HYDROGENi FME Norwegian centre for hydrogen and ammonia research and innovation

• Kapci, Mehmet Fazil; Alvaro, Antonio; Johnsen, Roy & Lu, Xu (2026). Influence of elevated temperature on hydride formation and hydrogen-assisted deformation in pure titanium. npj Materials Degradation. p. 1–14. doi: 10.1038/s41529-026-00897-3. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The effect of temperature on hydride formation and hydrogen-induced deformation in α-Ti was investigated using tensile testing combined with in-situ SEM observations. Microstructural characterization of hydrogen-charged and deformed specimens at both room temperature and 80 °C demonstrates that temperature significantly alters both the hydride phase and the mechanical response of the α-Ti matrix. Charging at 80 °C produced a more extensive surface hydride layer and a distributed subsurface hydride morphology while suppressing subsurface twinning. During testing at 80 °C, pronounced surface cracking and cleavage of hydrides were markedly reduced, despite reductions in apparent yield stress and uniform elongation, together with increased microvoid formation. These observations are consistent with a greater contribution of hydrogen in solid solution and increased ductility of hydrides at elevated temperature. The apparent specimen response therefore shifts from surface cracking and constrained deformation associated with hydrides at room temperature toward localized, dislocation-mediated deformation at 80 °C. At elevated temperature, the response is governed by competition between enhanced dislocation nucleation, which promotes earlier plastic deformation, and the constraining effects of the external hydride layer and distributed hydrides on subsequent plastic flow. These findings establish a mechanistic framework linking temperature, hydrogen state, and deformation behavior in α-Ti.

• Ernst, Margaretha Susanna & Tangstad, Merete (2026). Hydrogen reduction of iron and manganese oxides in ferroalloy ores. In 2026, SAIMM (Eds.), Proceedings from SAIMM PYROMETALLURGY INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2026. The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. ISSN 9780123456786. p. 225–238. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The decarbonisation of manganese ferroalloy production requires alternative ‘prereduction’ strategies to replace carbon-based reductants. Hydrogen offers a promising option; however, the chemical and physical transformations of manganese ores under industrially relevant, non-isothermal hydrogen and water vapour conditions are not yet fully understood. In this paper, the non-isothermal prereduction behaviour of Assmang Mn ore was investigated in hydrogen and water vapour atmospheres up to 1100°C using thermogravimetry, supported by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffractometry, and physical characterisation. The maximum experimental mass loss reached 15.89 mass% in pure hydrogen, in good agreement with the theoretical value, based on stoichiometry, of ~14 mass%. Normalised results show that the extent of mass loss is governed primarily by reducing atmosphere composition, with pure hydrogen achieving >98% of the maximum mass loss across all particle sizes, whereas an 80%-20% hydrogen-water vapour atmosphere was limited to ~80%. Particle size had a minor influence on the final extent of reduction but strongly affected the rate of mass loss. Chemical analysis confirmed substantial oxygen removal, with the oxygen-manganese ratio decreasing from 1.53 in the raw ore to 1.00 after prereduction. Preferential iron oxide reduction occurred at lower temperatures, followed by progressive manganese oxide reduction and carbonate decomposition between 600°C and 800°C. Prereduction was accompanied by particle decrepitation, reaching up to ~60% for large particles in pure hydrogen. These results support hydrogen-based prereduction as a viable pathway towards lower-carbon manganese ferroalloy production.

• Fredriksen, Marius & Jäschke, Johannes (2026). Active-Constraint Regions and Power Distribution in Multi-Stack PEM Water Electrolysis Systems. Systems and Control Transactions (SCT). 5, p. 2551–2557. doi: https:/psecommunity.org/LAPSE:2026.0522. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Multi-stack proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis systems are increasingly deployed to improve the scalability and flexibility of green hydrogen production. However, sharing balance-of-plant equipment introduces coupling between stacks, and differences in stack performance increase the complexity of plantwide operation. In particular, non-identical efficiencies and safety constraints, such as hydrogen-to-oxygen (HTO) ratio limits, can render single-stack or equal-power-sharing control strategies suboptimal. In this work, the steady-state optimal operating regime of a two-stack PEM electrolysis system is characterized using a plantwide optimization approach and active constraint mapping over a range of system power loads. Performance differences between the stacks are represented through variations in Faraday efficiency to emulate simplified degradation. For identical stacks, the system behaves similarly to a single large electrolyzer, where equal power distribution is optimal, and the active constraint regions closely resemble those of a single-stack system. As the stack performance differences increase, the optimal power distribution becomes asymmetric, with the more efficient stack preferentially loaded. However, HTO safety constraints in the degraded stack may limit the utilization of the more efficient stack and introduce additional active constraint regions, resulting in more complex operating regimes.

• Tuhi, Farhana Yasmine; Bucelli, Marta & Liu, Yiliu (2026). Analyses on guidelines of reliability-centered maintenance and the challenges in applying for green hydrogen technologies. In Matos, JoséC.; Lourenço, Paulo B.; Beer, Michael; Oliveira, Daniel; Patelli, Edoardo; Sousa, Hélder S.; Silva, Rui A.; Santamaria, Monica & Turco, Chiara (Ed.), ESREL 2026 Proceedings : European Safety and Reliability Conference. Research Publishing Services. ISSN 9789819467181. p. 2019–2026. doi: https:/rpsonline.com.sg/proceedings/esrel2026/pdf/esrel26-p26441.pdf. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Green hydrogen offers a promising pathway for reducing carbon emissions and renewable energy integration. However, its production via water electrolysis faces major reliability, safety, and cost challenges, which are identified by sudden failures of components, associated repair, and maintenance expenses as well as unexpected operational downtime. To improve reliability and safety of hydrogen systems, planned maintenance is critical in mitigating performance degradation, extending lifespan and reducing economic loss. Reliability-centered maintenance (RCM) offers a structured approach to optimally integrate corrective and preventive maintenance strategies, aiming to enhance reliability and ensure cost-effective operation. The maintenance task selection decision logic is the noble feature of RCM analysis which varies in different standards and guidelines. Therefore, this study explores the application of maintenance task selection logic step embedded in RCM framework for green hydrogen technologies, with particular interest in electrolyzers by reviewing available standards and guidelines. Besides, this study sheds light on the challenges of applying the existing task selection logic and discusses initiatives from managerial perspective to customize the current RCM to be applied in green hydrogen sector.

• Emmel, Benjamin; Stroisz, Anna Magdalena; Bjørkvik, Bård Johan Arnt; Jeante, Anthime; Cerasi, Pierre & Johnson, James Ronald [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2026). Multianalytical Assessment of Shale Behavior after Medium-Pressure/Temperature Hydrogen Exposure. Energy & Fuels. ISSN 0887-0624. 40(34), p. 19134–19150. doi: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c02121. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Underground hydrogen (H2) storage (UHS) in siliciclastic porous reservoirs relies critically on the long-term integrity of shale caprocks. However, the influence of H2 on shale microstructure, elastic properties, and mechanical strength remains poorly constrained. This study investigates H2–rock interactions in shales from the Draupne Formation (i.e., Kimmeridge equivalent), a regionally important sealing unit on the Norwegian Continental Shelf. Samples from two wells representing contrasting shale facies were exposed for 7 days to 170 ± 1 bar and 60 ± 1 °C under either H2 or inert Ar atmospheres. Pre- and postexposure characterization employed X-ray micro-CT, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), ultrasonic through-transmission acoustic wave velocity measurements, punch testing, and gas chromatography (GC). The two facies exhibit strong compositional and structural heterogeneity, with Draupne Shale 1 (DS1) dominated by carbonate-rich, relatively homogeneous layers, and DS2 characterized by organic-rich and laminated microstructures. SEM-EDS and GC analyses revealed no measurable evidence of mineralogical or chemical alteration, indicating that at these pressure and temperature (PT) conditions H2 does not react measurably with shale constituents. Acoustic velocities display small but inconsistent changes after gas exposure, which are best explained by sample heterogeneities and/or P-induced microcrack changes rather than H2-specific effects. In contrast, punch tests reveal distinct facies-dependent mechanical responses: DS2 shale shows reduced peak shear strength and more brittle postpeak behavior after H2 exposure, whereas Ar-treated samples remain more ductile. These results suggest that H2 may contribute to weakening along pre-existing heterogeneities in more compliant shale facies, even in the absence of detectable chemical reactions. The study demonstrates that microstructural variability governs shale behavior during H2 exposure and highlights the need for facies-specific assessment in UHS applications.

• Johnson, James Ronald; Rahman, Jamilur; Brun-Lie, Celine; Gunning, Bobby; Hongliang, Lawrence & Yarushina, Viktoriya M. (2026). Plugging and abandonment utilising shale creep – a proposed predrilling workflow with legacy well data, Kimmeridge Formation, Gudrun Field, North Sea. First Break. ISSN 0263-5046. 44(7), p. 29–36. doi: 10.3997/1365-2397.fb2026047. Full text in Research Archive
• Rosnes, Andreas; Jiang, Bo; Nguyen, Phuong D.; Wang, Luyang; Wenckstern, Holger Von & Prytz, Øystein [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2026). Multiple Stages of Metal Exsolution from Nonstoichiometric Perovskites. Journal of the American Chemical Society. ISSN 0002-7863. 148(31), p. 33486–33495. doi: 10.1021/jacs.6c08762. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Exsolution enables controlled solid-state precipitation of metal nanoparticles from metal oxides, resulting in materials that exhibit excellent catalytic properties for electrochemical energy conversion. The diverse characteristics of particles exsolved at different temperatures indicate complex mechanisms that remain unresolved. Through a series of in situ electron microscopy, synchrotron X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetry experiments on La0.2Ca0.7Ti0.9Sc0.05Cu0.05O3−δ across nanoscale wedges to μm-sized powders, multiple stages of exsolution are deconvoluted with increasing thermal activation: (1) minor exsolution of anchored surface nanoparticles, (2) exsolution of endoparticles within the bulk, and (3) diffusion and coalescing in the bulk and at the surfaces. Reconstruction of the perovskite surface by formation of nanoscopic steps and terraces proceeds concurrently with endoparticle growth. Moreover, distinct exsolution characteristics are observed in the near-surface region and deeper within the bulk, resulting in spherically and orthorhombically shaped endoparticles, respectively.

