Trond Schumacher

Schumacher, T. 2020. The Pezizomycetes of Grimsdalen, Dovre, South Norway. - Agarica 41: 1-71 

Skrede, I,, Ballester Gonzalvo, L., Mathiesen, C, Schumacher, T. 2020. The genera Helvella and Dissingia (Ascomycota: Pezizomycetes) in Europe - Notes on species from Spain. - Fungal Systematics and Evolution 6: 65-93

Løken, SB, Skrede, I., Schumacher, T. 2020. The Helvella corium species aggregate in Nordic countries - phylogeny and species delimitation. - Fungal Systematics and Evolution 5: 169-186 

Hansen, K., Schumacher, T., Skrede, I., Huhtinen, S. &  Wang, X.-H. 2019. Pindara revisited – evolution and generic limits in Helvellaceae. - Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi 42: 186 – 204

Zamora, J. C. et al. et Sanches-Ramirez, S. 2018. Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa. - IMA Fungus 9(1): 167–175

Stensrud, Ø., Orr, J. S. Russel, Reier-Røberg, K., Schumacher, T. & Høiland, K. 2014. Phylogenetic relationships in Cortinarius with focus on North European species. – Karstenia 54: 57-71

Lindner, D., Carlsen, T., Nilsson, R. H., Davey, M., Schumacher, T. & Kauserud, H. 2013. Employing 454 amplicon pyrosequencing to reveal intragenomic divergence in the internal transcribed spacer rDNA region in fungi. – Ecology and Evolution 3 (6): 1751-1764

Hegge, A. B., Mysterud, I., Karlsen, J. Skulberg, O., Laane, M. Motzfeldt, Schumacher, T. & Tønnesen. H. Hjorth. 2013. Impaired secondary oxidant deactivation capacity and enhanced oxidative stress in serum from alveld affected lambs  – J. Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 126: 126-134

Tønnesen, H. Hjorth, Mysterud, I., Karlsen, J. Skulberg, O., Laane, M. Motzfeldt & Schumacher, T. 2013. Identification of singlet oxygen photosensitizers in lambs drinking water in an alveld risk area in West Norway.  – J. Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 119: 37-45

Carlsen, T., Bjørnsgaard Aas, A., Lindner, D., Vrålstad, T., Schumacher, T. & Kauserud, H. 2012. Don’t make a mista(g)ke: Is tag switching an overlooked source of error in amplicon pyrosequencing studies? – Fungal Ecology 5: 747-749.

Bendiksby, M., Schumacher, T., Gussarova, G., Jamili N. Kamarudin M-S., Nery S., Madulid, D., Smith, S. A., & Barkman, T. 2010. Elucidating the evolutionary history of the Southeast Asian, holoparasitic, giant-flowered Rafflesiaceae: Pliocene vicariance, morphological convergence and character displacement. –  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 57: 620-633

Markussen Bjorbaekmo MF, Carlsen T, Brysting A, Vrålstad T, Høiland K, Ugland KI, Geml J, Schumacher T, & Kauserud H. 2010. High diversity of root associated fungi in both alpine and arctic Dryas octopetala. – BMC Plant Biology 10:244

Tønnesen, Hanne Hjorth; Mysterud, Ivar; Karlsen, Jan; Skulberg, Olav M; Laane, Carl Morten Motzfeldt; Schumacher, Trond. 2010. Detection of singlet oxygen in blood serum samples of clinically healthy lambs and lambs suffering from alveld disease. – Veterinary research Communications 34 (4): 347-357

Barkman, T., Bendiksby, M., Lim S-H., Mat Salleh, K., Nais, J., Madulid, D. & Schumacher, T. 2008. Accelerated Rates of Floral Evolution at the Upper Size Limit for Flowers. – Current Biology 18 (19): 1508-1513

Stensrud, Ø., Schumacher, T.,Shalchian-Tabrizi, K., Svegården, I. B. & Kauserud, H., 2007. Accelerated nrDNA evolution and profound AT bias in the medicinal fungus Cordyceps sinensis. – Mycological Research 111 (4): 409-415

Kauserud, H. Stensrud, Ø., DeCock, C., Shalchian-Tabrizi, K. & Schumacher, T. 2006. Multiple gene genealogies and AFLPs suggest cryptic speciation and long-distance dispersal in the basidiomycete Serpula himantioides (Boletales). – Molecular Ecology 15 (2): 421-431

Kauserud, H., Sætre, G-P., Schmidt, O., DeCock, C., & Schumacher, T. 2006. Genetics of self/nonself recognition in Serpula lacrymans. – Fungal Genetics and Biology 43: 503-510

Stensrud, Ø., Hywel-Jones, N.L. & Schumacher, T. 2005. Towards a phylogenetic classification of Cordyceps Fr.: ITS nrDNA sequence data suggest divergent lineages and paraphyly. – Mycological Research 109: 41-56

Kauserud, H., Høgberg, N., Knudsen, H., Elborne, S. & Schumacher, T. 2004. Molecular phylogenetics suggest a North American link between the antropogenic dry rot fungus Serpula lacrymans and it's wild relative S. himantioides. – Molecular Ecology 13: 3137-3146

Holst-Jensen, A., Vrålstad, T. & Schumacher, T. 2004. Kohninia linnaeicola - a new genus and species of the Sclerotiniaceae pathogenic to Linnaea borealis L. – Mycologia 96: 136-143

Holst-Jensen, A., Vrålstad, T. & Schumacher, T. 2004.  On reliability. – New Phytologist 161: 11-13

Landvik, S., Schumacher, T.K., Erikson, O.E., & Moss, S. 2003. Morphology and ultrastructure of Neolecta species. – Mycological Research 107: 1021-1031

Kauserud, H., & Schumacher, T. 2003. Ribosomal DNA variation, recombination and inheritance in the basidiomycete Trichaptum abietinum: implications for reticulate evolution. – Heredity 91: 163-172

Kauserud, H. & Schumacher, T. 2003. Genetic variation and differentiation in North European geographic populations of the endangered wood-decay fungus Fomitopsis rosea (Basidiomycota). – Mycological Research 107: 155-163

Kauserud, H. & Schumacher, T. 2003. Regional and local population structure of the pioneer wood-decay fungus Trichaptum abietinum. – Mycologia 95: 416-425

Vrålstad, T., Myhre, E. & Schumacher, T. 2002. Molecular diversity and phylogenetic affinities of symbiotic root-associated ascomycetes of the Helotiales in burnt and metal polluted habitats. – New Phytologist 155: 131-148

Kauserud, H. & Schumacher, T. 2002. Population structure of the endangered wood decay fungus Phellinus nigrolimitatus (Basidiomycota). – Canadian J. Botany 80: 597-606

Vrålstad, T., Schumacher T. and Taylor, A. F. S. 2002. Mycorrhizal synthesis between fungal strains of the Hymenoscyphus ericae aggregate and potential ectomycorrhizal and ericoid hosts. – New Phytologist 153: 143-152

Kauserud, H. & Schumacher, T. 2001. Outcrossing or inbreeding - DNA markers provide evidence for type of reproductive mode in Phellinus nigrolimitatus. – Mycological Research 105: 676-683

Vrålstad, T., Fossheim, T. & Schumacher, T.2000.  Piceirhiza bicolorata - the ectomycorhizal expression of the Hymenoscyphus ericae aggregate? – New Phytologist 145: 549-563

Schumacher, T. 2000.  Rutstroemiaceae. pp. 162-165,  In L. Hansen & H. Knudsen (eds.). Nordic Macromycetes. Vol. 1. Ascomycetes. – Nordsvamp. Copenhagen, 308 pp.

Schumacher, T. 2000. Sclerotiniaceae. pp. 165-177, In L. Hansen & H. Knudsen (eds.). Nordic Macromycetes. Vol. 1. Ascomycetes.  – Nordsvamp. Copenhagen, 308 pp.

Holst-Jensen, A., Vaage, M., Schumacher, T. & Johansen, S. 1999. Structural characteristics and possible horizontal transfer of group I introns between closely related plant pathogenic fungi. – Molecular Biology and Evolution 16: 114-126

Landvik, S., Kristiansen, R. & Schumacher, T. 1999. Pindara - a miniature Helvella. – Mycologia 91: 278-285

Granmo, A., Laessø, T. & Schumacher, T. 1999. The genus Nemania s. l. (Xylariaceae) in Norden. – Sommerfeltia 27:  1-96

Landvik, S., Kristiansen, R. & Schumacher, T. 1998. Phylogenetic and structural studies in the Thelebolaceae (Ascomycota). – Mycoscience 39: 49-56

Holst-Jensen, A., Vaage, M. & Schumacher, T. 1998. An approximation to the phylogeny of  Sclerotinia and related genera. – Nordic J. Bot. 18: 705-719

Vrålstad, T., Holst-Jensen, A. & Schumacher, T. 1998. The post-fire discomycete Geopyxis carbonaria (Ascomycota) is a biotrophic root associate with Norway spruce (Pica abies) in nature. – Molecular Ecology 7: 609-616

Holst-Jensen, A., Kohn, L. M., Jakobsen, K. S. & Schumacher, T. 1997. Molecular phylogeny and evolution of Monilinia (Sclerotiniaceae) based on coding and  noncoding rDNA sequences. – American J. Botany 84: 686-701

Schumacher, T. & Holst-Jensen, A. 1997.  A synopsis of the genus Scleromitrula (=Verpatinia) (Ascomycotina: Helotiales: Sclerotiniaceae). - Mycoscience 38: 55-69

Danielsen, F. & Schumacher, T. 1997. The importance of Tigapuluh Hills, Southern Riau, Indonesia, to the biodiversity conservation. – Tropical biodiversity 4: 129-159

Holst-Jensen, A., Kohn, L. M. & Schumacher, T. 1997. Nuclear rDNA phylogeny of the Sclerotiniaceae. –  Mycologia 89: 885-899

Landvik, S., Egger, K. & Schumacher, T.1997. Towards a subordinal classification of the Pezizales (Ascomycota). – Nordic J. Bot. 17: 403-418

Schumacher, T. 1996, Plants Used in Medicine. pp. 68-69. In: Whitten, T. & Whitten, J. (eds.). Plants. Indonesian Heritage Vol. 4. – Archipelago Press, Jakarta

Graf, F. & Schumacher, T. 1995. Sclerotinia glacialis sp. nov. (Ascomycetes, Leotiales) from the alpine zone of Switzerland. – Mycological Research 99: 113-117

Schumacher, T., Kamaledinova, F. & Vassilyev, A.E. 1995. Ultrastructural observations on ascosporogenesis in Ciboria betulae [Helotiales]. – Can J. Bot. 79: 209-223

Schumacher, T. 1993. Studies in arctic and alpine Lamprospora species. – Sydowia 45: 307-337

Schumacher, T. & Mohn Jenssen, K. 1992. Arctic and alpine Fungi - 4. Discomycetes from the Dovre mountains, Central South Norway. –  Soppkonsulenten A/S, Oslo, 66pp.

