Klaus Høiland

• Andrew, Carrie Joy; Büntgen, Ulf; Egli, Simon; Senn-Irlet, Beatrice; Grytnes, John-Arvid; Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob; Boddy, Lynne; Bässler, Claus; Gange, Alan C.; Heegaard, Einar; Høiland, Klaus; Kirk, Paul M.; Krisai-Greilhüber, Irmgard; Kuyper, Thomas W. & Kauserud, Håvard (2019). Open-source data reveal how collections-based fungal diversity is sensitive to global change. Applications in Plant Sciences.  ISSN 2168-0450.  7(3), s 1- 19 . doi: 10.1002/aps3.1227 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Premise of the Study Fungal diversity (richness) trends at large scales are in urgent need of investigation, especially through novel situations that combine long‐term observational with environmental and remotely sensed open‐source data. Methods We modeled fungal richness, with collections‐based records of saprotrophic (decaying) and ectomycorrhizal (plant mutualistic) fungi, using an array of environmental variables across geographical gradients from northern to central Europe. Temporal differences in covariables granted insight into the impacts of the shorter‐ versus longer‐term environment on fungal richness. Results Fungal richness varied significantly across different land‐use types, with highest richness in forests and lowest in urban areas. Latitudinal trends supported a unimodal pattern in diversity across Europe. Temperature, both annual mean and range, was positively correlated with richness, indicating the importance of seasonality in increasing richness amounts. Precipitation seasonality notably affected saprotrophic fungal diversity (a unimodal relationship), as did daily precipitation of the collection day (negatively correlated). Ectomycorrhizal fungal richness differed from that of saprotrophs by being positively associated with tree species richness. Discussion Our results demonstrate that fungal richness is strongly correlated with land use and climate conditions, especially concerning seasonality, and that ongoing global change processes will affect fungal richness patterns at large scales.

• Krah, Franz-Sebastian; Büntgen, Ulf; Schaefer, Hanno; Müller, Jörg; Andrew, Carrie; Boddy, Lynne; Diez, Jeffrey; Egli, Simon; Freckleton, Robert; Gange, Alan C.; Halvorsen, Rune; Heegaard, Einar; Heideroth, Antje; Heibl, Christoph; Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob; Høiland, Klaus; Kar, Ritwika; Kauserud, Håvard; Kirk, Paul M.; Kuyper, Thomas W.; Krisai-Greilhuber, Irmgard; Nordén, Jenni; Papastefanou, Phillip; Senn-Irlet, Beatrice & Bässler, Claus (2019). European mushroom assemblages are darker in cold climates. Nature Communications.  ISSN 2041-1723.  10:2890, s 1- 11 . doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-10767-z Vis sammendrag

  Thermal melanism theory states that dark-colored ectotherm organisms are at an advantage at low temperature due to increased warming. This theory is generally supported for ectotherm animals, however, the function of colors in the fungal kingdom is largely unknown. Here, we test whether the color lightness of mushroom assemblages is related to climate using a dataset of 3.2 million observations of 3,054 species across Europe. Consistent with the thermal melanism theory, mushroom assemblages are significantly darker in areas with cold climates. We further show differences in color phenotype between fungal lifestyles and a lifestyle differentiated response to seasonality. These results indicate a more complex ecological role of mushroom colors and suggest functions beyond thermal adaption. Because fungi play a crucial role in terrestrial carbon and nutrient cycles, understanding the links between the thermal environment, functional coloration and species’ geographical distributions will be critical in predicting ecosystem responses to global warming.

• Andrew, Carrie Joy; Halvorsen, Rune; Heegaard, Einar; Kuyper, Thomas W.; Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob; Krisai-Greilhuber, Irmgard; Bässler, Claus; Egli, Simon; Gange, Alan C.; Høiland, Klaus; Kirk, Paul M.; Senn-Irlet, Beatrice; Boddy, Lynne; Büntgen, Ulf & Kauserud, Håvard (2018). Continental-scale macrofungal assemblage patterns correlate with climate, soil carbon and nitrogen deposition. Journal of Biogeography.  ISSN 0305-0270.  45(8), s 1942- 1953 . doi: 10.1111/jbi.13374 Vis sammendrag

  Aim:Macroecological scales of species compositional trends are well documentedfor a variety of plant and animal groups, but remain sparse for fungi, despite theirecological importance in carbon and nutrient cycling. It is, thus, essential to under-stand the composition of fungal assemblages across broad geographical scales andthe underlying drivers. Our overall aim was to describe these patterns for fungiacross two nutritional modes (saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal). Furthermore, weaimed to elucidate the temporal component of fruiting patterns and to relate theseto soil carbon and nitrogen deposition. Location:Central and Northern Europe.Methods:A total of 4.9 million fungal fruit body observations throughout Europe,collected between 1970 and 2010, were analysed to determine the two main envi-ronmental and geographical gradients structuring fungal assemblages for two mainnutritional modes, saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal fungi. Results:Two main gradients explaining the geography of compositional patternswere identified, for each nutritional mode. Mean annual temperature (and relatedcollinear, seasonal measures) correlated most strongly with the first gradient forboth nutritional modes. Soil organic carbon was the highest correlate of the second compositional gradient for ectomycorrhizal fungi, suspected as an indicator of vege-tation- and pH-related covariates. In contrast, nitrogen deposition constituted asecond gradient for saprotrophic fungi, likely a proxy for anthropogenic pollution.Compositional gradients and environmental conditions correlated similarly whenthe data were divided into two time intervals of 1970–1990 and 1991–2010.Evidence of compositional temporal change was highest with increasing elevationand latitude. Main conclusions:Fungal assemblage patterns demonstrate clear biogeographicalpatterns that relate the nutritional modes to their main environmental correlates oftemperature, soil organic carbon and nitrogen deposition. With respect to globalchange impacts, the highest rates of compositional change by time suggest targetinghigher latitudes and elevations for a better understanding of fungal dynamics. We,finally, suggest further examination of the ranges and dispersal abilities of fungi tobetter assess responses to global change.

