elestens

• Afanou, Komlavi Anani; Mundra, Sunil; Estensmo, Eva Lena Fjeld; Pedersen, Ine; Liland, Rasmus & Eriksen, Elke [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Divergent TLR2 and TLR4 Activation by Fungal Spores and Species Diversity in Dust from Waste Sorting Plants. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. ISSN 0099-2240. 89(3). doi: 10.1128/aem.01734-22. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This manuscript presents the results of an exploratory study on the relationships between NF-κB response through Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation by dust characterized by fungal spore concentrations and species diversity. Personal total dust samples were collected from Norwegian waste sorting plants and then characterized for fungal spores and fungal species diversity, as well as for other bioaerosol components, including endotoxins and actinobacteria. The ability of the dust to induce an NF-κB response by activating TLR2 and TLR4 in vitro was evaluated, as well as the relationship between such responses and quantifiable bioaerosol components. The average concentrations of bioaerosols were 7.23 mg total dust m−3, 4.49 × 105 fungal spores m−3, 814 endotoxin units m−3, and 0.6 × 105 actinobacteria m−3. The mean diversity measurements were 326, 0.59, and 3.39 for fungal richness, evenness, and Shannon index, respectively. Overall, fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to the Ascomycota phylum were most abundant (55%), followed by Basidiomycota (33%) and Mucoromycota (3%). All samples induced significant NF-κB responses through TLR2 and TLR4 activation. While fungal spore levels were positively associated with TLR2 and TLR4 activation, there was a trend that fungal species richness was negatively associated with the activation of these receptors. This observation supports the existence of divergent immunological response relationships between TLR activation and fungal spore levels on one hand and between TLR activation and fungal species diversity on the other. Such relationships seem to be described for the first time for dust from waste facilities.

• Martin Sanchez, Pedro Maria; Nunez, Maria; Estensmo, Eva Lena Fjeld; Skrede, Inger & Kauserud, Håvard (2022). Comparison of Methods to Identify and Monitor Mold Damages in Buildings. Applied Sciences. ISSN 2076-3417. 12(18). doi: 10.3390/app12189372. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Estensmo, Eva Lena Fjeld; Botnen, Synnøve Smebye; Maurice, Sundy; Martin Sanchez, Pedro Maria; Morgado, Luis & Engh, Ingeborg Bjorvand [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). The Indoor Mycobiomes of Daycare Centers Are Affected by Occupancy and Climate. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. ISSN 0099-2240. 88(6). doi: 10.1128/aem.02113-21. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Estensmo, Eva Lena F.; Morgado, Luis; Maurice, Sundy; Martin Sanchez, Pedro Maria; Engh, Ingeborg B. & Mattsson, Johan [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Spatiotemporal variation of the indoor mycobiome in daycare centers. Microbiome. ISSN 2049-2618. 9(1), s. 1–12. doi: 10.1186/s40168-021-01167-x. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Estensmo, Eva Lena Fjeld; Maurice, Sundy Ursula Mary Jane; Morgado, Luis; Martin-Sanchez, Pedro Maria; Skrede, Inger & Kauserud, Håvard (2021). The influence of intraspecific sequence variation during DNA metabarcoding: A case study of eleven fungal species. Molecular Ecology Resources. ISSN 1755-098X. doi: 10.1111/1755-0998.13329. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  DNA metabarcoding has become a powerful approach for analysing complex communities from environmental samples, but there are still methodological challenges limiting its full potential. While conserved DNA markers, like 16S and 18S, often are not able to discriminate among closely related species, other more variable markers – like the fungal ITS region, may include considerable intraspecific variation, which can lead to oversplitting of species during DNA metabarcoding analyses. Here we assessed the effects of intraspecific sequence variation in DNA metabarcoding by analysing local populations of eleven fungal species. We investigated the allelic diversity of ITS2 haplotypes using both Sanger sequencing and high throughput sequencing (HTS) coupled with error correction with the software dada2. All the eleven species, except one, included some level of intraspecific variation in the ITS2 region. Overall, we observed a high correspondence between haplotypes generated by Sanger sequencing and HTS, with the exception of a few additional haplotypes detected using either approach. These extra haplotypes, typically occurring in low frequencies, were probably due to PCR and sequencing errors or intragenomic variation in the rDNA region. The presence of intraspecific (and possibly intragenomic) variation in ITS2 suggest that haplotypes (or ASVs) should not be used as basic units in ITS‐based fungal community analyses, but an extra clustering step is needed to approach species‐level resolution.

• Martin-Sanchez, Pedro Maria; Estensmo, Eva Lena Fjeld; Morgado, Luis; Maurice, Sundy Ursula Mary Jane; Engh, Ingeborg Bjorvand & Skrede, Inger [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Analysing indoor mycobiomes through a large‐scale citizen science study in Norway. Molecular Ecology. ISSN 0962-1083. 30, s. 2689–2705. doi: 10.1111/mec.15916. Vis sammendrag

  In the built environment, fungi can cause important deterioration of building materials and adverse health effects on occupants. Increased knowledge about indoor mycobiomes from different regions of the world, and their main environmental determinants, will enable improved indoor air quality management and identification of health risks. This is the first citizen science study about indoor mycobiomes at a large geographical scale in Europe, including 271 houses from Norway and 807 dust samples from three house compartments: outside of the building, living room and bathroom. The fungal community composition determined by DNA metabarcoding was clearly different between indoor and outdoor samples, but there were no significant differences between the two indoor compartments. The 32 selected variables, related to the outdoor environment, building features and occupant characteristics, accounted for 15% of the overall variation in community composition, with the house compartment as the key factor (7.6%). Next, the climate was the main driver of the dust mycobiomes (4.2%), while building and occupant variables had significant but minor influences (1.4% and 1.1%, respectively). The house‐dust mycobiomes were dominated by ascomycetes (⁓70%) with Capnodiales and Eurotiales as the most abundant orders. Compared to the outdoor samples, the indoor mycobiomes showed higher species richness, which is probably due to the mixture of fungi from outdoor and indoor sources. The main indoor indicator fungi belonged to two ecological groups with allergenic potential: xerophilic molds and skin‐associated yeasts. Our results suggest that citizen science is a successful approach for unraveling the built microbiome at large geographical scales.

• Ravi, Anuradha; Estensmo, Eva Lena Fjeld; L'Abee-Lund, Trine Marie; Foley, Steven L; Allgaier, Bernhard & Martin, Camilia R [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Association of the gut microbiota mobilome with hospital location and birth weight in preterm infants. Pediatric Research. ISSN 0031-3998. 82(5), s. 829–838. doi: 10.1038/pr.2017.146.

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• Estensmo, Eva Lena Fjeld; Granstad, Silje; Ptochos, Sokratis; Vikre Danielsen, Agathe; Økland, Marianne & Sekse, Camilla [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Distribution and abundance of Eimeria in Norwegian broilers. Vis sammendrag

  Poultry coccidiosis caused by Eimeria spp is common globally, and the severity depend on host-associated factors and the species involved. Clinical signs include diarrhoea, poor growth, lethargy and dehydration and may cause high mortality in a flock. Coccidiosis is an important predisposing factor for the bacterial disease necrotic enteritis. Together, these intestinal diseases impair animal welfare and cause significant economic losses in the global poultry industry. The TEiCON project explores molecular tools for quantitative detection of Eimeria species in Norwegian broilers and investigate the distribution of species. Systematic sampling of droppings was performed at multiple time points in commercial flocks vaccinated with a live coccidiosis vaccine to study the dynamics of Eimeria spp. Samples of pooled fresh regular and ceacal intestinal droppings ensured representative sampling from each flock. Additional targeted samplings of case flocks diagnosed with coccidiosis, and matching control flocks, were performed. All samples were screened for selected Eimera species and Clostridium perfringens by real-time PCR. Eimeria oocysts (OPG) and C. perfringens were quantified by microscopy and bacterial counts, respectively, on fractions of the same samples. Eimeria tenella and E. acervulina were the most prevalent species identified in both case and control flocks, whereas E. maxima and E. mitis were rarely detected. These Eimeria species are all included in the vaccine the broilers received. None of the species could be associated exclusively with case flocks. Our results warrant more detailed investigations to verify if Eimeria strains present in case flocks are the same genetic variants originating from the vaccine.

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