Schumacher, T. 1992. New or noteworthy discomycetes. 2. Five new operculate discomycetes (Pezizales) from the Dovre mountains, Central South Norway. – Mycotaxon 43: 33-47

Schumacher, T. 1991. Ascospore ornamentation in Scutellinia  (Ascomycotina: Discomycetes). On a simple preparation technique for studying ascospore wall sculpture in SEM. – Micron and Microscopica Acta 22: 83-84

Schumacher, T. 1990. New or noteworthy discomycetes 1. Some stromatic fungi on Alnus and Betula. – Mycotaxon 38: 233-239

Schumacher, T. 1990. The genus Scutellinia (Pyronemataceae). – Opera Botanica 101: 1-107

Schumacher, T. & Moravec, J. 1989. Spooneromyces, a new genus to accommodate Peziza laeticolor P. Karsten and the new species Spooneromyces helveticus Breitenb. & Kränzlin. – Nordic J. Bot. 9: 425-430

Schumacher, T. 1990. New or noteworthy discomycetes. 1. Some stromatic fungi on Alnus or Betula. – Mycotaxon 38: 233-239

Brun, V. & Schumacher, T. 1987. Traditional herbal medicine in Northern Thailand. – University of California Press, 349 pp.

Korf, R. P. & Schumacher, T. 1986. Proposal to conserve Scutellinia against Patella  (Fungi). – Taxon 35: 378-381

Schumacher, T. & Kohn, L. M. 1985. A monographic revision of the genus Myriosclerotinia. – Canadian J. Botany 63: 1610-1640

Kohn, L. M. & Schumacher, T. 1984. Two counter-proposals for the Conservation of Rutstroemia (Fungi). – Taxon 33: 507-509

Schumacher, T. & Høiland, K. 1983. Mushroom poisoning caused by species of the genus Cortinarius Fries- A review. – Arch. Toxicol. 53: 87-106

Kohn, L. M. & Schumacher, T. 1983. On the lectotypification of Rutstroemia: Can this patient be saved? – Mycotaxon 18: 531-538

Dissing, H. & Schumacher, T. 1979. Preliminary studies in the genus Boudiera Cooke, taxonomy and ecology. – Norw. J. Bot. 26: 99-109

Schumacher, T. 1978. A guide to the amenticolous species of the genus Ciboria in Norway. – Norw. J. Bot. 25: 145-155

Gulden, G. & Schumacher, T. 1977. Giftsopper og soppforgiftninger. – Universitetsforlaget, Oslo,116pp.

Schumacher, T. 1976. The genus Vibrissea Fries in Norway with a short review of its taxonomical position. – Astarte 9: 25-31

• Skrede, Inger; Løken, Solveig Bua; Mathiesen, Cecilie & Schumacher, Trond Kristian (2023). Additions to the knowledge of the genus Helvella in Europe. New records and de novo description of five species from the Nordic region. Fungal Systematics and Evolution. 11, p. 71–84. doi: 10.3114/fuse.2023.11.06. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Helvella is a species-rich genus, forming a large variation of astounding ascocarps in many different habitats. During the last decade, molecular markers and morphological characters have been combined to delimit and identify cryptic species in this genus. We report on a list of 54 species of Helvella s.s. in the Nordic region and describe five new species, i.e. H. bresadolae , H. convexa , H. japonica , H. nordlandica and H. oroarctica . The morphological and molecular characteristics of the new species and the emended / hypocrateriformis, / fibrosa-macropus, and / fallaxpezizoides lineages of Helvella s.s. are shortly commented upon. Further we include a discussion of the distribution of species in the Nordic region based on a large set of studied collections. The ecological versatility and variable geographic patterns of these species indicate that cryptic species may have contrasting ecology in their local habitats.

• Skrede, Inger; Gonzalvo, Luis Ballester; Mathiesen, Cecilie & Schumacher, Trond (2020). The genera Helvella and Dissingia (Ascomycota: Pezizomycetes) in Europe – Notes on species from Spain. Fungal Systematics and Evolution. 6(1), p. 65–93. doi: 10.3114/fuse.2020.06.05. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Phylogenetic analyses of 115 newly collected Helvella specimens from Spain using three genetic markers [heat shock protein 90 ( hsp ), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit ( rpb2 ) and the nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU)] confirm the assignment of the Spanish collections to one Dissingia and 30 Helvella species. The analyses were supplemented with an additional sample of 65 Spanish and extralimital Helvella specimens from the fungaria of Oslo (O), Trondheim (TRH), Copenhagen (C), Uppsala (UPS), Stockholm (S) and Venice (MCVE). Nine species are described as new, i.e. Helvella fuscolacunosa, H. hispanica, H. iberica, H. inexpectata, H. neopallescens, H. phlebophoroides, H. poculiformis , H. retinervis , and H. terricola . We present photographs of a selection of fresh specimens and provide descriptions of all species of this diverse South European Mediterranean element of the genera in Europe.

• Hansen, Karen; Schumacher, Trond; Skrede, Inger; Huhtinen, Seppo & Wang, Xianghua (2019). Pindara revisited – evolution and generic limits in Helvellaceae. Persoonia. ISSN 0031-5850. 42, p. 186–204. doi: 10.3767/persoonia.2019.42.07. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Helvellaceae encompasses taxa that produce some of the most elaborate apothecial forms, as well as hypogeous ascomata, in the class Pezizomycetes (Ascomycota). While the circumscription of the Helvellaceae is clarified, evolutionary relationships and generic limits within the family are debatable. A robust phylogeny of the Helvellaceae, using an increased number of molecular characters from the LSU rDNA, RPB2 and EF-1α gene regions (4 299 bp) and a wide representative sampling, is presented here. Helvella s.lat. was shown to be polyphyletic, because Helvella aestivalis formed a distant monophyletic group with hypogeous species of Balsamia and Barssia. All other species of Helvella formed a large group with the enigmatic Pindara (/Helvella) terrestris nested within it. The ear-shaped Wynnella constitutes an independent lineage and is recognised with the earlier name Midotis. The clade of the hypogeous Balsamia and Barssia, and H. aestivalis is coherent in the three-gene phylogeny, and considering the lack of phenotypic characters to distinguish Barssia from Balsamia we combine species of Barssia, along with H. aestivalis, in Balsamia. The closed/tuberiform, sparassoid H. astieri is shown to be a synonym of H. lactea; it is merely an incidental folded form of the saddle-shaped H. lactea. Pindara is a sister group to a restricted Helvella, i.e., excluding the /leucomelaena lineage, on a notably long branch. We recognise Pindara as a separate genus and erect a new genus Dissingia for the /leucomelaena lineage, viz. H. confusa, H. crassitunicata, H. leucomelaena and H. oblongispora. Dissingia is supported by asci that arise from simple septa; all other species of Helvellaceae have asci that arise from croziers, with one exception being the /alpina-corium lineage of Helvella s. str. This suggests ascus development from croziers is the ancestral state for the Helvellaceae and that ascus development from simple septa has evolved at least twice in the family. Our phylogeny does not determine the evolutionary relationships within Helvella s.str., but it is most parsimonious to infer that the ancestor of the helvelloids produced subsessile or shortly stipitate, cup-shaped apothecia. This shape has been maintained in some lineages of Helvella s.str. The type species of Underwoodia, Underwoodia columnaris, is a sister lineage to the rest of the Helvellaceae.

• Løken, Solveig Bua; Skrede, Inger & Schumacher, Trond (2019). The Helvella corium species aggregate in Nordic countries - Phylogeny and species delimitation. Fungal Systematics and Evolution. 5, p. 169–186. doi: 10.3114/fuse.2020.05.13. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Mycologists have always been curious about the elaborate morphotypes and shapes of species of the genus Helvella. The small, black, cupulate Helvella specimens have mostly been assigned to Helvella corium, a broadly defined morpho-species. Recent phylogenetic analyses, however, have revealed an aggregate of species hidden under this name. We performed a multispecies coalescent analysis to re-assess species limits and evolutionary relationships of the Helvella corium species aggregate in the Nordic countries. To achieve this, we used morphology and phylogenetic evidence from five loci – heat shock protein 90 (hsp), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef), RNA polymerase II (rpb2), and the 5.8S and large subunit (LSU) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. All specimens under the name Helvella corium in the larger university fungaria of Norway, Sweden and Denmark were examined and barcoded, using partial hsp and/or rpb2 as the preferential secondary barcodes in Helvella. Additional fresh specimens were collected in three years (2015–2018) to obtain in vivo morphological data to aid in species discrimination. The H. corium species aggregate consists of seven phylogenetically distinct species, nested in three divergent lineages, i.e. H. corium, H. alpina and H. pseudoalpina sp. nov. in the /alpina-corium lineage, H. alpestris, H. macrosperma and H. nannfeldtii in the /alpestris-nannfeldtii lineage, and H. alpicola as a weakly supported sister to the /alpestris-nannfeldtii lineage. Among the seven species, the ribosomal loci expressed substantial variation in evolutionary rates, suggesting care in the use of these regions alone in delimitation of Helvella species. Altogether, 469 out of 496 available fungarium specimens were successfully barcoded.

• Zamora, Juan Carlos; Svensson, Måns; Kirschner, Roland; Olariaga, Ibai; Ryman, Svengunnar & Parra, Luis Alberto [Show all 50 contributors for this article] (2018). Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa. IMA Fungus. ISSN 2210-6340. 9(1), p. 167–175. doi: 10.5598/imafungus.2018.09.01.10. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN.

• Skrede, Inger; Carlsen, Tor & Schumacher, Trond (2017). A synopsis of the saddle fungi (Helvella: Ascomycota) in Europe – species delimitation, taxonomy and typification. Persoonia. ISSN 0031-5850. 39, p. 201–253. doi: 10.3767/persoonia.2017.39.09. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Helvella is a widespread, speciose genus of large apothecial ascomycetes (Pezizomycete: Pezizales) that are found in terrestrial biomes of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. This study represents a beginning on assessing species limits and applying correct names for Helvella species based on type material and specimens in the university herbaria (fungaria) of Copenhagen (C), Harvard (FH) and Oslo (O). We use morphology and phylogenetic evidence from four loci – heat shock protein 90 (hsp), translation elongation factor alpha (tef), RNA polymerase II (rpb2) and the nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU) – to assess species boundaries in an expanded sample of Helvella specimens from Europe. We combine the morphological and phylogenetic information from 55 Helvella species from Europe with a small sample of Helvella species from other regions of the world. Little intraspecific variation was detected within the species using these molecular markers; hsp and rpb2 markers provided useful barcodes for species delimitation in this genus, while LSU provided more variable resolution among the pertinent species. We discuss typification issues and identify molecular characteristics for 55 European Helvella species, designate neo- and epitypes for 30 species, and describe seven Helvella species new to science, i.e., H. alpicola, H. alpina, H. carnosa, H. danica, H. nannfeldtii, H. pubescens and H. scyphoides.