• Andrew, Carrie Joy; Heegaard, Einar; Høiland, Klaus; Senn-Irlet, Beatrice; Kuyper, Thomas W.; Krisai-Greilhuber, Irmgard; Kirk, Paul M.; Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob; Gange, Alan C.; Egli, Simon; Bässler, Claus; Büntgen, Ulf; Boddy, Lynne & Kauserud, Håvard (2018). Explaining European fungal fruiting phenology with climate variability. Ecology.  ISSN 0012-9658.  99(6), s 1306- 1315 . doi: 10.1002/ecy.2237 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Here we assess the impact of geographically dependent (latitude, longitude, and altitude) changes in bioclimatic (temperature, precipitation, and primary productivity) variability on fungal fruiting phenology across Europe. Two main nutritional guilds of fungi, saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal, were further separated into spring and autumn fruiters. We used a path analysis to investigate how biogeographic patterns in fungal fruiting phenology coincided with seasonal changes in climate and primary production. Across central to northern Europe, mean fruiting varied by approximately 25 d, primarily with latitude. Altitude affected fruiting by up to 30 d, with spring delays and autumnal accelerations. Fruiting was as much explained by the effects of bioclimatic variability as by their large‐scale spatial patterns. Temperature drove fruiting of autumnal ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic groups as well as spring saprotrophic groups, while primary production and precipitation were major drivers for spring‐fruiting ectomycorrhizal fungi. Species‐specific phenology predictors were not stable, instead deviating from the overall mean. There is significant likelihood that further climatic change, especially in temperature, will impact fungal phenology patterns at large spatial scales. The ecological implications are diverse, potentially affecting food webs (asynchrony), nutrient cycling and the timing of nutrient availability in ecosystems.

• Gange, Alan C.; Heegaard, Einar; Boddy, Lynne; Andrew, Carrie Joy; Kirk, Paul M.; Halvorsen, Rune; Kuyper, Thomas W.; Bässler, Claus; Diez, Jefferey M.; Heilman-Clausen, Jacob; Høiland, Klaus; Büntgen, Ulf & Kauserud, Håvard (2018). Trait-dependent distributional shifts in fruiting of common British fungi. Ecography.  ISSN 0906-7590.  41(1), s 51- 61 . doi: 10.1111/ecog.03233 Vis sammendrag

  Despite the dramatic phenological responses of fungal fruiting to recent climate warming, it is unknown whether spatial distributions of fungi have changed and to what extent such changes are influenced by fungal traits, such as ectomycorrhizal (ECM) or saprotrophic lifestyles, spore characteristics, or fruit body size. Our overall aim was to understand how climate and fungal traits determine whether and how species‐specific fungal fruit body abundances have shifted across latitudes over time, using the UK national database of fruiting records. The data employed were recorded over 45 yr (1970–2014), and include 853 278 records of Agaricales, Boletales and Russulales, though we focus only on the most common species (with more than 3000 records each). The georeferenced observations were analysed by a Bayesian inference as a Gaussian additive model with a specification following a joint species distribution model. We used an offset, random contributions and fixed effects to isolate different potential biases from the trait‐specific interactions with latitude/climate and time. Our main aim was assessed by examination of the three‐way‐interaction of trait, predictor (latitude or climate) and time. The results show a strong trait‐specific shift in latitudinal abundance through time, as ECM species have become more abundant relative to saprotrophic species in the north. Along precipitation gradients, phenology was important, in that species with shorter fruiting seasons have declined markedly in abundance in oceanic regions, whereas species with longer seasons have become relatively more common overall. These changes in fruit body distributions are correlated with temperature and rainfall, which act directly on both saprotrophic and ECM fungi, and also indirectly on ECM fungi, through altered photosynthate allocation from their hosts. If these distributional changes reflect fungal activity, there will be important consequences for the responses of forest ecosystems to changing climate, through effects on primary production and nutrient cycling.

