Kristian Prydz

• Bodin, Johanna Eva; Berg, Paul Ragnar; Dalen, Knut Tomas; Duale, Nur; Granquist, Erik Georg & Jevnaker, Anne-Marthe Ganes [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2026). Guidance on the scientific information required for risk assessment of genetically modified animals intended for field trials in Norway. VKM Report. 2026(7), p. 1–68. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Norwegian Environment Agency has tasked The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM) with developing generic guidance documents for environmental risk assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to be used in field trials. GMOs used in limited field trials may have effect on the environment, and human and animal health. All experiments involving the use of GMOs in field trails for research require approval under the Norwegian Gene Technology Act. The Norwegian Environment Agency is the decision-making authority for deliberate release of GM plants in field trials. VKM performs health and environmental risk assessments (ERAs) of GMOs for the Norwegian Environment Agency. This guidance document is intended as a support for applicants seeking approval for field trials under the Gene Technology Act and identifies the scientific documentation and data necessary to facilitate an ERA of a genetically modified animal (GM animal) conducted by VKM. The risk assessments conducted by VKM generally follow the step-by-step approach outlined in EU Directive 2001/18/EC on the deliberate release of genetically modified organisms into the environment, starting with hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure characterization and risk characterization. The Gene Technology Act and the Regulations on impact assessment under the Gene Technology Act implements directive 2001/18/EC into Norwegian legislation. Appendix 2 of the Regulation contain the principles for environmental risk assessment, which corresponds to the principles of Annex II in the Directive. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has developed further guidance on the risk assessment of genetically modified organisms based on Annex II. ERAs of GM animals involve the collection, assessment and, where appropriate, generation of information on a GM animal to determine its potential impacts on the environment and on human and animal health, compared with non-GM animals or appropriate comparators. VKM performs risk assessments that include the following six steps: hazard identification, hazard characterisation, exposure characterisation, risk characterisation, risk reducing measures, and overall risk evaluation of the use of the GM animal in a field trial. Applicants should identify the scientific documentation and data necessary for VKM to perform an ERA based on these steps. Applicants should also consider general risk reducing measures in relation to the identified risks, taking into consideration the type of GM animal, the intended management regime (confinement), the scale of the field trial, the characteristics of the genetic modification, the characteristics of the identified hazard(s), and the potential consequences for the environment and for human and animal health. This document provides guidance for the assessment of the potential environmental effects of GM animals, based on data from the required molecular characterisation, consideration of the potential impacts of the modified characteristics of the GM animal, and any risk mitigating measures implemented in the event of escape of GM animals into the environment during field trials. The guidance is intended as a dynamic document to be amended in accordance with future scientific and regulatory developments.

• Prydz, Kristian; Simm, Roger; Davydova, Erna & Åsheim, Hans-Christian (2025). Ephrin-B1 regulates cell surface residency of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and complexes with the HSPG CD44V3-10 and fibroblast growth factor receptors. Glycobiology. ISSN 0959-6658. 35(6). doi: 10.1093/glycob/cwaf020. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The ephrin family of membrane proteins mediate intracellular signalling as ligands of transmembrane Eph tyrosine kinase receptors during cell–cell interactions. Ephrin/Eph signalling regulates processes like cell migration and angiogenesis and is of particular importance during embryonic development. Ephrins-A3 and -B3 can also bind to cell surface-associated and soluble heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) that also play important roles during early development. Here we show that ephrins-B1, -B2, and -B3 all can bind in cis to cell surface HSPGs, while only ephrin-B1 interacts with cell surface HSPGs in a way that retards HSPG endocytosis. Expressing ephrin-B1 in HEK293T cells, using polyethyleneimine (PEI) as transfection agent, increased cell surface levels of HSPGs which were detected by an anti-heparan sulfate (HS) antibody or by ephrin-B3-Fc binding. Ephrin-B1 in the plasma membrane seemed to retard PEI-induced HSPG internalisation and degradation. Binding of HSPGs by ephrin-B1 was observed for the human, mouse, xenopus, and zebrafish homologs, and did not require the cytoplasmic tail of ephrin-B1 that contains tyrosines shown to be involved in intracellular signalling. Furthermore, ephrin-B1 could bind the HSPG variant of CD44 (CD44V3–10), a complex that could further associate with fibroblast growth factor receptors (1 and 4) after co-expression with one of these receptors. In summary, our data indicate that ephrin-B1 can regulate cellular HSPG turnover and is able to form complexes of potential biological importance with CD44V3–10 and fibroblast growth factor receptors.

• Sanden, Monica; Ager-Wick, Eirill; Bodin, Johanna Eva; Duale, Nur; Jevnaker, Anne-Marthe Ganes & Prydz, Kristian [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). Assessment of genetically modified maize MON 87419 for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (application EFSA-GMO-NL-2017-140). VKM Report. 15, p. 1–14. Full text in Research Archive
• Sanden, Monica; Ager-Wick, Eirill; Bodin, Johanna Eva; Duale, Nur; Jevnaker, Anne-Marthe Ganes & Prydz, Kristian [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). Assessment of genetically modified maize MON 87429 for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (application EFSA-GMO-NL-2019-161). VKM Report. 3, p. 1–14. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Event MON 87429 is a genetically modified maize developed via Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformation. MON 87429 plants contain the transgenes pat, dmo, ft_t and cp4 epsps. Maize MON 87429 encodes the DMO, PAT and FT_T proteins. In addition, maize MON 87429 encodes the CP4 EPSPS protein and utilises an endogenous maize RNAi regulatory element to suppress its expression in pollen. This results in a lack of viable pollen and thus male sterility when MON 87429 plants are exposed to glyphosate-containing herbicides at growth stages ranging from V8 to V13. This is part of a hybridisation system to be used in inbred lines to facilitate the hybrid seeds production. This is not considered an agronomic trait since the application of glyphosate outside the specific growth stages does not lead to male sterile plants but reduces plant yield compared to plants not expressing the same trait. The scientific documentation provided in the application for genetically modified maize MON 87429 is adequate for risk assessment, and in accordance with EFSA guidance on risk assessment of genetically modified plants for use in food or feed. The VKM GMO panel does not consider the introduced modifications in event MON 87429 to imply potential specific health or environmental risks in Norway, compared to EU-countries. The EFSA opinion is adequate also for Norwegian considerations. Therefore, a full risk assessment of event MON87429 was not performed by the VKM GMO Panel

• Sanden, Monica; Ager-Wick, Eirill; Bodin, Johanna Eva; Duale, Nur; Jevnaker, Anne-Marthe Ganes & Prydz, Kristian [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). Assessment of genetically modified cotton 281‐24‐236 × 3006‐210‐23 for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (application EFSA-GMORX-019). VKM Report. 02, p. 1–14. Full text in Research Archive
• Sanden, Monica; Ager-Wick, Eirill; Bodin, Johanna Eva; Duale, Nur; Jevnaker, Anne-Marthe Ganes & Prydz, Kristian [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). Assessment of genetically modified maize DP41143 x MON890343 x MON 874113 x DAS40278-9 and sub-combinations for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (application EFSA GMO-NL-2020-171). VKM Report. 01, p. 1–16. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Genetically modified maize DP41149 x MON 890349 x MON 874119 x DAS-40278-9 was developed by crossing to combine four single events: DP4114, MON 89034, MON 87411 and DAS-40278-9. DP4114 express the Cry1F protein to confer protection against certain lepidopteran pests, the Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 proteins to confer protection against certain coleopteran pests and PAT protein to confer tolerance to glufosinate-ammonium-containing herbicides. MON 89034 express the Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 proteins to confer protection against certain lepidopteran pests. MON 87411 express the Cry3Bb1 protein to confer protection against certain coleopteran larvae and the DvSnf7 dsRNA confer protection against western corn rootworm, and the CP4 EPSPS protein for tolerance to glyphosate containing herbicides. DAS-40278-9 express the AAD-1 protein to catalyse the degradation of the general class ofherbicides known as aryloxyphenoxypropionates (AOPP) and to confer tolerance to 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicides.

• Thorstensen, Tage; Bodin, Johanna Eva; Duale, Nur; Johansen, Johan; Shapaval, Volha & Sæle, Øystein [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2023). Risk assessment of Aquaterra® oil for its intended use as ingredient in fish feed. Scientific Opinion of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM Report. p. 1–58. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Norwegian Scientific Committee for food an Environment (VKM) has assessed an application for authorisation of refined oilseed rape oil (Aquaterra®) derived from genetically modified oilseed rape line NS-B50027-4 for exclusive use as an ingredient in fish feed in Norway. NS-B50027-4 is also named DHA-canola. This report uses the term oilseed rape. NS-B50027-4 produces omega-3 long-chain (≥C20) polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 LC-PUFAs) in its seeds, with a high level of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and a small amount of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA). Aquaterra® also contains a significant level of alpha-Linolenic acid (ALA). Whereas ALA can be derived from plants, the primary producers of EPA and DHA are mainly marine microalgae. EPA and DHA are concentrated in the food chain to fish in the oceans and are often referred to as marine omega-3 fatty acids. NS-B50027-4 was developed as an alternative land-based source of marine fatty acids, mainly DHA. NS-B50027-4 was genetically modified to express seven transgenes derived from yeasts and marine microalgae that encode the enzymes necessary for the biosynthesis of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. In addition, an eighth gene, pat, was inserted as a marker for selection purposes during development. The pat gene encodes the enzyme phosphinothricin N-acetyltransferase (PAT) conferring tolerance to glufosinate-ammonium herbicides. Equally to conventional refined oilseed rape oils any residues levels of proteins, including the introduced enzymes, will be negligible in the Aquaterra® oil. The risk assessment of Aquaterra® was conducted in accordance with the guidance for risk assessment of derived food and feed from genetically modified plants as described by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA, 2011a). The risk assessment is based primarily on scientific documentation provided in the application EFSA-GMO-NL-2019-160, which seeks approval for NS-B50027-4 for all applicable food and feed uses in the European Union (EU). VKM concludes that the provided scientific documentation fulfills the criteria of the EFSA guidance and is adequate for risk assessment. VKM concludes that the molecular characterisation, comparative, nutritional, toxicological and allergenicity assessments of NS-B50027-4 do not indicate increased risks to animal or human health compared to its conventional counterpart (comparator) or commercial reference varieties. Based on this together with specific analyses of the seed oil fraction and studies, e.g., in fish, VKM therefore concludes that the refined oil Aquaterra®, is equal to conventional oils from oilseed rape except for the altered composition in fatty acids. VKM concludes there is no increased health risk to fish fed Aquaterra® in feed compared to conventional feeds with oils from other sources, nor is there an indication of increased risk to the environment. Since Aquaterra® is equal to conventional oils from oilseed rape except for the marine omega-3 fatty acids already present in fish feeds, VKM concludes there is no greater need for health or environmental monitoring of feeds containing Aquaterra® than conventional feeds.

• Sanden, Monica; Ager-Wick, Eirill; Bodin, Johanna Eva; Duale, Nur; Jevnaker, Anne-Marthe Ganes & Prydz, Kristian [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). Assessment of genetically modified soybean 40‐3‐2 for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (renewal application EFSA-GMO-RX-023). VKM Report. 11, p. 1–14. Full text in Research Archive
• Sanden, Monica; Ager-Wick, Eirill; Bodin, Johanna Eva; Duale, Nur; Jevnaker, Anne-Marthe Ganes & Prydz, Kristian [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). Assessment of genetically modified soybean MON 87701 for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (renewal application EFSA-GMO-RX-021). VKM Report. 9, p. 1–14. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Event MON 87701 is a genetically modified soybean developed via Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformation. MON 87701 plants contain the transgene cry1Ac which encodes the protein Cry1Ac. The protein Cry1Ac provides resistance against specific lepidopteran pests. The scientific documentation provided in the renewal application (EFSA-GMO-RX-021) for soybean MON 87701 is adequate for risk assessment, and in accordance with EFSA guidance on risk assessment of genetically modified plants for use in food or feed. The VKM GMO panel does not consider the introduced modifications in soybean MON 87701 to imply potential specific health or environmental risks in Norway, compared to EU-countries. The EFSA opinion is adequate also for Norwegian considerations. Therefore, a full risk assessment of event MON 87701 was not performed by the VKM GMO Panel.