• Stensrud, Øyvind; Orr, Russell; Reier-Røberg, Kjetil; Schumacher, Trond & Høiland, Klaus (2014). Phylogenetic relationships in Cortinarius with focus on North European species. Karstenia. ISSN 0453-3402. 54(2), p. 57–71. doi: 10.29203/ka.2014.464. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Cortinarius is an ectomycorrhizal Agaricales genus with high diversity of which rDNA sequences of 86 species together with four outgroup taxa were investigated phylogenetically by aid of Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analyses. The Cortinarius data set represents 81 taxa from the Northern Hemisphere showing the main variation spectrum among the species. In addition, five species from the Southern Hemisphere are included. The phylogenetic tree of Cortinarius gives statistical support to twelve monophyletic groups in the upper level. They are discussed in context of morphology, chemistry (secondary compounds), and ecology. The phylogenetic tree lacks, however, satisfactory support for its backbone. Several species could not be included in any group, especially those forming the basal framework of the tree. Of special interest is a “superclade” comprising eight of our monophyletic clades and two singletons. Here we find the majority of species with soluble pigments of octaketide origin, all species with compounds of nonaketide origin, the majority of species with hygrophaneous pileus, few species with viscid pileus, and no species with bulbous stipe base. Moreover, all species except one have duplex pileus cuticle. The morphological traits are not indicative for any clade, although some are more frequent in some clades than others. During the evolution they have been gained and lost several times. The chemical characteristics are – to a certain degree – more indicative for the clades. The evolution and ecological role of these compounds are discussed. Concerning the North European species, there are ecological differences between the clades, especially between clades specializing to rich or calcareous forests and clades specializing to poor forests or arctic-alpine environments.

• Hegge, Anne Bee; Mysterud, Ivar; Karlsen, Jan; Skulberg, Olav Magnus; Laane, Carl Morten Motzfeldt & Schumacher, Trond [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2013). Impaired secondary oxidant deactivation capacity and enhanced oxidative stress in serum from alveld affected lambs. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology. B: Biology. ISSN 1011-1344. 126, p. 126–134. doi: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.07.005. Full text in Research Archive
• Lindner, Daniel L.; Carlsen, Tor; Nilsson, R. Henrik; Davey, Marie; Schumacher, Trond & Kauserud, Håvard (2013). Employing 454 amplicon pyrosequencing to reveal intragenomic divergence in the internal transcribed spacer rDNA region in fungi. Ecology and Evolution. 3(6), p. 1751–1764. doi: 10.1002/ece3.586. Full text in Research Archive
• Tønnesen, Hanne Hjorth; Mysterud, Ivar; Karlsen, Jan; Skulberg, Olav Magnus; Laane, Carl Morten Motzfeldt & Schumacher, Trond (2013). Identification of singlet oxygen photosensitizes in lambs drinking water in an alveld risk area in West Norway. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology. B: Biology. ISSN 1011-1344. 119, p. 37–45. doi: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.12.003. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Alveld is a hepatogenous photosensitivity disorder in lambs. Although alveld has been known in Norway for more than 100 years, there are still questions related to the cause of the disease. Phytoporphyrin has long been incriminated as the photosensitizer in hepatogenous photosensitivity diseases but previous findings suggest that the photosensitizing mechanism in alveld is more complex, possibly involving other co-factors. The current work investigates the presence of non-hepatogenous photosensitizers originating in lamb’s drinking water from various sources. In addition samples of two of the predominent cyanobacteria found in a representative biofilm (i.e. aggregates of microbes) were identified and isolated in axenic (i.e. pure) cultures. Information from the absorption-, fluorescence emission-, and -excitation spectra and the action spectrum for the formation of singlet oxygen was combined in order to identify the chromophores responsible for the formation of singlet oxygen, e.g. phycocyanins from the cyanobacteria. The highest level of singlet oxygen formation was detected in lotic (i.e. flowing) water in the period consistent with the outbreak of the alveld disease in the area. Meteorological data indicate a warm and wet May with a high radiation exposure leading up to a colder and wet June with an even higher solar irradiance. The seasonal variation in the amount of photosensitizers in lamb’s drinking water combined meteorological data can be important to predict the outbreak of alveld.

• Tønnesen, Hanne Hjorth; Mysterud, Ivar; Karlsen, Jan; Skulberg, Olav Magnus; Laane, Carl Morten Motzfeldt & Schumacher, Trond (2010). Detection of singlet oxygen in blood serum samples of clinically healthy lambs and lambs suffering from alveld disease. Veterinary research communications. ISSN 0165-7380. 34(4), p. 347–357. doi: 10.1007/s11259-010-9362-9. Full text in Research Archive
• Bjorbækmo, Marit Markussen; Carlsen, Tor; Brysting, Anne Krag; Vrålstad, Trude; Høiland, Klaus & Ugland, Karl Inne [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2010). High diversity of root associated fungi in both alpine and arctic Dryas octopetala. BMC Plant Biology. 10. doi: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-244. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Dryas octopetala is a widespread dwarf shrub in alpine and arctic regions that forms ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbiotic relationships with fungi. In this study we investigated the fungal communities associated with roots of D. octopetala in alpine sites in Norway and in the High Arctic on Svalbard, where we aimed to reveal whether the fungal diversity and species composition varied across the Alpine and Arctic regions. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA was used to identify the fungal communities from bulk root samples obtained from 24 plants. Results A total of 137 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were detected (using 97% similarity cut off during sequence clustering) and well-known ECM genera such as Cenococcum, Cortinarius, Hebeloma, Inocybe and Tomentella occurred frequently. There was no decrease in fungal diversity with increasing latitude. The overall spatial heterogeneity was high, but a weak geographical structuring of the composition of OTUs in the root systems was observed. Calculated species accumulation curves did not level off. Conclusions This study indicates that the diversity of fungi associated with D. octopetala does not decrease in high latitude arctic regions, which contrasts observations made in a wide spectrum of other organism groups. A high degree of patchiness was observed across root systems, but the fungal communities were nevertheless weakly spatially structured. Non-asymptotical species accumulation curves and the occurrence of a high number of singletons indicated that only a small fraction of the fungal diversity was detected.

• Bendiksby, Mika; Schumacher, Trond; Gusarova, Galina; Nais, Jamili; Mat-Salleh, Kamarudin & Sofiyanti, Nery [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2010). Elucidating the evolutionary history of the Southeast Asian, holoparasitic, giant-flowered Rafflesiaceae: Pliocene vicariance, morphological convergence and character displacement. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. ISSN 1055-7903. 57(2), p. 620–633. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.08.005. Full text in Research Archive
• Barkman, Todd; Bendiksby, Mika; Lim, Seok-Hong; Salleh, Kamarudin Mat; Nais, Jamili & Madulid, Domingo [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2008). Accelerated Rates of Floral Evolution at the Upper Size Limit for Flowers. Current Biology. ISSN 0960-9822. 18(19), p. 1508–1513. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2008.08.046. Full text in Research Archive
• Stensrud, Øyvind; Schumacher, Trond; Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran; Svegården, Ingeborg Bjorvand & Kauserud, Håvard (2007). Accelerated nrDNA evolution and profound AT bias in the medicinal fungus Cordyceps sinensis. Mycological Research. ISSN 0953-7562. 111(4), p. 409–415. doi: 10.1016/j.mycres.2007.01.015. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Cordyceps sinensis is a reputed medicinal fungus growing parasitically on buried larvae of ghost moths in Asian high-altitude grassland ecosystems. We have analysed the intraspecific ITS nrDNA (ITS1, 5.8S gene, ITS2) variation among 71 sequences of C. sinensis available in EMBL/Genbank. The ITS sequences, submitted to Bayesian ML analyses, were distributed into five groups, referred to as A-E. Nine of the sequences (groups D and E) grouped with distantly related hypocrealean/clavicipitalean taxa and are interpreted as sequences erroneously accessioned under wrong taxon names. The remaining 62 sequences constituted three highly supported clades (groups A-C), that may represent cryptic (phylogenetic) species currently ascribed to C. sinensis. A remarkably high sequence divergence occurred in the 5.8S gene between the three groups. Sequences of groups B and C showed accelerated substitution rates and high AT nucleotide bias. We hypothesize that the accelerated evolution and AT bias have been caused by a shift in life historical attributes or ecology. We also suggest that the recorded differences in medicinal effects among C. sinensis populations may be attributed to the existence of genetically differentiated chemotypes in this morphotaxon.

• Kauserud, Håvard; Sætre, Glenn-Peter; Olaf, Schmidt; DeCock, Cony & Schumacher, Trond (2006). Genetics of self/nonself recognition in Serpula lacrymans. Fungal Genetics and Biology. ISSN 1087-1845. 43, p. 503–510. Full text in Research Archive
• Kauserud, Håvard; Stensrud, Øyvind; DeCock, Cony; Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran & Schumacher, Trond (2006). Multiple gene genealogies and AFLPs suggest cryptic speciation and long-distance dispersal in the basidiomycete Serpula himantioides (Boletales). Molecular Ecology. ISSN 0962-1083. 15(2), p. 421–431. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02768. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Serpula himantioides (Boletales, Basidiomycota) produces thin resupinate basidiocarps on dead coniferous wood worldwide and causes damage in buildings as well. In this study, we present evidence for the existence of at least three phylogenetically defined cryptic species (referred to as Sib I–III) within the morphospecies S. himantioides, a conclusion based on analyses of sequence data from four DNA regions and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPS). A low degree of shared sequence polymorphisms was observed among the three lineages indicating a long-lasting separation. The AFLPs revealed two additional subgroups within Sib III. Results from mating studies were consistent with the molecular data. In Sib III, no correspondence between genetic and geographical distance was observed among isolates worldwide, presumably reflecting recent dispersal events. Our results indicate that at least two of the lineages (Sib II and Sib III) have wide sympatric distributions. A population genetic analysis of Sib III isolates, scoring sequence polymorphisms as codominant SNP markers, indicates that panmictic conditions exist in the Sib III group. This study supports the view that cryptic speciation is a common phenomenon in basidiomycete fungi and that phylogenetic species recognition can be a powerful inference to detect cryptic species. Furthermore, this study shows that AFLP data are a valuable supplement to DNA sequence data in that they may detect a finer level of genetic variation.