• Zamora, Juan Carlos; Svensson, Måns; Kirschner, Roland; Olariaga, Ibai; Ryman, Svengunnar; Parra, Luis Alberto; Geml, József; Rosling, Anna; Adamčík, Slavomír; Ahti, Teuvo; Aime, M. Catherine; Ainsworth, Martyn; Albert, László; Alberto, Altés Garcia; Albertó, Edgardo; Aronsen, Arne; Arup, Ulf; Asgari, Didier; Assyov, Boris; Atienza, Violeta; Bandini, Ditte; Baptista-Ferreira, João Luís; Baral, Hans-Otto; Bendiksby, Mika; Bendiksen, Egil; Bendiksen, Katriina; Brandrud, Tor Erik; Frisch, Andreas; Gulden, Gro; Høiland, Klaus; Holien, Håkon; Jørgensen, Per Magnus; Larsson, Karl-Henrik; Mathiassen, Geir Harald; Ronikier, Anna; Salcedo, Isabel; Schulz, Barbara; Schumacher, Trond; Senn-Irlet, Beatrice; Spribille, Toby; Taskin, Hatira; Timdal, Einar; Tønsberg, Tor; Vellinga, Else C; Vizzini, Alfredo; Vetlesen, Per; Voglmayr, Hermann; Wedin, Mats; Weholt, Øyvind & Westberg, Martin (2018). Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa. IMA Fungus.  ISSN 2210-6340.  9(1), s 167- 175 . doi: 10.5598/imafungus.2018.09.01.10 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Andrew, Carrie Joy; Heegaard, Einar; Kirk, Paul M.; Bässler, Claus; Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob; Krisai-Greilhuber, Irmgard; Kuyper, Thomas W.; Senn-Irlet, Beatrice; Büntgen, Ulf; Diez, Jeffrey Michael; Egli, Simon; Gange, Alan C.; Halvorsen, Rune; Høiland, Klaus; Nordén, Jenni; Rustøen, Fredrik; Boddy, Lynne & Kauserud, Håvard (2017). Big data integration: Pan-European fungal species observations' assembly for addressing contemporary questions in ecology and global change biology. Fungal Biology Reviews.  ISSN 1749-4613.  31(2), s 88- 98 . doi: 10.1016/j.fbr.2017.01.001 Vis sammendrag

  Species occurrence observations are increasingly available for scientific analyses through citizen science projects and digitization of museum records, representing a largely untapped ecological resource. When combined with open-source data, there is unparalleled potential for understanding many aspects of the ecology and biogeography of organisms. Here we describe the process of assembling a pan-European mycological meta-database (ClimFun) and integrating it with open-source data to advance the fields of macroecology and biogeography against a backdrop of global change. Initially 7.3 million unique fungal species fruit body records, spanning nine countries, were processed and assembled into 6 million records of more than 10,000 species. This is an extraordinary amount of fungal data to address macro-ecological questions. We provide two examples of fungal species with different life histories, one ectomycorrhizal and one wood decaying, to demonstrate how such continental-scale meta-databases can offer unique insights into climate change effects on fungal phenology and fruiting patterns in recent decades. Keywords Biogeography; Citizen science; Fungi; Global change; Meta-database; Open-source

• Andrew, Carrie Joy; Heegaard, Einar; Halvorsen, Rune; Martinez-Pena, Fernando; Egli, Simon; Kirk, Paul M.; Bässler, Claus; Büntgen, Ulf; Aldea, Jorge; Høiland, Klaus; Boddy, Lynne & Kauserud, Håvard (2016). Climate impacts on fungal community and trait dynamics. Fungal ecology.  ISSN 1754-5048.  22, s 17- 25 . doi: 10.1016/j.funeco.2016.03.005
• Heegaard, Einar; Boddy, Lynne; Diez, Jefferey M.; Halvorsen, Rune; Kauserud, Håvard; Kuyper, Thomas W.; Bässler, Claus; Büntgen, Ulf; Gange, Alan C.; Krisai-Greilhuber, Irmgard; Andrew, Carrie Joy; Ayer, Francouis; Høiland, Klaus; Kirk, Paul M. & Egli, Simon (2016). Fine-scale spatiotemporal dynamics of fungal fruiting: prevalence, amplitude, range and continuity. Ecography.  ISSN 0906-7590.  40(8), s 947- 959 . doi: 10.1111/ecog.02256 Vis sammendrag

  Despite the critical importance of fungi as symbionts with plants, resources for animals, and drivers of ecosystem function, the spatiotemporal distributions of fungi remain poorly understood. The belowground life cycle of fungi makes it difficult to assess spatial patterns and dynamic processes even with recent molecular techniques. Here we offer an explicit spatiotemporal Bayesian inference of the drivers behind spatial distributions from investigation of a Swiss inventory of fungal fruit bodies. The unique inventory includes three temperate forest sites in which a total of 73 952 fungal fruit bodies were recorded systematically in a spatially explicit design between 1992 and 2006. Our motivation is to understand how broad-scale climate factors may influence spatiotemporal dynamics of fungal fruiting within forests, and if any such effects vary between two functional groups, ectomycorrhizal (ECM) and saprotrophic fungi. For both groups we asked: 1) how consistent are the locations of fruiting patches, the sizes of patches, the quantities of fruit bodies, and of prevalence (occupancy)? 2) Do the annual spatial characteristics of fungal fruiting change systematically over time? 3) Are spatial characteristics of fungal fruiting driven by climatic variation? We found high inter-annual continuity in fruiting for both functional groups. The saprotrophic species were characterised by small patches with variable fruit body counts. In contrast, ECM species were present in larger, but more distinctly delimited patches. The spatial characteristics of the fungal community were only indirectly influenced by climate. However, climate variability influenced overall yields and prevalence, which again links to spatial structure of fruit bodies. Both yield and prevalence were correlated with the amplitudes of occurrence and of fruit body counts, but only prevalence influenced the spatial range. Summarizing, climatic variability affects forest-stand fungal distributions via its influence on yield (amount) and prevalence (occupancy), whereas fungal life-history strategies dictate fine-scale spatial characteristics.