• Sanden, Monica; Ager-Wick, Eirill; Bodin, Johanna Eva; Duale, Nur; Jevnaker, Anne-Marthe Ganes & Prydz, Kristian [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). Assessment of genetically modified soybean MON 87701 × MON 89788 for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (renewal application EFSAGMO-RX-022). VKM Report. 10, p. 1–14. Full text in Research Archive
• Sanden, Monica; Ager-Wick, Eirill; Bodin, Johanna Eva; Duale, Nur; Jevnaker, Anne-Marthe Ganes & Prydz, Kristian [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). Assessment of genetically modified maize MON 95379 for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (application EFSA‐GMO‐NL‐2020‐170). VKM Report. 12, p. 1–14. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Event MON 95379 is a genetically modified maize developed by a two-step process. In the first step, immature embryos of maize inbred line LH244 were co-cultured with a disarmed Agrobacterium tumefaciens (also known as Rhizobium radiobacter) strain ABI containing the vector PV-ZMIR522223. In the second step, selected R2 lines were crossed with maize inbred LH244 line expressing Crerecombinase, which had been transformed with vector PVZMOO513642. In the resulting plants, the CP4 EPSPS-cassette (used for selection of transformed plants) was excised by the Cre recombinase, and the Cre gene was subsequently segregated away, through conventional breeding, to obtain maize MON 95379. Maize MON 95379 expresses Cry1B.868, a chimeric protein containing domains from Cry1A, Cry1B and Cry1C naturally expressed in Bacillus thuringiensis, and Cry1Da_7, an optimised version of Cry1Da carrying four amino acids substitutions to increase its activity. The two Cry proteins expressed in maize MON 95379 provide protection against targeted pests within the order of butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) including fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), sugarcane borer (Diatraea saccharalis) and corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea). The scientific documentation provided in the application for genetically modified maize MON 95379 is adequate for risk assessment, and in accordance with EFSA guidance on risk assessment of genetically modified plants for use in food or feed. The VKM GMO panel does not consider the introduced modifications in event MON 95379 to imply potential specific health or environmental risks in Norway, compared to EU-countries. The EFSA opinion is adequate also for Norwegian considerations. Therefore, a full risk assessment of event MON 95379 was not performed by the VKM GMO Panel.

• Meuskens, Ina; Kristiansen, Per Eugen; Bardiaux, Benjamin; Koynarev, Vladimir Rosenov; Hatlem, Daniel & Prydz, Kristian [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). A poly-proline II helix in YadA from Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 facilitates heparin binding through electrostatic interactions. The FEBS Journal. ISSN 1742-464X. 291(4), p. 761–777. doi: 10.1111/febs.17001. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Poly‐proline II helices are secondary structure motifs frequently found in ligand‐binding sites. They exhibit increased flexibility and solvent exposure compared to the strongly hydrogen‐bonded α‐helices or β‐strands and can therefore easily be misinterpreted as completely unstructured regions with an extremely high rotational freedom. Here, we show that the adhesin YadA of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 contains a poly‐proline II helix interaction motif in the N‐terminal region. The motif is involved in the interaction of YadA O:9 with heparin, a host glycosaminoglycan. We show that the basic residues within the N‐terminal motif of YadA are required for electrostatic interactions with the sulfate groups of heparin. Biophysical methods including CD spectroscopy, solution‐state NMR and SAXS all independently support the presence of a poly‐proline helix allowing YadA O:9 binding to the rigid heparin. Lastly, we show that host cells deficient in sulfation of heparin and heparan sulfate are not targeted by YadA O:9 ‐mediated adhesion. We speculate that the YadA O:9 –heparin interaction plays an important and highly strain‐specific role in the pathogenicity of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9.

• Sanden, Monica; Ager-Wick, Eirill; Bodin, Johanna Eva; Duale, Nur; Prydz, Kristian & Shapaval, Volha [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Assessment of genetically modified maize Bt11 x MIR162 x MIR604 x MON 89034 x 5307 x GA21 for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (application EFSA-GMO-DE-2018-149). VKM Report. 2023:21, p. 1–14. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Bt11 x MIR162 x MIR604 x MON 89034 x 5307 x GA21 was produced by conventional breeding of the GM maize events Bt11, MIR162, MIR604, MON 89034, 5307 and GA21. Accordingly, Bt11 x MIR162 x MIR604 x MON 89034 x 5307 x GA21 maize produces the transgenic proteins in the individual GM maize events (Cry1Ab, PAT, Vip3Aa20, PMI, mCry3A, MIR604 PMI, Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab2, eCry3.1Ab and mEPSPS). Event Bt11 maize expresses the insecticidal protein Cry1Ab that protects against feeding damage caused by certain lepidopteran pests and the phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) protein for weed control by providing tolerance to herbicide products containing glufosinate ammonium. Event MIR162 maize expresses the insecticidal protein Vip3Aa20 that protects against feeding damage caused by certain lepidopteran pests and the PMI protein which enables transformed plant cells to utilise mannose as a primary carbon source and therefore used as a selectable marker in the development of the MIR162 maize. Event MIR604 maize expresses the insecticidal protein mCry3A that protects against feeding damage caused by certain coleopteran pests and the MIR604 PMI protein which enables transformed plant cells to utilise mannose as a primary carbon source and therefore used as a selectable marker in the development of the MIR604 maize. Event MON 89034 maize expresses the insecticidal proteins Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 that protect against feeding damage caused by certain lepidopteran pests. Event 5307 maize expresses the insecticidal protein eCry3.1Ab that protects against feeding damage caused by certain coleopteran pests and the PMI protein which enables transformed plant cells to utilise mannose as a primary carbon source and therefore used as a selectable marker in the development of the 5307 maize. Event GA21 expresses the double-mutated 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase enzyme (mEPSPS) for weed control by providing tolerance to herbicide products containing glyphosate.The scientific documentation provided in the application for genetically modified maize Bt11 x MIR162 x MIR604 x MON 89034 x 5307 x GA21 is adequate for risk assessment, and in accordance with EFSA guidance on risk assessment of genetically modified plants for use in food or feed. The VKM GMO panel does not consider the introduced modifications in maize Bt11 x MIR162 x MIR604 x MON 89034 x 5307 x GA21 to imply potential specific health or environmental risks in Norway, compared to EU-countries The EFSA opinion is adequate also for Norwegian considerations. Therefore, a full risk assessment of maize Bt11 x MIR162 x MIR604 x MON 89034 x 5307 x GA21 was not performed by the VKM GMO Panel.

• Hindar, Kjetil; Bodin, Johanna Eva; Duale, Nur; Jevnaker, Anne-Marthe Ganes; Garseth, Åse Helen & Malmstrøm, Martin [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2023). Environmental risk assessment of genetically modified sterile VIRGIN® Atlantic salmon for use in research trials in aquaculture sea-cages. VKM Report. 2023:20, p. 1–94. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  One of the substantial environmental challenges posed by the aquaculture industry is the escape of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), which can mate with wild Atlantic salmon and alter the genetic composition of the wild populations. One potential solution to mitigate this issue is the cultivation of sterile salmon in aquaculture. Atlantic salmon can be made sterile by pressure or temperature treatment of newly fertilized eggs to produce triploids, which are functionally sterile due to their unpaired chromosomes. However, these triploids often perform poorly on commercial fish farms and the production of triploid salmon in Norway is put on hold due to welfare issues of the fish.

• Prydz, Kristian (2023). In Vitro Methods to Study the Golgi Apparatus Role in Proteoglycan and Glycosaminoglycan Synthesis. Methods in molecular biology. ISSN 1064-3745. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2639-9_42. Full text in Research Archive
• Sanden, Monica; Ager-Wick, Eirill; Bodin, Johanna Eva; Duale, Nur; Jevnaker, Anne-Marthe Ganes & Prydz, Kristian [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). Assessment of genetically modified maize GA21 x T25 for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (application EFSA-GMO-NL-2016-137). VKM Report. 14, p. 1–14. Full text in Research Archive
• Prydz, Kristian (2022). In Vitro Methods to Study the Golgi Apparatus Role in Proteoglycan and Glycosaminoglycan Synthesis. In Wang, Yanzhuang; Lupashin, Vladimir V. & Graham, Todd R. (Ed.), Golgi: Methods and Protocols. Humana Press. ISSN 9781071626382. p. 709–720. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2639-9. Full text in Research Archive
• Saraste, Jaakko; Enyioko, Mary; Dale, Hege Avsnes; Prydz, Kristian & Machamer, Carolyn (2022). Evidence for the role of Rab11-positive recycling endosomes as intermediates in coronavirus egress from epithelial cells. Histochemistry and Cell Biology. ISSN 0948-6143. 158, p. 241–251. doi: 10.1007/s00418-022-02115-y. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  After their assembly by budding into the lumen of the intermediate compartment (IC) at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–Golgi interface, coronaviruses (CoVs) are released from their host cells following a pathway that remains poorly understood. The traditional view that CoV exit occurs via the constitutive secretory route has recently been questioned by studies suggesting that this process involves unconventional secretion. Here, using the avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) as a well-established model virus, we have applied confocal microscopy to investigate the pathway of CoV egress from epithelial Vero cells. We report a novel effect of IBV infection on cellular endomembranes, namely, the compaction of the pericentrosomal endocytic recycling compartment (ERC) defined by the GTPase Rab11, which coincides with the previously described Golgi fragmentation, as well as virus release. Despite Golgi disassembly, the IC elements containing the major IBV membrane protein (M)—which mostly associates with newly formed virus particles—maintain their close spatial connection with the Rab11-positive endocytic recycling system. Moreover, partial colocalization of the M protein with Rab11 was observed, whereas M displayed negligible overlap with LAMP-1, indicating that IBV egress does not occur via late endosomes or lysosomes. Synchronization of virus release using temperature-shift protocols was accompanied by increased colocalization of M and Rab11 in vesicular and vacuolar structures in the pericentrosomal region and at the cell periphery, most likely representing IBV-containing transport carriers. In conclusion, these results add CoVs to the growing list of viruses exploiting the endocytic recycling apparatus defined by Rab11 for their assembly and/or release.

• Prydz, Kristian & Adusumalli, Ravi (2022). Metabolic Labeling of Proteoglycans and Analysis of Their Synthesis and Sorting in Filter-Grown and Polarized Epithelial Cells. Methods in molecular biology. ISSN 1064-3745. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1398-6_3. Full text in Research Archive
• Prydz, Kristian & Saraste, Jaakko (2022). The life cycle and enigmatic egress of coronaviruses. Molecular Microbiology. ISSN 0950-382X. 117(6), p. 1308–1316. doi: 10.1111/mmi.14907. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  There has been considerable recent interest in the life cycle of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of the Covid-19 pandemic. Practically every step in CoV replication—from cell attachment and uptake via genome replication and expression to virion assembly has been considered as a specific event that potentially could be targeted by existing or novel drugs. Interference with cellular egress of progeny viruses could also be adopted as a possible therapeutic strategy; however, the situation is complicated by the fact that there is no broad consensus on how CoVs find their way out of their host cells. The viral nucleocapsid, consisting of the genomic RNA complexed with nucleocapsid proteins obtains a membrane envelope during virus budding into the lumen of the intermediate compartment (IC) at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–Golgi interface. From here, several alternative routes for CoV extracellular release have been proposed. Strikingly, recent studies have shown that CoV infection leads to the disassembly of the Golgi ribbon and the mobilization of host cell compartments and protein machineries that are known to promote Golgi-independent trafficking to the cell surface. Here, we discuss the life cycle of CoVs with a special focus on different possible pathways for virus egress.

• Adusumalli, Ravi; Åsheim, Hans-Christian; Lupashin, Vladimir; blackburn, jessica b & Prydz, Kristian (2021). Proteoglycan synthesis in conserved oligomeric Golgi subunit deficient HEK293T cells is affected differently, depending on the lacking subunit. Traffic: The moving front of cell biology. ISSN 1398-9219. doi: 10.1111/tra.12804. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Conserved Oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex is an eight subunit protein complex associated with Golgi membranes. Genetic defects affecting individual COG subunits cause congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDGs), due to mislocalization of Golgi proteins involved in glycosylation mechanisms. While the resulting defects in N-and O-glycosylation have been extensively studied, no corresponding study of proteoglycan (PG) synthesis has been undertaken. We here show that glycosaminoglycan (GAG) modification of PGs is significantly reduced, regardless which COG subunit that is missing in HEK293T cells. Least reduction was observed for cells lacking COG1 and COG8 subunits, that bridge the A and B lobes of the complex. Lack of these subunits did not reduce GAG chain lengths of secreted PGs, which was reduced in cells lacking any other subunit (COG2-7). COG3 knock out (KO) cells had particularly reduced ability to polymerize GAG chains. For cell-associated GAGs, the mutant cell lines, except COG4 and COG7 KO, displayed longer GAG chains than wild-type cells, indicating that COG subunits play a role in cellular turnover of PGs. In light of the important roles PGs play in animal development, the effects KO of individual COG subunits have on GAG synthesis could explain the variable severity of COG associated CDGs.