• Vicente, Igor S.; Strozi, Renato Belli; Silva, Bruno Hessel; Sartori, Sabrina & Floriano, Ricardo (2026). Toward Low-Cost Metal Hydrides: Ferrovanadium as a Viable Feedstock for TiZrVFeNi-Based Stationary Hydrogen Storage. ACS Applied Energy Materials. doi: 10.1021/acsaem.6c02001. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Metal hydride-based hydrogen storage systems are promising for stationary applications; however, the high capital expenditure (CAPEX), largely driven by refined alloying elements, remains a barrier to large-scale deployment. This work investigates substituting high-purity V and Fe with industrial ferrovanadium (FeV80) in dual-phase C14/BCC Ti21Zr21VxFeyNiz alloys. Two representative compositions were produced using high-purity (HP) and low-cost (LC) precursors: a low-vanadium alloy (5 V) and a high-vanadium alloy (14 V). Microstructural and crystallographic characterization confirmed that the LC alloys fully preserved the target dendritic dual-phase configuration and phase balance, proving that industrial impurities below 0.7 wt % do not alter the core metallurgy. At room temperature, the LC alloys exhibited reversible capacities (1.1 wt % for 5 V and 0.7 wt % for 14 V) and cycling stability virtually identical to their HP counterparts, while FeV80 successfully halved the activation incubation time of the 14 V alloy from 1000 to 500 s. Economically, the FeV80 substitution achieved a substantial raw material cost reduction of up to 61.1%, slashing the 14 V alloy price from 66.79 to 25.99 USD/kg. Projecting these experimental values onto a commercial stationary storage case study with a 7.6 kg H2 target demonstrates that under an optimized maximum capacity scenario, the 14 V-LC alloy requires only 481 kg of active material, which represents a 12.5% mass reduction compared to the 550 kg commercial benchmark active bed and a 60.6% reduction in active material cost compared to the HP counterpart. Ultimately, this study establishes industrial-grade ferrovanadium as a strategic, scalable feedstock capable of drastically reducing storage system CAPEX while completely decoupling production costs from functional performance.

• Nguyen, Duc Duy; Turner, James W.G. & Emberson, David Robert (2026). Lean Ammonia Combustion in an Optically Accessible Combustion Chamber Using Hydrogen Jet Ignition. Energy & Fuels. ISSN 0887-0624. 40(32), p. 17863–17863. doi: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c02691. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Ammonia is a promising carbon-free fuel for deep-sea shipping, but its low reactivity makes it difficult to reliably combust. Hydrogen prechamber jet ignition can be used to address this challenge, yet the minimum hydrogen energy share (HES) needed to maintain stable, lean ammonia combustion under a stratified direct-injection charge needs to be investigated. This paper presents the optical and emission characteristics of a direct-injected ammonia lean-burn combustion using hydrogen-fueled prechamber jet ignition. The effect of HES on the combustion process was investigated and visualized under these conditions. All of the tests were conducted in a modified single-cylinder, optically accessible combustion chamber at a fixed lean equivalence ratio of 0.6, with HES varied from 6% to 10%. Combustion performance, flame development, and NOx/N2O/unburned NH3 emissions were characterized. The results show that stable lean ammonia combustion can be sustained with HES as low as 6%, with combustion performance and flame propagation improving markedly above this threshold; 7–8% HES was identified as the optimum, balancing peak pressure, combustion phasing, and emissions. Combustion visualization imaging further revealed a temporal delay between OH* emission and heat release rate across all conditions, attributed to the ammonia decomposition pathway, and identified the jet penetration zone as the dominant region of OH*/NH* radical formation. These findings establish a lower HES bound for stratified ammonia/hydrogen ignition and provide the spatially resolved radical formation profile for this combustion mode.

• Shaheen, Khadija; Bucelli, Marta; Chawla, Apoorva & Tabella, Gianluca (2026). ReG-Net: Retrieval-Enhanced Graph Networks for Robust Multimodal Missing Data Recovery. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering. ISSN 1041-4347. 38(10), p. 6957–6968. doi: 10.1109/tkde.2026.3717320. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Dealing with missing data across heterogeneous attributes – categorical, numerical, and textual – remains a persistent challenge in high-stakes industrial datasets. This issue can become even more critical for safety event reporting systems, especially for emerging large-scale technologies and applications, such as the Hydrogen Incidents and Accidents Database (HIAD) 2.1, where partial multimodal inputs can lead to inaccuracies in risk and safety analyses. To address this, we propose a retrieval-enhanced graph network (ReG-Net), a robust framework designed to impute missing multimodal information. ReG-Net constructs a node within a unified graph for each attribute and leverages embeddings generated by a lightweight pretrained language model (PLM) to transform numerical, categorical, and textual inputs into a common semantic space. For modeling structural and inter-modality information, we incorporate lightweight cross-modal attention within the graph aggregation, allowing for an early integration between cross-modality complementary signals. The imputation step is further enhanced through external knowledge storage (memory banks), which provides contextual cues, especially in cases of non-random missingness. Additionally, an adaptive reweighting mechanism is designed to prevent bias issues related to class imbalance, numerical bias, and the level of missingness. Finally, modality-specific output heads support type-aware reconstruction on classification, regression, and text generation tasks. Extensive experiments on real-world hydrogen unwanted events datasets and multiple benchmark datasets demonstrate that ReG-Net outperforms both traditional statistical methods and modern deep learning counterparts, achieving state-of-the-art performance in multimodal missing-data recovery.

• Broom, Darren P.; Allendorf, Mark D.; Autrey, Tom; Baricco, Marcello; Colbe, Jose Bellosta von & Bowden, Mark E. [Show all 33 contributors for this article] (2026). Hydrogen-based materials for energy storage and conversion. Nature Reviews Clean Technology. 2, p. 512–533. doi: 10.1038/s44359-026-00184-z. Full text in Research Archive
• Hanson, Jens & Mäkitie, Tuukka (2026). The Sectoral Configurations of the Hydrogen Innovation System in Norway. In Steen, Markus; Thune, Taran Mari; Hansen, Teis; Mäkitie, Tuukka & Frenken, Koen (Ed.), Sustainability Transitions and Industrial Transformation: Multi-Sector Dynamics and Policy Perspectives. Palgrave Macmillan. ISSN 9789819548934. p. 69–94. doi: 10.1007/978-981-95-4893-4_3. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Based on a case study, this chapter explores the hydrogen innovation system in Norway, and it’s sectoral configurations. We explore the sectoral configurations by looking at how enabling, production, and use sectors are starting to make up elements of a hydrogen value chain and influence innovation system dynamics. By analysing dynamics, such as knowledge development and experimentation, we see activities clustered around certain sectors. These include the maritime user sector and two main hydrogen supply sectors (green and blue hydrogen), each with different enabling sectors (renewable electricity and natural gas coupled with carbon capture and storage), albeit with a focus on green hydrogen so far. Green hydrogen depends on a particular sectoral configuration with strong interdependence with the enabling electricity sector, with potential upscaling restraints. Exploring the sectoral configuration may thus help identify segments and interdependencies where key processes are developing well or where strengthening is needed.

• Tuhi, Farhana Yasmine; Bucelli, Marta & Liu, Yiliu (2026). Reliability prediction for proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer using heterogeneous data sources. Process Safety and Environmental Protection (PSEP). ISSN 0957-5820. 214. doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2026.109055. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Water electrolysis is increasingly recognized as a viable method for producing green hydrogen to support the decarbonization of global energy utilization. In reliability assessment of electrolyzers, the central component of the production process, a significant challenge lies in the lack of historical failure data. This study introduces a novel methodology for predicting the failure probability of proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzers using the limited data from different sources. Given that PEM electrolyzers and PEM fuel cells share the same core membrane technology, they exhibit similar degradation mechanisms and failure modes. This work leverages existing degradation data from PEM fuel cells to model the degradation trajectory of PEM electrolyzers and introduces adjustment factors to adapt it to electrolyzers. By establishing appropriate failure thresholds, it becomes possible to estimate both the failure rate and the probability of failure within a defined operational timeframe. These individual failure probabilities are then integrated into a Bayesian network to calculate the overall failure probability of a PEM electrolyzer. This work can be helpful for reliability assessment of PEM electrolyzers in their design and earlier phases of lifecycle, and informative for the relevant works on other novel technologies.

• Silva, Bruno Hessel; Jensen, Emil Høj; Girella, Alessandro; Fontana, Gabriel L.B.G.; Floriano, Ricardo & Milanese, Chiara [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2026). Insights on the hydrogen absorption/desorption reactions of a Zr-rich multi-phase alloy. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. ISSN 0360-3199. 210. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.153642. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We investigate the hydrogen sorption reactions evolving in a Zr-rich multi-phase alloy of the Zr-V-Mn-Ni system composed of a Laves C14 phase and Zr-rich secondary phases. We combine computational alloy design, volumetric measurements, structural characterization, thermal measurements, and theoretical calculations to explain the sorption reactions. The alloy is easily hydrogenated at room temperature forming hydrides with different extents of hydrogen per metal ratio. Using Peisl's relation, we estimate the hydrogen amount stored in each phase after sorption processes. The Laves C14 phase absorbs around 1.1 wt% of hydrogen, whereas the secondary phases absorb approximately 0.5 wt% of hydrogen each. All hydrides are stable at room temperature, but the hydride formed by the Laves C14 phase is completely decomposed at 350 °C under dynamic vacuum. In a preliminary cycling attempt, we observe a significant difference in the kinetic absorption behavior, likely associated with changes in the amount of active interphase boundaries.

