.
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Vee, Marthe; Eriksen, Freja; Sørbye, Ida Eri & Breivik, Knut
(2017).
Søppelgruven.
[Tidsskrift].
Aftenposten Innsikt.
Vis sammendrag
Elektronisk avfall blir stjålet fra norske elektronikkbutikker, smuglet over grensen og sendt til land der brukt elektronikk er luksusvarer. Norsk søpper er en del av en global milliardindustri.
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Halse, Anne Karine; Schlabach, Martin; Schuster, Jasmin K.; Jones, Kevin C.; Steinnes, Eiliv & Breivik, Knut
(2017).
Corrigendum to “Endosulfan, pentachlorobenzene and short-chain chlorinated paraffins in background soils from Western Europe” (Environmental Pollution (2015) 196 (21–28) (S0269749114003893) (10.1016/j.envpol.2014.09.009)).
Environmental Pollution (1987).
ISSN 0269-7491.
220,
s. 1477–1479.
doi:
10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.084.
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Breivik, Knut; Nikiforov, Vladimir & Davie-Martin, Cleo Lisa
(2023).
Identification of POP candidates among chemicals in plastic. Screening for LRTP using the Emissions Fractions Approach.
NILU.
ISSN 978-82-425-3142-1.
Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
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There is considerable interest in identifying chemicals which have the potential to undergo long-range environmental transport (LRTP), accumulate in remote regions, and represent a possible risk to environmental and human health. In this report, we have screened a list of 1,000 organic chemicals, as well as selected brominated dioxins and furans (PBDD/Fs), for their potential to be dispersed, transferred to, and accumulated in remote regions. This screening was carried out applying a new set of LRTP metrics, collectively referred to as the emissions fractions approach (EFA), as implemented in a modified version of the OECD POV and LRTP (long-range transport potential) Screening Tool (The Tool).
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Nipen, Maja; Breivik, Knut; Vogt, Rolf David; Borgå, Katrine & Schlabach, Martin
(2022).
Spatial and temporal trends of anthropogenic pollutants in a tropical, urban environment in east Africa.
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo.
ISSN 1501-7710.
2022(2520).
Vis sammendrag
A range of chemicals which are potentially harmful to human health and the environment are used in industrial and consumer products including electronics. Source regions for such pollutants to the environment may be shifting from the Global North to the Global South given e.g., trade in products and waste and lacking capacity for environmentally sound waste handling. However, there are large knowledge gaps concerning the occurrence and fate of these chemicals in the Global South.
In this work, occurrence, distribution, sources, and time trends of both legacy and emerging chemical pollutants were investigated in and around Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. This was done by analysis of samples from air and soil, and a dated sediment core.
The results from the dated sediment core showed increasing levels of legacy chemical pollutants in the late 2010s. This suggests that international regulation has not yet been effective in lowering environmental burdens of these pollutants in Dar es Salaam. Levels of some emerging chemical pollutants were documented to increase dramatically in the late 2010s. Spatial trends of these emerging chemical pollutants in air and soil in the studied region suggests handling of both general waste and electronic waste are important sources.
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Aas, Wenche; Rundén-Pran, Elise; Breivik, Knut; Sundseth, Kyrre; Høiskar, Britt Ann & Platt, Stephen Matthew
[Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2017).
NILUs strategiske instituttsatsinger (SIS) - 2016.
NILU.
ISSN 978-82-425-2879-7.
Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
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Alle NILUs strategiske instituttsatsinger (SIS) skal levere en populærvitenskapelig framstilling til Norges forskningsråd hvert år. Denne rapporten inneholder NILUs sluttrapporter for SIS-prosjekter som ble avsluttet I 2016, og årlige SIS-rapporter for 2016 for de andre SIS-prosjektene.