• Saraste, Jaakko & Prydz, Kristian (2021). Assembly and cellular exit of coronaviruses: Hijacking an unconventional secretory pathway from the pre-Golgi Intermediate compartment via the Golgi ribbon to the extracellular space. Cells. 10(3), p. 1–20. doi: 10.3390/cells10030503. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Coronaviruses (CoVs) assemble by budding into the lumen of the intermediate compartment (IC) at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi interface. However, why CoVs have chosen the IC as their intracellular site of assembly and how progeny viruses are delivered from this compartment to the extracellular space has remained unclear. Here we address these enigmatic late events of the CoV life cycle in light of recently described properties of the IC. Of particular interest are the emerging spatial and functional connections between IC elements and recycling endosomes (REs), defined by the GTPases Rab1 and Rab11, respectively. The establishment of IC-RE links at the cell periphery, around the centrosome and evidently also at the noncompact zones of the Golgi ribbon indicates that—besides traditional ER-Golgi communication—the IC also promotes a secretory process that bypasses the Golgi stacks, but involves its direct connection with the endocytic recycling system. The initial confinement of CoVs to the lumen of IC-derived large transport carriers and their preferential absence from Golgi stacks is consistent with the idea that they exit cells following such an unconventional route. In fact, CoVs may share this pathway with other intracellularly budding viruses, lipoproteins, procollagen, and/or protein aggregates experimentally introduced into the IC lumen.

• Prydz, Kristian; Lupashin, Vladimir; Wang, Yanzhuang & Saraste, Jaakko (2020). Editorial: Golgi Dynamics in Physiological and Pathological Conditions. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 8(7), p. 1–4. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00007. Full text in Research Archive
• Skedsmo, Fredrik Strebel; Tranulis, Michael A.; Espenes, Arild; Prydz, Kristian; Matiasek, Kaspar & Gunnes, Gjermund [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2019). Cell and context-dependent sorting of neuropathy-associated protein NDRG1 – Insights from canine tissues and primary Schwann cell cultures. BMC Veterinary Research. 15(1), p. 1–17. doi: 10.1186/s12917-019-1872-2. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Mutations in the N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) can cause degenerative polyneuropathy in humans, dogs, and rodents. In humans, this motor and sensory neuropathy is known as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4D, and it is assumed that analogous canine diseases can be used as models for this disease. NDRG1 is also regarded as a metastasis-suppressor in several malignancies. The tissue distribution of NDRG1 has been described in humans and rodents, but this has not been studied in the dog. Results By immunolabeling and Western blotting, we present a detailed mapping of NDRG1 in dog tissues and primary canine Schwann cell cultures, with particular emphasis on peripheral nerves. High levels of phosphorylated NDRG1 appear in distinct subcellular localizations of the Schwann cells, suggesting signaling-driven rerouting of the protein. In a nerve from an Alaskan malamute homozygous for the disease-causing Gly98Val mutation in NDRG1, this signal was absent. Furthermore, NDRG1 is present in canine epithelial cells, predominantly in the cytosolic compartment, often with basolateral localization. Constitutive expression also occurs in mesenchymal cells, including developing spermatids that are transiently positive for NDRG1. In some cells, NDRG1 localize to centrosomes. Conclusions Overall, canine NDRG1 shows a cell and context-dependent localization. Our data from peripheral nerves and primary Schwann cell cultures suggest that the subcellular localization of NDRG1 in Schwann cells is dynamically influenced by signaling events leading to reversible phosphorylation of the protein. We propose that disease-causing mutations in NDRG1 can disrupt signaling in myelinating Schwann cells, causing disturbance in myelin homeostasis and axonal-glial cross talk, thereby precipitating polyneuropathy.

• Saraste, Jaakko & Prydz, Kristian (2019). A New Look at the Functional Organization of the Golgi Ribbon. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 7, p. 1–21. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00171. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  A characteristic feature of vertebrate cells is a Golgi ribbon consisting of multiple cisternal stacks connected into a single-copy organelle next to the centrosome. Despite numerous studies, the mechanisms that link the stacks together and the functional significance of ribbon formation remain poorly understood. Nevertheless, these questions are of considerable interest, since there is increasing evidence that Golgi fragmentation – the unlinking of the stacks in the ribbon – is intimately connected not only to normal physiological processes, such as cell division and migration, but also to pathological states, including neurodegeneration and cancer. Challenging a commonly held view that ribbon architecture involves the formation of homotypic tubular bridges between the Golgi stacks, we present an alternative model, based on direct interaction between the biosynthetic (pre-Golgi) and endocytic (post-Golgi) membrane networks and their connection with the centrosome. We propose that the central domains of these permanent pre- and post-Golgi networks function together in the biogenesis and maintenance of the more transient Golgi stacks, and thereby establish “linker compartments” that dynamically join the stacks together. This model provides insight into the reversible fragmentation of the Golgi ribbon that takes place in dividing and migrating cells and its regulation along a cell surface – Golgi – centrosome axis. Moreover, it helps to understand transport pathways that either traverse or bypass the Golgi stacks and the positioning of the Golgi apparatus in differentiated neuronal, epithelial, and muscle cells.

• Prydz, Kristian; Halstensen, Trond S.; holen, Halvor Lauvstad & aasheim, Hans-Christian (2018). Ephrin-B3 binds both cell-associated and secreted proteoglycans. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications - BBRC. ISSN 0006-291X. 503(4), p. 2212–2217. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.06.140. Full text in Research Archive
• Vuong, Tram Thu; Rønning, Sissel Beate; Suso, Henri-Pierre; Schmidt, Ralf; Prydz, Kristian & Lundström, Marlene [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2017). The extracellular matrix of eggshell displays anti-inflammatory activities through NF-κB in LPS-triggered human immune cells. Journal of Inflammation Research. 10, p. 83–96. doi: 10.2147/JIR.S130974. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Avian eggshell membrane (ESM) is a natural biomaterial that has been used as an alternative natural bandage on burned and cut skin injuries for >400 years in Asian countries, and is available in large quantities from egg industries. Our aim was to characterize ESM that was separated and processed from egg waste, and to study whether this material possesses anti-inflammatory properties, making it suitable as an ingredient in industrial production of low cost wound healing products. Our results show that the processed ESM particles retain a fibrous structure similar to that observed for the native membrane, and contain collagen, and carbohydrate components such as hyaluronic acid and sulfated glycosaminoglycans, as well as N-glycans, mostly with uncharged structures. Furthermore, both processed ESM powder and the ESM-derived carbohydrate fraction had immunomodulation properties in monocytes and macrophage-like cells. Under inflammatory conditions induced by lipopolysaccharide, the ESM powder and the isolated carbohydrate fraction reduced the activity of the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB. The expression of the immune regulating receptors toll-like receptor 4 and ICAM-1, as well as the cell surface glycoprotein CD44, all important during inflammation response, were down-regulated by these fractions. Interestingly, our experiments show that the two fractions regulated cytokine secretion differently: ESM depressed inflammation by increased secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 while the carbohydrate fraction reduced secretions of the pro inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6. Also, the phosphorylation of p65 and p50 subunits of nuclear factor-κB, as well as nuclear localization, differed between processed ESM powder and carbohydrate fraction, suggesting different down-stream regulation during inflammation. In conclusion, processed ESM powder and its soluble carbohydrate components possess anti-inflammatory properties, demonstrating the potential of ESM as a novel biological wound dressing for treatment of chronic inflammatory wounds.

• Doowod, Rua Kareem; Adusumalli, Ravi; Tykesson, Emil; Johnsen, Elin Follaug; Lundanes, Elsa & Prydz, Kristian [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2016). Determination of 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate in cells and Golgi fractions using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A. ISSN 0021-9673. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.10.001. Full text in Research Archive
• Dick, Gunnar; Akslen-Hoel, Linn Kristin; Grøndahl, Frøy; Kjos, Ingrid; Maccarana, Marco & Prydz, Kristian (2015). PAPST1 regulates sulfation of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in epithelial MDCK II cells. Glycobiology. ISSN 0959-6658. 25(1), p. 30–41. doi: 10.1093/glycob/cwu084. Full text in Research Archive
• Berven, Lise; Skjeldal, Frode Miltzow; Prydz, Kristian; Zubaidi, Layla Mohammad Khader; Ballance, Simon & Johansen, Harald Thidemann [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2015). Particulate yeast β-glucan is internalized by RAW 264.7 macrophages and reduces the activity of the tumor-associated protease legumain. Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre. 6(1), p. 15–23. doi: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2015.06.003. Full text in Research Archive
• Prydz, Kristian (2015). Determinants of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) structure. Biomolecules. 5(3), p. 2003–2022. doi: 10.3390/biom5032003. Full text in Research Archive
• Korpetinou, Angeliki; Skandalis, Spyros S.; Moustakas, Aristidis; Happonen, Kaisa E.; Tveit, Heidi & Prydz, Kristian [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2013). Serglycin Is Implicated in the Promotion of Aggressive Phenotype of Breast Cancer Cells. PLOS ONE. 8(10), p. 1–15. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078157. Full text in Research Archive
• Prydz, Kristian; Tveit, Heidi; Vedeler, Anni & Saraste, Jaakko (2013). Arrivals and departures at the plasma membrane: direct and indirect transport routes. Cell and Tissue Research. ISSN 0302-766X. 352(1), p. 5–20. doi: 10.1007/s00441-012-1409-5. Full text in Research Archive
• Reine, Trine M.; Grøndahl, Frøy; Jenssen, Trond Geir; Hadler-Olsen, Elin Synnøve; Prydz, Kristian & Kolset, Svein Olav (2013). Reduced Sulfation of Chondroitin Sulfate but Not Heparan Sulfate in Kidneys of Diabetic db/db Mice. Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry. ISSN 0022-1554. 61(8), p. 606–616. doi: 10.1369/0022155413494392. Full text in Research Archive
• Dick, Gunnar; Akslen-Hoel, Linn Kristin; Grøndahl, Frøy; Kjos, Ingrid & Prydz, Kristian (2012). Proteoglycan Synthesis and Golgi Organization in Polarized Epithelial Cells. Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry. ISSN 0022-1554. 60(12), p. 926–935. doi: 10.1369/0022155412461256. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  A large number of complex glycosylation mechanisms take place in the Golgi apparatus. In epithelial cells, glycosylated protein molecules are transported to both the apical and the basolateral surface domains. Although the prevailing view is that the Golgi apparatus provides the same lumenal environment for glycosylation of apical and basolateral cargo proteins, there are indications that proteoglycans destined for the two opposite epithelial surfaces are exposed to different conditions in transit through the Golgi apparatus. We will here review data relating proteoglycan and glycoprotein synthesis to characteristics of the apical and basolateral secretory pathways in epithelial cells.