• Talic, Belma; Larring, Yngve; Stange, Marit Synnøve Sæverud & Rørvik, Per Martin (2026). Nitridation of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Interconnects in Ammonia: Effect of Protective Coatings and Pre-Oxidation. Journal of the Electrochemical Society. ISSN 0013-4651. 173(3). doi: 10.1149/1945-7111/ae3d8b. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Direct fuelling of solid oxide fuel cells with ammonia is attractive but can lead to reduced stack durability due to nitridation of the metallic interconnect material. This works investigates the stability of the interconnect material Crofer 22 APU in ammonia-containing atmosphere and evaluates the effects of pre-oxidation and the application of nickel or yttrium coatings to mitigate nitridation. Exposures were conducted in dry and wet NH3-H2-N2 mixtures at 650 °C and 750 °C and 20 bar for up to 800 h. Bare Crofer 22 APU suffered from nitridation under all exposure conditions with more severe degradation observed at 650 °C compared to 750 °C and in dry conditions. At 750 °C, pre-oxidation and Y coating both provided excellent resistance against nitridation in wet conditions, while these treatments had no effect in dry conditions. A Ni coating provided best protection in dry conditions and at 650 °C although it did not completely supress nitridation.

• Pavlyuk, Volodymyr; Kordan, Vasyl; Zelinska, Oksana; Pavlyuk, Nazar; Dmytriv, Grygoriy & Silva, Bruno Hessel [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2026). Hydrogenation properties of composite materials based on yttrium substituted Mg17Al12. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. ISSN 0925-8388. 1057. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2026.186660. Full text in Research Archive
• Nguyen, Ducduy; Turner, James W.G. & Emberson, David Robert (2026). Optical investigation and combustion analysis of stratified ammonia-hydrogen pre-chamber engine with variable injection timing. Fuel. ISSN 0016-2361. 407. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2025.137186. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This study presents an experimental investigation of a direct injection ammonia-fuelled engine using hydrogen pre-chamber jet ignition. All tests have been conducted in an optically accessible combustion chamber that is installed in the head of a single-cylinder engine. The effect of ammonia injection timing on ignition and combustion characteristics was investigated, with the timing varied from 165 CAD BTDC to 40 CAD BTDC. The experiments were conducted with a fixed spark timing of 14 CAD BTDC while ammonia injection duration was adjusted to maintain a main chamber global equivalence ratio of 0.6. Two pre-chamber nozzle configurations, a single-hole and a multi-hole, were tested. The results show that the later NH3 injection timing (40 CAD BTDC) significantly improved combustion, with a peak in-cylinder pressure of 80 bar measured compared to a peak in-cylinder pressure of 50 bar with earlier injection (165 CAD BTDC). This study indicates the importance of optimising ammonia injection timing in order to enhance combustion stability and efficiency. The hydrogen pre-chamber jet ignition, combined with a late ammonia injection is a promising approach for addressing the combustion challenges of ammonia as a zero-carbon fuel for maritime applications.

• Konovalov, Dmytro & Adams, Thomas Alan (2026). Hydrogen power development: A comparative review of national strategies and the role of energy in scaling green hydrogen. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. ISSN 1364-0321. 226, p. 116378–116378. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2025.116378. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This review explores the evolving role of hydrogen in global decarbonization, analysing national hydrogen strategies, value chain developments, and future market potential. Through a comprehensive review of policy frameworks, market trends, and technology pathways, the paper evaluates hydrogen's role in decarbonising sectors such as steel, ammonia, methanol, refining, transport, and power generation. The study highlights the expected growth in global hydrogen demand, projected cost reductions, and advancements in production technologies, including electrolysis and carbon capture-integrated hydrogen production. While green hydrogen offers a sustainable pathway, challenges remain in infrastructure development, energy efficiency, and the integration of hydrogen into existing energy networks. The paper considers the economic and technological factors affecting international hydrogen trade. Despite more than 30 national hydrogen strategies being in place, significant challenges remain, particularly in scaling renewable electricity and infrastructure to meet growing hydrogen demand projected to reach up to 600 Mt by 2050. Key players such as Australia, Norway, and the Middle East are positioning themselves as major hydrogen exporters by leveraging their abundant natural resources and strategic infrastructure. On the demand side, countries like Japan, South Korea, Germany, and the Netherlands are emerging as leading importers, investing heavily in hydrogen hubs and import terminals to secure future energy supplies. The expansion of hydrogen storage and transportation, alongside investments in large-scale hydrogen hubs, will be critical for market growth. Additionally, the study emphasize the need for policy alignment, strategic investments, and cross-border cooperation to accelerate hydrogen adoption. Hydrogen can become a key element of the global clean energy transition by addressing optimal energy consumption and by leveraging renewable resources.

• McCay, Katie; Karstensen, Pål Emil England; Gerhardt, Michael; Coolegem, Jorg; Damiano, Danilo & Lædre, Sigrid (2025). An analysis of the reversible and irreversible degradation of a PEM fuel cell short-stack operated under simulated maritime conditions. Journal of Power Sources. ISSN 0378-7753. 665, p. 1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.239011. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  A PEMFC short stack was operated for 1500 h under maritime-relevant conditions by applying alternating 125 h periods of constant load and a dynamic maritime load profile. The reversible and irreversible degradation rates were quantified, with the reversible degradation dominating for both segment types, but being around 2.5 times higher for the constant segments than the dynamic (52 μV h−1 compared to 22). This implies that the reversible degradation should be actively mitigated regardless of type of vessel operation and hybridisation strategy, as it can lead to significant drops in the stack voltage and therefore efficiency. The average irreversible degradation increased from 1.2 to 4.8 μV h−1 when going from static to dynamic cycles. This degradation was found to be due to a cathode ECSA loss of around 20 %, with no notable increase in hydrogen crossover or HFR, indicating membrane stability during the testing period.

• Rescigno, Davide; Campari, Alessandro; Venetsanos, Alexandros & Ustolin, Federico (2025). Modeling of Accidental Liquid Hydrogen Spills and Rainout. In Abrahamsen, Eirik Bjorheim; Aven, Terje; Bouder, Frederic Emmanuel; Flage, Roger & Ylönen, Marja Katariina (Ed.), Stavanger ESREL SRA-E 2025 Proceedings: 35th European Safety and Reliability Conference and the 33rd Society for Risk Analysis Europe Conference, 15 - 19 June 2025, Norway. Research Publishing Services. ISSN 9789819432813. p. 2671–2678. doi: 10.3850/978-981-94-3281-3_esrel-sra-e2025-p7274-cd. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Liquid hydrogen (LH2) is a clean energy carrier that is gaining traction for its versatility. Nevertheless, its use may lead to significant risks due to its low storage temperature, low boiling point, rapid vaporization, and high flammability. In the event of a loss of containment, if a portion of the LH2 does not fully vaporize and reaches the ground, the rainout phenomenon occurs. If the release is continuous, a pool of LH2 might be generated, raising the risk of delayed ignition, which may lead to large-scale fires or explosions. Thus, this study aims to understand the behavior of such cryogenic releases to mitigate potential risks. The simulations of LH2 releases involve the analysis of key factors such as the quality of the fluid, operating pressure of the tank, and jet velocity. This study adopts an integral model to predict the diameter of the LH2 droplets and their vaporization rate, the rainout, and the potential formation of an LH2 pool. The simulations help assess worst-case scenarios and determine the LH2 concentration profiles on the ground. The integral model allows for a preliminary evaluation of real-world release scenarios in hydrogen storage and transport.

• Kebede, Mikias Hailu; Ustolin, Federico; Völler, Steve; Korpås, Magnus & Oleinikova, Irina (2025). System integration of large-scale green hydrogen production: Conceptualization, challenges, and opportunities. Energy Conversion and Management: X. 28, p. 101365–101365. doi: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101365. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Power-to-X (PtX) and X-to-Power (XtP) conversions are increasingly recognized as vital pathways for decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors. Hydrogen exemplifies these processes, with power-to-hydrogen achieved through renewable-powered electrolysis and hydrogen-to-power enabling emission-free fuel cell-based reconversion. Integrating large-scale green hydrogen production with the electric grid, however, presents both challenges and opportunities. This review clarifies definitional ambiguities of the topic and systematically identifies eight major challenges, such as grid integration, system optimization, power/energy market operation, spatial deployment, early-stage technology, stack degradation, and cost competitiveness. It also highlights eight key opportunities, ranging from ancillary services (frequency regulation, voltage support, congestion relief) to seasonal storage and cogeneration, all contributing to improved grid flexibility and system resilience. Representative studies are analyzed to evaluate recent advances in grid-connected hybrid renewable-hydrogen systems, converter topologies, AI/ML-based renewable power generation and hydrogen demand forecasting, fault detection, and operational control strategies. A comparative perspective with batteries and pumped hydro underscores hydrogen’s superior scalability and long-duration storage potential, while also emphasizing flexibility-degradation trade-offs that affect technical and economic performance. Building on these insights, the review develops a structured research roadmap, emphasizing advanced electrolyzer modeling, PHIL-based validation, degradation-aware operation, and control. By bridging technical and techno-economic perspectives, this review provides a critical synthesis and strategic guidance for researchers, system operators, industry, and policymakers to accelerate the effective integration of green hydrogen into future low-carbon energy systems.