• Høiland, Klaus & Botnen, Synnøve Smebye (2016). A comparison of aboveground sporocarps and belowground ectomycorrhizal structures of Agaricales, Boletales and Russulales in a sand dune ecosystem on Lista, South-western Norway. Agarica.  ISSN 0800-1820.  37, s 67- 77 Vis sammendrag

  In the present work we put focus on ectomycorrhizal Agaricales, Boletales and Russulales, all with conspicuous sporocarps, giving us an opportunity to compare the below ground ectomycorrhiza diversity with the aboveground sporocarp diversity. In the sand dune area on Lista, South-west Norway, nine plots of 3 m diameter were established in Salix repens (creeping willow) dominated vegetation; i.e. three plots on dune slacks, three plots on hummock dunes, and three plots on eroded dunes. In 2009 ectomycorrhizal Salix repens roots were sampled in each plot. Ectomycorrhizal taxa were identified by pyrosequencing. From 2008 to 2014 fungal sporocarps were collected and identified in the same plots. Of the 30 actual ectomycorrhizal taxa identified on the roots, 10 of them were also accompanied by aboveground sporocarps. In addition, 11 taxa were only recorded as sporocarps. The most frequent ectomycorrhizal taxon was Hebeloma spp, recorded in all nine plots. The most frequent taxon on species level was Cortinarius saniosus, however, only recorded on ectomycorrhizal roots while sporocarps were found outside the plots. The most frequent ectomycorrhizal species with at least one plot housing accompanied sporocarps were Cortinarius casimiri and Russula laccata. Some of the ectomycorrhizal taxa belong to the typical inventory of Salix repens dominated dune vegetation: Lactarius controversus, Russula persicina, Tricholoma cingulatum, Inocybe impexa, I. dunensis and Laccaria maritima; the two last taxa only represented by sporocarps. We conclude that a combination of sampling below ground ECM and monitoring aboveground sporocarps seems to be an optimal approach if we want to cover the diversity of conspicuous ECM fungi in an area.

• Mysterud, Ivar; Koller, Gry; Høiland, Klaus; Carlsen, Tor & Sletten, Arild (2016). The lamb disease alveld: Search for fungi and bacteria on Narthecium ossifragum foliage and roots. Small Ruminant Research.  ISSN 0921-4488.  136, s 179- 186 . doi: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.01.025
• Botnen, Synnøve; Kauserud, Håvard; Carlsen, Tor; Blaalid, Rakel & Høiland, Klaus (2015). Mycorrhizal fungal communities in coastal sand dunes and heaths investigated by pyrosequencing analyses. Mycorrhiza.  ISSN 0940-6360.  25(6), s 447- 456 . doi: 10.1007/s00572-014-0624-1
• Negård, Mariell; Uhlig, Silvio; Kauserud, Håvard; Andersen, Tom; Høiland, Klaus & Vrålstad, Trude (2015). Links between genetic groups, indole alkaloid profiles and ecology within the grass-parasitic Claviceps purpurea species complex. Toxins.  ISSN 2072-6651.  7(5), s 1431- 1456 . doi: 10.3390/toxins7051431 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  The grass parasitic fungus Claviceps purpurea sensu lato produces sclerotia with toxic indole alkaloids. It constitutes several genetic groups with divergent habitat preferences that recently were delimited into separate proposed species. We aimed to 1) analyze genetic variation of C. purpurea sensu lato in Norway, 2) characterize the associated indole alkaloid profiles, and 3) explore relationships between genetics, alkaloid chemistry and ecology. Approximately 600 sclerotia from 14 different grass species were subjected to various analyses including DNA sequencing and HPLC-MS. Molecular results, supported by chemical and ecological data, revealed one new genetic group (G4) in addition to two of the three known; G1 (C. purpurea sensu stricto) and G2 (C. humidiphila). G3 (C. spartinae) was not found. G4, which was apparently con-specific with the recently described C. arundinis sp. nov, was predominantly found in very wet habitats on Molinia caerulea and infrequently in saline habitats on Leymus arenarius. Its indole-diterpene profile resembled G2, while its ergot alkaloid profile differed from G2 in high amounts of ergosedmam. In contrast to G1, indole-diterpenes were consistently present in G2 and G4. Our study supports and complements the newly proposed species delimitation of the C. purpurea complex, but challenges some species characteristics including host spectrum, habitat preferences and sclerotial floating ability.

• Blaalid, Rakel; Davey, Marie Louise; Kauserud, Håvard; Carlsen, Tor; Halvorsen, Rune; Høiland, Klaus & Eidesen, Pernille Bronken (2014). Arctic root-associated fungal community composition reflects environmental filtering. Molecular Ecology.  ISSN 0962-1083.  23(3), s 649- 659 . doi: 10.1111/mec.12622
• Stensrud, Øyvind; Orr, Russell; Reier-Røberg, Kjetil; Schumacher, Trond & Høiland, Klaus (2014). Phylogenetic relationships in Cortinarius with focus on North European species. Karstenia.  ISSN 0453-3402.  54(2), s 57- 71 Vis sammendrag

  Cortinarius is an ectomycorrhizal Agaricales genus with high diversity of which rDNA sequences of 86 species together with four outgroup taxa were investigated phylogenetically by aid of Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analyses. The Cortinarius data set represents 81 taxa from the Northern Hemisphere showing the main variation spectrum among the species. In addition, five species from the Southern Hemisphere are included. The phylogenetic tree of Cortinarius gives statistical support to twelve monophyletic groups in the upper level. They are discussed in context of morphology, chemistry (secondary compounds), and ecology. The phylogenetic tree lacks, however, satisfactory support for its backbone. Several species could not be included in any group, especially those forming the basal framework of the tree. Of special interest is a “superclade” comprising eight of our monophyletic clades and two singletons. Here we find the majority of species with soluble pigments of octaketide origin, all species with compounds of nonaketide origin, the majority of species with hygrophaneous pileus, few species with viscid pileus, and no species with bulbous stipe base. Moreover, all species except one have duplex pileus cuticle. The morphological traits are not indicative for any clade, although some are more frequent in some clades than others. During the evolution they have been gained and lost several times. The chemical characteristics are – to a certain degree – more indicative for the clades. The evolution and ecological role of these compounds are discussed. Concerning the North European species, there are ecological differences between the clades, especially between clades specializing to rich or calcareous forests and clades specializing to poor forests or arctic-alpine environments.