• Stensrud, Øyvind; Svegården, Ingeborg Bjorvand & Schumacher, Trond (2006). Cordyceps rouxii, a Cordyceps on Elaphomyces new to Norway. AGARICA. ISSN 0800-1820. 26, p. 55–59. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  To date, records of Cordyceps Fr. spp. growing parasitically on Elaphomyces Nees spp. from Norway include C. capitata (Holmsk.: Fr.) Fr. (stor soppklubbe), C. longisegmentis Ginns (vrangsoppklubbe), and C. ophioglossoides (Ehrh.: Pers.: Fr.) Fr. (smal soppklubbe). Examination of ITS nrDNA sequence data and morphology has revealed that some specimens referred to as C. capitata represent a distinct species, i. e. C. rouxii Cand., not earlier recorded from the Nordic countries. Microscopically, the distinguishing characters of C. rouxii and C. capitata are subtle, however, the distinctive colours, the incurvation of the fertile stromatal head, and the species-specific nrDNA sequences are discriminative. Cordyceps rouxii is likely to have been collected on a number of occasions, and collections may presumably have been mislabeled and deposited under the name of C. capitata in the Nordic herbaria. We propose the Norwegian name “kantsoppklubbe” for this taxon.

• Stensrud, Øyvind; Hywel-Jones, N. L. & Schumacher, Trond (2005). Towards a phylogenetic classification of Cordyceps: ITS nrDNA sequence data confirm divergent lineages and paraphyly. Mycological Research. ISSN 0953-7562. 109(1), p. 41–56. doi: 10.1017/S095375620400139X. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The ascomycetous genus Cordyceps accommodates endoparasitic species that attack arthropods or other fungi. Analyses of ITS nrDNA sequence data of 72 taxa from the teleomorph genera Cordyceps, Claviceps, Epichloë, and the anamorph genera Akanthomyces, Beauveria, Metarhizium, Hirsutella, Hymenostilbe, Paecilomyces, Polycephalomyces, and Tolypocladium assigned the taxa to four main evolutionary lineages not reflected in the current classification of Cordyceps. Ten subclades were recognized from separate analyses of data subsets. Judged from the ITS phylogenies, Cordyceps spp. with branched stromata were highly supported as a divergent lineage. Host specificity was found to be of limited phylogenetic significance, and several host shifts are suggested to have occurred during the evolution of Cordyceps. Similar ascospore morphology was not reflected in the phyletic groups, and closely related taxa showed large interspecific variation with respect to the number of segments in which the ascospores are divided. However, combinations of selected characters were found to delimitate some lineages, e.g. all Cordyceps spp. that attack hosts in the insect orders Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, and with non-immersed perithecia and clavate to acicular, brightly yellowish to reddish stromata, constituted a separate clade. Furthermore, all Cordyceps spp. with perithecia obliquely immersed in the stroma were recognized as a distinct monophyletic group. This clade is additionally characterized by the formation of anamorphs ascribable to the genus Hymenostilbe. The mycogenous Cordyceps spp. grouped in a separate subclade, interspersed by two cicadaen parasites and all Tolypocladium spp. except T. parasiticum. Tolypocladium and Beauveria were found to be polyphyletic. The included Claviceps and Epichloë taxa appeared to be derived within Cordyceps, thus making Cordyceps paraphyletic as suggested in other studies.

• Kauserud, Håvard; Högberg, Nils; Knudsen, H.; Elborne, SA & Schumacher, Trond (2004). Molecular phylogenetics suggest a North American link between the anthropogenic dry rot fungus Serpula lacrymans and its wild relative S. himantioides. Molecular Ecology. ISSN 0962-1083. 13, p. 3137–3146. Full text in Research Archive
• Holst-Jensen, Arne; Vrålstad, Trude & Schumacher, Trond (2004). Kohninia linnaeicola, a new genus and species of the Sclerotiniaceae pathogenic to Linnaea borealis. Mycologia. ISSN 0027-5514. 96(1), p. 135–142. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  A new genus and species is described to accommodate a newly discovered fungus pathogenic to Linnaea borealis. The fungus forms true sclerotia on stems and leaves of its host, and apothecia arise singly or gregariously on the surface of ripe sclerotia. The new fungus was collected together with a stromatic conidiomal fungus that occurred on the same host. A putative teleomorph - anamorph-connection of the observed taxa was ruled out by sequence comparison of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer DNA sequences (ITS rDNA). Based on morphology and pathogenicity, the new fungus belongs in the family Sclerotiniaceae, Helotiales, Ascomycota. A phylogenetic analysis of ITS rDNA sequences from 26 taxa of the family Sclerotiniaceae was performed in order to conclude on the systematic position of the new fungus. The small tuberoid sclerotia, brownish subsessile to substipitate apothecia, four-spored asci, ellipsoid to isthmoid ascospores, inability to grow on PDA culture media, and a number of ITS rDNA sequence autapomorphies characterize and distinguish the fungus from other taxa of the Sclerotiniaceae.

• Kauserud, Håvard & Schumacher, Trond (2003). Ribosomal DNA variation, recombination and inheritance in the basidiomycete Trichaptum abietinum: implications for reticulate evolution. Heredity. ISSN 0018-067X. 91, p. 163–172. Full text in Research Archive
• Landvik, Sara; Schumacher, Trond; Eriksson, Ove & Moss, Steve (2003). Morphology and ultrastructure of Neolecta species. Mycological Research. ISSN 0953-7562. 107, p. 1021–1031. Full text in Research Archive
• Kauserud, Håvard & Schumacher, Trond (2003). Genetic variation and differentiation in North European geographic populations of the endangered wood-decay fungus Fomitopsis rosea (Basidiomycota). Mycological Research. ISSN 0953-7562. 107, p. 155–163. Full text in Research Archive
• Kauserud, Håvard & Schumacher, Trond (2003). Regional and local population structure of the pioneer wood-decay fungus Trichaptum abietinum. Mycologia. ISSN 0027-5514. 95, p. 416–425. Full text in Research Archive
• Vrålstad, Trude; Myhre, Elin & Schumacher, Trond (2002). Molecular diversity and phylogenetic affinities of symbiotic root-associated ascomycetes of the Helotiales in burnt and metal polluted habitats. New Phytologist. ISSN 0028-646X. 155(1), p. 131–148. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The diversity and phylogenetic affinities of symbiotic root-associated ascomycetes of the Helotiales are reported here based on ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (internal transcribed spacer, ITS) nrDNA sequences. Mycobionts were obtained from roots of ericoid plants and grasses and from Piceirhiza bicolorata ectomycorrhizas (pbECM) on conifers and hardwoods, predominantly in burnt and metal-polluted habitats. The mycobionts were sequenced through the ITS and compared with sequences of known helotialean taxa. We recognized 132 fungal ITS-sequences with affinity to the Helotiales, of which 75 (54 different ITS-genotypes) grouped within the Hymenoscyphus ericae aggregate including Phialophora finlandia. This aggregate showed stronger affinity to members of the Hyaloscyphaceae and Dermateaceae than to Hymenoscyphus fructigenus (genus-type species; Helotiaceae). Most of the pbECM mycobionts grouped with P. finlandia, although some grouped with H. ericae. Two genotypes co-occurred in ericoid and ectomycorrhizal roots. The H. ericae aggregate may be referable to a generic unit, and includes a diverse group of closely related, more or less darkly pigmented, root-associated ascomycetes where the borders between intra- and interspecific ITS-sequence variation, as well as different mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal root-symbioses, remains unclear.

• Vrålstad, Trude; Schumacher, Trond & Taylor, Andy F. S. (2002). Mycorrhizal synthesis between fungal strains of the Hymenoscyphus ericae aggregate and potential ectomycorrhizal and ericoid hosts. New Phytologist. ISSN 0028-646X. 153(1), p. 143–152. Full text in Research Archive
• Kauserud, Håvard & Schumacher, Trond (2002). Population structure of the endangered wood decay fungus Phellinus nigrolimitatus (Basidiomycota). Canadian Journal of Botany. ISSN 0008-4026. 80(6), p. 597–606. Full text in Research Archive
• Kauserud, Håvard & Schumacher, Trond (2001). Outcrossing or inbreeding: DNA markers provide evidence for type of reproductive mode in Phellinus nigrolimitatus (Basidiomycota). Mycological Research. ISSN 0953-7562. 105(6), p. 676–683. Full text in Research Archive
• Vrålstad, Trude; Fossheim, Tonje & Schumacher, Trond (2000). Picerihiza bicolorata - the ectomycorrhizal expression of the Hymenoscyphus ericae aggregate? New Phytologist. ISSN 0028-646X. 145(3), p. 549–563. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The mycobionts of Piceirhiza bicolorata, a distinct ectomycorrhizal morphotype of conifers and hardwoods, have been identified by internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequence comparison of the fungi involved. Samples of Piceirhiza bicolorata were obtained from seedlings of Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris, Betula pubescens, Populus tremula, Quercus robur and Salix phylicifolia. In an initial screening, the fungus amplified with universal ITS primers from ectomycorrhizal root samples of P. bicolorata shared approx. 95% ITS1 sequence identity with the ericoid mycorrhizal fungus Hymenoscyphus ericae. A total of 77 out of 88 (= 87.5%) DNA samples (i.e. 52/56 root samples and 25/32 axenic culture isolates) of P. bicolorata were successfully amplified with a taxon-selective primer designed for exclusive amplification of H. ericae-like strains. Forty-seven amplicons were sequenced, yielding 15 different ITS1 genotypes that differed by 1-14 nucleotide character state changes. An inferred ITS1 phylogeny (maximum parsimony) showed that a single major evolutionary lineage of P. bicolorata embraced the historically important H. ericae isolates in a 100% bootstrap-supported clade. The 15 P. bicolorata genotypes were positioned in four subclades, roughly corresponding to morphological groups of P. bicolorata isolates observed in axenic culture. Culture isolates of H. ericae and P. bicolorata share some common morphological features including slow, dense growth and formation of short aerial hyphal aggregates. Our results suggest that members of the H. ericae aggregate participate in the formation of the distinct ectomycorrhizal morphotype P. bicolorata. This opposes the widely accepted discrimination of ericoid and ectomycorrhizal mycobionts of the boreal forest ecosystem. The high prevalence of the P. bicolorata morphotype on pioneer seedlings of P. sylvestris, B. pubescens and S. phylicifolia at a copper mine spoil was remarkable. Hypotheses of possible nutrient mobilization and detoxification potentials of the fungal associates of P. bicolorata are discussed. We hypothesize that ericoid and ectomycorrhizal plants may share mycobionts of the H. ericae aggregate.