• Campari, Alessandro; Konert, Florian; Razavi, Nima; Sobol, Oded & Alvaro, Antonio (2025). Hydrogen-assisted cracking: A deep learning approach for fractographic analysis. Computational Materials Science. ISSN 0927-0256. 262, p. 1–16. doi: 10.1016/j.commatsci.2025.114366. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Hydrogen handling equipment suffers from interaction with their operating environment, which degrades the mechanical properties and compromises component integrity. Hydrogen-assisted cracking is responsible for several industrial failures with potentially severe consequences. A thorough failure analysis can determine the failure mechanism, locate its origin, and identify possible root causes to avoid similar events in the future. Post-mortem fractographic analysis can classify the fracture mode and determine whether the hydrogen-metal interaction contributed to the component's breakdown. Experts in fracture classification identify characteristic marks and textural features by visual inspection to determine the failure mechanism. Although widely adopted, this process is time-consuming and influenced by subjective judgment and individual expertise. This study aims to automate fractographic analysis through advanced computer vision techniques. Different materials were tested in hydrogen atmospheres and inert environments, and their fracture surfaces were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy to create an extensive image dataset. A pre-trained Convolutional Neural Network was fine-tuned to accurately classify brittle and ductile fractures. In addition, Grad-CAM interpretability method was adopted to identify the image regions most influential in the model's prediction and compare the saliency maps with expert annotations. This approach offered a reliable data-driven alternative to conventional fractographic analysis.

• Maltby, Tage Winther; Aasen, Ailo; Hammer, Morten & Wilhelmsen, Øivind (2025). Review of Experimental Data and Evaluation of Equations of State for Modeling Formation of Solid CO ₂ in CCS and Natural Gas Applications. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. ISSN 0888-5885. doi: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5c04028. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Solid CO2 is a potential safety hazard in many applications. Freeze-out can be predicted by combining the equations of state (EoS) for the fluid and solid phases. We have reviewed available equilibrium data for mixtures relevant for carbon capture, transport, and storage (CCS) and natural gas applications and performed a comprehensive assessment of model combinations. The most significant difference in model accuracy came from the choice of fluid EoS. For CCS applications, the best agreement with experimental data was achieved by using the Peng–Robinson EoS, yielding a Mean Absolute Percentage Deviation (MAPD) of 1.4%. For natural gas applications, the most updated multiparameter EoS was the most accurate choice, yielding a MAPD below 1%. Provided that an accurate EoS for the solid phase is available, including solid data in the regression of the fluid EoS represents an avenue that can be exploited to achieve more accurate solid-phase predictions in the future.

• Endrös, Paula; Deconinck, Liesbet; Razavi, Nima; Kapci, Mehmet Fazil; Johnsen, Roy & Lu, Xu (2025). Hydrogen embrittlement in Ti–6Al–4V: A comparative review of conventional and additive manufacturing. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. ISSN 0360-3199. 179. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.151710. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  As hydrogen (H) plays an increasingly central role in clean energy technologies, concerns about hydrogen embrittlement (HE) are drawing greater attention. At the same time, additive manufacturing (AM) is gaining momentum as a method for producing end−use components. Among the materials commonly used in AM, Ti–6Al–4V stands out for its high strength−to−weight ratio, excellent corrosion resistance, and suitability for cost−efficient fabrication of complex parts. Nevertheless, exposure to H makes the alloy susceptible to HE, primarily through hydride formation and cleavage. AM processing and its intrinsic thermal cycles alter the microstructure of Ti–6Al–4V compared to conventional manufacturing (CM). These microstructural differences affect H interaction and hydriding behavior, effects further intensified by AM−induced defects and a higher density of α/β interphase boundaries. Assessing the influence of H on these altered microstructures is important to ensure the reliability of AM components. This review addresses a key gap by providing a comprehensive comparison of HE in CM and AM Ti–6Al–4V, summarizing key findings on H uptake, diffusion and trapping, and the predominant HE mechanisms.

• Gogiyev, Teymur; Arancibia, Marjorie Alejandra Morales; Werra, Marvin; Watanabe, Marcos Djun Barbosa; Tangstad, Merete & Cherubini, Francesco (2025). Life-cycle assessment of hydrogen-based pre-reduction in ferromanganese production. Journal of Cleaner Production. ISSN 0959-6526. 537, p. 147221–147221. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2025.147221. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Ferromanganese (FeMn) is critical in modern steelmaking, but its conventional production is highly carbon- and energy-intensive. This study evaluates hydrogen as a low-carbon alternative in the pre-reduction stage of ferromanganese production, using life-cycle assessment to compare conventional production of 1 kg of FeMn with six alternative scenarios based on grey, blue, and green hydrogen. Climate impacts are calculated using global warming potential over 20-year (GWP20) and 100-year (GWP100), assuming 5 % hydrogen leakage. Simulations based on process modelling show that H2-based pre-reduction can substitute about 33 % of coke use and reduce electricity demand by 10 %. GWP20 for H2-based scenarios ranges from 0.95 ± 0.03 to 1.33 ± 0.03 kg CO2-eq/kg FeMn, compared to 1.19 kg CO2-eq/kg FeMn for conventional production. With GWP100, H2-based alternatives vary between 0.74 ± 0.01 and 1.12 ± 0.01 kg CO2-eq/kg FeMn, while the impact of the conventional production is 1.02 kg CO2-eq/kg FeMn. All H2-based scenarios reduce climate impact of ferromanganese production except grey hydrogen, which shows 10 % higher impact than the conventional case. Green hydrogen from offshore wind with polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis offers the lowest impacts due to high efficiency and low material demand for infrastructure. The uncertainty analysis indicates that the findings are robust; however, hydrogen leakage rates are the main source of uncertainty in the overall climate impact. Reducing impacts from infrastructure materials can achieve further gains and co-benefits with other environmental impact categories. Overall, hydrogen use for pre-reduction shows strong potential to mitigate emissions in FeMn production and support the transition to sustainable metallurgy.

• Bucelli, Marta; Liu, Yiliu & Paltrinieri, Nicola (2025). Framework for Multidisciplinary Risk Management. In Liu, Yiliu; Paltrinieri, Nicola & Tzioutzios, Dimitrios (Ed.), Safety Measures for Hydrogen Fueling Stations: A Multi-disciplinary Risk Management Approach. Springer. ISSN 9789819694129. p. 47–56. doi: 10.1007/978-981-96-9412-9_4. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Hydrogen, with its unique physiochemical properties, presents distinct challenges for safety and risk management across its value chain. This chapter outlines a multidisciplinary framework for risk management tailored to hydrogen applications, emphasizing its use as a fuel in hydrogen refueling stations. A thorough examination of the social, economic, and environmental sustainability pillars forms the foundation for a proposed risk management framework. The chapter also addresses the limitations of current quantitative risk assessments due to a lack of hydrogen-specific data and emphasizes the need for advanced leakage detection systems and robust safety measures. The proposed framework provides a comprehensive approach to managing hydrogen-related risks, as the foundation of the following chapters.

• Ahmed, Elyes; Amaziane, Brahim; Chabab, Salaheddine; Santacreu, Stéphanie Delage; Galliéro, Guillaume & Møyner, Olav [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2025). Modeling and simulation of coupled biochemical and two-phase compositional flow in underground hydrogen storage. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. ISSN 0360-3199. 168. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.150947. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Integrating microbial activity into underground hydrogen storage models is crucial for simulating long-term reservoir behavior. In this work, we present a coupled framework that incorporates bio-geochemical reactions and compositional flow models within the Matlab Reservoir Simulation Toolbox (MRST). Microbial growth and decay are modeled using a double Monod formulation, with populations influenced by hydrogen and carbon dioxide availability. First, a refined Equation of State (EoS) is employed to accurately capture hydrogen dissolution, thereby improving phase behavior and modeling of microbial activity. The model is then discretized using a cell-centered finite-volume method with implicit Euler time discretization. A fully coupled fully implicit strategy is considered. Our implementation builds upon MRST’s compositional module by incorporating the Søreide–Whitson EoS, microbial reaction kinetics, and specific effects such as bio-clogging and molecular diffusion. Through a series of 1D, 2D and 3D simulations, we analyze the effects of microbial-induced bio-geochemical transformations on underground hydrogen storage in porous media.These results highlight that accounting for bio-geochemical effects can substantially impact hydrogen loss, purity, and overall storage performance.

• Mäkitie, Tuukka; Wardeberg, Mari & Damman, Sigrid (2025). Maritime hydrogen infrastructure and value chains in the decarbonization governance of shipping in Norway. In Sattich, Thomas Michael; Moe, Espen; Grasso, Marco; Schreurs, Miranda & Yan, Shaohua (Ed.), De Gruyter Handbook of Ocean Governance and Maritime Affairs. De Gruyter Brill. ISSN 9783111195544. p. 289–305. doi: 10.1515/9783111195544-023. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The urgency of climate change necessitates shipping transitions to low- and zero-emission fuels. This transition is interdependent with the development of corresponding infrastructures and value chains. This is particularly the case for hydrogen-based fuels, such as ammonia, methanol, and pure hydrogen, which face significant hurdles due to immature production, distribution, and bunkering networks. The development of such value chains is challenged by uncertainties and lack of investment. To overcome these barriers, policymaking to kick-start the transition is needed. This chapter analyzes policies fostering maritime hydrogen infrastructure in Norway, providing early insights and knowledge for policymakers and researchers, on such efforts in a frontrunner country in maritime decarbonization. The study reviews key international and national policies over time. It notes that despite progressive domestic policy initiatives to promote the formation of maritime hydrogen value chains, it is as yet unclear whether the existing policies will be sufficient to accelerate a broader transition in the maritime sector.

• Steen, Markus; Rialland, Agathe Isabelle & Lindstad, Haakon Elizabeth (2025). Current status and future prospects of alternative fuel for ships. In Sattich, Thomas Michael; Moe, Espen; Grasso, Marco; Schreurs, Miranda & Yan, Shaohua (Ed.), De Gruyter Handbook of Ocean Governance and Maritime Affairs. De Gruyter Brill. ISSN 9783111195544. p. 201–219. doi: 10.1515/9783111195544-016. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The global shipping sector has slowly begun to decarbonize yet has a long way to go. This chapter takes stock of the status of alternative fuels for ships and considers their future prospects. A key point of departure is that understanding the conditions for a transition to alternative fuels in shipping demands dual attention to, on the one hand, transformation potential in this highly heterogeneous sector, and the upscaling potential of alternative fuels on the other. We outline multiple paths towards decarbonization of shipping globally and discuss how these can be combined in different ways. Ultimately, the feasibility of different fuels relies on changes in upstream parts of energy value chains, such as renewable energy production, and the establishment of necessary distribution and bunkering infrastructure.