• Brandrud, Tor Erik; Høiland, Klaus; Solheim, Halvor & Sundheim, Leif (2012). Fremmede arter i Norge 2012 - svartelistede sopper. Agarica.  ISSN 0800-1820.  32, s 21- 28
• Høiland, Klaus (2012). An investigation of basidiospore characteristics in sand dune mushrooms from Lista, South-western Norway. Agarica.  ISSN 0800-1820.  32, s 49- 58 Vis sammendrag

  More than 100 species of macromycetes have been recorded for 40 years on sanddunes on the peninsula Lista on the extreme SW coast of Norway. This survey is based on 75 species (including a couple of varieties) of mushrooms (Agaricales, Boletales, and Russulales) from sand dunes on Lista. The species are divided into four groups according to the vegetation type they prefer: naked sand, dune pastures, dune slacks, or Salix repens hummock dunes. The species from naked sand had significantly larger spore volumes than the species from the other vegetation types. Spore shape, measured as Q-value, was not significantly different between the groups. In the naked sand, dune slacks, and Salix repens hummock dunes species with dark pigmented spores (brown, grey, purple or black) prevailed. In dune pastures species with pale spores (hyaline or pink) were most frequent. The large spores of fungi associated with naked sand can be interpreted as an adaption to the harsh ecological conditions in such environment: unprotected by a moss or lichen cover, a surface vulnerable to drought, and movement of sand grains. A large spore volume will provide enough water and nutrients for the primary mycelium to penetrate the sand surface. Moreover, big spores can be interpreted as a mechanism that prevents them from being spread too far, i.e., outside the limited areas of naked sand that meet the ecological requirements for these specialised fungi.

• Høiland, Klaus (2012). Nytt funn av grann styltesopp Tulostoma brunmale på Lista, Farsund, Vest-Agder. Blyttia : Norsk botanisk forenings tidsskrift.  ISSN 0006-5269.  70(4), s 268- 269
• Kauserud, Håvard; Heegaard, Einar; Büntgen, Ulf; Halvorsen, Rune; Egli, Simon; Senn-Irlet, Beatrice; Krisai-Greilhuber, Irmgard; Dämon, Wolfgang; Sparks, Tim; Nordén, Jenni; Høiland, Klaus; Kirk, Paul; Semenov, Mikhail A.; Boddy, Lynne & Stenseth, Nils Christian (2012). Warming-induced shift in European mushroom fruiting phenology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.  ISSN 0027-8424.  109(36), s 14488- 14493 . doi: 10.1073/pnas.1200789109 Vis sammendrag

  In terrestrial ecosystems, fungi are the major agents of decomposition processes and nutrient cycling and of plant nutrient uptake. Hence, they have a vital impact on ecosystem processes and the terrestrial carbon cycle. Changes in productivity and phenology of fungal fruit bodies can give clues to changes in fungal activity, but understanding these changes in relation to a changing climate is a pending challenge among ecologists. Here we report on phenological changes in fungal fruiting in Europe over the past four decades. Analyses of 746,297 dated and geo-referenced mushroom records of 486 autumnal fruiting species from Austria, Norway, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom revealed a widening of the annual fruiting season in all countries during the period 1970–2007. The mean annual day of fruiting has become later in all countries. However, the interspecific variation in phenological responses was high. Most species moved toward a later ending of their annual fruiting period, a trend that was particularly strong in the United Kingdom, which may reflect regional variation in climate change and its effects. Fruiting of both saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi now continues later in the year, but mycorrhizal fungi generally have a more compressed season than saprotrophs. This difference is probably due to the fruiting of mycorrhizal fungi partly depending on cues from the host plant. Extension of the European fungal fruiting season parallels an extended vegetation season in Europe. Changes in fruiting phenology imply changes in mycelia activity, with implications for ecosystem function.

• Eidesen, Pernille Bronken; Høiland, Klaus & Gulden, Gro (2011). Sopptur i busens fotspor. Agarica.  ISSN 0800-1820.  31, s 35- 40
• Hofton, Tom Hellik; Holien, Håkon & Høiland, Klaus (2011). Urskogens og gammelskogens planter og sopp, I: Sigmund Hågvar & Bredo Berntsen (red.),  Norsk urskog og gammelskog.  Unipub forlag.  ISBN 978-82-7477-471-1.  Kapittel.  s 57 - 85
• Kauserud, Håvard; Heegaard, Einar; Halvorsen, Rune; Boddy, Lynne; Høiland, Klaus & Stenseth, Nils Christian (2011). Mushroom's spore size and time of fruiting are strongly related: is moisture important?. Biology Letters.  ISSN 1744-9561.  7(2), s 273- 276 . doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2010.0820 Vis sammendrag

  Most basidiomycete fungi produce annual short-lived sexual fruit bodies from which billions of microscopic spores are spread into the air during a short time period. However, little is known about the selective forces that have resulted in some species fruiting early and others later in the fruiting season. This study of relationships between morphological and ecological characteristics, climate factors and time of fruiting are based upon thorough statistical analyses of 66 520 mapped records from Norway, representing 271 species of autumnal fruiting mushroom species. We found a strong relationship between spore size and time of fruiting; on average, a doubling of spore size (volume) corresponded to 3 days earlier fruiting. Small-spored species dominate in the oceanic parts of Norway, whereas large-spored species are typical of more continental parts. In separate analyses, significant relationships were observed between spore size and climate factors. We hypothesize that these relationships are owing to water balance optimization, driven by water storage in spores as a critical factor for successful germination of primary mycelia in the drier micro-environments found earlier in the fruiting season and/or in continental climates.