• Granmo, A.; Laessøe, T. & Schumacher, Trond (1999). The genus Nemania s. l. (Xylariaceae) in Norden. Sommerfeltia. ISSN 0800-6865. 27, p. 1–96. Full text in Research Archive
• Landvik, Sara; Kristiansen, Roy & Schumacher, Trond (1999). Pindara: a miniature Helvella. Mycologia. ISSN 0027-5514. 91(2), p. 278–285. Full text in Research Archive
• Holst-Jensen, Arne; Vaage, Marianne; Schumacher, Trond & Johansen, Steinar (1999). Structural characteristics and possible horizontal transfer of group I introns between closely related plant pathogenic fungi. Molecular Biology and Evolution (MBE). ISSN 0737-4038. 16, p. 114–126. Full text in Research Archive
• Landvik, Sara; Kristiansen, Roy & Schumacher, Trond (1998). Phylogenetic and structural studies in the Thelebolaceae (Ascomycota). Mycoscience. ISSN 1340-3540. 39, p. 49-56–49-56. Full text in Research Archive
• Holst-Jensen, Arne; Vaage, Marianne & Schumacher, Trond (1998). An approximation to the phylogeny of Sclerotinia and related genera. Nordic Journal of Botany (NJB). ISSN 0107-055X. 18, p. 705–719. doi: 10.1111/j.1756-1051.1998.tb01553.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Vrålstad, Trude; Holst-Jensen, Arne & Schumacher, Trond (1998). The post-fire discomycete Geopyxis carbonaria (Ascomycota) is a biotrophic root associate with Norway spruce (Picea abies ) in nature. Molecular Ecology. ISSN 0962-1083. 7(5), p. 609–616. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The hypothesis that the post-fire discomycete Geopyxis carbonaria (Ascomycota, Pezizales, Pyronemataceae) has a biotrophic association with roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies ) in nature was tested by isolation of fungal strains from fresh brown, smooth mycorrhiza-like root tips of Norway spruce collected from below the depth of detrimental heat penetration in a post-fire site. The morphology of seven culture isolates originating from the smooth mycorrhiza-like root tips of two different spruce trees was congruent with the morphology of axenic culture isolates obtained from ascospores of G. carbonaria . DNA sequences of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacers ITS1 and ITS2 from these root-derived cultures and the ascosporic G. carbonaria culture isolates were found to be identical, further supporting the conclusion that the isolates were conspecific. The extensive ascocarp and ascospore formation of G. carbonaria which succeeds a forest fire may be explained in terms of a fungal escape from a moribund tree associate. Possible ecological adaptations of G. carbonaria to the pre- and post-fire community are discussed.

• Danielsen, Finn & Schumacher, Trond (1997). The importance of Tigapuluh Hills, Southern Riau, Indonesia, to biodiversity conservation. Tropical Biodiversity. ISSN 0854-1566. 4(2), p. 129-159–129-159. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond & Holst-Jensen, Arne (1997). A synopsis of the genus Scleromitrula (= Verpatinia ) (Ascomycotina: Helotiales: Sclerotiniaceae). Mycoscience. ISSN 1340-3540. 38(1), p. 55–69. doi: 10.1007/BF02464969. Full text in Research Archive
• Holst-Jensen, Arne; Kohn, Linda m. & Schumacher, Trond (1997). Nuclear rDNA phylogeny of the Sclerotiniaceae. Mycologia. ISSN 0027-5514. 89(6), p. 885–899. Full text in Research Archive
• Holst-Jensen, Arne; Kohn, Linda m.; Jakobsen, Kjetill Sigurd & Schumacher, Trond (1997). Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Monilinia (Sclerotiniaceae) based on coding and noncoding rDNA sequences. American Journal of Botany. ISSN 0002-9122. 84(5), p. 686–701. Full text in Research Archive
• Holst-Jensen, Arne & Schumacher, Trond (1996). Monilinia er viktige parasittsopper på frukt og bær. AGARICA. ISSN 0800-1820. 14(23), p. 111-122–111-122. Full text in Research Archive
• Graf, Frank & Schumacher, Trond (1995). Sclerotinia glacialis sp. nov. (Ascomycetes, Leotiales) from the alpine zone of Switzerland. Mycological Research. ISSN 0953-7562. 99, p. 113–117. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond; Kamaletdinova, Faja & Vassilyev, Andrej (1995). Ultrastructural observations on ascosporogenesis in Ciboria betulae [Helotiales]. Canadian Journal of Botany. ISSN 0008-4026. 79, p. 209–223. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond & Wiriadinati, Harry (1994). List of useful plants recored and collected in Bukit Tigapuluh, Rain Forest and Resource Management: Proceedings of the NORINDRA Seminar, Jakarta, 25-26 May 1993. Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Jakarta. p. 217–233. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Utvikling og Miljø

• Schumacher, Trond (1994). The useful plants of Tigapuluh Hills, Riau, Sumatra, and their local and regional significance, Rain Forest and Resource Management: Proceedings of the NORINDRA Seminar, Jakarta, 25-26 May 1993. Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Jakarta. p. 43–48. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Utvikling og Miljø

• Holst-Jensen, Arne & Schumacher, Trond (1994). Sclerotiniaceous species on Rubus chamaemorus: morphoanatomical and RFLP studies. Mycological Research. ISSN 0953-7562. 98(8), p. 923–930. doi: 10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80264-5. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond (1993). Studies in arctic and alpine Lamprospora species. Sydowia. ISSN 0082-0598. 45, p. 307–337. Full text in Research Archive
• Kristiansen, Roy & Schumacher, Trond (1993). Nye operkulate begersopper i Norges flora (New operculate discomycetes from Norway). Blyttia : Norsk botanisk forenings tidsskrift. ISSN 0006-5269. 51, p. 131–140. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond (1993). Ecology and distribution of the genus Scutellinia in Norway. Bibliotheca mycologica. ISSN 0067-8066. 150, p. 215–233. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond (1992). New or noteworthy discomycetes. 2. Five new operculate discomycetes (Pezizales) from the Dovre mountains, Central South Norway. Mycotaxon. ISSN 0093-4666. 43, p. 33–47. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond (1991). Ascospore ornamentation in Scutellinia (Ascomycotina: Discomycetes). On a simple preparation technique for studying ascospore wall sculpture in SEM. Micron and Microscopica Acta. ISSN 0739-6260. 22, p. 83–84. Full text in Research Archive
• Kamaletdinova, Faja & Schumacher, Trond (1991). Ultrastructure of ascospore ornamentation in Scutellinia. Micron and Microscopica Acta. ISSN 0739-6260. 22, p. 51–52. Full text in Research Archive
• Hallgrimsson, Hallgrim & Schumacher, Trond (1990). Notes on Ascomycetes: I: Scutellinia (Cooke) Lamb. Acta Botanica Islandica. ISSN 0374-5066. 10, p. 27–30. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond (1990). New or noteworthy discomycetes. 1. Some stromatic fungi on Alnus or Betula. Mycotaxon. ISSN 0093-4666. 38, p. 233–239. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond (1990). The genus Scutellinia (Pyronemataceae). Opera Botanica. ISSN 0078-5237. 101, p. 1–107. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond & Moravec, Jiri (1989). Spooneromyces, a new genus to accommodate Peziza laeticolor P. Karsten and the new species Spooneromyces helveticus Breitenb. & Kränzlin. Nordic Journal of Botany (NJB). ISSN 0107-055X. 9, p. 425–430. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond & Holøs, Sverre Bjørn (1989). Lambertella langei: a new sclerotiniaceous fungus from Norway. Opera Botanica. ISSN 0078-5237. 100, p. 229–232. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond (1988). The Scutellinia battle; the lost, missing and dead. Mycotaxon. ISSN 0093-4666. 33, p. 149–189. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond & Sivertsen, Sigmund (1987). Sarcoleotia globosa (Sommerf.: Fr.) Korf, taxonomy, ecology and distribution. Environmental Science Research. ISSN 1819-3412. 34, p. 163–176. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond (1986). Lamprospora miniatopsis Spooner, a bryophilous discomycete from Bouvetøya. Norsk Polarinstitutt Skrifter. ISSN 0802-1511. 185, p. 61–64. Full text in Research Archive
• Korf, Richard P. & Schumacher, Trond (1986). Proposal to conserve Scutellinia against Patella (Fungi). Taxon. ISSN 0040-0262. 35, p. 378–381. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond & Kohn, Linda m. (1985). A monographic revision of the genus Myriosclerotinia. Canadian Journal of Botany. ISSN 0008-4026. 63, p. 1610–1640. Full text in Research Archive
• Benkert, Dieter & Schumacher, Trond (1985). Emendierung der Gattung Ramsbottomia (Pezizales). AGARICA. ISSN 0800-1820. 6, p. 28–46. Full text in Research Archive
• Kohn, Linda m. & Schumacher, Trond (1984). Two counter-proposals for the conservation of Rutstroemia (Fungi). Taxon. ISSN 0040-0262. 33, p. 507–509. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond (1984). Stromatinia rapulum (Bull. ex Merat:Fr.) Boud. (Sclerotiniaceae) funnet I Norge. AGARICA. ISSN 0800-1820. 5(10), p. 111–116. Full text in Research Archive
• Kohn, Linda m. & Schumacher, Trond (1983). On the lectotypification of Rutstroemia: Can this patient be saved? Mycotaxon. ISSN 0093-4666. 18, p. 531–538. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond (1983). Soppforgiftninger. Medicinsk årbog varianttittel: Medisinsk årbok. ISSN 0461-6308. 1983, p. 45–55. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond & Høiland, Klaus (1983). Mushroom Poisoning Caused by Species of the Genus Cortinarius Fries. Archives of Toxicology. ISSN 0340-5761. 53, p. 87–106. Full text in Research Archive
• Høiland, Klaus & Schumacher, Trond (1982). Agarics, clavarioid and some heterobasidiomycetous fungi from Northern Thailand. Nordic Journal of Botany (NJB). ISSN 0107-055X. 2, p. 265–271. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond (1982). Ascomycetes from Northern Thailand. Nordic Journal of Botany (NJB). ISSN 0107-055X. 2, p. 257–263. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond; Bendiksen, E. & Halvorsen, Rune (1982). Sjeldne og sårbare plantearter i Sør-Norge. IV. Knottblom (Malaxis monophylla). Blyttia : Norsk botanisk forenings tidsskrift. ISSN 0006-5269. 40, p. 85–93. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond & Ryvarden, Leif (1981). Dipodascus polyporicola, nova sp. a parasitic hemiascomycete on Piptoporus soloniensis ( Fr.) Pil. Mycotaxon. ISSN 0093-4666. p. 525–530. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond (1979). Notes on taxonomy, ecology and distribution of operculate discomycetes from river banks in Norway. Norwegian journal of botany. ISSN 0300-1156. 26, p. 53–83. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond (1979). Phialea granigena, an older name for Gloeotinia temulenta. Mycotaxon. ISSN 0093-4666. 8, p. 125–126. Full text in Research Archive
• Dissing, Henry & Schumacher, Trond (1979). Preliminary studies in the genus Boudiera. Norwegian journal of botany. ISSN 0300-1156. 26, p. 99–109. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond (1978). Operculate discomycetes (Pezizales) on river banks in Norway. Norwegian journal of botany. ISSN 0300-1156. 25, p. 207–220. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond (1978). A guide to the amenticolous species of the genus Ciboria in Norway. Norwegian journal of botany. ISSN 0300-1156. 25, p. 145–155. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond & Østmoe, Knut (1978). Floristiske bidrag fra Rondane nasjonalpark. Blyttia : Norsk botanisk forenings tidsskrift. ISSN 0006-5269. 36, p. 193–195. Full text in Research Archive