• Fredriksen, Marius & Jäschke, Johannes (2025). Advanced Regulatory Control Structure for Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis Systems. Systems and Control Transactions (SCT). 4, p. 1011–1016. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Due to the intermittent nature of most renewable energy sources, developing good and flexible control structures for green electrolysis systems is crucial for maintaining efficient and safe plant operation. This work uses the “top-down” section of Skogestad’s plantwide control procedure to propose a suitable control architecture for PEM electrolysis systems based on advanced regulatory control. Advanced regulatory control structures, such as active constraint control, may offer several advantages over MPC and AI-based control methods as they are computationally less expensive, less affected by model accuracy, easier to scale, and offer fast disturbance rejection. In our approach, we first mapped the constraint regions for the system. Then, we reduce the complexity by reformulating the optimization problem slightly, to remove some constraint regions to obtain a simpler solution structure that gives a negligible loss. Finally, we propose an active constraint control architecture using PI controllers and a selector for switching between the active constraint regions. We found that the system's fully constrained solution is close to the optimal solution, implying that our active constraint control approach may be used with little loss in efficiency. The proposed control structure was shown to perform well in dynamic simulations.

• Johnson, James Ronald; Kiss, Daniel; Shukla, Monika; Noort, Reinier Van; Nooraiepour, Mohammad & Yarushina, Viktoriya M. (2025). Multicycle Injection and Withdrawal in Sedimentary Basins, a Multi-Disciplinary Analysis of Pore-Scale Fluid Flow for Hydrogen Storage. First Break. ISSN 0263-5046. 43(6), p. 75–82. doi: 10.3997/1365-2397.fb2025046. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Hydrogen (H2) is viewed worldwide as one of the key pathways to reducing GHG emissions, especially in hard to abate sectors. However, the beneficial implementation of hydrogen as a fuel for transport, and in industries such as steel production requires a constant, reliable supply of hydrogen independent of the availability of energy. Therefore, hydrogen storage will be needed on a range of time scales, and over a range of volumes. Geological storage in porous reservoirs offer the largest storage ‘containers’, with volumes large enough to cover even seasonal cycles. However, this also means that H2 storage will be cyclic, and this cyclical nature in combination with the variable timeframes of that storage introduce complexity into the system at multiple scales. Effective and efficient operation of H2 storage sites thus requires understanding of how both injection rate itself, and how cyclical injection/ withdrawal cycles will impact fluid (e.g., H2-formation water, H2-buffer gas) interactions in the reservoir. To further develop this understanding, we utilise analogue and numerical modelling in addition to petrographical analysis to identify potential areas of further research within this underexplored topic.

• Subedi, Abhishek; Bucelli, Marta & Paltrinieri, Nicola (2025). Reframing safety barriers as socio-technical systems: a review of the hydrogen sector. Safety Science. ISSN 0925-7535. 192. doi: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.106995. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The study on hydrogen safety is crucial to enable the global effort to reduce carbon emissions through deployment of hydrogen technologies. The safety barrier analysis presides preventive and mitigative measures for unintended events. However, hydrogen systems are complex and prone to emerging risk. Defining and assessing safety barriers in this context requires a shift from traditional approaches toward a system oriented perspective. This paper adopts a socio-technical systems (STS) lens to examine hydrogen safety barriers, offering a broader context that incorporates emerging risk, Safety-II, and resilience engineering. A systematic review of the available literature specific to hydrogen safety barriers is conducted. The findings underscore the necessity of extending our knowledge to consider safety barriers as socio-technical systems. An updated definition of safety barriers is proposed to broaden the scope of barrier analysis. Future research should focus on assessing the interactions among aspects of socio-technical systems, which can be foundational stage for extended safety barrier analysis.

• Kapci, Mehmet Fazil; Deconinck, Liesbet; Alvaro, Antonio; Johnsen, Roy; Zhang, Zhiliang & Lu, Xu (2025). Probing the effect of solute hydrogen and hydrides on the prismatic slip of [2-1-10] -orientated alpha titanium using in-situ micropillar compression. Scripta Materialia. ISSN 1359-6462. 268. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2025.116859. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In-situ micropillar compression tests were performed on the -oriented alpha titanium micropillars to investigate the effect of solute hydrogen and titanium hydrides on the activation of prismatic slip . The formation of the hydride phase and the deformation mechanisms in air, in the presence of solute hydrogen and the hydrides were characterized by high-resolution scanning electron microscope (SEM) and scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). The results revealed that the presence of solute hydrogen reduced the critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) for prismatic slip and enhanced the formation of stacking faults. Conversely, hydride formation in the micropillars increased the yield stress, followed by strain hardening due to strain incompatibility. Slip transmission across the hydride phase occurred upon increasing plastic slip, ultimately leading to a brittle failure.

• Tabella, Gianluca; Fazio, Ivan De; Belay, Mohammed Ayalew; Stefana, Elena; Cozzani, Valerio & Paltrinieri, Nicola [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2025). Enhancement of a Hydrogen Incident and Accident Database Using Large Language Models. In Abrahamsen, Eirik Bjorheim; Aven, Terje; Bouder, Frederic Emmanuel; Flage, Roger & Ylönen, Marja Katariina (Ed.), Stavanger ESREL SRA-E 2025 Proceedings: 35th European Safety and Reliability Conference and the 33rd Society for Risk Analysis Europe Conference, 15 - 19 June 2025, Norway. Research Publishing Services. ISSN 9789819432813. p. 1185–1192. doi: 10.3850/978-981-94-3281-3_ESREL-SRA-E2025-P4039-cd. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Hydrogen holds significant potential for decarbonizing various industries, including energy and mobility. However, the limited availability of accident data poses a significant challenge to effective safety risk analysis and assessment. This study leverages large language models to address the critical task of filling gaps in the Hydrogen Incidents and Accidents Database (HIAD) 2.1, a prominent repository of hydrogen-related unwanted events. A three-step Artificial Intelligence-driven algorithm is proposed: (i) a preprocessing phase to standardize and prepare an event description, (ii) a processing phase utilizing OpenAI’s sentence embedding technology to extract semantic relationships, and (iii) an enhancement phase employing trained multilayer perceptrons to impute missing data. The algorithm demonstrates promising results in predicting categorical entries and is applied to enhance the entire database, with a specific focus on the 2019 fueling station fire in Sandvika (Norway). This case study highlights the proposed algorithm’s potential to improve our understanding of hydrogen-related incidents and contribute to enhanced risk management strategies.

• Brouzas, Spyridon; Zadeh, Mehdi & Lagemann, Benjamin (2025). Essentials of hydrogen storage and power systems for green shipping. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. ISSN 0360-3199. 100, p. 1543–1560. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.12.253. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper establishes a framework of boundary conditions for implementing hydrogen energy systems in ships, identifying what is feasible within maritime constraints. To support a comprehensive understanding of hydrogen systems onboard vessels, an extensive technical review of hydrogen storage and power systems is provided, covering the entire power value chain. Key aspects include equipment arrangement, integration of fuel cell powertrain, and presentation of the complete storage system, in compliance with regulations. Engineering considerations, such as material selection and insulation, equipment specifications (e.g., pressure relief valves and hydrogen purity), and system configurations are analysed. Key findings reveal that fuel cells must achieve operational lifespans exceeding 46,000 h to be viable for maritime applications. Additionally, reliance solely on volumetric energy density underestimates storage needs, necessitating provisions for cofferdams, ullage space, tank heels, and hydrogen conditioning areas. Regulatory gaps are identified, including inadequate safety provisions and inappropriate material guidelines.

• Tuhi, Farhana Yasmine; Bucelli, Marta & Liu, Yiliu (2025). HAZOP study of a water electrolysis plant used in green hydrogen production. In Abrahamsen, Eirik Bjorheim; Aven, Terje; Bouder, Frederic Emmanuel; Flage, Roger & Ylönen, Marja Katariina (Ed.), Stavanger ESREL SRA-E 2025 Proceedings: 35th European Safety and Reliability Conference and the 33rd Society for Risk Analysis Europe Conference, 15 - 19 June 2025, Norway. Research Publishing Services. ISSN 9789819432813. p. 2716–2723. doi: 10.3850/978-981-94-3281-3_ESREL-SRA-E2025-P6928-cd. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  To advance the green hydrogen economy, ensuring high reliability and safety of the water electrolysis plant is crucial. This study presents a HAZard and OPerability (HAZOP) analysis to identify the probable deviations in a water electrolysis plant with proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer from its intended operation, along with their causes and consequences. HAZOP is a risk and reliability analysis technique that identifies operational failures by analyzing logical sequences of cause-deviation-consequence for various process parameters. To conduct HAZOP, the water electrolysis plant is divided into sub-subsystems and deviations for each sub-systems is identified using guideword and process parameters. A literature review is performed to identify the causes and consequences of each deviation and recorded in a dedicated HAZOP table. The HAZOP analysis shows that deviations in a PEM electrolyzer are interconnected, with one deviation potentially triggering another. The performance of the entire plant is heavily influenced by its sub-systems, as faults in auxiliary components can impact the electrolyzer's efficiency, degradation, and safety. Key consequences of these deviations include reduced efficiency, degradation of the PEM electrolyzer, and the formation of a flammable mixture. This work provides great input for forecasting component failures and performing maintenance actions to prevent failures/ accidents, or to restore desired hydrogen production rate.