• Bjorbækmo, Marit Markussen; Carlsen, Tor; Brysting, Anne Krag; Vrålstad, Trude; Høiland, Klaus; Ugland, Karl Inne; Geml, Jozsef; Schumacher, Trond & Kauserud, Håvard (2010). High diversity of root associated fungi in both alpine and arctic Dryas octopetala. BMC Plant Biology.  ISSN 1471-2229.  10 . doi: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-244
• Høiland, Klaus (2009). Soppenes opprinnelse. Agarica.  ISSN 0800-1820.  28, s 79- 93 Vis sammendrag

  This paper deals with the placement of the fungal kingdom on the tree of life. The relationships between the main groups of Opisthokonta is discussed: the multicellular animals (Metazoa), the collar flagellates (Choanozoa), Mesomycetozoa, the amoeboid Nuclearia (and its allies), and finally the fungal kingdom (Fungi). The main branches of the fungal phylogenetic tree are outlined, emphasizing the more basal groups: the enigmatic single cellular parasites Microsporidia, the chytrids (Chytridiomycota), the rumen fungi (Neocallimastigomycota), the Blastocladiomycota with alteration of generations, and the polyphyletic Zygomycota. Finally a hypothesis is introduced beginning with an ancient opisthokont diverging into one evolutionary line leading to multicellular animals and another evolutionary line leading to the fungi, following the rules by our 200 year jubilant Charles Darwin.

• Ryvarden, Leif & Høiland, Klaus (2009). Some higher Basidiomycota from Jan Mayen, Norway. Agarica.  ISSN 0800-1820.  28, s 50- 52 Vis sammendrag

  A checklist of higher Basidiomycota from Jan Mayen is presented.

• Brondz, Ilia & Høiland, Klaus (2008). Chemotaxonomic differentiation between Cortinarius infractus and Cortinarius subtortus by supercritical fluid chromatography connected to a multi-detection system. Trends in Chromatography.  ISSN 0972-8635.  4, s 79- 87 Vis sammendrag

  Secondary metabolites in Cortinarius infractus and Cortinarius subtortus were analyzed by using supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) with multiple detectors. Cortinarius infractus (Pers.: Fr.) Fr. and C. subtortus (Pers.: Fr.) Fr. (brown spored mushrooms in Agaricales, Basidiomycota) are characterized by an overall olivaceous color on the basidiocarp, globose to subglobose spores, and a slightly bitter taste, which may possibly be related to the presence of the bitter indole alkaloid infractopicrine. Both species belong to the subgenus Phlegmacium, following the traditional infrageneric systematic classification of Cortinarius. There is a dispute in the literature over whether they belong to one section (Amarescens Mos.) or two (Infracti—Kühn. & Romagn. ex Brandrud and Subtorti— Brandrud & Melot). A study comparing the chemical composition of indole alkaloids in the basidiocarps of C. infractus and C. subtortus by supercritical fluid chromatography–coronacharged aerosol detector–mass spectrometry (SFC–corona CAD–MS) and supercritical fluid chromatography–UV- mass spectrometry (SFC– UV-MS) was performed. Cortinarius infractus was found to contain the alkaloid substances of the β-carboline-1-propionic acid group (β-carboline-1-propionic acid, 6-hydroxy-β- carboline-1-propionic acid and infractopicrine). However, no such substances were found in C. subtortus. The placement of C. infractus and C. subtortus in two different sections is therefore supported by chemotaxonomy. The fingerprinting was performed by SFC connected to a multidetector system in the combinations of SFC– corona (CAD)–MS and SFC–UV-MS. In many publications, the corona CAD was defined as a universal detector for HPLC. The use of the corona- charged aerosol detector in conjunction with SFC is an innovative and promising development in the detection of secondary metabolites in chemotaxonomy.

• Gulden, Gro & Høiland, Klaus (2008). ISAM VII at Finse, Norway, 2005. Sommerfeltia.  ISSN 0800-6865.  31, s 7- 16
• Høiland, Klaus (2008). Vomsopper, planteeternes små hjelpere, I: Iver Mysterud & Atle Mysterud (red.),  Med lua i hånda. Festskrift til Ivar Mysterud på 70-årsdagen.  Biologisk institutt, Universitetet i Oslo.  ISBN 978-82-90934-77-9.  Kapittel.  s 124 - 133 Vis sammendrag

  Artikkelen omtaler de såkalte vomsoppene som lever i vomma til drøvtyggere eller i fordøyelsessystemet til andre planteetende dyr. De hjelper til med å nedbryte cellulose og hemicellulose. Vomoppene tilhører orden Neocallimasticales innafor algesoppene (Chytridiomycota). Artikkelen er et oversiktarbeid basert på vitenskapelige avhandlinger.

• Kauserud, Håvard; Stige, Leif Christian; Vik, Jon Olav; Økland, Rune Halvorsen; Høiland, Klaus & Stenseth, Nils Christian (2008). Mushroom fruiting and climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.  ISSN 0027-8424.  105, s 3811- 3814 . doi: 10.1073/pnas.0709037105
• Niskanen, T; Kytövuori, I; Bendiksen, E.; Bendiksen, Katriina; Brandrud, T.E.; Frøslev, T.G.; Høiland, Klaus; Jeppesen, T.S.; Liimatainen, K & Lindstrøm, H (2008). Cortinarius (Pers.) Gray, In H. Knudsen & J. Vesterholt (ed.),  Funga Nordica - Agacicoid, boletoid and cyphelloid genera.  Nordsvamp.  ISBN 978-879839613-0.  Kapitel.  s 661 - 777
• Stoknes, Ketil; Høiland, Klaus; Norgaard, Erik & Hammer, Jan-Petter (2008). From food to waste to food – a high yield of mushrooms from food waste compost. Mushroom Science.  ISSN 0077-2364.  (17), s 272- 285 Vis sammendrag

  Municipal source separated food waste (MSSFW) is an increasingly abundant nutritionally rich and complex product low in toxic constituents. Thus, it should be fed to heterotrophic organisms like pigs or mushrooms. While representing a hygienic problem as feed, composting promotes hygienization. This combination of community service and crop production represents an economic potential for both mushroom growers and waste handlers. There is little of this kind of work reported elsewhere. In the Nordic countries MSSFW can further be characterised as acid, moist and having a variable content of non-food objects. When entering composting, it’s nature will also be affected by pre-treatment. To test it’s suitability, a currently used MSSFW compost formula and facility provided phase 1 compost: After screening, the MSSFW is pre-treated with Ca(OH)2 and mixed with spruce bark. Process and chemical factors are described. Experiments are presented using this as substrate for Agaricus bisporus and A. brasiliensis. A commercial mushroom compost was included for reference. For A. bisporus, the yield from four breaks was 29.3% on the commercial and 27.9% on the MSSFW compost (no significant difference). For A. brasiliensis, four breaks yielded 9.2% on commercial and 17.8% on the MSSFW compost (significantly higher on MSSFW). The A. brasiliensis mushrooms contained 8 mg cadmium /kg dry matter when grown on the food waste compost and 8.5 when grown on the commercial compost. A. bisporus contained <1mg/kg DW on both composts The surprisingly high yields are discussed as well as focus for further work.

• Brondz, Ilia; Ekeberg, Dag; Høiland, Klaus; Bell, David. S. & Annino, Amy R. (2007). The real nature of the indole alkaloids in Cortinarius infractus: Evaluation of artifact formation through solvent extraction method development. Journal of Chromatography A.  ISSN 0021-9673.  1148, s 1- 7 . doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.074 Vis sammendrag

  This study was triggered by the absence of infractine in EtOH extracts of Cortinarius infractus and the presence of the beta-carboline-1-propionic acid. In previous studies it was determined that C. infractus contained indole alkaloid substances of the infractine group. It is quite possible that some of these compounds do not exist in any other mushroom species and therefore they could prove to be valuable chemotaxonomic markers. Proper classification of this species requires that the chemical markers are identified correctly. In this study, the presence of several compounds previously found in C. infractus (Pers.: Fr.) Fr. is questioned. In this investigation, it was shown by HPLC-MS that infractine and 6-hydroxyinfractine, previously described as constituents of C. infractus, were artifacts produced during the extraction process. Also, the molecular species that participate in the artifact formation were identified. Infractine and 6-hydroxyinfractine, reported earlier in C. infractus, originate from the precursor (pre-infractine) beta-carboline-1-propionic acid during extraction with methanol.

• Gulden, Gro & Høiland, Klaus (2007). Mykologi - soppforskning, I: Per M. Jørgensen (red.),  Botanikkens historie i Norge.  Fagbokforlaget.  ISBN 978-82-450-0499-1.  e. Kryptogamene - de blomsterløse vekstene.  s 243 - 266
• Høiland, Klaus (2007). Jørstad, Ivar (1887-1967), I: Per M. Jørgensen (red.),  Botanikkens historie i Norge.  Fagbokforlaget.  ISBN 978-82-450-0499-1.  a. Biografier.  s 335 - 336
• Høiland, Klaus (2007). Stilksporesoppenes nye system. Agarica.  ISSN 0800-1820.  27, s 18- 44 Vis sammendrag

  The new system of phylum Basidiomycota is introduced for Norwegian mycologists. The review is based on several scientific papers dealing with molecular deep phylogeny within this group of fungi. Several conclusions might be drawn; the most important are: (1) basidiocarp form and structure, which are emphasised in most popular “mushroom books”, do not play any significant role delimitating the major groups. For instance, the gasteromcycetoid basidiocarp has developed in several independent instances. (2) Heterobasidia represent a primitive characteristic found in the lower clades of Basidiomycota, viz. rust fungi, smut fungi, and the basal lines of hymenomycetes, usually with a jelly-like basidiocarp. (3) Homobasidia represent an advanced characteristic. They have probably developed in two parallel directions: the stichobasidial type leading to the cantharelloid fungi, and the chaistobasidial type leading to the remaining evolutionary lines of the hymenomycetes. (4) Hyphae with simple septa without parenthosomes are primitive characteristics. They are encountered in the rust fungi (and their relatives) and most of the smut fungi. Hyphae with dolipores and paranthosomes are typical for the hymenomycetes. (5) The parentosome structure is – besides the DNA-sequences – one of the most important characteristics delimiting the various evolutionary lines within the hymenomycetes. (6) Ecological strategies as e.g. saprotrophy versus ectomycorrhiza, brown rot versus white rot, parasitism versus non-parasitism have developed many times independently.

• Høiland, Klaus & Jørgensen, Per M. (2007). Knaben, Gunvor Snekvik (1911-93), I: Per M. Jørgensen (red.),  Botanikkens historie i Norge.  Fagbokforlaget.  ISBN 978-82-450-0499-1.  a. Biografier.  s 337 - 338
• Høiland, Klaus & Jørgensen, Per M. (2007). Lokale floristiske undersøkelser, I: Per M. Jørgensen (red.),  Botanikkens historie i Norge.  Fagbokforlaget.  ISBN 978-82-450-0499-1.  d. Fanerogami - blomsterplantenes floristikk og taksonomi.  s 131 - 177
• Høiland, Klaus & Lie, Thore (2007). Blytt, Axel Gudbrand (1843-98), I: Per M. Jørgensen (red.),  Botanikkens historie i Norge.  Fagbokforlaget.  ISBN 978-82-450-0499-1.  a. Biografier.  s 316 - 318
• Mysterud, Ivar; Høiland, Klaus; Koller, Gry & Stensrud, Øyvind (2007). Molecular characterization and evaluation of plant litter-associated fungi from the spring 'grazing corridor' of a sheep herd vulnerable to alveld disease. Mycopathologia.  ISSN 0301-486X.  164, s 201- 215 . doi: 10.1007/s11046-007-9045-4 Vis sammendrag

  This study sample and identify species of fungi on withered vegetation in the spring "grazing corridor" from infields to Narthecium bogs for a sheep herd almost chronically vulnerable to phototoxic disease. Hepatogen photosensitizing disorders like alveld attack grazing sheep, especially lambs, in various parts of the world. It has been hypothesized that saponin metabolites in the monocotyledonous plant Narthecium ossifragum causes the disorder in Norway, however, this has not been verified. Thus, the search for other causal agents or saponin cofactors (the cofactor hypothesis) has been intensified, and endophytic poisonous fungi associated with dead N. ossifragum leaves and grasses are among the prime suspects. The fungal diversity was targeted by obtaining axenic cultures from surface-sterilized plant material, with subsequent DNA isolation, PCR, and sequencing of the ITS nrDNA region. The taxonomic affinities of the obtained sequences were thereafter explored by similarity searches against the public access sequence database EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ. Among the spectrum of identified taxa were representatives of Cladosporium, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Trichoderma, all of which are well known as potential producers of toxins. A possible involvement of these toxic species in the etiology of alveld is evaluated and discussed.

Se alle arbeider i Cristin

• Carlsen, Tor; Eidesen, Pernille Bronken; Gulden, Gro; Høiland, Klaus & Jenssen, Kolbjørn Mohn (2013). Sopp på Svalbard. Dreyers forlag.  ISBN 978-82-8265-091-5.  168 s.
• Høiland, Klaus (2008). Snutetutes reise til Finse. Norsk Biologforening BIO, Finse Forskningssenter.  ISBN 978-82-997130-1-6.  224 s. Vis sammendrag

  Den lille organismen Snutetute har reist til Finse forskningssenter for å være med på det årlige kurset i biodiversitet arrangert av Universitetet. Her møter han studenter og forskere, og ikke minst Sjefslemenet og hans familie, som alle vil lære ham om det biologiskeb mangfoldet og dets hemmeligheter. Snutetute får en sjelsettende naturopplevelse, og etterpå kupper han hele kurset. Nå er det Finses dyr, planter, sopp og mikroorganismer som overtar som lærere - og de har mye å fortelle! - Boka egner seg for gamle og nye biologistudenter, vordende biologer og deres assosierte, skoleelever med naturfaginteresser, og barn i alle aldre som synes biologi er morsomt.

• Høiland, Klaus & Økland, Rune Halvorsen (ed.) (2008). Arctic and alpine mycology VII. Natural History Museums and Botanical Garden, University of Oslo.  ISBN 82-7420-045-4.  211 s.

Se alle arbeider i Cristin

• Høiland, Klaus (2019). Periodesystemet 150 år. 118 ganger hurra fra hydrogen til oganesson. Biolog.  ISSN 0801-0722.  37(1), s 24- 32
• Høiland, Klaus (2019). Uønskede planter. Vakre, men dessverre uregjerlige.
• Høiland, Klaus; Ryvarden, Leif & Rui, Siri (2019). Hva kan vi lære av sopp?.
• Høiland, Klaus (2018). Chaerophyllum hirsutum funnet på Finse, Ho Ulvik. Blyttia : Norsk botanisk forenings tidsskrift.  ISSN 0006-5269.  76(1), s 65- 67
• Høiland, Klaus & Borgen, Liv (2018). Professor Frederik Christian Schübeler som feltbotaniker. Blyttia : Norsk botanisk forenings tidsskrift.  ISSN 0006-5269.  76(1), s 47- 62
• Colman, Jonathan Edward; Flydal, Kjetil; Rannestad, Ole Tobias; Tsegaye, Diress; Ryvarden, Leif; Høiland, Klaus; Eftestøl, Sindre; González-León, Alejandro & Reksten, Synne Sofie (2017). Effects of the Lista wind power plant on roadside revegetation and the space use of moose, red deer and roe deer.
• