Ketil Hylland

• Langangen, Øystein Ole Gahr; Kaartvedt, Stein; Hylland, Ketil & Durant, Joël (2026). The collapse of Atlantic cod in the Oslofjord. Frontiers in Marine Science. 13. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2026.1746235. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Coastal fish populations in temperate regions increasingly experience environmental pressures and dramatic decreases in stock size. Currently, there are serious concerns about the status of the Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ) in the Oslofjord region, a 120-km inlet in southeastern Norway. Given the recent political debate, the large public interest, and the recent decision to close large areas in the Oslofjord to all fishing, the scarcity of quantitative estimates on cod biomass in the region presents an acute challenge. Typically, the state of the cod in the Oslofjord has been assessed by the analysis of juvenile fish datasets. However, scientific surveys targeting adult life stages are limited, and abundance and biomass estimates are based on relatively short time series and with limited spatial coverage. Here, we demonstrate how commercial landings data can be used to describe a recent decline in catch per unit effort in the region, a proxy related to biomass. These results are highly topical and can serve as a baseline for further investigations on the reasons for the collapse of the cod population. While our results demonstrate the value of the large commercial dataset, the introduction of conservation actions calls for alternative and more comprehensive monitoring in the area for documenting a potential future recovery. Our results highlight research and data needs associated with current efforts to improve the status of fish stocks in general, and the Atlantic cod in the Oslofjord in particular.

• Buhhalko, Natalja; Kuddithamby, Gunaalan; Vianello, Alvise; Rotander, Anna; Vidal-Liñán, Leticia & Beiras, Ricardo [Vis alle 19 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Microplastics (10 µm-5 mm) in European Atlantic Coastal Waters. Environmental Advances. 21, s. 14–14. doi: 10.1016/j.envadv.2025.100644. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Microplastics (MPs) are pervasive pollutants in coastal waters, raising significant ecological concerns. This study assessed the abundance and characteristics of small-sized MPs (down to 10 µm) across European Atlantic coastal sites using harmonized sampling and analytical methods. A filter-pump microplastic sampler, the "Universal Filtering Object" (UFO), was employed at all sites, with Manta net (300-µm mesh) sampling conducted at selected locations. Microplastic concentrations ranged from <10 MPs m-3 to >1600 MPs m-3, with the Gulf of Finland showing the lowest concentration (5 MPs m-3) and the Scheldt estuary in Belgium the highest (1603 MPs m-3). Most MPs (80%) were <300 µm, primarily consisting of polyester, polypropylene, and polyethylene fragments. Manta net sampling consistently underestimated both total microplastic concentrations and microplastics larger than 300 µm compared to UFO sampling. Estuaries and wastewater effluents were identified as pollution hotspots, strongly influencing local MP distributions. The median microplastic concentration found in European Atlantic waters in this study was lower than the global median for coastal waters measured using pump-based sampling devices. Although current MP levels are unlikely to pose an immediate risk to the marine pelagic food web, the projected increase in plastic production, combined with its low degradability and chemical leaching, underscores the urgency of implementing mitigation measures to prevent future environmental impacts.

• Tabane, F; Cazier, F; Dewaélé, D; Hylland, Ketil; Ba, CT & Fall, M (2025). Evaluating the histopathology, condition index and stress-on-stress response of caged brown mussels Perna perna for monitoring marine coastal pollution in Senegal. African Journal of Marine Science. ISSN 1814-232X. 47(2), s. 129–141. doi: 10.2989/1814232x.2025.2485075. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This study is the first in a coastal West African country to evaluate the histopathology, condition index and stress-on-stress response time of caged brown mussels Perna perna for use in pollution monitoring of coastal ecosystems. Perna perna collected from an unpolluted area on the coast of Senegal were divided and transplanted to a polluted site or maintained at the reference site for an exposure–depuration experiment. After 4 weeks of exposure, the mussels deployed at the polluted site (Port of Dakar) were then transferred to the cleaner reference site (Pointe des Almadies) for depuration. Mussels exposed to the polluted waters of the seaport had bioaccumulated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as well as lead, copper and selenium; furthermore, changes were observed in their digestive gland histology, and their stress-on-stress response measured as median survival time (LT50) had decreased. By the end of the 4-week depuration period at the reference site the mussels showed signs of recovery, specifically in terms of their digestive tubule architecture and tolerance to air exposure. The results demonstrate that caged P. perna could be used as bioindicators for monitoring coastal environmental pollution in West Africa.

• Yulikayani, Putu Yolanda; Witte, Bavo De; Ali, Aasim M.; Barber, Jon; Bellas, Juan & Briant, Nicolas [Vis alle 22 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). CONTRAST prioritisation tool: filtering and ranking contaminants of emerging concern in the marine environment using hazard-based approaches. Environmental Sciences Europe. 37. doi: 10.1186/s12302-025-01257-9. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Increasing numbers of chemicals with little-known adverse effects are released into the marine environment. The present study addresses the lack of marine-specific prioritisation schemes by developing a prioritisation tool for organic contaminants. This tool supports decision-making processes regarding which chemicals to study further in terms of their occurrences and biological effects in the marine environment. It was supported by a database containing approximately 1.13 million chemicals, developed within the PikMe project. Criteria for chemical prioritisation were identified by a comprehensive literature review, then selected using the outcomes of a survey among experts. The prioritisation tool consists of filtering chemicals in the PikMe database using three parallel schemes—persistence and bioaccumulation, toxicity, and persistence and mobility characteristics (step 1)—followed by scoring based on modes of action, occurrence, and emission (step 2) and ranking by the final score (step 3).

• Carlsen, Eira Catharine Lødrup; Hjelset, Sverre; Gomes, Tania; Igartua, Amaia; Sørensen, Lisbet & Booth, Andy [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Synthetic and natural rubber associated chemicals drive functional and structural changes as well as adaptations to antibiotics in in vitro marine microbiomes. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. ISSN 0147-6513. 273. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116134. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The leaching of additives from plastics and elastomers (rubbers) has raised concerns due to their potential negative impacts on the environment and the development of antibiotic resistance. In this study, we investigated the effects of chemicals extracted from two types of rubber on microbiomes derived from a benthic sea urchin and two pelagic fish species. Additionally, we examined whether bacterial communities preconditioned with rubber-associated chemicals displayed adaptations to antibiotics. At the highest tested concentrations of chemicals, we observed reduced maximum growth rates and yields, prolonged lag phases, and increased alpha diversity. While the effects on alpha and beta diversity were not always conclusive, several bacterial genera were significantly influenced by chemicals from the two rubber sources. Subsequent exposure of sea urchin microbiomes preconditioned with rubber chemicals to the antibiotic ciprofloxacin resulted in decreased maximum growth rates. This indicates a more sensitive microbiome to ciprofloxacin when preconditioned with rubber chemicals. Although no significant interaction effects between rubber chemicals and ciprofloxacin exposure were observed in bacterial alpha and beta diversity, we observed log-fold changes in two bacterial genera in response to ciprofloxacin exposure. These findings highlight the structural and functional alterations in microbiomes originating from various marine species when exposed to rubber-associated chemicals and underscore the potential risks posed to marine life.

• Bjørnestad, Synne Arstad; Solbakken, Monica Hongrø; Krokene, Pia; Thiede, Bernd; Hylland, Ketil & Jakobsen, Kjetill Sigurd [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). The Atlantic Cod MHC I compartment has the properties needed for cross-presentation in the absence of MHC II. Scientific Reports. 14(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-76225-z. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Atlantic cod has a peculiar immune system, characterized by the loss of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class II pathway, and an extreme expansion of the MHC class I gene repertoire. This has led to the hypothesis that some of the MHC I variants have replaced MHC II by presenting exogenous-peptides in a process similar to cross-presentation. In mammals, MHC I loads endogenous antigens in the endoplasmic reticulum, but we recently found that different Atlantic cod MHC I gene variants traffic to endolysosomes. There, they colocalize with Tapasin and other components of the peptide-loading complex, indicating a plausible peptide-loading system outside the endoplasmic reticulum. In this study, we further characterize the identity of the Atlantic cod MHC I compartment (cMIC). We found that, similarly to mammalian MHC II compartment, cMIC contains late endosomal markers such as Rab7, LAMP1 and CD63. Furthermore, we identified Hsp90b1 (also known as grp94) and LRP1 (also known as CD91) as interactors of MHC I by mass spectrometry. As these two proteins are involved in cross-presentation in mammals, this further suggests that Atlantic cod MHC I might use a similar mechanism to present exogenous peptides, thus, compensating for the absence of MHC II.

• Tabane, Fatou; Diagne, Diabou; Niang, Doudou Georges; Cazier, Fabrice; Dewaélé, Dorothée & Lèye, Nafissatou [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Biomarkers and contaminants in the bivalve Perna perna caged in coastal sites in Senegal. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences (IJBCS). ISSN 1991-8631. 18(2), s. 555–570. doi: 10.4314/ijbcs.v18i2.18. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dinh, van Khuong; Konestabo, Heidi Sjursen; Borgå, Katrine; Hylland, Ketil; Macaulay, Samuel J. & Jackson, Michelle C [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Interactive Effects of Warming and Pollutants on Marine and Freshwater Invertebrates. Current Pollution Reports. 8, s. 341–359. doi: 10.1007/s40726-022-00245-4. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Abstract Purpose of Review Global warming and pollution are among the five major causes of global biodiversity loss, particularly in aquatic invertebrates which are highly diverse but understudied. In this review, we highlight advancements in current environmental studies investigating the interactive effects between warming and contaminants in freshwater and marine invertebrates. We not only focused on temperate regions but also synthesized information on the less studied Arctic/Antarctic and tropical regions. Recent Findings In general, the same combination of warming and contaminants may result in either additive or non-additive interactive effects depending on taxa, the response variable, life stage, genotype, exposure level, duration and order of exposure, and the number of exposed generations. For traditional contaminants such as metals and pesticides, combined effects with warming at the individual level were generally synergistic. Growing evidence suggests that multigenerational exposure can shift the interaction between warming and contaminants toward antagonism, while contemporary evolution may change the interaction type. Summary Our synthesis highlights the importance of temporal aspects in shaping interaction type, including order of exposure, ontogenetic effects, transgenerational effects, and evolution. The combination of laboratory experiments (to advance mechanistic understanding) and outdoor mesocosm studies or field observations (to increase realism) is needed to obtain comprehensive assessments of interactive effects of warming and pollutants from genes to ecosystems.

• Keilen, Ellen Kristine; Borgå, Katrine; Thorstensen, Helene Skjeie; Hylland, Ketil; Helberg, Morten & Warner, Nicholas Alexander [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Differences in Trophic Level, Contaminant Load, and DNA Damage in an Urban and a Remote Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) Breeding Colony in Coastal Norway. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. ISSN 0730-7268. 41(10), s. 2466–2478. doi: 10.1002/etc.5441. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Herring gulls (Larus argentatus) are opportunistic feeders, resulting in contaminant exposure depending on area and habitat. We compared contaminant concentrations and dietary markers between two herring gull breeding colonies with different distances to extensive human activity and presumed contaminant exposure from the local marine diet. Furthermore, we investigated the integrity of DNA in white blood cells and sensitivity to oxidative stress. We analyzed blood from 15 herring gulls from each colony—the urban Oslofjord near the Norwegian capital Oslo in the temperate region and the remote Hornøya island in northern Norway, on the Barents Sea coast. Based on d13C and d34S, the dietary sources of urban gulls differed, with some individuals having a marine and others a more terrestrial dietary signal. All remote gulls had a marine dietary signal and higher relative trophic level than the urban marine feeding gulls. Concentrations (mean ± standard deviation [SD]) of most persistent organic pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyl ethers (PCBs) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), were higher in urban marine (PCB153 17 ± 17 ng/g wet weight, PFOS 25 ± 21 ng/g wet wt) than urban terrestrial feeders (PCB153 3.7 ± 2.4 ng/g wet wt, PFOS 6.7 ± 10 ng/g wet wt). Despite feeding at a higher trophic level (d15N), the remote gulls (PCB153 17 ± 1221 ng/g wet wt, PFOS 19 ± 1421 ng/g wet wt) were similar to the urban marine feeders. Cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes were detected in only a few gulls, except for decamethylcyclopentasiloxane in the urban colony, which was found in 12 of 13 gulls. Only hexachlorobenzene was present in higher concentrations in the remote (2.6 ± 0.42 ng/g wet wt) compared with the urban colony (0.34 ± 0.33 ng/g wet wt). Baseline and induced DNA damage (doublestreak breaks) was higher in urban than in remote gulls for both terrestrial and marine feeders.

• Yadetie, Fekadu; Brun, Nadja Rebecca; Giebichenstein, Julia; Dmoch, Katarzyna; Hylland, Ketil & Borgå, Katrine [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Transcriptome responses in copepods Calanus finmarchicus, Calanus glacialis and Calanus hyperboreus exposed to phenanthrene and benzo[a]pyrene. Marine Genomics. ISSN 1874-7787. 65, s. 1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.margen.2022.100981. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Arctic and sub-arctic pelagic organisms can be exposed to effluents and spills from offshore petroleum-related activities and thus it is important to understand how they respond to crude oil related contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The copepod species Calanus finmarchicus, Calanus glacialis and Calanus hyperboreus represent key links in the arctic marine food web. We performed a transcriptome analysis of the three species exposed to phenanthrene (Phe) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) representing low and high molecular weight PAHs, respectively. Differential expression of several genes involved in many cellular pathways was observed after 72 h exposure to Phe (0.1 μM) and BaP (0.1 μM). In C. finmarchicus and C. glacialis, the exposure resulted in up-regulation of genes encoding enzymes in xenobiotic biotransformation, particularly the phase II cytosolic sulfonation system that include 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate synthase (PAPSS) and sulfotransferases (SULTs). The sulfonation pathway genes were more strongly induced by BaP than Phe in C. finmarchicus and C. glacialis but were not affected in C. hyperboreus. However, a larger number of genes and pathways were modulated in C. hyperboreus by the PAHs including genes encoding xenobiotic biotransformation and lipid metabolism enzymes, suggesting stronger responses in this species. The results suggest that the cytosolic sulfonation is a major phase II conjugation pathway for PAHs in C. finmarchicus and C. glacialis. Some of the biotransformation systems affected are known to be involved in metabolism of endogenous compounds such as ecdysteroids, which may suggest potential interference with physiological and developmental processes of the copepod species.

• Lode, Torben; Heuschele, Jan David; Andersen, Tom; Titelman, Josefin; Hylland, Ketil & Borgå, Katrine (2021). Density-Dependent Metabolic Costs of Copper Exposure in a Coastal Copepod. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. ISSN 0730-7268. 40(9), s. 2538–2546. doi: 10.1002/etc.5141. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Traditional ecotoxicology methods involving copepods have focused on exposure of pooled individuals and averaged responses, but there is increasing awareness of the importance of individual variation. Many biological traits are density dependent, and decisions to use single-individual or pooled exposure may affect responses to anthropogenic stressors. We investigated how conspecific density as a biotic stressor affects behavioral and respiratory responses to copper (Cu) exposure in the coastal copepod Tigriopus brevicornis. Adults were incubated at densities of 1, 2, or 4 individuals per replicate in 3.2 mL of exposure medium (23 µg Cu L–1 or control). Our results show an interaction of Cu exposure and density on respiration. The Cu exposure increased respiration, but this effect diminished with increasing density. We also found reduced swimming activity with increasing density. We propose 2 nonexclusive alternative explanations for the density-dependent respiratory increase of Cu exposure: 1) a behavioral stress response to low conspecific density, or 2) increased Cu exposure due to increased swimming activity. We emphasize the importance of considering density-dependency in responses when designing and interpreting ecotoxicology studies.

• Hylland, Ketil; Bellas, Juan; Giltrap, Michelle & Brooks, Steven (2021). How can we quantify and manage the impact of chemical pollution in the oceans? ICES Scientific Reports. 3(102). doi: 10.17895/ices.pub.5446. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Chemical pollution is ubiquitous in the world’s oceans and affects marine organisms. Pollutants in marine ecosystems include trace metals and organic pollutants such as pesticides, industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, household chemicals, chemicals released from transport and chemicals associated with solid waste or effluents. The substances of major concern are persistent, bioaccumulative and/or have high or specific toxicity to marine organisms. Although the extent to which contaminants accumulate in organisms is clearly important, not least from the perspective of human consumption, the relationship between the concentration of one or more contaminants in tissues of an organism and health impact is not straightforward. To quantify the impact of chemical pollutants on marine organisms there is therefore a need to quantify their toxicity in the field. Chemical pollutants are known to cause effects on populations of marine organisms, e.g. endocrine disruption caused by the antifouling agent tributyltin in gastropods, reproductive failure in Baltic grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) and in European killer whale (Orcinus orca), the latter two associated with accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs. Important mechanisms of toxicity in marine organisms are carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, endocrine disruption, reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicity. Methods to quantify carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, neurotoxicity, endocrine disruption, reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicity have to varying extents been included in monitoring programmes in European countries over the past decades. The methods in use have been chosen for their ability to distinguish between effects from contaminant exposure and the influence of other environmental processes. For most of them, there is an understanding of the mechanism of toxicity and the relationship between exposure and response is known. Over the past two decades, ICES working groups have developed a list of recommended methods, as well as criteria by which to assess data for the different methods and species. In parallel, activities have been established to ensure the quality and consistency of effect data from national and international monitoring programmes. The range of organisms used in monitoring programmes does not represent the full marine biodiversity. Progress has however been made to allow intercomparison of effect responses between species through developing species-specific assessment guidelines. Society needs to know the extent to which chemicals affect the oceans. New substances, for which there are no or limited effects data, are continuously being introduced, and a combination of methods will need to be used to identify and quantify health impacts caused by chemical pollutants. The following are recommendations for national and international monitoring programmes. 1. Full adoption of the ’biological effects methods’ monitoring approach within the integrated chemical-biological monitoring and assessment framework for accurate and realistic assessment of chemical pollution and its impacts, including the effects of chemical mixtures. 2. Inclusion of robust monitoring methods that quantify the most important toxicity mechanisms: carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, and endocrine disruptiony. 3. Develop and implement quality assurance programs and intercalibration exercises to ensure comparability of data between laboratories, and to promote free accessibility of data. 4. Continue to bring in new evidence of biological effects of chemical pollution into national and international regulatory frameworks.

• Lode, Torben; Heuschele, Jan David; Andersen, Tom; Titelman, Josefin; Hylland, Ketil & Borgå, Katrine (2020). Contrasting Effects of Predation Risk and Copper on Copepod Respiration Rates. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. ISSN 0730-7268. 39(9), s. 1765–1773. doi: 10.1002/etc.4804. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Natural biotic and anthropogenic stressors can interact to alter contaminant toxicity. Energetic restrictions are potential mechanisms causing this pattern. To identify processes underlying observed effects of predation risk and copper (Cu) on delayed copepod age at maturity, we examined how these 2 stressors affect respiration rates. We tested 2 very different copepod species: the large, pelagic calanoid Calanus finmarchicus and the small, semibenthic harpacticoid Tigriopus brevicornis. Adult individuals were exposed for 12 h to the treatments: predation risk, Cu (23 µg L−1), combined predation risk and Cu (23 µg L−1), or control. Oxygen concentrations were monitored continuously. The 2 species differed in their responses. We found no clear effects of either stressor in C. finmarchicus. In T. brevicornis, predation risk increased respiration rates, whereas Cu alone had little impact. In contrast, combined exposure to predation risk and Cu interacted to reduce respiration rates to less than expected. We further observed an effect of sex because female‐biased T. brevicornis replicates were more sensitive to both predation risk (increased respiration rates) and Cu exposure (reduced respiration rates). The present study provides further evidence that predation risk can interact with copepod responses toward Cu exposure. Interactive effects of biotic stressors ought to be considered to improve future marine environmental monitoring. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1765–1773. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.

• Barreto, A.; Carvalho, A.; Silva, D.; Pinto, E.; Almeida, A. & Paíga, P. [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Effects of single and combined exposures of gold (nano versus ionic form) and gemfibrozil in a liver organ culture of Sparus aurata. Marine Pollution Bulletin. ISSN 0025-326X. 160, s. 1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111665. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In vitro methods have gained rising importance in ecotoxicology due to ethical concerns. The aim of this study was to assess the single and combined in vitro effects of gold, as nanoparticle (AuNPs) and ionic (Au+) form, and the pharmaceutical gemfibrozil (GEM). Sparus aurata liver organ culture was exposed to gold (4 to 7200 μg·L−1), GEM (1.5 to 15,000 μg·L−1) and combination 80 μg·L−1 gold +150 μg·L−1 GEM for 24 h. Endpoints related with antioxidant status, peroxidative/genetic damage were assessed. AuNPs caused more effects than Au+, increasing catalase and glutathione reductase activities and damaging DNA and cellular membranes. Effects were dependent on AuNPs size, coating and concentration. GEM damaged DNA at an environmentally relevant concentration, 1.5 μg·L−1. Overall, the effects of the combined exposures were higher than the predicted, based on single exposures. This study showed that liver culture can be a useful model to study contaminants effects.

• Barreto, A.; Carvalho, A.; Campos, A.; Osório, H.; Pinto, Edgar & Almeida, Agostinho [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Effects of gold nanoparticles in gilthead seabream—A proteomic approach. Aquatic Toxicology. ISSN 0166-445X. 221, s. 1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105445. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Despite the widespread use of nanoparticles (NPs), there are still major gaps of knowledge regarding the impact of nanomaterials in the environment and aquatic animals. The present work aimed to study the effects of 7 and 40 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) – citrate and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coated – on the liver proteome of the estuarine/marine fish gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). After 96 h, exposure to AuNP elicited alterations on the abundance of 26 proteins, when compared to the control group. AuNPs differentially affected several metabolic pathways in S. aurata liver cells. Among the affected proteins were those related to cytoskeleton and cell structure, gluconeogenesis, amino acids metabolism and several processes related to protein activity (protein synthesis, catabolism, folding and transport). The increased abundance of proteins associated with energy metabolism (ATP synthase subunit beta), stress response (94 kDa glucose-regulated protein) and cytoskeleton structure (actins and tubulins) may represent the first signs of cellular oxidative stress induced by AuNPs. Although higher gold accumulation was found in the liver of S. aurata exposed to 7 nm PVP-AuNPs, the 7 nm cAuNPs were more bioactive, inducing more effects in liver proteome. Gold accumulated more in the spleen than in the other assessed tissues of S. aurata exposed to AuNPs, highlighting its potential role on the elimination of these NPs.

• Barreto, A.; Dias, Ana Cláudia; Duarte, B.; Pinto, Edgar; Almeida, Agostinho & Trindade, T. [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Biological effects and bioaccumulation of gold in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) – Nano versus ionic form. Science of the Total Environment. ISSN 0048-9697. 716, s. 1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137026. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The question of whether gold (Au) is more toxic as nanoparticles or in its ionic form remains unclear and controversial. The present work aimed to clarify the effects of 96 h exposure to 4, 80 and 1600 μg·L−1 of 7 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) – (citrate coated (cAuNPs) or polyvinylpyrrolidone coated (PVP-AuNPs)) – and ionic Au (iAu) on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Effects at different levels of biological organization (behaviour, neurotransmission, biotransformation, oxidative stress/damage and genotoxicity) were assessed. cAuNPs induced oxidative stress and damage (lipid peroxidation increase), even at 4 μg·L−1, and reduced the ability of S. aurata to swim against a water flow at 1600 μg·L−1. Exposure to cAuNPs induced more adverse effects than exposure to PVP-AuNPs. All tested concentrations of Au (nano or ionic form) induced DNA breaks and cytogenetic damage in erythrocytes of S. aurata. Generally, iAu induced significantly more effects in fish than the nano form, probably associated with the significantly higher accumulation in the fish tissues. No fish mortality was observed following exposure to AuNPs, but mortality was observed in the group exposed to 1600 μg·L−1 of iAu.

• Sahlmann, Andrea Silke; Lode, Torben; Heuschele, Jan David; Borgå, Katrine; Titelman, Josefin & Hylland, Ketil (2019). Genotoxic Response and Mortality in 3 Marine Copepods Exposed to Waterborne Copper. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. ISSN 0730-7268. 38(10), s. 2224–2232. doi: 10.1002/etc.4541. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Barreto, Angela; Luís, Luís G; Pinto, Edgar; Almeida, Agostinho; Paiga, Paula & Santos, Lucia [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Genotoxicity of gold nanoparticles in the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) after single exposure and combined with the pharmaceutical gemfibrozil. Chemosphere. ISSN 0045-6535. 220, s. 11–19. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.090. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kristiansen, Silje Marie; Leinaas, Hans Petter; Herzke, Dorte; Hylland, Ketil; Gabrielsen, Geir W. & Harju, Mikael [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Seabird-transported contaminants are reflected in the Arctic tundra, but not in its soil-dwelling springtails (Collembola). Environmental Science and Technology. ISSN 0013-936X. 53(21), s. 12835–12845. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05316. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Arctic-breeding seabirds contain high levels of many anthropogenic contaminants, which they deposit through guano to the tundra near their colonies. Nutrient-rich soil in vicinity to seabird colonies are favorable habitats for soil invertebrates, such as springtails (Collembola), which may result in exposure to seabird-derived contaminants. We quantified a wide range of lipid-soluble and protein-associated environmental contaminants in two springtail species (Megaphorura arctica and Hypogastrura viatica) and their respective habitats (soil/moss) collected underneath seabird cliffs. Although springtails are commonly used in laboratory toxicity tests, this is the first study to measure concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and mercury (Hg) in springtails from the field, and to study biotransportation of contaminants by seabirds to soil fauna. We categorized the sites a priori as of low, medium, or high seabird influence, based on the seabird abundance and species composition. This ranking was reflected in increasing δ15N values in soil/moss and springtails with increasing seabird influence. We found clear indications of seabirds impacting the terrestrial soil environments with organic contaminants, and that concentrations were higher in soil and moss close to the bird cliff, compared to farther away. However, we did not find a relationship between contaminant concentration in springtails and the concentrations in soil/moss, or with level of seabird influence. Our study indicates a low uptake of contaminants in the soil fauna, despite seabird-derived contamination of their habitat.

• Dale, Karina; Müller, Mette Bjørge; Tairova, Zhanna; Khan, Essa Ahsan; Hatlen, Kristin & Grung, Merete [Vis alle 15 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Contaminant accumulation and biological responses in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) caged at a capped waste disposal site in Kollevåg, Western Norway. Marine Environmental Research. ISSN 0141-1136. 145, s. 39–51. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.02.003. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The aim of this study was to assess whether fish in Kollevåg, a sheltered bay on the western coast of Norway, previously utilized as a waste disposal site, could be affected by environmental contaminants leaking from the waste. Farmed, juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were caged for six weeks at three different locations in Kollevåg bay and at one reference location. Sediments and cod samples (bile and liver) were analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites, revealing a contamination gradient at the four stations. Furthermore, hepatosomatic index (HSI) and Fulton's condition factor (CF) were significantly lower in cod caged closest to the disposal site. Levels and activities of biomarker proteins, such as vitellogenin (Vtg), metallothionein (Mt), and biotransformation and oxidative stress enzymes, including cytochrome P450 1a and 3a (Cyp1a, Cyp3a), glutathione s-transferase (Gst) and catalase (Cat), were quantified in blood plasma and liver tissue. Hepatic Cat and Gst activities were significantly reduced in cod caged at the innermost stations in Kollevåg, indicating modulation of oxidative stress responses. However, these results contrasted with reduced hepatic lipid peroxidation. Significant increases in transcript levels were observed for genes involved in lipid metabolism (fasn and acly) in cod liver, while transcript levels of ovarian steroidogenic enzyme genes such as p450scc, cyp19, 3β-hsd and 20β-hsd showed significant station-dependent increases. Cyp1a and Vtg protein levels were however not significantly altered in cod caged in Kollevåg. Plasma levels of estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) were determined by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and showed elevated E2 levels, but only at the innermost station. We conclude that the bay of Kollevåg did not fullfill adequate environmental condition based on environmental quality standards (EQSs) for chemicals in coastal waters. Following a six weeks caging period, environmental contaminants accumulated in cod tissues and effects were observed on biomarker responses, especially those involved in reproductive processes in cod ovary.

• Dietz, Rune; Letcher, Robert J; Desforges, Jean-Pierre; Eulaers, Igor; Sonne, Christian & Wilson, Simon [Vis alle 70 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Current state of knowledge on biological effects from contaminants on arctic wildlife and fish. Science of the Total Environment. ISSN 0048-9697. 696. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133792. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Since the last Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) effort to review biological effects of the exposure to organohalogen compounds (OHCs) in Arctic biota, there has been a considerable number of new Arctic effect studies. Here, we provide an update on the state of the knowledge of OHC, and also include mercury, exposure and/or associated effects in key Arctic marine and terrestrial mammal and bird species as well as in fish by reviewing the literature published since the last AMAP assessment in 2010. We aimed at updating the knowledge of how single but also combined health effects are or can be associated to the exposure to single compounds or mixtures of OHCs. We also focussed on assessing both potential individual as well as population health impacts using population-specific exposure data post 2000. We have identified quantifiable effects on vitamin metabolism, immune functioning, thyroid and steroid hormone balances, oxidative stress, tissue pathology, and reproduction. As with the previous assessment, a wealth of documentation is available for biological effects in marine mammals and seabirds, and sentinel species such as the sledge dog and Arctic fox, but information for terrestrial vertebrates and fish remain scarce. While hormones and vitamins are thoroughly studied, oxidative stress, immunotoxic and reproductive effects need further investigation. Depending on the species and population, some OHCs and mercury tissue contaminant burdens post 2000 were observed to be high enough to exceed putative risk threshold levels that have been previously estimated for non-target species or populations outside the Arctic. In this assessment, we made use of risk quotient calculations to summarize the cumulative effects of different OHC classes and mercury for which critical body burdens can be estimated for wildlife across the Arctic. As our ultimate goal is to better predict or estimate the effects of OHCs and mercury in Arctic wildlife at the individual, population and ecosystem level, there remain numerous knowledge gaps on the biological effects of exposure in Arctic biota. These knowledge gaps include the establishment of concentration thresholds for individual compounds as well as for realistic cocktail mixtures that in fact indicate biologically relevant, and not statistically determined, health effects for specific species and subpopulations. Finally, we provide future perspectives on understanding Arctic wildlife health using new in vivo, in vitro, and in silico techniques, and provide case studies on multiple stressors to show that future assessments would benefit from significant efforts to integrate human health, wildlife ecology and retrospective and forecasting aspects into assessing the biological effects of OHC and mercury exposure in Arctic wildlife and fish.

• Parmentier, Koen F.V.; Verhaegen, Yves; Witte, Bavo P. De; Hoffman, Stefan; Delbare, Daan H.R. & Roose, Patrick M. [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Tributyltin: A bottom-up regulator of the Crangon crangon population? Frontiers in Marine Science. 6, s. 1–14. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00633. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The restrictions and the concerted action of the global ban on the use and presence of tributyltin (TBT) in marine applications to protect ecosystems in the marine environment in 2008 was mainly based on the economic impact on shellfish industries and the dramatic extinction of local mollusk populations in the past. In contrast to the vast datasets on effects on mollusks, the knowledge on impacts on species from other taxa remained in the uncertain until almost two decades ago. The assumption on a long-term TBT-mediated pernicious metabolic bottom–up regulation of the crustacean Crangon crangon population was provoked by the outcome of an EU-project ‘Sources, Consumer Exposure and Risks of Organotin Contamination in Seafood.’ This study reported high TBT body burdens in C. crangon in 2003, at the start of the transition period to the global ban. Experimental research on the TBT impact in C. crangon focused on agonistic interference with natural ecdysteroid hormones at the metabolic pathways regulating growth and reproduction and the biogeochemical distribution of the chemical. In this paper, metabolic, topical and population-relevant biological endpoints in C. crangon and other crustaceans are evaluated in relation to the temporal and spatial trends on TBT’s occurrence and distribution in the field during and after the introduction of the tributyltin restrictions and endocrine-related incidents. Arguments are forwarded to relate the German Bight incident on growth and reproduction failure in the C. crangon population, despite the lack of direct evidence, to the pernicious impact of tributyltin in 1990/91 and previous years. The extreme occurrence of TBT in C. crangon from other parts of the southern North Sea and evidence on the high body burdens as dose metrics of exposure also feeds the suspicion on detrimental impacts in those areas. This paper further demonstrates the complexity of distinguishing and assessing the individual roles of unrelated stressors on a population in an integrated evaluation at the ecosystem level.

• Jensen, Tor & Hylland, Ketil (2019). Environmental adaptive management: Application on submarine mine tailings disposal. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management. ISSN 1551-3777. 15(4), s. 575–583. doi: 10.1002/ieam.4134. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Marine tailings disposal from mineral production is expected to have an environmental impact. In this case study we use a discharge of limestone processing tailings to a Norwegian fjord to describe an adaptive management process. The aim of the paper is to describe the development of an environmental adaptive management system (EAMS), contrasted with management simply based on the quantity of the discharge. The main driver for developing a new management system for the submarine tailings deposits was a desire to establish a system based on what was perceived as important to all stakeholders, that is, environmental impact. Involvement of stakeholders is essential, and a resource group with members from fisheries, local interest organizations, scientists, independent experts, and managers from the mining company jointly defined common sets of acceptance criteria to evaluate impact. Introduction of an EAMS has resulted in a change in the company's view of the impact their activity has on the environment and in an increased willingness to initiate monitoring and research to reduce knowledge gaps and uncertainty and impact on the marine environment. Environmental adaptive management has facilitated the development of a more ecologically relevant, integrated, and focused submarine tailings deposits management. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019;15:575–583. © 2019 SETAC

• Barreto, Angela; Luis, L.G.; Pinto, Edgar; Almeida, A; Paiga, P & Santos, LHMLM [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Effects and bioaccumulation of gold nanoparticles in the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) – Single and combined exposures with gemfibrozil. Chemosphere. ISSN 0045-6535. 215, s. 248–260. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.175. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Haarr, Ane; Hylland, Ketil; Eckbo, Norith; Gabrielsen, Geir W.; Herzke, Dorte & Bustnes, Jan Ove [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). DNA Damage in Arctic Seabirds: Baseline, Sensitivity to a Genotoxic Stressor, and Association with Organohalogen Contaminants. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. ISSN 0730-7268. 37(4), s. 1084–1091. doi: 10.1002/etc.4035. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Environmental contaminants are found throughout Arctic marine ecosystems, and their presence in seabirds has been associated with toxicological responses. However, there are few studies of genotoxicity in Arctic avian wildlife. The purpose of the present study was to quantify deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage in lymphocytes of selected seabird species and to examine whether accumulation of organohalogen contaminants (SOHCs) affects DNA damage. Blood was sampled from common eider (Somateria mollissima), black guillemot (Cepphus grylle), black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla), glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus), arctic skua (Stercorarius parasiticus), and great skua (Stercorarius skua) in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard (Norway). Contaminant concentrations found in the 6 species differed, presumably because of foraging ecology and biomagnification. Despite large differences in contaminant concentrations, ranging from SOHCs 3.3 ng/g wet weight in the common eider to SOHCs 895 ng/g wet weight in the great skua, there was no strong difference among the species in baseline DNA damage or sensitivity to a genotoxic stressor (hydrogen peroxide). Baseline levels of DNA damage were low, with median values ranging from 1.7% in the common eider to 8.6% in the great skua. There were no associations between DNA damage and contaminants in the investigated species, suggesting that contaminant concentrations in Kongsfjorden are too low to evoke genotoxic effects, or possibly that lymphocytes are resistant to strand breakage. Clearly, genotoxicity is a topic for future studies of Arctic seabirds Arctic; Seabirds; Genotoxicity; Comet Assay; Persistent organic pollutants; Perfluoroalkyl substances

• Bour, Agathe; Haarr, Ane; Keiter, Steffen & Hylland, Ketil (2018). Environmentally relevant microplastic exposure affects sediment-dwelling bivalves. Environmental Pollution (1987). ISSN 0269-7491. 236, s. 652–660. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.006. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bour, Agathe; Avio, Carlo Giacomo; Gorbi, Stefania; Regoli, Francesco & Hylland, Ketil (2018). Presence of microplastics in benthic and epibenthic organisms: Influence of habitat, feeding mode and trophic level. Environmental Pollution (1987). ISSN 0269-7491. 243, s. 1217–1225. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.115. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The exponential production and use of plastics has generated increasing environmental release over the past decades, and microplastics (MPs) have been reported across all the oceans. Field studies have documented the occurrence of MPs in several species, but important knowledge gaps still remain. In the present study, we characterized the distribution of MPs in ten sediment-dwelling and epibenthic species representative of different habitat, feeding modes and trophic levels within the inner Oslofjord (Oslo, Norway), an area subjected to moderate anthropogenic pressures. Analysed species included fish, bi- valves, echinoderms, crustaceans and polychaetes. MPs were present in all the species with a frequency up to 65% of positive individuals for some species. In most cases, 1 or 2 MPs were found per individual, but some organisms contained up to 7 particles. A total of 8 polymer typologies were identified, with PE and PP being the most common according to our extraction protocol. MP sizes ranged from 41 mm to lines as long as 9 mm. Our results indicate that occurrence of MPs in analysed biota is not influenced by or- ganism habitat or trophic level, while characteristics and typology of polymers might be significantly affected by feeding mode of organisms

• Lode, Torben; Heuschele, Jan David; Andersen, Tom; Titelman, Josefin; Hylland, Ketil & Borgå, Katrine (2018). Predation Risk Potentiates Toxicity of a Common Metal Contaminant in a Coastal Copepod. Environmental Science and Technology. ISSN 0013-936X. 52(22), s. 13535–13542. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03685. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Barreto, A; Luis, L.G.; Paiga, P; Santos, LHMLM; Delerue-Matos, C & Soares, A. M. V. M. [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). A multibiomarker approach highlights effects induced by the human pharmaceutical gemfibrozil to gilthead seabream Sparus aurata. Aquatic Toxicology. ISSN 0166-445X. 200, s. 266–274. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.05.012. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Wolf, Raoul; Andersen, Tom; Hessen, Dag Olav & Hylland, Ketil (2017). The influence of dissolved organic carbon and ultraviolet radiation on the genomic integrity of Daphnia magna. Functional Ecology. ISSN 0269-8463. 31(4), s. 848–855. doi: 10.1111/1365-2435.12730. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  1. Many northern freshwaters are currently experiencing a pronounced ‘browning’, that is an increase in terrestrially derived dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Chromophoric DOC offers protection against photodamage by absorbing harmful ultraviolet radiation (UVR), but may also produce free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) following photoactivation. The aim of this study was to explore the combined effects of DOC and UVR on DNA integrity of limnetic zooplankton. Specifically, DNA strand breaks in the cladoceran Daphnia magna were investigated. 2. DNA strand breaks were assessed using comet assays with treatment of individual daphnids. A four-by-four design was used for exposure to DOC (2·03, 5, 10 and 20 mg L−1), UVA (0, 10·8, 21·7 and 43·4 μmol m−2 s−1 at 390 nm) and their combinations. ROS production from photoactivated DOC was quantified using a modified DCFH-DA in vitro ROS detection assay. 3. While UVA had no effects on DNA damage above background levels (4·5–2·8%), we observed increased DNA damage in DOC treatments (4·1–9·1%). The highest increase was observed in combined DOC and UVA treatments (up to 20·2%). ROS production showed similar patterns, as simultaneous exposure to both DOC and UVA resulted in higher formation rates than exposure to DOC and UVA alone (up to 684·5 μmol L−1 vs. 5·9 to 13·1 and 27·5 to 83·9 μmol L−1, respectively). This indicates that the observed increase in DNA damage was due to ROS production of photoactivated DOC. 4. This study showed that strong interactive effects of short-wave radiation and DOC could have major genomic impacts on pelagic biota. With future scenarios of increased DOC, our study points towards increasing oxidative stress for ecosystems. These findings highlight an important aspect of climate change at the intersection between ecology, limnology and toxicology. The final version of this research has been published in Functional Ecology. © 2017 Wiley

• Burgeot, Thierry; Akcha, Farida; Ménard, Dominique; Robinson, Craig; Loizeau, Véronique & Brach-Papa, Christophe [Vis alle 14 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Integrated monitoring of chemicals and their effects on four sentinel species, Limanda limanda, Platichthys flesus, Nucella lapillus and Mytilus sp., in Seine Bay: A key step towards applying biological effects to monitoring. Marine Environmental Research. ISSN 0141-1136. 124, s. 92–105. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.10.009. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hylland, Ketil; Robinson, Craig D.; Burgeot, Thierry; Martínez-Gómez, Concepción; Lang, Thomas & Svavarsson, Jörundur [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Integrated chemical and biological assessment of contaminant impacts in selected European coastal and offshore marine areas. Marine Environmental Research. ISSN 0141-1136. 124, s. 130–138. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.05.014. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This paper reports a full assessment of results from ICON, an international workshop on marine integrated contaminant monitoring, encompassing different matrices (sediment, fish, mussels, gastropods), areas (Iceland, North Sea, Baltic, Wadden Sea, Seine estuary and the western Mediterranean) and endpoints (chemical analyses, biological effects). ICON has demonstrated the use of a framework for integrated contaminant assessment on European coastal and offshore areas. The assessment showed that chemical contamination did not always correspond with biological effects, indicating that both are required. The framework can be used to develop assessments for EU directives. If a 95% target were to be used as a regional indicator of MSFD GES, Iceland and offshore North Sea would achieve the target using the ICON dataset, but inshore North Sea, Baltic and Spanish Mediterranean regions would fail.

• Vethaak, A. Dick; Davies, Ian M.; Thain, John E.; Gubbins, Matthew J.; Martínez-Gómez, Concepción & Robinson, Craig D. [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Integrated indicator framework and methodology for monitoring and assessment of hazardous substances and their effects in the marine environment. Marine Environmental Research. ISSN 0141-1136. 124, s. 11–20. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.09.010. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Barreto, A; Luis, L.G.; Soares, A. M. V. M.; Paiga, P; Santos, LHMLM & Delerue-Matos, C [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Genotoxicity of gemfibrozil in the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Mutation Research. Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. ISSN 1383-5718. 821, s. 36–42. doi: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2017.05.011. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sahlmann, Andrea Silke; Wolf, Raoul; Holth, Tor Fredrik; Titelman, Josefin & Hylland, Ketil (2017). Baseline and oxidative DNA damage in marine invertebrates. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A. ISSN 1528-7394. 80(16-18), s. 807–819. doi: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1352179. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Anthropogenic pollutants produce oxidative stress in marine organisms, directly or following generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), potentially resulting in increased accumulation of DNA strand breaks quantified. The aim of this study is to quantify baseline levels of DNA strand breaks in marine species from four phyla and to assess relative sensitivity to oxidative stress as well as ability to recover. DNA strand breaks were determined using a formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (Fpg)-amended comet assay in circulating cells from blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), shore crab (Carcinus maenas), sea star (Asterias rubens), and vase tunicate (Ciona intestinalis). Lymphocytes from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were used as a reference. In addition to immediate analysis, cells from all species were exposed ex vivo to two concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at 25 or 250 μM prior to assay. Mean baseline DNA strand breaks were highest for cells from sea star (34%) followed by crab (25%), mussel (22%), tunicate (17%), and cod (14%). Circulating cells from invertebrates were markedly more sensitive to oxidative stress compared to cod lymphocytes. DNA strand breaks exceeded 80% for sea star, crab, and mussel cells following exposure to the lowest H2O2 concentration. There was no recovery for cells from any species following 1 hr in buffer. This study provides an in-depth analysis of DNA integrity for ecologically important species representing 4 phyla. Data indicate that circulating cells from invertebrates are more sensitive to oxidative stress than cells from fish as evidenced by DNA strand breaks. Future studies need to address the extent to which DNA strand breaks may exert consequences for body maintenance costs in marine invertebrates. The final version of this research has been published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A: Current Issues. © 2017 Taylor & Francis

• Holth, Tor Fredrik; Storset, Audun; Ribeiro, Anne Luise; Ólafsdóttir, Ásdís; Halldorsson, Halldor P. & Hylland, Ketil (2017). Environmentally realistic exposure to weathered North Sea oil: Sublethal effects in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A. ISSN 1528-7394. 80(16-18), s. 895–906. doi: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1352195. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hylland, Ketil; Skei, Bjørn Borge; Brunborg, Gunnar; Lang, Thomas; Gubbins, Matthew J. & Goff, Jérémie Le [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). DNA damage in dab (Limanda limanda) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) from European seas. Marine Environmental Research. ISSN 0141-1136. 124, s. 54–60. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.01.001. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Dab (Limanda limanda) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) were collected from coastal and offshore locations in the Baltic (dab only), North Sea (haddock from one location only) and Iceland. Blood was analysed for DNA strand breaks using the comet assay and liver samples for DNA adduct concentrations. DNA strand breaks were at background levels in dab from the two Iceland locations and from the Dogger Bank. The highest levels were observed in dab from the Firth of Forth, Ekofisk and the German Bight. Hepatic DNA adducts in dab were highest at Ekofisk, in the Baltic and Dogger Bank, below detection limit in dab from Iceland and low in dab from the Firth of Forth and German Bight. There was large variation in DNA strand breaks between locations and individuals for haddock, particularly from Iceland. Adduct concentrations were elevated in haddock from both Iceland and the Firth of Forth. A general linear model (GLM) suggested that, in addition to location, the size of dab and its general condition contributed to explaining the observed variability in DNA strand breaks. A GLM for adducts in dab similarly allocated most of the variability to location, but with a possible contribution from CYP1A activity. There were no apparent differences between male and female dab for any of the methods. There was no obvious relationship between strand breaks and adducts in the same fish although dab from Ekofisk and Iceland had respectively high and low responses using both methods. The results from this large-scale study showed pollution-related genotoxicity for dab, that fish blood samples can be conserved prior to comet analyses and that there are clear species differences in genotoxic responses even when collected at the same location.

• Robinson, Craig D.; Webster, Lynda; Martínez-Gómez, Concepción; Burgeot, Thierry; Gubbins, Matthew J. & Thain, John E. [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Assessment of contaminant concentrations in sediments, fish and mussels sampled from the North Atlantic and European regional seas within the ICON project. Marine Environmental Research. ISSN 0141-1136. 124, s. 21–31. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.04.005. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kammann, Ulrike; Akcha, Farida; Budzinski, Hélène; Burgeot, Thierry; Gubbins, Matthew J. & Lang, Thomas [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). PAH metabolites in fish bile: From the Seine estuary to Iceland. Marine Environmental Research. ISSN 0141-1136. 124, s. 41–45. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.02.014. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Martínez-Gómez, Concepción; Robinson, Craig David; Burgeot, Thierry; Gubbins, Matt; Halldorsson, Halldor P. & Albentosa, Marina [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Biomarkers of general stress in mussels as common indicators for marine biomonitoring programmes in Europe: The ICON experience. Marine Environmental Research. ISSN 0141-1136. 124, s. 70–80. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.10.012. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Martinez-Gomez, Concepcion; Fernandez, Beatriz; Robinson, Craig D.; Campillo, Juan Antonio; Leon, Victor M. & Benedicto, Jose [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Assessing environmental quality status by integrating chemical and biological effect data: The Cartagena coastal zone as a case. Marine Environmental Research. ISSN 0141-1136. 124, s. 106–117. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.04.008. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

Se alle arbeider i NVA

• Dinh, van Khuong; Titleman, Josefin; Søreide, Janne; Hylland, Ketil & Borgå, Katrine (2022). Long-Term Effects of Warming and Pyrene on Calanus hyperboreus. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Yadetie, Fekadu; Brun, Nadja Rebecca; Giebichenstein, Julia; Hylland, Ketil; Borgå, Katrine & Karlsen, Odd André [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Transcriptome responses in copepods Calanus finmarchicus, Calanus glacialis and Calanus hyperboreus exposed to phenanthrene and benzo[a]pyrene. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  With the warming Arctic allowing more human activities, the marine arctic ecosystems are increasingly at risk of exposure to pollutants from offshore petroleum-related industries. Thus, it is important to understand how arctic and sub-arctic pelagic organisms respond to crude oil-related contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The copepod species Calanus finmarchicus, Calanus glacialis and Calanus hyperboreus are the most abundant pelagic zooplankton in the northern Barents Sea and represent key links in the arctic marine food web. The three species were sampled during a research cruise on the Norwegian vessel RV Kronprins Haakon in August 2019 and subsequently exposed onboard at 3.5 ˚C (C. finmarchicus and C. glacialis), and 1.5 ˚C (C. hyperboreus) for 72 h to phenanthrene (Phe; 0.1 µM) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP; 0.1 µM), representing low and high molecular weight PAHs, respectively. Global transcriptome (RNA-seq) analysis revealed differential expression of several genes involved in many cellular pathways. In C. finmarchicus and C. glacialis, the PAH exposure resulted in up-regulation of genes encoding enzymes in xenobiotic biotransformation processes, particularly the phase II cytosolic sulfonation system that includes 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthase (PAPSS) and sulfotransferases (SULTs). The sulfonation pathway genes were more strongly induced by BaP than Phe in C. finmarchicus and C. glacialis, but were not affected in C. hyperboreus. However, a larger number of genes and pathways were modulated by the PAHs in C. hyperboreus including genes encoding xenobiotic biotransformation and lipid metabolism enzymes, suggesting stronger responses to crude oil exposure in this high-Arctic species. The results suggest that cytosolic sulfonation is a major phase II conjugation pathway for PAHs in C. finmarchicus and C. glacialis. Further, the overall results from the transcriptome analysis provide insights into mechanisms involved in PAH response and metabolism in the three Calanus species most dominant in the region. Funding: The study was funded by the Research Council of Norway, through the Nansen Legacy Project (276730).

• Carlsen, Eira Catharine Lødrup; Hylland, Ketil; Gomes, Tania; Sørensen, Lisbet; Booth, Andrew & Eiler, Alexander (2022). Plastic leachates as drivers for bacterial community structure and functioning, including antibiotic resistance. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Goksøyr, Anders; Eide, Marta; Brun, Nadja Rebecca; Yadetie, Fekadu; Zhang, Xiaokang & Hylland, Ketil [Vis alle 14 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Complex mixture and omics responses in Atlantic cod: a time- and dose-response study. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hylland, Ketil (2022). Comment to Christina Rudén "The precautionary principle in regulatory toxicology". Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hylland, Ketil (2021). Kjemisk-syntetiske sprøytemidler: Det store eksperimentet. [Journal]. Ren Mat. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hylland, Ketil (2021). Hvor farlig er egentlig sprøytemidler (aka plantevernmidler)? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hylland, Ketil (2021). Seminar om sprøytemidler. [Internet]. Økologisk Norge - streamet seminar. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Yadetie, Fekadu; Brun, Nadja Rebecca; Vieweg, Ireen; Nahrgang, Jasmine; Giebichenstein, Julia & Dmoch, Kasia [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Genomic responses to pollutants in Arctic fish and copepod species. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hylland, Ketil (2021). Forskning kobler stoff som gjør plast mykt til risiko for tidlig død. [Journal]. Forskning.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dinh, van Khuong; Titelman, Josefin; Søreide, Janne; Hylland, Ketil & Borgå, Katrine (2021). Long-term effects of warming and pyrene on Calanus hyperboreus. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hylland, Ketil (2021). EDs - how different is wildlife to humans? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hylland, Ketil (2021). Fiskesamfunn og miljøgiftsituasjonen i fjorden. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kaartvedt, Stein & Hylland, Ketil (2021). Oslofjorden er langt fra død. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hylland, Ketil (2021). Microplastics and sediment-dwelling organisms. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bellas, Juan; Hylland, Ketil & Thierry, Burgeot (2020). Editorial: New Challenges in Marine Pollution Monitoring. Frontiers in Marine Science. 6. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00820. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Søbstad, Ingrid Holtan; Sælemyr, Lisbeth; Thorsen, Anders; Hylland, Ketil; Kögel, Tanja & Mortensen, Stein [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Nile Red and polarised light for visualization of microplastics in mussels (Mytilus spp.). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Goksøyr, Anders; Alendal, Guttorm; Aranguren-Abadía, Libe; Arukwe, Augustine; Blaser, Nello & Brun, Morten [Vis alle 29 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). dCOD 1.0: DECODING THE SYSTEMS TOXICOLOGY OF ATLANTIC COD (GADUS MORHUA) – HIGHLIGHTS SO FAR. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is an important species in North Atlantic fisheries, as well as coastal and pelagic ecosystems. It is also a widely used indicator species in European monitoring programs. The goal of the dCod 1.0-project is to combine competencies in environmental toxicology, biology, bioinformatics and mathematics across the traditional department boundaries, to create a deeper understanding of the Atlantic cod's adaptations and reactions to stressors in the environment. Building on thorough studies and mapping of the cod genome and long research traditions on the physiology, toxicology and reproduction biology of cod, the dCod project will expand our knowledge with genomics based methods, with studies of how the cod genome responds under different environmental conditions. In dCod 1.0 we have so far generated large amounts of experimental samples and data using in silico (defensome modelling and metabolic reconstruction), in vitro (luciferase reporter assays with cod nuclear receptors and aryl hydrocarbon receptors), ex vivo (precision-cut liver slices), aquaria and field studies, as data sets for bioinformatics analyses and mathematical models that can describe responses based on different scenarios. Overall, the ambition is to create a knowledge-base and a tool for environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Here we will highlight some results and experiences during the first years of the project involving lab and field studies, omics analyses, and transdisciplinary activities. The dCod 1.0 project is funded under the Digital Life Norway initiative of the BIOTEK 2021 program, and the iCod 2.0 project under the ECOSYSTEM program of the Research Council of Norway (project no. 248840 & 244564).

• Goksøyr, Anders; Alendal, Guttorm; Aranguren-Abadía, Libe; Arukwe, Augustine; Blaser, Nello & Brun, Morten [Vis alle 29 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). dCOD 1.0: DECODING THE SYSTEMS TOXICOLOGY OF ATLANTIC COD (GADUS MORHUA) – HIGHLIGHTS SO FAR. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is an important species in North Atlantic fisheries, as well as coastal and pelagic ecosystems. It is also a widely used indicator species in European monitoring programs. The goal of the dCod 1.0-project is to combine competencies in environmental toxicology, biology, bioinformatics and mathematics across the traditional department boundaries, to create a deeper understanding of the Atlantic cod's adaptations and reactions to stressors in the environment. Building on thorough studies and mapping of the cod genome and long research traditions on the physiology, toxicology and reproduction biology of cod, the dCod project will expand our knowledge with genomics based methods, with studies of how the cod genome responds under different environmental conditions. In dCod 1.0 we have so far generated large amounts of experimental samples and data using in silico (defensome modelling and metabolic reconstruction), in vitro (luciferase reporter assays with cod nuclear receptors and aryl hydrocarbon receptors), ex vivo (precision-cut liver slices), aquaria and field studies, as data sets for bioinformatics analyses and mathematical models that can describe responses based on different scenarios. Overall, the ambition is to create a knowledge-base and a tool for environmental monitoring and risk assessment. In this presentation we will highlight some results and experiences during the first years of the project involving lab and field studies, omics analyses, and transdisciplinary activities. The dCod 1.0 project is funded under the Digital Life Norway initiative of the BIOTEK 2021 program, and the iCod 2.0 project under the ECOSYSTEM program of the Research Council of Norway (project no. 248840 & 244564).

• Hylland, Ketil (2019). Hvert år fjernes rundt 80 norske kunstgressbaner. Flere av dem ender opp i naturen. [Internet]. TV2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kristiansen, Silje Marie; Leinaas, Hans Petter; Herzke, Dorte; Hylland, Ketil; Gabrielsen, Geir W. & Harju, Mikael [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). The Arctic tundra and its soil-dwelling springtails (Collembola) reflect nitrogen and contaminants biotransported by seabirds. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hylland, Ketil (2019). Kan vi få Langrenns-Norge fluorfri? [Journal]. Dagbladet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hylland, Ketil (2019). Forbudt insektmiddel funnet i mat over hele Europa. [Journal]. Dagbladet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hylland, Ketil (2019). Det store fluorsjokket. [Journal]. Dagbladet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hylland, Ketil (2019). Nervegift påvist i klementiner. [Journal]. Dagbladet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hylland, Ketil (2019). Spor av nervegift i sitrusfrukt i Norge og Sverige. [Radio]. NRK. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hylland, Ketil (2019). Vernet elv full av tarmbakterier og miljøgifter. [Radio]. NRK. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hylland, Ketil (2019). Ecological consequences of microplastics in the sea. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hylland, Ketil (2019). Hvor forurenset er indre Oslofjord? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Drønen, Elena Klåpbakken; Namork, Ellen; Dirven, Hubert; Hylland, Ketil & Nygaard, Unni Cecilie (2018). Does altered gut barrier function facilitate food allergy? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dale, Karina; Karlsen, Odd Andre; Yadetie, Fekadu; Eide, Marta; Goksøyr, Siri Øfsthus & Abadía, Libe Aranguren [Vis alle 14 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Ecotoxicological responses in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) after caging at a capped waste disposal site in Kollevåg, Western Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dale, Karina; Karlsen, Odd Andre; Yadetie, Fekadu; Eide, Marta; Goksøyr, Siri Øfsthus & Abadía, Libe Aranguren [Vis alle 14 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Ecotoxicological responses in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) after caging at a capped waste disposal site in Kollevåg, Western Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hylland, Ketil (2018). Testet barneklær – ni av ti inneholdt miljøgifter. [Radio]. NRK. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Goksøyr, Anders; Alendal, Guttorm; Abadía, Libe Aranguren; Arukwe, Augustine; Blaser, Nello & Brun, Morten [Vis alle 35 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). dCOD 1.0: DECODING THE SYSTEMS TOXICOLOGY OF ATLANTIC COD (GADUS MORHUA). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hylland, Ketil; Skei, Bjørn Borge; Gilmore, Erik Howard; Fredriksen, Lene; Keilen, Ellen Kristine & Kristiansen, Silje Marie [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Er det en sammenheng mellom miljøgift-eksponering og DNA-skade i spretthaler, hoppekreps, blåskjell, fisk, fugl og isbjørn? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hylland, Ketil (2018). Focusing research and education in marine ecotoxicology to facilitate interactions with society. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hylland, Ketil (2018). Hvor farlig er det med mikroplast i kroppen? [Radio]. NRK - Her og Nå. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hylland, Ketil (2018). Fluorerte stoffer i barneklær. [Radio]. NRK - Nyhetsmorgen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hylland, Ketil (2018). Novichok - hva og hvem? [Radio]. NRK - Ekko. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hylland, Ketil (2018). Fluorerte stoffer i kosmetikk. [TV]. NRK - FBI. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hylland, Ketil (2018). Miljøvennlige vaskemidler? [TV]. TV2 hjelper deg. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hylland, Ketil (2018). Forbud mot miljøgifter i matemballasje. [Radio]. NRK - Her og Nå. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hylland, Ketil (2018). dCod - effekter av miljøgifter på torsk. [Radio]. NRK - Nyhetslunsj. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hylland, Ketil (2018). Miljøgift i barneprodukter. [Radio]. NRK - Telemarksendingen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hylland, Ketil (2018). Pollution: are we wilfully destroying nature and harming ourselves? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hylland, Ketil (2018). Miljøgifter i mat - nye grenseverdier. [Radio]. NRK - Alltid nyheter. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hylland, Ketil (2018). Miljøgiftene i maten langt farligere enn antatt: Professor bekymret over funn i fet fisk: - Ville tenkt meg nøye om - Alarmerende funn i ny EU-rapport kan endre norske kostråd. [Journal]. Dagbladet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hylland, Ketil (2018). Monitoring oil spills: toxicity and timing. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hylland, Ketil (2018). Professor bekymret over funn i fet fisk: - Ville tenkt meg nøye om. [Journal]. Dagbladet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hylland, Ketil (2018). – Vi smører miljøgift rett i ansiktet. [TV]. NRK. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Tairova, Zhanna; Müller, Mette Helen Bjørge; Lyche, Jan Ludvig; Mayer, Ian; Blaser, Nello & Brun, Morten [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Adverse effects in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) due to environmental exposure to pollutant mixtures from the Oslofjord, Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dale, Karina; Karlsen, Odd Andre; Yadetie, Fekadu; Eide, Marta; Goksøyr, Siri Øfsthus & Aranguren, Libe [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Ecotoxicological responses in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) following caging near a previously capped waste disposal site in Kollevågen, Askøy, Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dale, Karina; Karlsen, Odd Andre; Yadetie, Fekadu; Eide, Marta; Goksøyr, Siri Øfsthus & Aranguren, Libe [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Ecotoxicological responses in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) following caging near a previously capped waste disposal site in Kollevågen, Askøy, Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Goksøyr, Anders; Celander, Malin; Alendal, Guttorm; Aranguren, Libe; Arukwe, Augustine & Blaser, Nello [Vis alle 31 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). dCod 1.0: decoding the systems toxicology of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hylland, Ketil (2017). Dagsrevyen - renseanlegg langs kysten. [TV]. NRK Dagsrevyen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Husson, Berengere; Eriksen, Elena; Jentoft, Sissel; Boge, Erling; Borgå, Katrine & Chierici, Melissa [Vis alle 36 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Polar cod connectivity cruise 2022 Cruise Report. UiT Norges arktiske universitet. doi: 10.7557/nlrs.6944. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Carlsen, Eira Catharine Lødrup; Eiler, Alexander; Hylland, Ketil & Gomes, Tania (2022). Double trouble: plastic leachates as drivers for increased adaptations to antibiotics? The effects of plastic leachates and ciprofloxacin on the sea urchin microbiome. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelset, Sverre; Eiler, Alexander; Hylland, Ketil & Gomes, Tania (2021). Weak toxicity of chemical additives extracted from car tire rubber on the microbiome of Atlantic cod and Norway pout. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  We exposed the microbiome derived from two species of cod, from the outer and inner Oslo fjord to extracts derived from car tire rubber. To determine toxicity we look at growth rate and bacterial diversity as endpoints. We observed low effects overall, except for some significant changes to microbial diversity at some concentrations.

• Dolven, Jane Karine Lønne; Hess, Silvia; Hylland, Ketil & Alve, Elisabeth (2018). Foraminiferer som miljøindikator for vannkvalitet og levevilkår på sjøbunnen i Indre Oslofjord. Fagrådet for vann- og avløpstekninsk samarbeid i indre Oslofjord. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Tidligere undersøkelser i Indre Oslofjord har vist at bunnlevende foraminiferer (meiofauna) reflekterer miljøforholdene de lever i og kan dermed brukes til å gi informasjon om økologisk tilstand og levevilkår på sjøbunnen. For å kartlegge dagens tilstand i Indre Oslofjord og like utenfor Drøbaksterskelen, og å vurdere utviklingstrenden i fjordsystemet, ble det i oktober 2017 samlet inn bunnsedimenter på 12 stasjoner. Bunnsedimentene ble undersøkt med hensyn på levende foraminiferfaunaer, kornfordeling, total organisk karbon og C/N-forhold. I tillegg ble det gjennomført hydrografiske målinger (temperatur, salinitet og oksygen) gjennom vannsøylen på hver av stasjonene. Resultatene viser at den økologiske tilstanden (nEQR) er «svært god» (tilstandsklasse I) utenfor Drøbaksterskelen og i sydlige deler av Vestfjorden. Deretter forringes tilstanden gradvis innover i fjorden til Bunnefjorden hvor den økologiske tilstanden er «svært dårlig» (V). I to sub-bassenger avviker tilstanden fra tilstanden i deres respektive hovedbasseng: 1) Det delvis «isolerte» Steilenebassenget (St 2) i Vestfjorden hvor forholdene er dårligere enn i Vestfjorden forøvrig, dvs. tilstandsklasse IV («dårlig») og 2) den nordøstre del av Bekkelagsbassenget (RC5 og RC9) hvor tilstanden er i klasse II («god»), dvs. bedre enn nærliggende stasjoner. Sistnevnte skyldes forbedringstiltak igangsatt med flytting av utløpsledningen fra Bekkelaget renseanlegg til dypere vann tidlig på 2000-tallet. I de indre deler av fjorden er det et stort avvik mellom dagens økologiske tilstand («svært dårlig») og naturtilstanden («svært god») som tidligere er beregnet basert på fossile foraminiferfaunaer i daterte sedimentkjerner. I ytre deler av Vestfjorden og utenfor Drøbaksterskelen samsvarer nåværende tilstand godt med naturtilstanden. Økt hyppighet av den opportunistiske arten Stainforthia fusiformis utenfor Drøbaksterskelen peker i retning av økt eutrofiering i senere år. En invaderende art, Nonionella stella, som først ble registrert i Indre Oslofjord i 2012 er nå til stede og til dels hyppig på alle stasjoner, bortsett fra de mest oksygenfattige Bunnefjordstasjonene. Det er generelt høyt organisk karbon (TOC)-innhold («svært dårlig» tilstand) i overflatesedimentene i Indre Oslofjord, og innholdet korrelerer godt med både diversitetsindeksene (H’log2 og ES100) og den sammensatte indeksen NQI. Unntaket er representert ved en stasjon i Bekkelagsbassenget (RC5), som ble kunstig tildekket med ren marin leire i 2007. Korrelasjonen mellom foraminiferdata og målte oksygenkonsentrasjoner i bunnvannet er svært god. Faunasammensetningen (klyngeanalysen) for alle stasjonene støtter opp under dette. Samlet gir dette en sterk indikasjon på at oksygen er en av de viktigste faktorene som styrer sammensetningen av foraminiferfaunaene i Indre Oslofjord. Variabiliteten i foraminiferfaunen er undersøkt for en sterkt belastet stasjon (St 2) og en referansestasjon (Im4x). Analyser av artsdiversitet og jevnhet basert på 10 replikater fra hver stasjon viser at det ikke er signifikant endring for de ulike indeksene ved analyse av flere enn tre replikater fra samme stasjon. Variabiliteten mellom replikatene fører imidlertid til at bruk av færre enn fire replikater per stasjon kan medføre feilklassifisering. Det anbefales å benytte minst fire replikate prøver ved sammenligning av to eller flere lokaliteter siden det gir vesentlig økt teststyrke (mulighet til å fastslå korrekt klasse og å skille mellom stasjoner).

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