• Gao, Xueli & Bucelli, Marta (2025). A Case Study of System Reliability and Availability of Blue Hydrogen Production. In Abrahamsen, Eirik Bjorheim; Aven, Terje; Bouder, Frederic Emmanuel; Flage, Roger & Ylönen, Marja Katariina (Ed.), Stavanger ESREL SRA-E 2025 Proceedings: 35th European Safety and Reliability Conference and the 33rd Society for Risk Analysis Europe Conference, 15 - 19 June 2025, Norway. Research Publishing Services. ISSN 9789819432813. p. 2647–2654. doi: 10.3850/978-981-94-3281-3_ESREL-SRA-E2025-P6244-cd. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The transition toward a low-carbon future has positioned hydrogen as a critical energy carrier, with blue hydrogen emerging as a bridge between conventional fossil fuels and cleaner alternatives. Blue hydrogen is produced by reforming natural gas with carbon capture and storage (CCS) to reduce CO2 emissions, representing an intermediary solution between grey and green hydrogen. However, ensuring the reliability of the complex systems (e.g. the hydrogen production systems) is critical for economic feasibility, operational safety, and environmental sustain-ability. This paper analyses the system reliability of blue hydrogen production technologies, evaluating the challenges in reliability modelling and assessment specific to these systems. It addresses key issues such as the integration of multiple technologies, data limitations, operational risks, and the performance of critical equipment. Through this analysis, the study highlights the importance of robust reliability engineering frameworks towards the challenges of blue hydrogen systems.

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• Kosler, Josef; Sjåstad, Anja Olafsen; Fjellvåg, Øystein Slagtern; Frommen, Christoph & Hauback, Bjørn Christian (2026). Study of Magnetic and Structural Properties of Ho1-xNdxVO3 for Hydrogen Liquefaction. Full text in Research Archive
• Kumar, Abhishek; Fjellvåg, Helmer; Deledda, Stefano; Hauback, Bjørn Christian & Sjåstad, Anja Olafsen (2026). Composition-Tuned Phase Evolution in BCC (TiVZrNb)1-xMx HEAs (M = Ni, Fe, Mn, Co, Cr). Full text in Research Archive
• Ewerhardt, Patrick & Polfus, Jonathan M. (2026). Identifying Reaction Pathways in Patterned Ni and Pd Electrodes on BaZr0.7Ce0.2Y0.1O3-δ. Full text in Research Archive
• Ernst, Margaretha Susanna & Tangstad, Merete (2026). Hydrogen reduction of iron and manganese oxides in ferroalloy ores. Full text in Research Archive
• Jamma, Mustapha (2026). Optimal Operation of Hybrid Fuel Cell–Battery Marine Power Systems using a Real-Time Energy Management Approach. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Zero-emission marine power systems are essential for achieving the International Maritime Organization’s greenhouse gas reduction goals. Hybrid fuel cell–lithium-ion battery power systems are a promising solution for coastal and short- to medium-range vessels, but they must operate reliably, efficiently, and at low degradation. This work presents an optimal real-time energy management approach for a hybrid fuel cell–lithium-ion battery marine power system, designed to optimize power sharing, reduce hydrogen consumption, and improve reliability and durability. Compared with a rule-based strategy, the proposed approach achieves lower total operating costs and better overall system performance

• Jamma, Mustapha & Ulleberg, Øystein (2026). Condition Monitoring & Controls of Fuel Cell Systems for Maritime Applications. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Large-scale deployment of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems in low- and zero emission maritime applications will require improved durability, reliability, and fuel efficiency. Conventional fuel cell systems normally monitor stack voltages and the performance of key components in the balance of plant (BoP), but do not normally include very sophisticated control systems that actively try to avoid stack degradation. Inappropriate operation of fuel cells systems can lead to unnecessary high stack degradation and significant increases in hydrogen consumption. Hence, there is a need to develop more advanced fuel cell control systems based on more online monitoring and in-situ analysis of the electrochemical performance and lifetime of the fuel cell stacks. This work provides a critical literature review of condition monitoring, diagnostics, prognostics, and controls of PEMFC and SOFC systems, including an assessment of the state-of-the-art (SoA) for real-world transport applications. The review also look into different online condition monitoring methods that directly or indirectly (via black-box, grey-box, or white box models) can be used to assess the state-of-health (SoH) and remaining useful stack lifetime based on limited sensor data. Here particular attention is devoted to health-aware system control frameworks that extend beyond traditional solutions. The review explores how to incorporate learning-based models into new and more advanced fuel cell control systems and how stack degradation mechanisms and deficiencies in the BoP can explicitly be embedded into the main objective function. A set of recommendations on the design of next-generation condition monitoring and control systems will be provided, with focus on how computationally efficient and scalable control systems can increase the durability and reliability of fuel cell systems throughout their lifetime.

• Wang, Luyang; Sun, Xinwei & Norby, Truls (2026). Surface protonic conduction on oxide and nitride materials at elevated temperatures. Full text in Research Archive
• Guldahl-Ibouder, Sahra Louise; Urrea, Monica Pazos; Svenum, Ingeborg-Helene & Rønning, Magnus (2026). Molybdenum nitride catalysts for low temperature ammonia decomposition. Full text in Research Archive
• Guldahl-Ibouder, Sahra Louise; Urrea, Monica Pazos; Svenum, Ingeborg-Helene & Rønning, Magnus (2026). Molybdenum nitride catalysts for low temperature ammonia decomposition. Full text in Research Archive
• Guldahl-Ibouder, Sahra Louise; Urrea, Monica Pazos; Svenum, Ingeborg-Helene & Rønning, Magnus (2026). Fe, Co, and Mo based unsupported catalysts for low temperature ammonia decomposition. Full text in Research Archive
• Ahmed, Elyes (2026). Microbial Simulation of Underground Hydrogen Storage with MRST. doi: https:/eage.eventsair.com/ecmor-2026/workshop. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaam, Tristan Petrus Maria van; Tangstad, Merete; Lobo, Stephen Ceasar; Eisbachener-Lubensky, Jan & Taferner, Berndt (2026). Reduction of Oxidized Ilmenite in a Fluidized Bed. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaam, Tristan Petrus Maria van; Tangstad, Merete; Lobo, Stephen Ceasar; Eisbacher-Lubensky, Jan & Taferner, Berndt (2026). Fluidized bed reduction of oxidized ilmenite with 𝐻_2/𝐻_2 𝑂. Full text in Research Archive
• Johnson, James Ronald; Kiss, Daniel; Johnson, David; Noort, Reinier Van & Yarushina, Viktoriya M. (2026). Analogue modeling of non-reactive gas transport through porous media utilizing a microfluidic cell, in the context of He/H2 migration. EGU General Assembly 2026. doi: 10.5194/egusphere-egu26-10853. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Helium, like hydrogen, are critical resources essential to the energy transition. Despite different end uses for helium (e.g., coolant for fission and fusion reactors) and hydrogen (e.g., energy – storage, fuel), the two gases share key similarities, while also having some notable differences. It has been established that they have overlapping source mechanisms (e.g., radioactive decay within basement rocks, radiolysis associated with shales, etc.) resulting in the two gases being co-located in a number of exploration wells globally. Likewise, due to a similarity in the kinetic diameters of the molecules although not the reactive nature of them, physical traps that work for hydrogen, should in principle also work for helium. However, transport and trapping of these molecules are affected by a number of competing factors. Therefore, the transport mechanisms and rates at both a basin and pore-scale remain poorly understood.Here we explore the nature of helium and hydrogen transport within porous media utilizing a microfluidic cell, representative of typical upper-crustal siliciclastics found in the subsurface, in combination with time-lapsed geometrical image analysis. At the pore scale, concentration of both elements (i.e. He, H2) within the pore space are dependent on a number of factors, including (1) the number of ejection pulses from a given source migrating through the same pore space, (2) the rate of arrival from the source, and (3) the impact of local hydrological currents on the pore space.The laboratory experiments are combined with numerical modeling of multiphase fluid flow in porous media using a continuum approach. These models allow pore-scale observations from the microfluidic experiments to be upscaled, providing insight into the influence of flow rate, injection cyclicity, and permeability heterogeneity on gas migration and plume stability at the reservoir scale.

• Røkke, Nils Anders (2026). Arendalsuka | Arrangement: Slik tar vi hydrogen fra hype til handling. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Skal Norge kaste korta på hydrogen – eller spille dem smartere? Hydrogen har vært omgitt av store løfter og minst like mange utfordringer. Noen piloter…

• Lindblom, Wilma; Hansen, Gard Hopsdal; Weber, Kathrin Yvonne; Reigstad, Gunhild Allard; Solheim, Arve & Taxt, Henning [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2026). Arendalsuka | Arrangement: Seks svar når kjernekraft ikke er ett av…. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Kjernekraft er lagt på hylla i overskuelig framtid. Samtidig vokser kraftbehovet raskere enn nettet og produksjonen klarer å følge med. Uten ny produksjon…

• Wang, Luyang; Jiang, Bo; Ferriday, Thomas & Norby, Truls (2026). H2O-modulated surface conduction of NiO: hydration and hydroxylation from ambient to elevated temperatures. Full text in Research Archive
• Maltby, Tage Winther; Aasen, Ailo; Hammer, Morten & Wilhelmsen, Øivind (2026). Evaluation of Equations of State for Predicting Solid CO2 Formation in CCS and Natural Gas Applications. doi: https:/ectp2026.com/wp-content/uploads/Secure/Abstract%20book%20ECTP.pdf#page=124.99. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Solid-phase CO2 commonly known as dry ice, can pose a serious risk in numerous chemical processes, including carbon capture, transport and storage (CCS), Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) applications, and cryogenic biogas upgrading. If temperature or pressure drops sufficiently, solid CO2 can form and block critical equipment such as vent lines or safety relief systems. A dislodged CO2 crystal traveling at high velocity can also damage equipment and endanger personnel [1]. Solidification of CO2 can be predicted by combining equations of state (EoS) for the fluid and solid phases with a phase-equilibrium algorithm. In this work, we assessed a range of model combinations. The most significant difference in the accuracy of the fluid-solid phase equilibrium predictions was due to the choice of fluid EoS. Here, we evaluated three cubic, two multiparameter and three EoS based on statistical associating fluid theory (SAFT). The evaluation covered a wide range of mixtures and operating conditions. For CCS-relevant mixtures, the simple cubic Peng-Robinson (PR) gave the lowest overall Mean Absolute Percentage Deviation (MAPD) of 1.4% in the solidification temperature. For LNG applications, the multiparameter EoS-CG [2] was the most accurate, yielding a MAPD below 1%. Among the SAFT-type models, PCP-SAFT [3] performed best, underscoring the importance of explicitly accounting for the quadrupole moment of CO2 in the description. Because the standard PR gave a better agreement with experimental data than translated consistent PR (tc-PR) [4], the α-function of tc-PR was refitted by using vapour-pressure data of pure CO2 below the triple point. This improved the MAPD for solid-liquid equilibria in mixtures from 2.4% (original) to 1.6% (refitted), even though only pure-CO2 data were used in the regression. If a reliable solid-phase EoS is available, the inclusion of solid–fluid equilibrium data in the EoS regression offers a promising route to improving the pure-fluid formulation and, consequently, the prediction of solidification and solubility limits in mixtures. Significant references: 1. M. Vitali, F. Corvaro, B. Marchetti, and A. Terenzi. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 2022, 114, 103605. 2. T. Neumann, S. Herrig, I.H. Bell, R. Beckmüller, E.W. Lemmon, M. Thol, and R. Span. International Journal of Thermophysics 2023, 44, 178 3. J. Gross, and J. Vrabec. AIChE Journal 2006, 52, 1194–1204. 4. Y. Le Guennec, S. Lasala, R. Privat, and J.-N. Jaubert. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 2016, 427, 513– 538.

• Rørvik, Per Martin; Øygarden, Vegar & Bjørheim, Tor Svendsen (2026). Solid oxide fuel cell course for electrochemistry students. Full text in Research Archive
• Mäkitie, Tuukka (2026). Pathway conditions and barriers across clean hydrogen value chains in Nordic countries. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Magdalena; Nemeth, Tamas; Viña, Jerónimo Horstmann de la & Rausseo, Luis César Colmenares (2025). Elucidating the effect of dynamic operation on catalyst layer stability in proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Despite the maturity of the proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) technology, there is still a lack of understanding of long-term stability under dynamic load profiles associated with the use of renewable energy sources. Dissolution of the anode catalyst (IrOx) has been identified as one of the main causes of anode catalyst degradation and may be triggered by stressors as high potentials, high current densities, idle periods, presence of hydrogen at the anode or extensive cycling of potential (all found in the load profiles that real systems encounter). To elucidate the individual effect on catalyst degradation on single-cell level, we developed load profiles containing separate or a combination of these stressors, based on the harmonized protocols suggested by the JRC (European commission).

• Ernst, Margaretha Susanna & Tangstad, Merete (2025). Pre-reduction of Mn-ores with H2. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaam, Tristan Petrus Maria van; Tangstad, Merete & Lobo, Stephen Ceasar (2025). Direct Iron Reduction with Hydrogen in the Parallel Production of High Quality Pig Iron and High Titania Slag. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Comparison of reduction behaviors in iron titanium oxide phase assemblages.

• Wang, Luyang & Norby, Truls (2025). Electronic and protonic surface conduction on Ni1-xO. Full text in Research Archive
• Rong, Felix; Schneider, Max; Steinhausen, Matthias; Nicolai, Hendrik; Hasse, Christian & Gruber, Andrea (2025). Flame-Wall Interaction of Turbulent Premixed Flames Under Isochoric Conditions. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In contrast to constant-pressure combustion systems, isochoric combustion systems, such as internal combustion engines, exhibit a strong coupling between pressure and the combustion process. During isochoric combustion, the heat released by the flame leads to a pressure increase, which in turn elevates the temperature of both unburned and burned gases. As a result, combustion takes place under time-varying thermodynamic conditions. This study investigates how these evolving thermodynamic conditions influence flame-wall interactions in turbulent flames using Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) of spherical expanding flames within a cubic domain enclosed by inert, isothermal walls. The flow field is initialized with homogeneous isotropic turbulence (HIT). The study investigates three different fuels that are of important interest in research: (i) a premixed hydrogen/air flame at fuel-lean conditions, (ii) a methane/air flame, and (iii) a pre-cracked ammonia/air flame. The operating conditions for each flame are selected to ensure a similar laminar burning velocity. Key quenching characteristics are analyzed, including the wall heat flux and the quenching distance. The results show that a rise in reactant pressure leads to a time-dependent increase in wall heat flux. Furthermore, the study compares different fuels, with a focus on the influence of thermodiffusive instabilities (TDI), showing that TDI significantly elevates wall-heat fluxes and all three fuel-mixtures exhibit different quenching characteristics.

• Røkke, Nils Anders (2025). Why War Is One Of The World’s Biggest Climate Threats. doi: https:/www.forbes.com/sites/nilsrokke/2025/03/26/why-war-is-one-of-the-worlds-biggest-climate-threats/. Full text in Research Archive
• Røkke, Nils Anders (2025). Why We Must Address The Fossil Fuel Paradox Ahead Of Brazil’s COP30. doi: https:/www.forbes.com/sites/nilsrokke/2025/10/07/why-we-must-address-the-fossil-fuel-paradox-ahead-of-brazils-cop30/. Full text in Research Archive
• Røkke, Nils Anders (2025). Why Hydrogen Still Matters In A Warming World. doi: https:/www.forbes.com/sites/nilsrokke/2025/11/27/why-hydrogen-still-matters-in-a-warming-world/. Full text in Research Archive
• Røkke, Nils Anders (2025). COP30 Delivered Roadmaps Not Resolutions. Here’s Why It Still Matters. doi: https:/www.forbes.com/sites/nilsrokke/2025/12/01/cop30-delivered-roadmaps-not-resolutions-heres-why-it-still-matters/. Full text in Research Archive
• Reigstad, Gunhild Allard (2025). Hydrogen med Gunhild Reigstad. doi: https:/open.spotify.com/episode/0xF3XPUWM780ikn4Uqc68j?si=177724af126a45ad&nd=1&dlsi=555b9bd6ad654e33. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Hva er hydrogen, hvordan kan vi unytte det som energikilde, og hva er egentlig forskjellene på grønt, blått og grått? Er vi langt unna å ta i bruk hydrogen i stor skal i Norge? Er det kraftkrevende å produsere? Finnes det politisk vilje til å satse på det? Dette og mye annet lærer du om hydrogen i denne episoden av Energipodden

• Småbråten, Didrik Rene; Strømsheim, Marie Døvre & Peters, Thijs (2025). Atomistic modelling as a tool to guide the design of high-performance hydrogen permeable membranes. Full text in Research Archive
• Endrös, Paula; Razavi, Nima; Johnsen, Roy & Lu, Xu (2025). Multiscale characterization of hydrogen embrittlement in PBF-EB Ti-6Al-4V. Full text in Research Archive
• Røkke, Nils Anders; Seland, Frode; Møller-Holst, Steffen; Gardarsdottir, Stefania Osk & Sundseth, Kyrre (2025). COP30: Hydrogen – SINTEF Blog. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The implementation of hydrogen and its derivatives as energy carriers is essential to achieving global climate goals. As a flexible, zero-emission energy carrier, hydrogen can reduce emissions in sectors where electrification is challenging — such as heavy transport, the maritime sector and process industries. As the share of wind and solar power increases, hydrogen becomes critical for storing surplus energy and ensuring stable energy supply when renewable generation fluctuates.

• Røkke, Nils Anders; Gardarsdottir, Stefania Osk; Sundseth, Kyrre; Seland, Frode & Møller-Holst, Steffen (2025). COP30: Hydrogen – SINTEF-blogg. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Implementering av hydrogen og dets derivater som energibærere er avgjørende for å nå klimamålene. Som fleksibel og utslippsfri energibærer kan hydrogen redusere utslipp i sektorer der elektrifisering er krevende som tungtransport, maritim sektor og prosessindustri. Etter hvert som andelen vind- og solkraft øker, blir hydrogen avgjørende for å lagre overskuddsenergi og sikre stabil tilgang på energi når produksjonen fra fornybare kilder varierer.

• Nguyen, Duc Duy; Turner, James W.G. & Emberson, David Robert (2025). Injection Strategy for Ammonia Lean Combustion with Hydrogen Pre-chamber Jet Ignition. Full text in Research Archive
• Lu, Xu & Kapci, Mehmet Fazil (2025). Micromechanistic understanding of hydrogen assisted deformation in pure Ti. Full text in Research Archive
• Kapci, Mehmet Fazil; Deconinck, Liesbet; Alvaro, Antonio & Lu, Xu (2025). Micro-mechanical Deformation of Pure Titanium in the Presence of Solute Hydrogen and Titanium Hydride. Full text in Research Archive
• Kapci, Mehmet Fazil; Deconinck, Liesbet; Alvaro, Antonio & Lu, Xu (2025). The Effect of Hydrogen on the Pure Titanium at Ambient and Elevated Temperatures. Full text in Research Archive
• Ahmed, Elyes; Møyner, Olav & Raynaud, Xavier Marcel (2025). Numerical Modeling and Sensitivity Analysis of Coupled Hydro-Biogeochemical Processes in Underground Hydrogen Storage. Full text in Research Archive
• Tavakoli, Sadi (2025). Charting a greener course: Hydrogen and ammonia as fuels for the maritime transition – SINTEF Blog. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Hydrogen and ammonia have the potential to act as “green fuels” in maritime applications, thereby contributing to the industry’s decarbonization. To support this goal, HYDROGENi partners, SINTEF Ocean and Bergen Tankers AS, have collaborated on a use case wherein real-time data from the Bergen Viking chemical carrier was used to simulate how using hydrogen and ammonia as fuels would impact greenhouse gas emissions across different pathways.