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• &, Viggo Brun & Schumacher, Trond (1994). Traditional Herbal Medicine in Northern Thailand. White Lotus Co., Ltd.. ISBN 9789748496153. 375 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond & Jensen, Kolbjørn Mohn (1992). Discomycetes from the Dovre mountains, Central South Norway. Soppkonsulenten A/S. ISBN 9788299130134. 66 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Brun, Viggo & Schumacher, Trond (1987). Traditional Herbal Medicine in Northern Thailand. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520052710. 349 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Gulden, Gro & Schumacher, Trond (1980). Giftiga svampar och svampförgiftningar. LTs förlag. ISBN 9789136013160. 163 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Gulden, Gro & Schumacher, Trond (1977). Giftsopper og soppforgiftninger. Universitetsforlaget. 116 p. Full text in Research Archive

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• Haraldsen, Kirsten Borse; Bue, Edina Pozer; Konestabo, Heidi Sjursen & Schumacher, Trond (2018). Partners in success: The Science Library as an active agent in the education of biologists. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Bologna Accord, launched with the Bologna Declaration, of 1999, is a voluntary higher education reform agreement at European level - now adopted by 48 European and extra-European countries - that nowadays define the European Higher Education Area. The reform implies increased awareness across the higher education sector of transferable skills and professional competencies. Among the challenges faced is the need to design new learning arenas that can support students in developing such skills and competencies, including collaboration skills, scientific writing, finding, evaluating and using relevant literature, and developing an understanding of their own research progress and workflow. It is advocated that the learning of transferable skills and professional competencies should be integrated with subject specific learning, and that this calls for collaboration within the university community. At the University of Oslo, the Science Library, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, is forging teaching partnerships with the faculty staff at the various departments. Subject librarians with an academic background from the different disciplines at the Science Library participate in the teaching of students at all levels, from introductory courses through post-graduate studies, being (partly) responsible for the learning outcomes of transferable skills expected from single courses and study programs. The teaching portfolio of the librarians also includes the training of students in how to perform outreach activities, e. g. how to communicate bioscience and mycology topics to professionals, experts from other disciplines, and the general public. We report here on some specific initiatives that illustrate both benefits and challenges of such partnerships, with examples from collaborations between the Department of Biosciences and the Science Library at the University of Oslo.

• Schumacher, Trond (2017). Book review of Ascomycota Syllabus of Plant Families 1/2. Nordic Journal of Botany (NJB). ISSN 0107-055X. Full text in Research Archive
• Skrede, Inger; Carlsen, Tor & Schumacher, Trond (2015). Artsavgrensning i slekten Helvella ved hjelp av morfologi og molekylære markører ble langt mer utfordrende enn vi hadde regnet med. Full text in Research Archive
• Skrede, Inger; Carlsen, Tor & Schumacher, Trond (2014). Molecular systematics of the genus Helvella redefines species boundaries and uncover high species diversity. Full text in Research Archive
• Mysterud, Ivar; Schumacher, Trond; Karlsen, Jan; Tønnesen, Hanne Hjort; Laane, Carl Morten Motzfeldt & Skulberg, Olav Magnus (2012). Jakten på alveldens missing link. Fokus på blågrønnbakterier vi vet lite om. Sau og geit. ISSN 0036-5009. p. 52–57. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Tor; Aas, Anders Bjørnsgard; Lindner, D; Vrålstad, Trude; Schumacher, Trond & Kauserud, Håvard (2012). Don't make a mista(g)ke: is tag switching an overlooked source of error in amplicon pyrosequencing studies? Fungal ecology. ISSN 1754-5048. 5(6), p. 747–749. doi: 10.1016/j.funeco.2012.06.003. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  High throughput sequencing has become a powerful tool for fungal ecologists to explore the diversity and composition of fungal communities. However, various biases and errors are associated with the new sequencing techniques that must be handled properly. We here provide evidence for a source of error that has not yet been taken into account. During amplicon pyrosequencing we incorporate tags in both ends of the amplicons, which allows us to check for tag coherence after sequencing. In several studies we have observed that a small proportion of the resulting sequences possess novel tag combinations. Our observations cannot be explained by primer contamination or PCR chimaeras. This indicates that some DNA fragments switch tags during laboratory setup. If not controlled for, this will cause numerous false positives in downstream analyses. In most amplicon pyrosequencing studies of fungal communities, amplicons are typically tagged in one end only. We suggest that amplicons should be tagged in both ends before pyrosequencing to control for tag switching.

• Skulberg, Olav Magnus; Mysterud, Ivar; Karlsen, Jan; Tønnesen, Hanne Hjorth; Laane, Carl Morten Motzfeldt & Schumacher, Trond (2012). Søkelys på cyanobakterier vi vet lite om. Biolog. ISSN 0801-0722. 30(3), p. 32–41. Full text in Research Archive
• Mysterud, Ivar; Schumacher, Trond; Karlsen, Jan; Tønnesen, Hanne Hjorth; Laane, Carl Morten Motzfeldt & Skulberg, Olav Magnus (2011). Jakten på alveldens "missing link" (15). Sau og geit. ISSN 0036-5009. 64(5), p. 53–57. Full text in Research Archive
• Laane, Carl Morten Motzfeldt; Mysterud, Ivar; Longva, Ottar & Schumacher, Trond (2009). Borrelia og Lyme-Borreliose- morfologiske studier av en farlig spirochet. Biolog. ISSN 0801-0722. 27(2), p. 30–45. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Klinisk diagnostikk er ofte problematisk ved Lyme-borreliosis og mikroskopi kan være et av mange diagnostiske hjelpemidler. Forskningsarbeide i tilknytning til denne artikkelen har bidratt til å øke oppmerksomheten rundt mange pasienter med mulig kronisk borreilose og Regjeringen har nå nedsatt et hurtigarbeidende utvalg for å komme med forslag til forbedret diagnostikk og behandling. Artikkelejn behander Borreliaproblemet fra et bredt biologisk grunnlag.

• Mysterud, Ivar; Skulberg, Olav.M.; Laane, Carl Morten Motzfeldt; Schumacher, Trond; Karlsen, Jan & Tønnesen, Hanne Hjorth (2008). I Mørefjella på leting etter ALVELDgiften kilder. Biolog. ISSN 0801-0722. 26(4), p. 30–43. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Årsaken til sykdommen "Alveld" er fortsatt ukjent. Høsten 2007 ble det oppdaget en biofilm i tilknytning til vann i de sykdomsfarlige beiteområdene. Den viste seg å inneholde en rekke arter blågrønnbakterier og mange andre mikroorganismer. Forskerne leter nå etter mulige giftkilder.

• Bjorbækmo, Marit Markussen; Brysting, Anne Krag; Carlsen, Tor; Høiland, Klaus; Geml, Jozsef & Schumacher, Trond [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2008). The ectomycorrhizal fungal community associated with alpine and arctic populations of Dryas octopetala along a latitudinal gradient. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond & Stensrud, Øyvind (2008). Slektskap og karakterevolusjon hos brunsporete skivesopper (Agaricales). Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Brunsporete skivesopper er nedbrytere og/eller mykorrhiza-dannere som hører hjemme i familiene Bolbitiaceae, Cortinariaceae, Crepidotaceae, Inocybaceae, Strophariaceae og Tubariaceae i skivesoppordenen Agaricales. Systematikk og taksonomi i gruppen baserer seg på morfologiske og økologiske karakterer, som i de fleste andre grupper av sopp. Studiet baserer seg på friskt materiale fra natur, herbariemateriale, dyrking, DNA-teknikker og fylogenetisk analysemetodikk. Feltarbeid inkluderer innsamlinger fra Australia, Norge, Finland, Russland og Thailand. Videre har herbarie-kollekter blitt tilsendt fra en rekke land innen kontinentene Amerika, Asia og Europa. Et overordnet mål er å studere evolusjonært slektskap og karakterutvikling innen brunsporete skivesopper generelt, og innen slørsoppene (Cortinarus) og klokkehattene (Galerina) spesielt. Til dette benyttes DNA-sekvensdata fra flere gener og fylogenetisk analysemetodikk basert på ”parsimoni”- og ”maximum likelihood”-prinsippene. Molekylære analyser av brunsporete skivesopper viser vel avgrensede grupperinger. Dagens inndeling i underslekter av slørsoppene (Cortinarius), basert på økologiske og morfologiske karakterer, gjenspeiler ikke et fylogenetisk, molekylært slektskap og støttes ikke av våre analyser. Fylogenetiske analyser av klokkehattene (Galerina) viser at slekten ikke samler alle etterkommerne etter en sannsynlig felles stamfar. Våre data og analyser vil danne grunnlaget for en fylogenetisk re-klassifikasjon av slekter og familier av brunsporete skivesopper. I et eget delprosjekt utredes to artskomplekser innen klokkehattene, dvs. Galerina marginata- og G. vittiformis-gruppen, basert på dyrkning av levende materiale. Analyser av nukleært ribosomalt DNA (ITS) og proteinkodende gener (EF-1α) viser sammenfallende struktur innen disse to kompleksene, og den molekylære fylogenien vil danne grunnlag for arts-avgrensninger og analyser av karakterutvikling.

• Laane, Carl Morten Motzfeldt; Mysterud, Ivar; Skulberg, Olav M. & Schumacher, Trond (2008). Blågrønnbakterier og andre mikroorganismer i en biofilm fra Nord-Møre. Har de "Alveld"-relasjoner? Biolog. ISSN 0801-0722. 26(2), p. 8–23. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  En velutviklet "biofilm" på Nørd-Møre som er knyttet til utbredelsen av levermosen Anthelia juratzkana innholder en rekke giftproduserende blågrønnbakterier som mistenkes som cofaktor for utviklingen av den, tildels dødelige sauesykdommen "alveld". Artikkelen beskriver et uvanlig variert mikrobielt økosystem som gir grunnlag for videre undersøkelser av årsakene til særs alvorlige sykdomskompleks som i utgangspunktet rammer husdyr, men som også mistenkes for å kunne ha alvorlige virkninger på drikkevannskvalitet og en rekke kroniske medisinske lidelser.

• Stensrud, Øyvind; Høiland, Klaus; Røberg, Kjetil & Schumacher, Trond (2007). Multi locus phylogenies highlight the evolution of morphological characters and ecological traits in Cortinarius. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The mycorrhizal genus Cortinarius is suspected to be the largest genus of agarics, containing more than 2000 different species worldwide. The current infrageneric classification of Cortinarius is largely based on morphology, however, recent phylogenetic studies have challenged the characters traditionally used to circumscribe subgenera and sections of the genus. Our goal was to explore character evolution in the subgenera Cortinarius, Dermocybe, Leprocybe, Myxacium, Phlegmacium, Sericeocybe, and Telamonia, using a five gene nrSSU, nrITS (including the 5.8S gene), nrLSU, mitLSU, and mitSSU phylogeny. We used Bayesian maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses. Previous phylogenetic studies, based on nrDNA loci, have shown that a number of important morphological characters are refound in several evolutionary lineages, suggesting that the current classification does not reflect the divergent evolutionary history of the genus. Analyses of the concatenated nrDNA and mitrDNA data set strengthen the view of an arbitrary, non-phylogenetic, infrageneric classification of Cortinarius, and new subgenera and sections need to be erected to approach a phylogenetic classification of this large genus.

• Kauserud, Håvard; Högberg, Nils; Svegården, Ingeborg Bjorvand; Schmidt, Olaf; Stensrud, Øyvind & Schumacher, Trond (2006). Serpula lacrymans as a model species to study micro-evolutionary processes. Full text in Research Archive
• Stensrud, Øyvind; Gulden, Gro; Kauserud, Håvard; Høiland, Klaus & Schumacher, Trond (2006). Molecular phylogenies suggest polyphyly in morphotaxa of brown-spored agarics. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The brown-spored agarics include saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi belonging to the families Bolbitiaceae, Cortinariaceae, Crepidotaceae, and Strophariaceae. The current classification of the brown-spored agarics is largely based on morphological characters and to less extent on molecular phylogenies. In the described project, the main goal is to analyse multi-locus sequence data by parsimony and Bayesian maximum likelihood methods in order to evaluate the current classification and to define monophyletic groups. A special emphasis is put on the genus Galerina, which includes saprotrophic and bryophilous species producing small, mycenoid and yellow to brownish basidiocarps. Preliminary results, based on analyses of partial LSU nrDNA sequences, strongly suggest that Galerina is polyphyletic and includes at least four independent lineages, in the phylogenies embedded with other genera of brown-spored agarics. These four groups largely reflect already recognized morphotaxa (subgenera or sections) within Galerina. Our findings also affirm that morphological characters, e.g. fruit body morphology and cystidial shape, often are highly homoplastic. Furthermore, the preliminary results indicate that the Galerina lineages, as well as the genus Gymnopilus, could be referred to a strongly emendated family Strophariaceae, which corresponds largely to the family as circumscribed by Kühner (1980).

• Stensrud, Øyvind; Schumacher, Trond; Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran; Svegården, Ingeborg Bjorvand & Kauserud, Håvard (2006). Accelerated evolution and profound AT bias among lineages of the medicinal fungus Cordyceps sinensis. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. grows parasitically on buried larvae of ghost moths (Thitarodes/Hepialus spp.) in Asian high-altitude grasslands and is known as a highly reputed medicinal fungus. In this study, the intraspecific variation in C. sinensis was analyzed employing 71 nrDNA ITS sequences accessioned in GenBank. Bayesian maximum likelihood analyses distributed the C. sinensis ITS sequences into five groups, referred to as A-E. Two groups (D-E), including a total of nine C. sinensis sequences as well as other Hypocreales/Clavicipitales taxa, were interpreted as erroneously accessioned sequences. The remaining sequences (62) constituted three highly supported clades (groups A, B and C), that may represent cryptic (phylogenetic) species currently ascribed to C. sinensis. Two sequences, accessioned as C. multiaxialis and C. nepalensis, also merged with the C. sinensis sequences of clades A-C. Sequences of groups B and C showed accelerated substitution rates and high AT nucleotide bias throughout the entire ITS region. A remarkably high sequence variation occurred in the 5.8S gene, which far exceeds what is normally observed in fungi. Compelling evidence from other studies exists for that reduced recombination frequencies can lead to AT bias due to lack of GC biased gene conversion, a process coupled to the meiosis. We hypothesize that a transition in life history attributes or ecology has happened among the putative cryptic species of C. sinensis, leading to accelerated evolution and AT bias. We also suggest that observed differences in medicinal effects among C. sinensis populations may be attributed to the existence of cryptic species in this morphotaxon.

• Holst-Jensen, Arne; Vrålstad, Trude & Schumacher, Trond (2004). On reliability. New Phytologist. ISSN 0028-646X. 161, p. 11–13. Full text in Research Archive
• Kauserud, Håvard & Schumacher, Trond (2004). The genetic basis for self/non-self recognition in Serpula lacrymans. Full text in Research Archive
• Kauserud, Håvard & Schumacher, Trond (2004). Multi-locus phylogenies reveal cryptic speciation in Serpula himantioides. Full text in Research Archive
• Kauserud, Håvard & Schumacher, Trond (2002). Sexuality and genetic variation in three boreal Polypores possessing divergent niche requirements. Full text in Research Archive
• Stensrud, Øyvind; Engh, Ingeborg Bjorvand; Hywel-Jones, N. L. & Schumacher, Trond (2002). The ITS phylogeny highlights the evolution of morphological characters and ecological traits in Cordyceps. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The phylogenetic relationships of 46 Cordyceps spp. and 24 anamorphic taxa with known or suspected affinity to Cordyceps were inferred from ITS nrDNA sequence data. The ITS phylogeny recognized four evolutionary lineages and some strongly supported subclades when representatives of the four clades were subjected to new alignments and analysed separately. Morphological characters traditionally used to define subgenera of Cordyceps were found to have limited phylogenetic information if compared to the ITS phylogenetic tree. The ITS tree also questions the present systematics of several anamorphic species, e.g. the genera Beauveria and Tolypocladium are both polyphyletic. The ITS phylogeny confirms the results of some earlier nrDNA studies (SSU, LSU) that the plant pathogenic species Claviceps purpurea and Epichloë typhina are derived within Cordyceps, consequently making the genus Cordyceps paraphyletic. We discuss important non-molecular characters, e.g. perithecium morphology, host preferences and anamorphic affiliation in the light of the inferred ITS phylogeny. We conclude that the paraphyletic Cordyceps and its allies (anamorphs) deserve a new classification based on a combination of molecular and non-molecular evidence.

• Carlsen, Tor Arne; Høiland, Klaus & Schumacher, Trond (2002). Molecular diversity of root endophytes in a Bistorta vivipara - Kobresia myosuroides tundra plant community. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  A total of 210 endophyte axenic cultures from root tips of 22 plant species, including the ectomycorrhizal herb species Bistorta vivipara and Kobresia myosuroides were grouped according to culture morphology and HinfI and HaeIII restricted ITS-RFLP groups. nrDNA ITS sequences (98) from representative isolates of the 23 ITS-RFLP groups were obtained. More than 90 % of the sequences had affinities to the Helotiales (Ascomycota) and were subjected to phylogenetic analyses in PAUP* with 47 sequences from GenBank. Altogether 39.5 % of the total sample of root endophytes were referable to Leptodontidium orchidicola. Phialophora finlandia was recorded in four herbaceous plant species, i.e. Bartsia alpina, Carex atrata, K. myosuroides and B. vivipara, and most often in association with the ectomycorrhizal root tips of B. vivipara and K. myosuroides. Axenic cultures of Phialocephala fortinii were obtained from ectomycorrhizal root tips of B. vivipara and K. myosuroides only. The L. orchidicola ITS genotypes (31) were unevenly distributed in four plots investigated. Hypotheses for host specificity for fungal endophytic strains and possibilities of a common fungal network are proposed.

• Sønstebø, J. H.; Høiland, Klaus & Schumacher, Trond (2002). Molecular ecology of Bistorta vivipara ectomycorrhiza in alpine tundra communities. Full text in Research Archive
• Rolen, T.; Ryvarden, Leif & Schumacher, Trond (2002). Morphotaxonomy and phylogeny of Lentinus and Panus from the neotropics. Full text in Research Archive
• Holst-Jensen, Arne; Oftedal, T. & Schumacher, Trond (2002). Delimitation of the genus Ciboria (Sclerotiniaceae, Helotiales, Ascomycota) based on rDNA sequences, morphology, ultrastructure, and life history data. Full text in Research Archive
• Kauserud, Håvard; Holst-Jensen, Arne & Schumacher, Trond (2002). Phylogeography and molecular variation in Serpula lacrymans and S. himantioides. Full text in Research Archive
• Vrålstad, Trude; Myhre, Elin & Schumacher, Trond (2002). Molecular diversity and phylogenetic affinities of mycorrhizal and root-endophytic fungi of the Helotiales. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Teleomorphic species of the ascomycete order Helotiales are abundant in nature, and range from hardly visible to some more prominent representatives. However, a number of asexual or sterile root symbiotic (endophyic, ericoid mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal) fungi have proven to belong to the Helotiales, yet their taxonomy, phylogeny and ecological roles are largely unresolved. We have studied the diversity and phylogenetic affinities of symbiotic root-associated ascomycetes of the Helotiales based on ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) nrDNA sequences. Mycobionts were obtained from roots of ericoid plants and grasses and from Piceirhiza bicolorata ectomycorrhizas (pbECM) on conifers and hardwoods, predominantly in burnt and metal-polluted habitats. The mycobionts were sequenced through the ITS and compared to sequences of known helotialean taxa. We recognised 132 fungal ITS-sequences with affinity to the Helotiales, of which 75% (54 different ITS-genotypes) grouped within the Hymenoscyphus ericae aggregate including Phialophora finlandia. This aggregate showed stronger affinity to members of the Hyaloscyphaceae and Dermateaceae than to Hymenoscyphus fructigenus (genus-type species; Helotiaceae). The H. ericae aggregate may be referable to a generic unit, and includes a diverse group of closely related ± darkly pigmented root-associated ascomycetes where the borders between intra- and interspecific ITS-sequence variation as well as different types of root-symbioses remain unclear.