• Grøndahl, Frøy; Tveit, Heidi; Akslen, Linn Kristin Aasen & Prydz, Kristian (2011). Easy HPLC-based separation and quantitation of chondroitin sulphate and hyaluronan disaccharides after chondroitinase ABC treatment. Carbohydrate Research. ISSN 0008-6215. 346(1), p. 50–57. doi: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.10.025. Full text in Research Archive
• Holen, Halvor Laustad; Zernichow, Lillian; Fjelland, Kristine Engelsen; Evenrød, Ida Marie; Prydz, Kristian & Tveit, Heidi [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2011). Ephrin-B3 binds to a sulfated cell surface receptor. Biochemical Journal. ISSN 0264-6021. doi: 10.1042/BJ20100865. Full text in Research Archive
• Moen, Anders; Hafte, Tolesa Tilahun; Tveit, Heidi; Jacobsen, Wolfgang Mathias & Prydz, Kristian (2011). N-Glycan synthesis in the apical and basolateral secretory pathway of epithelial MDCK cells and the influence of a glycosaminoglycan domain. Glycobiology. ISSN 0959-6658. 21(11), p. 1416–1425. doi: 10.1093/glycob/cwr069. Full text in Research Archive
• Holen, Halvor; Zernichow, Lillian; Fjelland, Kristine; Evenrød, Ida Marie; Prydz, Kristian & Tveit, Heidi [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2011). Ephrin-B3 binds to a sulfated cell-surface receptor. Biochemical Journal. ISSN 0264-6021. 433, p. 215–223. doi: 10.1042/BJ20100865. Full text in Research Archive
• Moen, Anders; Hafte, Tolesa Tilahun; Tveit, Heidi; Egge-Jacobsen, Wolfgang Mathias & Prydz, Kristian (2011). N-Glycan synthesis in the apical and basolateral secretory pathway of epithelial MDCK cells and the influence of a glycosaminoglycan domain. Glycobiology. ISSN 0959-6658. doi: 10.1093/glycob/cwr069. Full text in Research Archive
• Hafte, Tolesa Tilahun; Fagereng, Gro Live; Prydz, Kristian; Grøndahl, Frøy & Tveit, Heidi (2011). Protein core-dependent glycosaminoglycan modification and glycosaminoglycan-dependent polarized sorting in epithelial Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Glycobiology. ISSN 0959-6658. 21(4), p. 457–466. doi: 10.1093/glycob/cwq180. Full text in Research Archive
• Bui, Catherine; Ouzzine, M; Talhaoui, I; Sharp, S; Prydz, Kristian & Coughtrie, MWH [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2010). Epigenetics: methylation-associated repression of heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase gene expression contributes to the invasive phenotype of H-EMC-SS chondrosarcoma cells. The FASEB Journal. ISSN 0892-6638. 24(2), p. 436–450. doi: 10.1096/fj.09-136291. Full text in Research Archive
• Tveit, Heidi; Akslen, Linn Kristin Aasen; Fagereng, Gro Live; Tranulis, Michael & Prydz, Kristian (2009). A Secretory Golgi Bypass Route to the Apical Surface Domain of Epithelial MDCK Cells. Traffic: The moving front of cell biology. ISSN 1398-9219. 10(11), p. 1685–1695. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2009.00984.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Lund, Christoffer; Olsen, Christel Moræus; Skogtvedt, Susan; Tveit, Heidi; Prydz, Kristian & Tranulis, Michael Andreas (2009). Alternative Translation Initiation Generates Cytoplasmic Sheep Prion Protein. Journal of Biological Chemistry. ISSN 0021-9258. 284(29), p. 19668–19678. Full text in Research Archive
• Lund, Christoffer; Olsen, Christel M; Skogtvedt, Susan; Tveit, Heidi; Prydz, Kristian & Tranulis, Michael (2009). Alternative Translation Initiation Generates Cytoplasmic Sheep Prion Protein. Journal of Biological Chemistry. ISSN 0021-9258. 284(29), p. 19668–19678. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.003566. Full text in Research Archive
• Prydz, Kristian; Vuong, T. T. & Kolset, Svein Olav (2009). Glycosaminoglycan secretion in xyloside treated polarized human colon carcinoma Caco-2 cells. Glycoconjugate Journal. ISSN 0282-0080. 26(9), p. 1117–1124. doi: 10.1007/s10719-009-9232-2. Full text in Research Archive
• Grøndahl, Frøy; Tveit, Heidi & Prydz, Kristian (2009). Neutralization of endomembrane compartments in epithelial MDCK cells affects proteoglycan synthesis in the apical secretory pathway. Biochemical Journal. ISSN 0264-6021. 418, p. 517–528. doi: 10.1042/BJ20081179. Full text in Research Archive
• Tveit, Heidi; Akslen, Linn Kristin Aa.; Fagereng, Gro Live; Tranulis, Michael Andreas & Prydz, Kristian (2009). A secretory Golgi bypass route to the apical surface domain of epithelial MDCK cells. Traffic: The moving front of cell biology. ISSN 1398-9219. 10, p. 1685–1695. Full text in Research Archive
• Rehn, Tommy A.; Borge, Bengt Åge Sørby; Lunde, Per K.; Munkvik, Morten; Sneve, Marianne Lunde & Grøndahl, Frøy [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2009). Temporary fatigue and altered extracellular matrix in skeletal muscle during progression of heart failure in rats. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology. ISSN 0363-6119. 297(1), p. R26–R33. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.90617.2008. Full text in Research Archive
• Prydz, Kristian; Dick, Gunnar & Tveit, Heidi (2008). How many ways through the Golgi maze? Traffic: The moving front of cell biology. ISSN 1398-9219. 9(3), p. 299–304. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2007.00690.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Dick, Gunnar; Grøndahl, Frøy & Prydz, Kristian (2008). Overexpression of the 3 '-phosphoadenosine 5 '-phosphosulfate (PAPS) transporter 1 increases sulfation of chondroitin sulfate in the apical pathway of MDCK II cells. Glycobiology. ISSN 0959-6658. 18(1), p. 53–65. doi: 10.1093/glycob/cwm121. Full text in Research Archive
• Prydz, Kristian (2008). Transcytosis and the liver, Hepatic Endocytosis. Research Signpost. ISSN 9788178953649. p. 1–20. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Endocytosis is a mechanism for uptake of material into cells by invagination of the plasma membrane and formation of intracellular endocytic vesicles. The endocytic process may be divided into pinocytosis and phagocytosis. Pinocytosis (“cell drinking”) is a type of endocytosis in which soluble materials are internalized, whereas phagocytosis (“cell eating”) is endocytosis of particulate material. In the present book the term endocytosis is equivalent to “pinocytosis”, whereas phagocytosis means uptake of particles such as bacteria. The endocytic pathway consists of several transport routes: Endocytosed material may be recycled back to the cell surface, it may be transported across the cells, or it may be brought to the lysosomes for degradation. The hepatocytes are polarized cells with a basolateral surface facing the Space of Disse and an apical membrane surrounding the bile canaliculi. Transport of selected material takes place from basolateral to apical side of the cells. Transcytosis in hepatocytes will be discussed in chapter 1. A physiologically important type of recycling is mediated by the neonatal Fc receptor. It binds endocytosed IgG and serum albumin at low pH in endosomes and brings these ligands back to the cell surface. This process, which explains the long half life of these proteins, is examined and explained in chapter 2. The molecular mechanisms whereby transport via the endocytic pathway from the basolateral membrane to the lysosome of hepatocytes takes place is described and discussed (chapter 3), and Prof. Seglen, who discovered and coined the name amphisome, examines and discusses the relation between the endocytic and the autophagic pathways (chapter 4). The liver plays a key role in lipoprotein metabolism. In addition to synthesizing lipoproteins it also express receptors that mediate endocytosis of lipoproteins such as low density lipoproteins and chylomicron remnants. The role of the liver in regulating turnover of lipoproteins is examined and discussed (chapter 5). The liver is the only organ that can rid the blood of cholesterol. High density lipoprotein (HDL) transfers cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver (reverse cholesterol transport). Hepatic endocytosis may be involved in the release of cholesterol esters from HDL into hepatocytes. Reverse cholesterol transport is the topic of chapter 6. Hepatic endocytosis plays important roles both in innate and adaptive immunity. Liver cells cooperate to remove unwanted and potentially harmful material from blood. The material may be modified self molecules, foreign molecules or cells entering portal blood from the intestines. Hepatic endocytosis of desialylated glycoproteins were among the very first studies of receptor-mediated endocytosis. Dr. Tolleshaug who did pioneering work in this field reviews work done on receptor-mediated endocytosis of asialoglycoproteins (chapter 7). The liver holds the largest resident macrophage population in the body, the Kupffer cells, which are professional phagocytes. Phagocytosis in Kupffer cells, and the consequent inflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes, are described and discussed (chapter 8). The sinusoidal endothelial cells are very active endocytic cells and express receptors that mediate endocytosis of a large number of modified endogenous molecules and exogenous harmful material. Receptor-mediated endocytosis of the endogenous ligand, hyaluronan, has been studied in great detail, and this work, and endocytosis of other biomolecules, is discussed and reviewed (chapter 9). In chapter 10 the editors try to give an overview of the endocytic function of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Kupffer cells, stellate cells, and sinusoidal endothelial cells express both MHC class I and II and are able to prime T cells. Moreover they contribute to hepatic immune tolerance, an issue that is discussed in chapter 11.

• Vuong, Tram Thu; Prydz, Kristian & Tveit, Heidi (2006). Differences in the apical and basolateral pathways for glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Glycobiology. ISSN 0959-6658. 16, p. 326–332. Full text in Research Archive

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• Prydz, Kristian; Fagereng, Gro Live & Tveit, Heidi (2012). Chapter 14: The role of glycans in apical sorting of proteins in polarized epithelial cells. In: Glycosylation. Editor Stefana Petrescu. InTech. 25 p. Full text in Research Archive

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• Sanden, Monica; Ager-Wick, Eirill; Bodin, Johanna Eva; Duale, Nur; Jevnaker, Anne-Marthe Ganes & Prydz, Kristian [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2026). Assessment of genetically modified soybean MON 94313 for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (application EFSA-GMO-NL-2022-176). VKM Bulletin. 9(2026), p. 1–14. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Genetically modified event MON 94313 was developed through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of soybean tissues. The plant expresses the dmo, pat, ft_t.1 and tdo genes coding for the proteins DMO, PAT, FT_T.1 and TDO proteins which provide tolerance to dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid), glufosinate (2-amino-4- (hydroxymethylphosphinyl) butanoic acid), 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate) and mesotrione (2-[4-(methylsulfonyl)-2-nitrobenzoyl]-1,3-cyclohexanedione) herbicides, respectively. The scientific documentation provided in the application for genetically modified soybean MON 94313 is adequate for risk assessment, and in accordance with EFSA guidance on risk assessment of genetically modified plants for use in food or feed. The VKM GMO panel does not consider the introduced modifications in event MON 94313 to imply potential specific health or environmental risks in Norway, compared to EU-countries.

• Sanden, Monica; Ager-Wick, Eirill; Bodin, Johanna Eva; Duale, Nur; Jevnaker, Anne-Marthe Ganes & Prydz, Kristian [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2026). Assessment of genetically modified soybean GMB151 x DAS-44406 6 for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (application GMFF-2024-21774). VKM Bulletin. 2026(8), p. 1–15. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  GMB151 x DAS-44406-6 soybean was developed by crossing the single parental lines GMB151 and DAS-44406-6 using traditional breeding methods. No new genetic modification was introduced in GMB151 x DAS-44406-6 soybean. The DNA inserts in GMB151 x DAS-44406-6 soybean are inherited from parental lines GMB151 and DAS-44406-6. The soybean product GMB151 x DAS44406 confers nematode resistance and herbicide tolerances. Each single trait contributes specific benefits to the final stacked trait product. GMB151 soybean produces the Cry14Ab-1 protein, a crystal protein derived from Bacillus thuringiensis, which confers resistance to plant parasitic nematodes. GMB151 also produces a modified 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD-4) enzyme derived from Pseudomonas fluorescens, which confers tolerance to HPPD inhibitor herbicides such as isoxaflutole. DAS-44406-6 soybean produces phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT), aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase-12 (AAD-12), and double mutant 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (2mEPSPS). PAT protein, derived from Streptomyces viridochromogenes, confers tolerance to glufosinate herbicides. AAD-12 protein, derived from Delftia acidovorans, confers tolerance to 2,4-D herbicides. 2mEPSPS protein, derived from Zea mays, confers tolerance to glyphosate herbicides. The scientific documentation provided in the application for genetically modified soybean GMB151 x DAS-44406-6 is adequate for risk assessment, and in accordance with EFSA guidance on risk assessment of genetically modified plants for use in food or feed. The VKM GMO panel does not consider the introduced modifications in soybean GMB151 x DAS-44406-6 to imply potential specific health or environmental risks in Norway, compared to EU-countries. The EFSA opinion is adequate also for Norwegian considerations. Therefore, a full risk assessment of soybean GMB151 x DAS 44406-6 was not performed by the VKM GMO Panel.

• Sanden, Monica; Bodin, Johanna Eva; Duale, Nur; Prydz, Kristian; Shapaval, Volha & Jevnaker, Anne-Marthe Ganes [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2026). Assessment of genetically modified maize DP202216 x NK603 x DAS-40278-9 for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (application GMFF2022-6232 (AP183) / EFSA-Q-2023-00197. VKM Bulletin. 2026(03), p. 1–14. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  DP202216 x NK603 x DAS-40278-9 maize was produced by crossing the GM-maize events DP202216, NK603 and DAS-40278-9 by traditional breeding methods. DP202216 maize was developed to have an increased and extended expression of the zmm28 gene relative to the native zmm28 expression. The gene encodes the ZMM28 protein, a MADS-box transcription factor, which enhances grain yield potential. DP202216 maize also expresses the mo-pat gene encoding the enzyme phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) which confers tolerance to glufosinate-ammonium herbicides. NK603 maize was developed to express the gene cp4 epsps encoding the enzyme 5- enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (CP4 EPSPS) which confers tolerance to glyphosate herbicides. DAS-40278-9 maize was developed to express the gene aad-1 encoding the enzyme aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase (1AAD-1) which confers tolerance to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide and aryloxyphenoxypropionate (AOPP) herbicides. The scientific documentation provided in the application for genetically modified maize DP202216 x NK603 x DAS-40278-9 is adequate for risk assessment, and in accordance with EFSA guidance on risk assessment of genetically modified plants for use in food or feed. The VKM GMO panel does not consider the introduced modifications in maize DP202216 x NK603 x DAS-40278-9 to imply potential specific health or environmental risks in Norway, compared to EU-countries. The EFSA opinion is adequate also for Norwegian considerations. Therefore, a full risk assessment of maize DP202216 x NK603 x DAS-40278-9 was not performed by the VKM GMO Panel.

• Bodin, Johanna Eva; Blaalid, Rakel; Duale, Nur; Tekle, Selamawit; Nielsen, Kaare Magne & Olsen, Siri Lie [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2025). Environmental risk assessment of genetically modified late blight resistant potato for use in field trials in Norway. VKM Bulletin. 2025(28), p. 1–39. doi: https:/vkm.no/english/riskassessments/allpublications/nohazardsidentifiedinafieldtrialwithlateblightresistantpotato.4.26217ad5192ae2cc0cc94d7.html. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Upon a request from The Norwegian Environment Agency, VKM has assessed potential risks to the environment from genetically modified (GM) late blight resistant potato intended for cultivation in small scale field trials (100 m2) over several seasons in Norway. Late blight is the most severe disease affecting potato and tomato plants in Norway, and is caused by the pathogen Phytophthora infestans, a fungus-like microorganism. Increased resistance of the GM potato to the pathogen is enabled by expression of three genes acquired from wild potato relatives (Solanum spp.). The GM potato is also made resistant to a potato virus (PVY), as well as certain herbicides that were used for selection purposes during plant development. The application is presented by the Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO) and covers two GM potato breeding lines (SLJ25587_11 and SLJ25587_49) developed by the Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, England. The lines were generated from two independent T-DNA transformation events using an Agrobacterium-mediated transfer technique. VKM has assessed risks to the environment, including any effects on human and/or animal health, which may arise from the field trial. The environmental risk assessment (ERA) was structured according to EFSA guidance and included molecular characterisation of the GM potato, effects on the environment, and non-food/feed effects on human and animal health. The specific areas of concern included spread and survival of the GM potato outside of the field area, plant-to-plant gene flow, plant-to-microorganism gene flow, effects on specific potato pathogen target organisms (Phytophthora infestans and PVY), and effects on non-target organisms. The assessment also included an evaluation of the risk-reducing measures proposed in the application. VKM concludes that the applicant’s documentation on molecular characterisation is sufficient to demonstrate the presence of the intended target genes (T-DNA) as well as the absence of vector backbone elements in the two GM potato lines intended for use in the field trials. The insertion sites in the plant genome have not been described, but this is not considered critical for the evaluation of the planned field trial. Available scientific literature suggests that cultivated potato is a biologically contained species in Norway with the following characteristics: plants do not persist or invade natural habitats and have limited capacity of vertical gene transfer including outcrossing with cultivated or wild Solanum species. The likelihood of persistence and gene transfer from the GM potato is hence also considered very low as the introduced traits are not considered to affect these characteristics. A specific hazard has not been identified for these characteristics in relation to the GM potato. VKM therefore concludes that the risk of adverse effects from persistence or plant-to-plant gene transfer from the GM potatoes is low. VKM has not identified specific hazards from horizontal transfer of the inserted genes in the GM potatoes to microorganisms, and as these are derived from Solanum spp., microorganisms in the field area might already be naturally exposed to similar genes from local flora. Horizontal gene transfer is also considered very unlikely given that the T-DNA consists of plant derived genes with plant promoters. VKM therefore concludes that the risk of adverse effects from horizontal gene transfer from the GM potatoes is low. No indications of an increase in toxicity or allergenic potential of the GM potatoes have been identified compared to conventional non-GM potatoes. The target organisms are sufficiently defined, and potential adverse effects on non-target organisms are not expected from the novel traits expressed by the GM potato. As a specific hazard with a defined likelihood has not been identified, VKM concludes there is a low risk of adverse effects from these areas of concern. VKM concludes that the management proposed for the field trial is sufficient to contain the GM plants within the trial site for the duration of the experiment, which may include repeated planting over several seasons, and that the proposed measures for monitoring, removing, and disposal of GM material, as well as the follow up period of the site, is adequate. The limited field trial area, with a maximum of 200 plants/year, limited invasive and hybridizing potential of potatoes, and low survivability beyond a growing season, further mitigates potential risks.

• Sanden, Monica; Ager-Wick, Eirill; Bodin, Johanna Eva; Duale, Nur; Prydz, Kristian & Shapaval, Volha [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2025). Assessment of genetically modified oilseed rape LBFLFK for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (application EFSA‐GMO‐DE‐2019‐157). VKM Bulletin. 2026(29), p. 1–15. doi: https:/vkm.no/english/riskassessments/allpublications/assessmentofthegeneticallymodifiedoilseedrapelbflfkundereuregulation18292003econgeneticallymodifiedfoodandfeedapplicationefsagmode2019157.4.28f2020119b3545d11a8849a.html. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Oilseed rape LBFLFK was developed by Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation. In total the following 13 genes were introduced, which would be expected to result in the expression of 11 new proteins: c-D12D(Ps) encoding a delta-12 desaturase (Ps); c-D6D(Ot) encoding a delta-6 desaturase (Ot); c-D6E(Tp) encoding a delta-6 elongase (Tp); c-D6E(Pp) encoding a delta-6 elongase (Pp); c-D5D(Tc), delta-5 desaturase (Tc); c-O3D(Pi) encoding a omega-3 desaturase (Pi); c-O3D(Pir) encoding a omega-3 desaturase (Pir); c-D5E(Ot) encoding a delta-5 elongase (Ot); c-D4D(Tc) encoding a delta-4 desaturase (Tc); c-D4D(Pl) encoding a delta-4 desaturase (Pl); and c-AHAS(At) encoding an acetohydroxy acid synthase (also named acetolactate synthase, (ALS)). These proteins impact the content of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) in the seeds and also confers tolerance to imidazolinone herbicides. Two gene expression cassettes were introduced twice (O3D(Pir) and D5D(Tc) but have different seed-specific promotors to increase expression during seed maturation. Expression of the ten EPA and DHA biosynthesis genes results in the conversion of oleic acid (OA) to EPA and DHA in LBFLFK canola seeds. The VKM GMO panel has assessed the documentation in the application EFSA‐GMO‐DE‐2019‐ 157. The VKM GMO panel has no additional observations regarding the limitations of the scientific documentation when considering the full scope of the application, as pointed out by EFSA: “The GMO Panel is unable to conclude on the adequacy of the PMEM plan proposed by the applicant. The GMO Panel cannot conclude on the safety of oilseed rape LBFLFK when considering the full scope of the application. On the other hand, the GMO Panel concludes that the consumption of RBD LBFLFK oil is safe and does not represent any nutritional concern for humans under the conditions of use proposed by the applicant and considered during the pre-market risk assessment.” As no hazards specific to Norway have been identified, the VKM GMO panel supports EFSAs conclusions with the implied reservations regarding oilseed rape LBFLFK. Therefore, a full risk assessment of oilseed rape LBFLFK was not performed by the VKM GMO Pan

• Sanden, Monica; Ager-Wick, Eirill; Bodin, Johanna Eva; Duale, Nur; Prydz, Kristian & Shapaval, Volha [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2025). Assessment of genetically modified soybean MON 94637 for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (application GMFF-2023-21116 (188)). VKM Bulletin. 2025(27), p. 1–14. doi: https:/vkm.no/english/riskassessments/allpublications/assessmentofthegeneticallymodifiedsoybeanmon94637undereuregulation18292003econgeneticallymodifiedfoodandfeedapplicationgmff202321116188.4.7370fd1719afea10e6e4f9e.html. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Genetically modified soybean MON 94637 was developed through Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation of soybean tissue to express Cry1A.2 and Cry1B.2 proteins conferring resistance to lepidopteran (order of butterflies and moths) pests. The scientific documentation provided in the application for soybean MON 94637 is adequate for risk assessment, and in accordance with EFSA guidance on risk assessment of genetically modified plants for use in food or feed. The VKM GMO panel does not consider the introduced modifications in soybean MON 94637 to imply potential specific health or environmental risks in Norway, compared to EU-countries

• Sanden, Monica; Ager-Wick, Eirill; Bodin, Johanna Eva; Duale, Nur; Jevnaker, Anne-Marthe Ganes & Prydz, Kristian [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2025). Assessment of genetically modified soybean DBN9004 for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (application EFSA-GMO-BE-2019-165). VKM Bulletin. 2025(20), p. 1–14. doi: https:/vkm.no/english/riskassessments/allpublications/assessmentofthegeneticallymodifiedsoybeandbn9004undereuregulation18292003econgeneticallymodifiedfoodandfeedapplicationefsagmobe2019165.4.333a843319993bb7201499c2.html. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  DBN9004 is a genetically modified soybean developed via Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformation. Soybean DBN9004 plants contain the transgenes cp4 epsps and pat which encode the proteins CP4 EPSPS and PAT. The proteins CP4 EPSPS and PAT provide the plant with tolerance to glufosinate-ammonium- and glyphosate-containing herbicides. The scientific documentation provided in the application for genetically modified soybean DBN9004 is adequate for risk assessment, and in accordance with EFSA guidance on risk assessment of genetically modified plants for use in food or feed. The VKM GMO panel does not consider the introduced modifications in soybean DBN9004 to imply potential specific health or environmental risks in Norway, compared to EU-countries. The EFSA opinion is adequate also for Norwegian considerations. Therefore, a full risk assessment of soybean DBN9004 was not performed by the VKM GMO Panel.

• Sanden, Monica; Bodin, Johanna Eva; Duale, Nur; Jevnaker, Anne-Marthe Ganes; Prydz, Kristian & Shapaval, Volha [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2025). Assessment of the genetically modified sugar beet KWS20-1 under EU Regulation 1829/2003/EC on genetically modified food and feed (application GMFF-2023-14732). VKM Bulletin. VKM Bulletin 2025(VKM Bulletin 2025: 19), p. 1–14. doi: https:/vkm.no/english/riskassessments/allpublications/assessmentofthegeneticallymodifiedsugarbeetkws201undereuregulation18292003econgeneticallymodifiedfoodandfeedapplicationgmff202314732.4.47444efe198bb7cdccbcb26f.html. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM) has assessed an application for approval of the genetically modified sugar beet KWS20-1. The scope of the application is for food produced from genetically modified sugar beet KWS20-1 or containing ingredients produced from sugar beet KWS20-1, and feed produced from sugar beet KWS20-1 for import and processing submitted within the framework of Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003. The application does not include cultivation or import of viable material.

• Sanden, Monica; Ager-Wick, Eirill; Bodin, Johanna Eva; Duale, Nur; Prydz, Kristian & Shapaval, Volha [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2025). Assessment of soy leghemoglobin produced from genetically modified Komagataella phaffii under EU Regulation 1829/2003/EC on genetically modified food and feed (application EFSA-GMO-NL-2019-162). VKM Bulletin. VKM Bulletin(VKM Bulletin 2025: 04), p. 1–14. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM) has assessed an application for approval of soy leghemoglobin produced from genetically modified Komagataella phaffii for food uses in the EU. In accordance with an assignment specified by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (NFSA) and the Norwegian Environment Agency (NEA), VKM assesses whether genetically modified organisms (GMOs) intended for the European market can pose risks to human or animal health, or the environment in Norway. VKM assesses the scientific documentation regarding GMO applications seeking approval for use of GMOs as food and feed, processing, or cultivation. The EU Regulation 1829/2003/EC (Regulation) covers living GMOs that fall under the Norwegian Gene Technology Act, as well as processed food and feed from GMOs (dead material) that fall under the Norwegian Food Act. The regulation is currently not part of the EEA agreement or implemented in Norwegian law. Norway conducts its own assessments of GMO applications in preparation for the possible implementation of the Regulation. In accordance with the assignment by NFSA and NEA, VKM assesses GMO applications during scientific hearings initiated by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), as well as after EFSA has published its own risk assessment of a GMO, up until EU member countries vote for or against approval in the EU Commission. The assignment is divided into three stages. Soy leghemoglobin produced from genetically modified Komagataella phaffii This application is submitted to gain authorisation for the use of soy leghemoglobin (the liquid preparation is referred to as “LegH Prep”) produced from genetically modified Komagataella phaffii (yeast) as a flavouring (“meaty taste”) in meat analogue products that will be marketed in the European Union (EU). Soy leghemoglobin is intended for addition to meat analogue products that are for use in foods such as burgers, meatballs, and sausages. Komagataella phaffii-strain employed in the production of soy leghemoglobin contains genetic modifications which allow it to express this protein. Following fermentation, the cells are lysed, and the soy leghemoglobin is concentrated by physical means. The soy leghemoglobin is delivered in a liquid preparation (LegH Prep) that is standardised to contain up to 9% soy leghemoglobin on a wet weight basis and a soy leghemoglobin protein purity of at least 65%. The remainder of the protein fraction in the LegH Prep is accounted for by residual proteins from the Komagataella phaffii production strain. These residual proteins are all endogenous to Komagataella phaffii as the gene coding for the expression of soy leghemoglobin is the only gene from a different organism. VKM has assessed the documentation in application EFSA-GMO- NL-2019-162 and EFSA's scientific opinion for the use of soy leghemoglobin produced from genetically modified Komagataella phaffii. The scientific documentation provided in the application is adequate for risk assessment, and in accordance with the EFSA guidance on risk assessment of genetically modified microorganisms for use in food or feed. The VKM GMO Panel does not consider leghemoglobin from genetically modified Komagataella phaffii to imply potential specific health risks in Norway, compared to EU-countries. The EFSA opinion is adequate also for Norwegian considerations. Therefore, a full risk assessment was not performed by VKM. About the assignment: (...)

• Sanden, Monica; Ager-Wick, Eirill; Bodin, Johanna Eva; Duale, Nur; Jevnaker, Anne-Marthe Ganes & Prydz, Kristian [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2025). Assessment of application for the authorisation of soy leghemoglobin produced from genetically modified Komagataella phaffii for food use in the European Union under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (application EFSA-GMO-NL-2019-162). VKM Bulletin. VKM Bulletin(VKM Bulletin 2025: 04), p. 1–14. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM) has assessed an application for approval of soy leghemoglobin produced from genetically modified Komagataella phaffii for food uses in the EU. In accordance with an assignment specified by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (NFSA) and the Norwegian Environment Agency (NEA), VKM assesses whether genetically modified organisms (GMOs) intended for the European market can pose risks to human or animal health, or the environment in Norway. VKM assesses the scientific documentation regarding GMO applications seeking approval for use of GMOs as food and feed, processing, or cultivation. The EU Regulation 1829/2003/EC (Regulation) covers living GMOs that fall under the Norwegian Gene Technology Act, as well as processed food and feed from GMOs (dead material) that fall under the Norwegian Food Act. The regulation is currently not part of the EEA agreement or implemented in Norwegian law. Norway conducts its own assessments of GMO applications in preparation for the possible implementation of the Regulation. In accordance with the assignment by NFSA and NEA, VKM assesses GMO applications during scientific hearings initiated by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), as well as after EFSA has published its own risk assessment of a GMO, up until EU member countries vote for or against approval in the EU Commission. The assignment is divided into three stages. Soy leghemoglobin produced from genetically modified Komagataella phaffii This application is submitted to gain authorisation for the use of soy leghemoglobin (the liquid preparation is referred to as “LegH Prep”) produced from genetically modified Komagataella phaffii (yeast) as a flavouring (“meaty taste”) in meat analogue products that will be marketed in the European Union (EU). Soy leghemoglobin is intended for addition to meat analogue products that are for use in foods such as burgers, meatballs, and sausages. Komagataella phaffii-strain employed in the production of soy leghemoglobin contains genetic modifications which allow it to express this protein. Following fermentation, the cells are lysed, and the soy leghemoglobin is concentrated by physical means. The soy leghemoglobin is delivered in a liquid preparation (LegH Prep) that is standardised to contain up to 9% soy leghemoglobin on a wet weight basis and a soy leghemoglobin protein purity of at least 65%. The remainder of the protein fraction in the LegH Prep is accounted for by residual proteins from the Komagataella phaffii production strain. These residual proteins are all endogenous to Komagataella phaffii as the gene coding for the expression of soy leghemoglobin is the only gene from a different organism. VKM has assessed the documentation in application EFSA-GMO- NL-2019-162 and EFSA's scientific opinion for the use of soy leghemoglobin produced from genetically modified Komagataella phaffii. The scientific documentation provided in the application is adequate for risk assessment, and in accordance with the EFSA guidance on risk assessment of genetically modified microorganisms for use in food or feed. The VKM GMO Panel does not consider leghemoglobin from genetically modified Komagataella phaffii to imply potential specific health risks in Norway, compared to EU-countries. The EFSA opinion is adequate also for Norwegian considerations. Therefore, a full risk assessment was not performed by VKM. About the assignment: (...)

• Sanden, Monica; Ager-Wick, Eirill; Bodin, Johanna Eva; Duale, Nur; Jevnaker, Anne-Marthe Ganes & Prydz, Kristian [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2025). Assessment of genetically modified maize DAS1131 for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (application GMFF-2021-1530). VKM Bulletin. VKM Bulletin 2025(14), p. 1–14. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM) has assessed an application for approval of the genetically modified maize DAS1131 for food and feed uses, import and processing in the EU. In accordance with an assignment specified by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (NFSA) and the Norwegian Environment Agency (NEA), VKM assesses whether genetically modified organisms (GMOs) intended for the European market can pose risks to human or animal health, or the environment in Norway. VKM assesses the scientific documentation regarding GMO applications seeking approval for use of GMOs as food and feed, processing, or cultivation. The EU Regulation 1829/2003/EC (Regulation) covers living GMOs that fall under the Norwegian Gene Technology Act, as well as processed food and feed from GMOs (dead material) that fall under the Norwegian Food Act. The regulation is currently not part of the EEA agreement or implemented in Norwegian law. Norway conducts its own assessments of GMO applications in preparation for the possible implementation of the Regulation. In accordance with the assignment by NFSA and NEA, VKM assesses GMO applications during scientific hearings initiated by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), as well as after EFSA has published its own risk assessment of a GMO, up until EU member countries vote for or against approval in the EU Commission. The assignment is divided into three stages. (link) Genetically modified maize DAS1131 DAS1131 is a genetically modified maize developed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens -mediated transformation. Maize DAS1131 plants contain the transgenes cry1Da2 and dgt-28 epsps which encode the protein Cry1Da2 and the enzyme DGT-28 EPSPS, respectively. Cry1Da2 provides resistance to certain susceptible Lepidopteran (order of butterflies and moths) pests and the enzyme DGT-28 EPSPS provides tolerance to glyphosate-based herbicides. VKM has assessed the documentation in application GMFF-2021-1530 and EFSA's scientific opinion on genetically modified maize DAS1131. VKM concludes that the applicant's scientific documentation for the genetically modified maize DAS1131 is satisfactory for risk assessment, and in accordance with EFSA guidelines for risk assessment of genetically modified plants for food or feed uses. The genetic modifications in maize DAS1131do not indicate an increased health or environmental risk in Norway compared with EU countries. EFSA's risk assessment is therefore sufficient also for Norwegian conditions. As no specific Norwegian conditions have been identified regarding properties of the genetically modified maize DAS1131, VKM's GMO panel has not performed a complete risk assessment of the maize. About the assignment: In stage 1, VKM shall assess the health and environmental risks of the genetically modified organism and derived products in connection with the EFSA scientific hearing of GMO applications. VKM shall review the scientific documentation that the applicant has submitted and possibly provide comments to EFSA. VKM must also consider: i) whether there are specific Norwegian conditions that could give other risks in Norway than those mentioned in the application, ii) whether the Norwegian diet presents a different health risk for the Norwegian population should the GMO be approved, compared to the European population, and iii) risks associated with co-existence with conventional and/or ecologic production of plants for GMOs seeking approval for cultivation. Relevant measures to ensure co-existence must also be considered. In stage 2, VKM shall assess whether comments from Norway have been satisfactorily answered by EFSA. In addition, VKM shall assess whether comments from other countries imply need for further follow-up. (...)

• Sanden, Monica; Ager-Wick, Eirill; Bodin, Johanna Eva; Duale, Nur; Jevnaker, Anne-Marthe Ganes & Prydz, Kristian [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2025). Assessment of genetically modified maize DP51291 for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (Application GMFF-2021-0071/EFSA-Q-2023- 00051 (179)). VKM Bulletin. VKM Bulletin(VKM Bulletin 2025: 05), p. 1–14. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM) has assessed an application for approval of the genetically modified maize DP51291 for food and feed uses, import and processing in the EU. In accordance with an assignment specified by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (NFSA) and the Norwegian Environment Agency (NEA), VKM assesses whether genetically modified organisms (GMOs) intended for the European market can pose risks to human or animal health, or the environment in Norway. VKM assesses the scientific documentation regarding GMO applications seeking approval for use of GMOs as food and feed, processing, or cultivation. The EU Regulation 1829/2003/EC (Regulation) covers living GMOs that fall under the Norwegian Gene Technology Act, as well as processed food and feed from GMOs (dead material) that fall under the Norwegian Food Act. The regulation is currently not part of the EEA agreement or implemented in Norwegian law. Norway conducts its own assessments of GMO applications in preparation for the possible implementation of the Regulation. In accordance with the assignment by NFSA and NEA, VKM assesses GMO applications during scientific hearings initiated by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), as well as after EFSA has published its own risk assessment of a GMO, up until EU member countries vote for or against approval in the EU Commission. The assignment is divided into three stages. Genetically modified maize DP51291 Genetically modified maize DP51291 (application GMFF-2021-0071) was developed via Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation. DP51291 plants contain the transgenes ipd072Aa and pat which encode the proteins IPD072Aa and PAT (phosphinothricin acetyltransferase). IPD072Aa confers protection against susceptible corn rootworm pests, and the PAT protein confers tolerance to glufosinate herbicide. The phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) protein that was used as a selectable marker. VKM has assessed the documentation in application GMFF-2021-0071 and EFSA's scientific opinion on genetically modified maize DP51291. VKM concludes that the applicant's scientific documentation for the genetically modified maize DP51291 is satisfactory for risk assessment, and in accordance with EFSA guidelines for risk assessment of genetically modified plants for food or feed uses. The genetic modifications in maize DP51291 do not indicate an increased health or environmental risk in Norway compared with EU countries. EFSA's risk assessment is therefore sufficient also for Norwegian conditions. As no specific Norwegian conditions have been identified regarding properties of the genetically modified maize DP51291, VKM's GMO panel has not performed a complete risk assessment of the maize. (...)

• Sanden, Monica; Ager-Wick, Eirill; Bodin, Johanna Eva; Duale, Nur; Jevnaker, Anne-Marthe Ganes & Prydz, Kristian [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2024). Assessment of genetically modified maize MON 95275 for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (application EFSA-GMO-NL-2022-173 (GMFF-2022-5890)). VKM Bulletin. VKM Bulletin 2024: 22(VKM Bulletin 2024: 22), p. 1–15. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø (VKM) har vurdert en søknad om godkjenning av den genmodifiserte maisen MON 95275. Maisen er søkt godkjent til import, videreforedling og til bruk som mat og fôr i EU-området. I et løpende oppdrag fra Mattilsynet og Miljødirektoratet, vurderer VKM om genmodifiserte organismer og prosessert mat og fôr fra disse kan utgjøre en risiko for helse og miljø. EUs forordning 1829/2003/EF (Forordningen) omfatter både genmodifiserte organismer (levende), som faller inn under den norske genteknologiloven, og genmodifisert, prosessert mat og fôr (dødt materiale avledet fra GMO) som faller inn under den norske matloven. Forordningen er i dag ikke en del av EØS-avtalen eller norsk rett. Norge vurderer søknadene som en forberedelse til at forordningen eventuelt implementeres. VKM vurderer søknader både i den vitenskapelige høringsperioden, som den europeiske myndighet for næringsmiddeltrygghet (EFSA) gjennomfører, og i perioden fra EFSA har offentliggjort en risikovurdering og til EUs medlemsland stemmer for eller imot godkjenning av den genmodifiserte organismen i kommisjonen. VKMs oppdraget er delt inn i tre trinn. (lenke oppdragsbrev) Mais MON 95275 MON 95275 er en genmodifisert mais utviklet ved transformasjon av planteceller ved hjelp av Agrobacterium tumefaciens. MON 95275 uttrykker transgenene mpp75Aa1.1 og vpb4Da2, som henholdsvis koder for proteinene Mpp75Aa1.1 (Cry) og Vpb4Da2 (Vip), og et dobbelt-trådet RNA transkript DvSnf7. Transgenene gjør MON 95275 resistent mot enkelte planteskadegjørere i insektordenen Coleoptera (biller). Den vitenskapelige dokumentasjonen i søknaden for mais MON 95275 er dekkende for risikovurdering, og i samsvar med EFSAs retningslinjer for risikovurdering av genmodifiserte planter til bruk i mat eller fôr. De genetiske endringene i mais MON 95275 tilsier ingen økt helse- eller miljørisiko i Norge sammenlignet med EU-land. EFSAs risikovurdering er dermed tilstrekkelig også for norske forhold. Ettersom det ikke har blitt identifisert særnorske forhold vedrørende mais MON 95275, har VKMs GMO panel ikke utført en fullstendig risikovurdering. Om oppdraget: I trinn 1 skal VKM, i forbindelse med EFSAs vitenskapelige høring av GMO-søknader, vurdere helse- og miljørisiko ved den genmodifiserte organismen og dens avledete produkter. VKM skal gjennomgå den vitenskapelige dokumentasjonen som søker har sendt inn og evt. gi innspill til EFSA. VKM skal også vurdere: i) om det er særnorske forhold som vil kunne gi andre risikoer i Norge enn de som er omtalt i søknaden, ii) om norsk kosthold kan gi en økt helserisiko for befolkningen i Norge ved en eventuell godkjenning, sammenliknet med befolkningen i resten av Europa, og iii) risiko knyttet til sameksistens med konvensjonell og/eller økologisk produksjon for genmodifiserte planter som søkes godkjent for dyrking. Aktuelle virkemidler for å sikre sameksistens skal også vurderes. I trinn 2 skal VKM vurdere om innspill fra Norge er tilfredsstillende besvart av EFSA. I tillegg skal VKM vurdere om noen av EFSAs kommentarer til andre lands innspill gir grunnlag for videre oppfølging. Dersom EFSAs svar til norske innspill ikke er tilfredsstillende, eller andre lands innspill gir grunnlag for videre oppfølging, skal VKM i trinn 3 utføre en risikovurdering av de aktuelle forholdene, inkludert eventuelle særnorske forhold.

• Sanden, Monica; Ager-Wick, Eirill; Bodin, Johanna Eva; Duale, Nur; Jevnaker, Anne-Marthe Ganes & Prydz, Kristian [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2024). Assessment of genetically modified maize DP910521 for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (GMFF-2021-2473(#174)). VKM Bulletin. VKM Bulletin 2024: 21(VKM Bulletin 2024: 21), p. 1–14. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø (VKM) har vurdert en søknad om godkjenning av den genmodifiserte maisen DP910521. Maisen er søkt godkjent til import, videreforedling og til bruk som mat og fôr i EU-området. I et løpende oppdrag fra Mattilsynet og Miljødirektoratet, vurderer VKM om genmodifiserte organismer og prosessert mat og fôr fra disse kan utgjøre en risiko for helse og miljø. EUs forordning 1829/2003/EF (Forordningen) omfatter både genmodifiserte organismer (levende), som faller inn under den norske genteknologiloven, og genmodifisert, prosessert mat og fôr (dødt materiale avledet fra GMO) som faller inn under den norske matloven. Forordningen er i dag ikke en del av EØS-avtalen eller norsk rett. Norge vurderer søknadene som en forberedelse til at forordningen eventuelt implementeres. VKM vurderer søknader både i den vitenskapelige høringsperioden, som den europeiske myndighet for næringsmiddeltrygghet (EFSA) gjennomfører, og i perioden fra EFSA har offentliggjort en risikovurdering og til EUs medlemsland stemmer for eller imot godkjenning av den genmodifiserte organismen i kommisjonen. VKMs oppdraget er delt inn i tre trinn. (lenke oppdragsbrev) Mais DP910521 DP910521 er en genmodifisert mais utviklet ved stedsspesifikk integrering (SSI) av transgener i maisens genom/arvestoff. Mais DP910521 uttrykker transgenene cry1B.34, pat og pmi, som koder for henholdsvis proteinene Cry1B.34, phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) og phosphomannose isomerase (PMI). Cry1B.34 er et insekticid som gir resistens mot enkelte planteskadegjørere i insektordenen Lepidoptera (sommerfugler og møll), PAT er et enzym som gir økt toleranse for glufosinat-ammonium baserte ugressmidler, og PMI er et enzym benyttet som seleksjonsmarkør under utvikling av planten. Den vitenskapelige dokumentasjonen i søknaden for mais DP910521 er dekkende for risikovurdering, og i samsvar med EFSAs retningslinjer for risikovurdering av genmodifiserte planter til bruk i mat eller fôr. De genetiske endringene i mais DP910521 tilsier ingen økt helse- eller miljørisiko i Norge sammenlignet med EU-land. EFSAs risikovurdering er dermed tilstrekkelig også for norske forhold. Ettersom det ikke har blitt identifisert særnorske forhold vedrørende mais DP910521, har VKMs GMO panel ikke utført en fullstendig risikovurdering. Om oppdraget: I trinn 1 skal VKM, i forbindelse med EFSAs vitenskapelige høring av GMO-søknader, vurdere helse- og miljørisiko ved den genmodifiserte organismen og dens avledete produkter. VKM skal gjennomgå den vitenskapelige dokumentasjonen som søker har sendt inn og evt. gi innspill til EFSA. VKM skal også vurdere: i) om det er særnorske forhold som vil kunne gi andre risikoer i Norge enn de som er omtalt i søknaden, ii) om norsk kosthold kan gi en økt helserisiko for befolkningen i Norge ved en eventuell godkjenning, sammenliknet med befolkningen i resten av Europa, og iii) risiko knyttet til sameksistens med konvensjonell og/eller økologisk produksjon for genmodifiserte planter som søkes godkjent for dyrking. Aktuelle virkemidler for å sikre sameksistens skal også vurderes. I trinn 2 skal VKM vurdere om innspill fra Norge er tilfredsstillende besvart av EFSA. I tillegg skal VKM vurdere om noen av EFSAs kommentarer til andre lands innspill gir grunnlag for videre oppfølging. Dersom EFSAs svar til norske innspill ikke er tilfredsstillende, eller andre lands innspill gir grunnlag for videre oppfølging, skal VKM i trinn 3 utføre en risikovurdering av de aktuelle forholdene, inkludert eventuelle særnorske forhold.

• Sipinen, Ville Erling; Sanden, Monica; Bodin, Johanna Eva; Duale, Nur; Jevnaker, Anne-Marthe Ganes & Prydz, Kristian [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2024). Assessment of genetically modified maize DP202216 for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (application EFSA-GMO-NL-2019-159). VKM Bulletin. 2024(06). Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Norwegian Committee for Food and Environment (VKM) has performed a preliminary assessment of an application for authorization for the genetically modified maize event DP202216 in the EAA. The scope of the application includes all uses of maize DP202216 and sub-combinations independently of their origin equivalent to the uses of any other maize grain and forage. The assessment was performed in connection with EFSAs (European Food Safety Authorities) public hearing of application EFSA-GMO-NL-2019-159, on request from the Norwegian Food Safety Authority and the Norwegian Environment Agency. The assessment of maize DP202216 is based on information provided by the applicant in the application EFSA-GMO-NL-2019-159, and relevant peer-reviewed scientific literature. Maize DP202216 has the potential to enhanced grain yield, and provides tolerance to glufosinate-ammonium herbicides. Authorisation process for genetically modified organisms Through the EEA Agreement, the EU Directive 2001/18/EC on deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms is implemented in Norwegian law. Norway is therefore affiliated with the GMO authorisation process in the EU. In the EU, both GMOs and derived products are regulated by the Directive and Regulation 1829/2003/EC. The Regulation concerns genetically modified food and feed and is currently not a part of the EEA Agreement. In preparation for a legal implementation of the Regulation in Norwegian law, Norway follows the EU proceedings for GMO applications. When a company seeks approval of a genetically modified organism, the application is submitted to the national competent authority of an EU Member State, which forwards the application to EFSA. EFSA then submits the application for a public hearing across all EEA countries. VKM conducts its own review of the application and sends its comments to EFSA. EFSA then completes their scientific opinion based on information from the applicant, comments from EEA member countries and independent literature. The scientific opinion is then issued to the European Commission. VKM submitted their comments on application EFSA-GMO-NL-2019-159 to EFSA before the deadline January 3, 2020.

• Sanden, Monica; Bodin, Johanna Eva; Duale, Nur; Prydz, Kristian; Shapaval, Volha & Thorstensen, Tage [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2024). Assessment of genetically modified maize 94804 for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (application GMFF-2022-10651/EFSA-Q-2023- 00106 (182)). VKM Bulletin. p. 1–14. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM) has assessed an application for approval of the genetically modified maize MON 94804 for food and feed uses, import and processing in the EU. In accordance with an assignment specified by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (NFSA) and the Norwegian Environment Agency (NEA), VKM assesses whether genetically modified organisms (GMOs) intended for the European market can pose risks to human or animal health, or the environment in Norway. VKM assesses the scientific documentation regarding GMO applications seeking approval for use of GMOs as food and feed, processing, or cultivation. The EU Regulation 1829/2003/EC (Regulation) covers living GMOs that fall under the Norwegian Gene Technology Act, as well as processed food and feed from GMOs (dead material) that fall under the Norwegian Food Act. The regulation is currently not part of the EEA agreement or implemented in Norwegian law. Norway conducts its own assessments of GMO applications in preparation for the possible implementation of the Regulation. In accordance with the assignment by NFSA and NEA, VKM assesses GMO applications during scientific hearings initiated by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), as well as after EFSA has published its own risk assessment of a GMO, up until EU member countries vote for or against approval in the EU Commission. The assignment is divided into three stages. (link) Maize MON 94804 MON 94804 is a genetically modified maize developed via Agrobacterium tumefaciens -mediated transformation of maize cells. Maize MON 94804 expresses a micro-RNA (miRNA) transcript, that leads to reduced levels of the hormone gibberellin in the plant. Gibberellin is involved in, i.a., plant stem elongation. Thus, maize MON 94804 plants grow shorter than other maize. The scientific documentation provided in the application for maize MON 94804 is adequate for risk assessment, and in accordance with EFSA guidance on risk assessment of genetically modified plants for use in food or feed. The VKM GMO panel does not consider the introduced modifications in maize MON 94804 to imply potential specific health or environmental risks in Norway, compared to EU-countries. The EFSA scientific Opinion is adequate also for Norwegian conditions. Therefore, a full risk assessment of maize MON 94804 was not performed by the VKM GMO Panel.

• Sanden, Monica; Bodin, Johanna Eva; Duale, Nur; Jevnaker, Anne-Marthe Ganes; Prydz, Kristian & Shapaval, Volha [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2024). Assessment of genetically modified cotton COT102 for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (application EFSA-GMO-DE-2017-141). VKM Bulletin. 2024: 08(2024: 08), p. 1–14. Full text in Research Archive
• Sanden, Monica; Bodin, Johanna Eva; Duale, Nur; Prydz, Kristian; Jevnaker, Anne-Marthe Ganes & Shapaval, Volha [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2024). Comments to the EFSA public hearing of genetically modified maize DP202216 (application EFSA-GMO-NL-2019-159). VKM Bulletin. 2024: 06(2024: 06), p. 1–14. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Norwegian Committee for Food and Environment (VKM) has performed a preliminary assessment of an application for authorization for the genetically modified maize event DP202216 in the EAA. The scope of the application includes all uses of maize DP202216 and sub-combinations independently of their origin equivalent to the uses of any other maize grain and forage. The assessment was performed in connection with EFSAs (European Food Safety Authorities) public hearing of application EFSA-GMO-NL-2019-159, on request from the Norwegian Food Safety Authority and the Norwegian Environment Agency. The assessment of maize DP202216 is based on information provided by the applicant in the application EFSA-GMO-NL-2019-159, and relevant peer-reviewed scientific literature. Maize DP202216 has the potential to enhanced grain yield, and provides tolerance to glufosinate-ammonium herbicides. Authorisation process for genetically modified organisms Through the EEA Agreement, the EU Directive 2001/18/EC on deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms is implemented in Norwegian law. Norway is therefore affiliated with the GMO authorisation process in the EU. In the EU, both GMOs and derived products are regulated by the Directive and Regulation 1829/2003/EC. The Regulation concerns genetically modified food and feed and is currently not a part of the EEA Agreement. In preparation for a legal implementation of the Regulation in Norwegian law, Norway follows the EU proceedings for GMO applications. When a company seeks approval of a genetically modified organism, the application is submitted to the national competent authority of an EU Member State, which forwards the application to EFSA. EFSA then submits the application for a public hearing across all EEA countries. VKM conducts its own review of the application and sends its comments to EFSA. EFSA then completes their scientific opinion based on information from the applicant, comments from EEA member countries and independent literature. The scientific opinion is then issued to the European Commission. VKM submitted their comments on application EFSA-GMO-NL-2019-159 to EFSA before the deadline January 3, 2020.

• Sanden, Monica; Bodin, Johanna Eva; Duale, Nur; Prydz, Kristian; Shapaval, Volha & Jevnaker, Anne-Marthe Ganes [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2024). Assessment of application EFSA-GMO-NL-2019-163 for authorisation of the genetically modified maize DP23211 under EU Regulation 1829/2003/EC on genetically modified food and feed. VKM Bulletin. 2024:07(2024:07), p. 1–14. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM) has assessed an application for approval of the genetically modified maize DP23211 for food and feed uses, import and processing in the EU. In accordance with an assignment specified by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (NFSA) and the Norwegian Environment Agency (NEA), VKM assesses whether genetically modified organisms (GMOs) intended for the European market can pose risks to human or animal health, or the environment in Norway. VKM assesses the scientific documentation regarding GMO applications seeking approval for use of GMOs as food and feed, processing, or cultivation. The EU Regulation 1829/2003/EC (Regulation) covers living GMOs that fall under the Norwegian Gene Technology Act, as well as processed food and feed from GMOs (dead material) that fall under the Norwegian Food Act. The regulation is currently not part of the EEA agreement or implemented in Norwegian law. Norway conducts its own assessments of GMO applications in preparation for the possible implementation of the Regulation. In accordance with the assignment by NFSA and NEA, VKM assesses GMO applications during scientific hearings initiated by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), as well as after EFSA has published its own risk assessment of a GMO, up until EU member countries vote for or against approval in the EU Commission. The assignment is divided into three stages. (link) Maize DP23211 DP23211 is a genetically modified maize that expresses the double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) DvSSJ1, and the insecticidal protein IPD072Aa, both conferring resistance to corn rootworm pests. DP23211 maize also expresses the enzyme phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) for tolerance to glufosinate herbicide, and the enzyme phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) used as a selectable marker during development. The scientific documentation provided in the application for DP23211 maize is adequate for risk assessment, and in accordance with EFSA guidance on risk assessment of genetically modified plants for use in food or feed. The VKM GMO panel does not consider the introduced modifications in DP23211 maize to imply potential specific health or environmental risks in Norway, compared to EU-countries. The EFSA scientific Opinion is adequate also for Norwegian conditions. Therefore, a full risk assessment of DP23211 maize was not performed by the VKM GMO Panel. About the assignment: In stage 1, VKM shall assess the health and environmental risks of the genetically modified organism and derived products in connection with the EFSA scientific hearing of GMO applications. VKM shall review the scientific documentation that the applicant has submitted and possibly provide comments to EFSA. VKM must also consider: i) whether there are specific Norwegian conditions that could give other risks in Norway than those mentioned in the application, ii) whether the Norwegian diet presents a different health risk for the Norwegian population should the GMO be approved, compared to the European population, and iii) risks associated with co-existence with conventional and/or ecologic production of plants for GMOs seeking approval for cultivation. Relevant measures to ensure co-existence must also be considered. In stage 2, VKM shall assess whether comments from Norway have been satisfactorily answered by EFSA. In addition, VKM shall assess whether comments from other countries imply need for further follow-up. If EFSAs response to Norwegian comments is not satisfactory, or comments by other countries imply the need for further follow-up, VKM shall in stage 3 perform a risk assessment of these conditions, including conditions specific to Norway.

• Sanden, Monica; Bodin, Johanna Eva; Duale, Nur; Jevnaker, Anne-Marthe Ganes; Prydz, Kristian & Shapaval, Volha [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2024). Assessment of genetically modified maize DP915635 for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (application EFSA-GMO-NL-2020-172). VKM Bulletin. 2024: 08(2024: 08), p. 1–14. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM) has assessed an application for approval of the genetically modified maize DP915635 for food and feed uses, import and processing in the EU. In accordance with an assignment specified by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (NFSA) and the Norwegian Environment Agency (NEA), VKM assesses whether genetically modified organisms (GMOs) intended for the European market can pose risks to human or animal health, or the environment in Norway. VKM assesses the scientific documentation regarding GMO applications seeking approval for use of GMOs as food and feed, processing, or cultivation. The EU Regulation 1829/2003/EC (Regulation) covers living GMOs that fall under the Norwegian Gene Technology Act, as well as processed food and feed from GMOs (dead material) that fall under the Norwegian Food Act. The regulation is currently not part of the EEA agreement or implemented in Norwegian law. Norway conducts its own assessments of GMO applications in preparation for the possible implementation of the Regulation. In accordance with the assignment by NFSA and NEA, VKM assesses GMO applications during scientific hearings initiated by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), as well as after EFSA has published its own risk assessment of a GMO, up until EU member countries vote for or against approval in the EU Commission. The assignment is divided into three stages. (link) Maize DP915635 DP915635 is a genetically modified maize that expresses the insecticidal protein IPD079Ea for control of corn rootworm pests, the enzyme phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) for tolerance to glufosinate-ammonium herbicides, and the enzyme phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) that was used as a selectable marker during development. The scientific documentation provided in the application for DP915635 maize is adequate for risk assessment, and in accordance with EFSA guidance on risk assessment of genetically modified plants for use in food or feed. The VKM GMO panel does not consider the introduced modifications in DP915635 maize to imply potential specific health or environmental risks in Norway, compared to EU-countries. The EFSA scientific Opinion is adequate also for Norwegian conditions. Therefore, a full risk assessment of DP915635 maize was not performed by the VKM GMO Panel. About the assignment: In stage 1, VKM shall assess the health and environmental risks of the genetically modified organism and derived products in connection with the EFSA scientific hearing of GMO applications. VKM shall review the scientific documentation that the applicant has submitted and possibly provide comments to EFSA. VKM must also consider: i) whether there are specific Norwegian conditions that could give other risks in Norway than those mentioned in the application, ii) whether the Norwegian diet presents a different health risk for the Norwegian population should the GMO be approved, compared to the European population, and iii) risks associated with co-existence with conventional and/or ecologic production of plants for GMOs seeking approval for cultivation. Relevant measures to ensure co-existence must also be considered. In stage 2, VKM shall assess whether comments from Norway have been satisfactorily answered by EFSA. In addition, VKM shall assess whether comments from other countries imply need for further follow-up. If EFSAs response to Norwegian comments is not satisfactory, or comments by other countries imply the need for further follow-up, VKM shall in stage 3 perform a risk assessment of these conditions, including conditions specific to Norway.

• Meuskens, Ina; Kristiansen, Per Eugen; Bardiaux, Benjamin; Koynarev, Vladimir Rosenov; Hatlem, Daniel & Prydz, Kristian [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). Strain variations in a bacterial adhesin lead to different binding partners in the pathogen Yersinia enterocolitica. Full text in Research Archive
• Prydz, Kristian (2022). Nekrolog Fredrik Størmer. NBS-nytt. ISSN 0801-3535. 3, p. 17–17. Full text in Research Archive
• Prydz, Kristian (2022). Anders Jahres (store) medisinske pris for 2022 er tildelt Harald Stenmark. NBS-nytt. ISSN 0801-3535. 3, p. 12–14. Full text in Research Archive
• Prydz, Kristian (2022). Good to be back! Successful NBS winter meeting in Tromsø. NBS-nytt. ISSN 0801-3535. 2, p. 14–17. Full text in Research Archive
• Prydz, Kristian (2022). The 2022 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine. NBS-nytt. ISSN 0801-3535. 4, p. 6–9. Full text in Research Archive
• Iannella, Nicolangelo Libero; Prydz, Kristian; Malthe-Sørensen, Anders; Einevoll, Gaute & Fyhn, Marianne (2020). A framework for modelling neuronal-ECM signalling. Full text in Research Archive
• Iannella, Nicolangelo Libero; Prydz, Kristian; Malthe-Sørensen, Anders; Einevoll, Gaute & Fyhn, Marianne (2019). A new framework for modelling neural-ECM signalling and interaction. Full text in Research Archive
• Iannella, Nicolangelo Libero; Prydz, Kristian; Malthe-Sørensen, Anders; Einevoll, Gaute & Fyhn, Marianne (2019). A new framework for modelling neural-ECM signaling. Full text in Research Archive
• Vuong, Tram Thu; Rønning, Sissel Beate; Suso, Henri-Pierre; Kenny, Enda; Schmidt, Ralf & Hart, J [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2016). Eggshell Membrane – An Equivalent of Extracellular Matrix (ECM) in Avian Egg has Modulating Wound Healing Properties. Full text in Research Archive
• Heggelund, Julie Elisabeth; Prydz, Kristian & Krengel, Ute (2014). Cholera blood-group dependence investigated by X-ray crystallography, CaCo-2 cells and ELISA. Full text in Research Archive
• Prydz, Kristian (2013). Studentenes innsats øker studiekvaliteten. Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.). ISSN 0804-3116. Full text in Research Archive
• Prydz, Kristian (2013). Nobelpris for celle-oppdagelser Dagsnytt atten NRK 07.10.2013. [Radio]. Norsk rikskringkasting NRK Dagsnytt atten. Full text in Research Archive
• Prydz, Kristian (2013). Om Nobelprisen i medisin (eller fysiologi)NRK EKKO 8.10.2013. [Radio]. Norsk rikskringkasting (NRK) EKKO. Full text in Research Archive
• Heggelund, Julie Elisabeth; Prydz, Kristian & Krengel, Ute (2013). Cholera toxin's blood-group dependence investigated with CaCo-2 cells and ELISA. Full text in Research Archive
• Prydz, Kristian (2013). Nobelprisen i fysiologi eller medisin 2013. NBS-nytt. ISSN 0801-3535. 37(4), p. 6–7. Full text in Research Archive
• Prydz, Kristian (2013). Nobelpris for studier av vesikkeltransport. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 23-24(133), p. 2466–2466. Full text in Research Archive
• Grøndahl, Frøy; Tveit, Heidi & Prydz, Kristian (2012). Easy HPLC-based separation and quantitation of chondroitin sulphate and hyaluronan disaccharides after chondroitinase ABC treatment. Full text in Research Archive
• Korpetinou, A.; Skandalis, S.; Giannopoulou, E.; Moustakas, A.; Tveit, Heidi & Prydz, Kristian [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2012). Overexpression of serglycin promotes breast cancer cell aggressiveness. The FEBS Journal. ISSN 1742-464X. 279, p. 244–245. Full text in Research Archive
• Prydz, Kristian (2011). Bioprospektering - nytt ord men gammel virksomhet. Nytt fra nord. Full text in Research Archive
• Akslen, Linn Kristin Aasen; Fagereng, Gro Live; Tveit, Heidi & Prydz, Kristian (2009). A direct transport route from the ER to the plasma membrane? Full text in Research Archive
• Prydz, Kristian (2009). How many ways through the Golgi maze? Full text in Research Archive
• Rehn, Tommy Aune; Borge, BA; Lunde, Per Kristian; Munkvik, Morten; Sneve, Marianne Lunde & Grøndahl, Frøy [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2008). Temporary fatigue and altered extracellular matrix in skeletal muscle during progression of heart failure in rats. Full text in Research Archive
• Rehn, Tommy Aune; Borge, BA; Lunde, Per Kristian; Grøndahl, Frøy; Aronsen, Jon magnus & Sjaastad, Ivar [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2008). Temporary alterations in skeletal muscle extracellular matrix during progression of congestive heart failure in rats. Full text in Research Archive
• Prydz, Kristian (2008). How many ways through the Golgi maze? Full text in Research Archive
• Flister, Renate Sæther; Fahlquist-Hagert, Cecilia & Prydz, Kristian (2026). Comparison of finding an optimal model for human xenografts. A comparative study of NSG-SGM3 and NBSGW mouse strains and the effect of Busulfan conditioning on human hematopoietic engraftment. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is reserved for patients with malignant and non-malignant hematological disorders, in whom other therapeutic options are ineffective. To improve the translational value of HSCT research, robust pre-clinical models are needed to capture human hematopoietic reconstitution niche dependent engraftment. Humanized mouse models provide a useful system for studying the interaction between donor hematopoietic stem (HSC) and progenitor cells and the bone marrow niche. This thesis compares the engraftment efficiency and multilineage reconstitution supported by the NSG-SGM3 and NBSGW mice. Highly purified cord blood-derived CD34+ cells were transplanted into both strains, with groups receiving either busulfan preconditioning (2x 20mg/kg) or no conditioning. Human hematopoietic reconstitution was analyzed in bone marrow, spleen and peripheral blood using conventional and spectral flow cytometry. In addition, donor-host sex matching and sample fixation were evaluated as biological and technical variables affecting data interpretation. Both strains supported human engraftment, but with distinct lineage biases. NSG-SGM3 favored primitive and myeloid-associated output, where NBSGW supported a more lymphoid output, with higher frequence of lymphoid-primed multipotent (LMPP) and pre-B-cell. Busulfan preconditioning provided only limited additional benefits and, in some cases, did not improve human chimerism. Donor-host sex matching did not produce a statistically significant effect, through a trend toward higher cell frequencies in sex-matched was observed. Sample fixation, however clearly reduced marker detection and introduced epitope masking, showing that fresh cells analysis is preferable for reliable high-parameter flow. Overall, the findings indicate that neither NSG-SGM3 nor NBSGW is universally superior. Rather, each model is suited to different biological questions and engraftment success, depending on host background, donor quality, conditioning strategy and analytical workflow. This has a direct relevance for translational HSCT research, where model choice can shape experimental conclusions. The most useful humanized mouse model is therefore not that one performs best in all settings, but the one whose bias best matches the question being asked.

• Heggelund, Julie Elisabeth; Krengel, Ute & Prydz, Kristian (2015). Cholera toxin – carbohydrate interaction as the basis for cholera blood-group dependence. Akademika publishing. Full text in Research Archive

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