• Ski, Karoline; Steenstrup-Duch, Anne; Røkke, Nils Anders & Tomasgard, Asgeir (2025). COP30 as a Turning Point : NTNU and SINTEF's research-based advice. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  NTNU and SINTEF are joining forces at the UN Climate Change Conference COP30 – the world’s most important arena for international climate action. As RINGO observers (Research and Independent NGOs), we take on a threefold role: communicating research that supports the Sustainable Development Goals both globally and nationally, contributing knowledge to climate negotiators and other stakeholders by sharing insights and current status, and promoting sustainable solutions in climate and energy. With this brochure, NTNU and SINTEF share research-based insights to support the Norwegian delegation in their work at COP30. Through education, research, and technological development, NTNU and SINTEF contribute to solving major societal challenges. Our shared mission is to support a knowledge-based transition to a sustainable society – both in our own region and globally.

• Perez-Valdes, Gerardo Alfredo (2025). Logistics of the Hydrogen Industry in Northern Europe - Hydrogen-i HyvValue seminar. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The work of Hyodrogen-i IA1.2 is presented in a joint seminar with HyValue

• Ski, Karoline; Steenstrup-Duch, Anne; Røkke, Nils Anders & Tomasgard, Asgeir (2025). COP30 som vendepunkt : NTNU og SINTEFs faglige råd. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  NTNU og SINTEF deltar sammen på FNs klimatoppmøte COP30 – verdens viktigste møteplass for internasjonalt klimaarbeid. Som RINGO-observatør (Research and Independent NGOs) har vi en tredelt rolle, vi skal formidle forskning som støtter bærekraftsmålene både globalt og nasjonalt, bidra med kunnskap til klimaforhandlerne og andre aktører gjennom å dele status og innsikt, og fremme bærekraftige løsninger innen klima og energi. Gjennom utdanning, forskning og teknologiutvikling bidrar NTNU og SINTEF til å løse store samfunnsutfordringer. Vårt felles mål er å støtte en kunnskapsbasert omstilling til et bærekraftig samfunn - i Norge og internasjonalt.

• Tomasgard, Asgeir; Røkke, Nils Anders; Kjølle, Gerd Hovin; Reigstad, Gunhild Allard; Korpås, Magnus & Ski, Karoline [Show all 28 contributors for this article] (2025). Towards an Energy-Secure and Resilient Society. Full text in Research Archive
• McCay, Katie; Damiano, Danilo & Coolegem, Jorg (2025). An analysis of the reversible and irreversible degradation of a fuel cell short-stack operated under maritime conditions. Full text in Research Archive
• Lindgård, Øyvind; Seland, Frode; Rausseo, Luis César Colmenares & Sunde, Svein (2025). Evaluating IrO2 stability using in-line setup of electrochemical flow cell and ICP-MS. Full text in Research Archive
• Rørvik, Per Martin; Larring, Yngve & Bjørheim, Tor Svendsen (2025). Solid oxide fuel cell lab course for electrochemistry students. Full text in Research Archive
• Guldahl-Ibouder, Sahra Louise; Urrea, Monica Pazos; Svenum, Ingeborg-Helene & Rønning, Magnus (2025). Ammonia decomposition over iron-, molybdenum-, and cobalt-based nitride and carbide catalysts. Full text in Research Archive
• Dew, Willow; Velle, Sander Ose; Svenum, Ingeborg-Helene & Venvik, Hilde Johnsen (2025). Alloying in Palladium-Silver Catalysts. Full text in Research Archive
• Dew, Willow; Velle, Sander Ose; Svenum, Ingeborg-Helene & Venvik, Hilde Johnsen (2025). Alloying and Segregation Effects in Supported Palladium-Silver Alloy Catalysts During Carbon Monoxide and Methane Oxidation. Full text in Research Archive
• Dew, Willow; Svenum, Ingeborg-Helene; Peters, Thijs & Venvik, Hilde Johnsen (2025). Pd-based membranes for hydrogen purification. Full text in Research Archive
• Dew, Willow; Velle, Sander Ose; Svenum, Ingeborg-Helene & Venvik, Hilde Johnsen (2025). Alloying and Segregation in Pd-based Catalysts and Membranes. Full text in Research Archive
• Vøllestad, Einar; Fontaine, Marie-Laure; Singh, Kalpana; Småbråten, Didrik Rene & Strandbakke, Ragnar (2025). Quantifying Spatial Extension of Reaction Zone on Model BaGd0.3La0.7Co2O6−δ Positrode Systems. Full text in Research Archive
• Dew, Willow; Velle, Sander Ose; Svenum, Ingeborg-Helene & Venvik, Hilde Johnsen (2025). Alloying and Segregation Effects in Pd-based Catalysts. Full text in Research Archive
• Dew, Willow; Svenum, Ingeborg-Helene; Peters, Thijs & Venvik, Hilde Johnsen (2025). Pd-based membranes for hydrogen and ammonia technology. Full text in Research Archive
• Canaguier, Vincent Yves; Schanche, Trygve Lindahl; Tangstad, Merete & Dalaker, Halvor (2025). Modelling of Mn-ore pre-reduction. Full text in Research Archive
• Roggio, Alice; Eggert, Bruno Guilherme Fischer; Mulas, Gabriele; Hauback, Bjørn Christian & Deledda, Stefano (2025). Exploring the Mechanochemical Reduction of Ilmenite for the production of TiFe Hydrogen Storage Alloys. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  TiFeHx has recently emerged as a realistic candidate for solid-state hydrogen storage applications.1 Partial substitution of Fe with other transition metals (e.g. Ni, Cu, Mn) allows a reversible hydrogen absorption and desorption at moderate conditions and good sorption kinetics. The volumetric hydrogen storage capacity for TiFe can be as high as 110 kgH2/m3 (3.7 MWh/m3), which is significantly higher than that for liquid hydrogen. Besides the technological benefits, one of the main advantages of the TiFe system is cost. Fe and Ti are relatively cheap and abundant raw materials which are easily recyclable. However, in October 2020, titanium was included in the list of critical raw materials by the EU, due to its economic importance and to an increased supply risk. Nonetheless, Norway has large resources of titanium ores in the form of ilmenite, FeTiO3, estimated to about 5% of the World’s total reserves. Ilmenite may clearly be an ideal starting point for production of TiFe as it contains the two metallic constituents in the correct stochiometric ratio. In this work, the production of TiFe from Norwegian ilmenite via mechanochemical methods is explored. In particular, high energy ball milling is used to promote the mechanochemical reduction of ilmenite by alkaline earth hydrides. Results from Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXD) analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) show that the reduction of ilmenite can be partially achieved depending on the ball milling technique and reducing agent employed during processing. In particular, it is shown that the amount of FeTiO3 phase decreases as a function of milling time, suggesting a gradual conversion of ilmenite to a Fe/Ti cubic phase. The results are discussed with respect to the milling conditions chosen for this work, such as milling atmosphere and milling intensity. Additionally, the purity of the starting ilmenite ore is considered for the evaluating the phase distribution in the final powders after the milling process and for assessing the potential of the mechanochemical reduction products for hydrogen storage applications. This work was supported by the Research Council of Norway through the Norwegian Centre for Hydrogen and Ammonia Research HYDROGENi [Grant No. 333118].

• Hauback, Bjørn Christian (2025). Reversible NaAlH4 with titanium-based additives - what have we learned about the mechanism? Full text in Research Archive
• Banet, Catherine (2025). The interplay between hydrogen offtake agreements and legislative and permitting requirements. Full text in Research Archive
• Røkke, Nils Anders (2025). Hydrogen er ingen boble. Full text in Research Archive
• Tavakoli, Sadi; Nielsen, Jørgen Bremnes & Valland, Anders (2025). Decarbonizing maritime power systems with hydrogen and ammonia integration. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The shipping industry is facing increasing pressure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, with global efforts aiming for net-zero by 2050. Achieving the targets requires a shift toward alternative fuels, with hydrogen (H2) and ammonia (NH3) emerging as promising candidates. This study evaluates the integration of hydrogen and ammonia into maritime power systems, considering efficiency, fuel requirements, and CO2 reduction potential. It employs the FEEMS modeling framework, specifically designed for marine power and propulsion systems, to assess the performance of hydrogen- and ammonia-based machinery under realistic, time-varying operational conditions. By analyzing logged data over a 280-day period, the model achieves over 95% accuracy in predicting fuel consumption. The study examines how different fuel types and power system configurations affect efficiency, emissions, and overall feasibility. While PEMFC and SOFC enable near-zero emissions, 4-stroke engines remain relevant in the transition, providing a practical pathway toward decarbonization in the near term. The findings also highlight the critical importance of sourcing green hydrogen and ammonia, as fossil-based alternatives could lead to higher GHG emissions than conventional fuels.

• Norby, Truls (2025). Development of positrodes for proton ceramic electrolysers. Full text in Research Archive
• Perez-Valdes, Gerardo Alfredo (2025). Logistics of the Hydrogen Industry in Northern Europe - Further Research Ideas. SINTEF Industri. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This memo provides an update on the logistics of the hydrogen industry in Northern Europe, building upon our 2024 analysis. We present recent advancements in hydrogen production, transport, and storage technologies, with a focus on Norway and other key countries in the region. We discuss new policies and initiatives that are shaping the hydrogen landscape, particularly in Norway, Denmark, Sweden, the Netherlands, and Germany. The memo also outlines enhancements to our BROMo optimization model, including expanded geographical coverage, integration of blue hydrogen and CCS technologies, and a dedicated ammonia sector. The developments highlighted here inform and provide data to shape scenario assumptions. These updates address limitations identified in our previous work and incorporate the latest technological and economic data. Finally, we propose future research directions to further improve our modelling capabilities and inform hydrogen policy and infrastructure decisions in Northern Europe.

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