• Schumacher, Trond (2001). Riddermusserong og rhabdomyolyse. Blekksoppen. ISSN 0800-6318. 29(85), p. 18–19. Full text in Research Archive
• Vrålstad, Trude; Myhre, Elin; Taylor, Andy F. S. & Schumacher, Trond (2001). Molecular diversity, phylogenetic affinities and mycorrhizal synthesis of root-associated ascomycetes of Helotiales in northern boreal plant communities. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Nuclear ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) rDNA sequence diversity and phylogenetic affinities of root-associated ectomycorrhizal (ECM), ericoid mycorrhizal (ERM) and non-mycorrhizal ascomycetes were studied. Fungi obtained from the Piceirhiza bicolorata ECM-morphotype of conifers and hardwoods, and from fine-roots of ericoid plants and grasses, were sequenced. A total of 132 root-derived ITS-sequences showed affinity to families of Helotiales, i.e. Helotiaceae, Dermataceae and Hyaloscyphaceae, and 75% of these grouped within the Hymenoscyphus ericae aggregate (Helotiaceae). This aggregate, which include H. ericae and Phialophora finlandia, is not con-generic with Hymenoscyphus fructigenus, the genus type species. An inferred phylogeny divided the H. ericae aggregate into four major clades (clade 1-4), three of which comprised sequences of both ECM- and ERM-root origin. The majority of ECM-root sequences grouped with P. finlandia (clade 4), but 9 ECM-root sequences shared 97.8-99.1% sequence identity with H. ericae of clade 3. ECM- and ERM synthesis experiments performed on a limited sample of isolates showed that five ECM-derived strains of clade 2 and 4 formed ECM, three ERM-derived strains of clade 3 formed ERM, and four ECM-derived strains of clade 1 and 2 did not associate with any host roots. The confirmed ECM-strains formed the black-and-hyaline mantles of the P. bicolorata morphotype. This morphology represented an intermediate stage, where mantle-colour changed from light brown to black due to a gradual acropetal melanization of the outer mantle layer.

• Schumacher, Trond (2000). Sclerotiniaceae. In Hansen, Lise & Knudsen, Henning (Ed.), Nordic Macromycetes. Vol. 1. Ascomycetes. Nordsvamp. ISSN 9788798396123. p. 165–177. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond (2000). Rutstroemiaceae. In Hansen, Lise & Knudsen, Henning (Ed.), Nordic Macromycetes. Vol. 1. Ascomycetes. Nordsvamp. ISSN 9788798396123. p. 162–165. Full text in Research Archive
• Kauserud, Håvard & Schumacher, Trond (2000). Ribosomal DNA variation, recombination and inheritance in the basidiomycete Trichaptum abietinum: implications for reticulate evolution. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond (2000). Forgiftning med rynket klokkemorkel (Verpa bohemica) og litt om ekte morkler(Morchella) i matveien. Blekksoppen. ISSN 0800-6318. 28, p. 38–41. Full text in Research Archive
• Alm, Torbjørn; Alsos, Inger Greve; Bjørklund, P. K.; Gamst, S. B.,; Gamst, U. R. B. & Kramvik, E. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (1998). Bidrag til floraen på Reinøya i Troms. Polarflokken. ISSN 0332-9119. 22, p. 147–154. Full text in Research Archive
• Vrålstad, Trude & Schumacher, Trond (1997). Økologiske studier av brannsopp; en foreslått økologisk livssyklus for Geopyxis carbonaria. Aktuelt fra Skogforsk. 1997(2), p. 35–37. Full text in Research Archive
• Johannessen, Edvin & Schumacher, Trond (1997). Mykologiske notiser fra Marbella, Spania. Blekksoppen. ISSN 0800-6318. 25(71), p. 27–31. Full text in Research Archive
• Gaarder, Geir; Jordal, Jon Bjarne & Schumacher, Trond (1996). Soppfloraen i Grimsdalen. In Gaarder, Geir & Jordal, Jon Bjarne (Ed.), Botaniske undersøkelser av kulturlandskap i Grimsdalen i Dovre, Dalsida i Lesja, Fryadalen i Nord-Fron, og av barskog I Formolia og Uladalen i Sel, Oppland fylke. Miljøfaglig utredning. Rapport 1996 (13). p. 61–66. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond (1996). Plants Used in Medicine. In Whitten, Tony & Whitten, Jane (Ed.), Plants. Indonesian Heritage Vol. 4. Editions Didier Millet. ISSN 9789813018327. p. 68–69. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond (1994). Meldrøye og ergotisme. Blekksoppen. ISSN 0800-6318. 22(62), p. 31–36. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond (1994). Litt nytt om giftsopper og soppforgiftninger. Blekksoppen. ISSN 0800-6318. 22(62), p. 31–36. Full text in Research Archive
• Dissing, Henry & Schumacher, Trond (1994). Discussion 7: Pezizales. In Hawksworth, David L. (Eds.), Ascomycete Systematics. Problems and Perspectives in the Nineties. Plenum Press. ISSN 9781475792904. p. 397-401–397-401. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond (1993). Rubladfamilien. Vasshårfamilien. Leppeblomstfamilien. In Ryvarden, L. (Eds.), Norges Planter. Cappelen forlag. ISSN 9788202142544. p. 97–119. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond (1993). Springfrøfamilien. Trollhegg- og Beinvedfamilien. Tysbast- og Tindvedfamilien. Soldoggfamilien. Tamariskfamilien. Perikumfamilien. Fiolfamilien. Lindefamilien. In Ryvarden, L. (Eds.), Norges Planter. Cappelen forlag. ISSN 9788202142544. p. 129–155. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond (1990). Mikrosoppene og deres gifter. Blekksoppen. ISSN 0800-6318. 18(50), p. 3–9. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond (1989). Litt om iøynefallende begersopper i ordenen Pezizales i Norge. Del 2. Blekksoppen. ISSN 0800-6318. 17(47), p. 14–18. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond (1989). Litt om iøynefallende begersopper i ordenen Pezizales i Norge. Del 3. Blekksoppen. ISSN 0800-6318. 17(49), p. 18–27. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond (1988). Litt om iøynefallende begersopper i ordenen Pezizales i Norge. Del 1. Blekksoppen. ISSN 0800-6318. 16(46), p. 11–19. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond (1986). Noen Ascomycet-funn fra Norsk Soppforenings Frankriketur 1985. Blekksoppen. ISSN 0800-6318. 14(38), p. 18–22. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond (1983). Humane mykoser. Blekksoppen. ISSN 0800-6318. 11, p. 3–11. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond (1983). Sopp og alkohol. Nyttevekstforeningens småskrifter. 14, p. 38–41. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond (1982). Er klubbetraktsopp giftig? Våre nyttevekster. ISSN 0332-7280. 77, p. 79–80. Full text in Research Archive
• Høiland, Klaus & Schumacher, Trond (1982). Nyere erfaringer med spiss giftslørsopp og slørsoppforgiftninger. Våre nyttevekster. ISSN 0332-7280. 77, p. 6–17. Full text in Research Archive
• Høiland, Klaus & Schumacher, Trond (1981). Slekten paraplyhatt (Leucocoprinus) i Norge. Våre nyttevekster. ISSN 0332-7280. 76, p. 42–46. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond & Høiland, Klaus (1978). Giftige slørsopper og slørsoppforgiftninger. Naturen. ISSN 0028-0887. 102, p. 135–140. Full text in Research Archive
• Gulden, Gro & Schumacher, Trond (1976). Generelt om soppforgiftninger. Våre nyttevekster. ISSN 0332-7280. 71, p. 116–118. Full text in Research Archive
• Bendiksby, Mika & Schumacher, Trond (2002). A molecular evolutionary study suggests a highly divergent plant lineage and recently evolved species in Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae). Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Rafflesia is a holoparasitic plant genus restricted to Southeast Asia. Genetic variation among seven Indonesian Rafflesia species was investigated using nuclear (ITS, 5S-NTS and partial IGS) and mitochondrial (19S) rDNA sequences as genetic markers. Surprisingly little inter-specific molecular variation was found, considering the extensive morphological divergence within Rafflesia. However, some sequence variation was found, both between and within species, and even intra-individual genetic heterogeneity was detected. Multiple IGS length variants and heterogenous 5S-NTS types were present in Rafflesia. Phylogenetic parsimony analyses indicate a recent and rapid radiation of Indonesian Rafflesias. Other possible explanations for the generally low levels of sequence variation are discussed. The applicability of the nuclear 18S and 5.8S, and the mitochondrial 19S genes to place Rafflesiaceae among the angiosperms was assessed. A high degree of sequence variation and T-bias was found in the 18S and 5.8S nrDNA between Rafflesiaceae and the other land plants, which complicated the placement of Rafflesiaceae among the angiosperms. In Rafflesia, the 19S mtDNA showed less molecular divergence than the nrDNA genes. 18S placed Rafflesiaceae between the angiosperms and the gymnosperms, whereas the 5.8S data suggested a placement basal to the gymnosperms. Only the 19S succeeded to place Rafflesiaceae within the angiosperm clade. The Relative Apparent Synapomorphy Analysis (RASA) was employed for taxon variance analysis, tRASA estimation and noise-reduction of datasets. The RASA noise-reduction method did not solve the problem with the highly diverged Rafflesiaceae sequences. The molecular findings are discussed and compared to other land plants, and in more detail to some parasitic plant groups.

• Stensrud, Øyvind & Schumacher, Trond (2002). The phylogeny of the genus Cordyceps Fr. inferred from morphological and molecular data. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive
• Landvik, Sara & Schumacher, Trond (1996). Phylogenetic rDNA studies of Discomycetes (Ascomycota). Department of Ecological Botany. Full text in Research Archive
• Landvik, Sara; Egger, Keith & Schumacher, Trond (1996). Towards a subordinal classification of the Pezizales. Department of Ecological Botany. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond (1987). A monograph of the genus Scutellinia (Cooke) Lamb. [Pyronemataceae]. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive
• Gulden, Gro; Høiland, Klaus & Schumacher, Trond (1983). Hva vet vi om soppforgiftning? Nyttevekstforeningen. Full text in Research Archive
• Bendiksen, Egil & Schumacher, Trond (1982). Flora og vegetasjon i nedbørfeltene til Imsa og Trya. Rapport 52. Kontaktutvalget for vassdragsreguleringer. ISSN 9788272310553. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond & Løkken, Sverre (1981). Vegetasjon og flora I Grimsavassdragets nedbørfelt. Rapport 31. Kontaktutvalget for vassdragsreguleringer. ISSN 9788272310317. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond (1977). Flora og vegetasjon i Atnas nedbørfelt. Kontaktutvalget for vassdragsreguleringer. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond (1977). Flora og vegetasjon I Grimsas nedbør felt. Kontaktutvalget for vassdragsreguleringer. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Trond (1977). Operkulate begersopper op elvestrender I Norge. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive

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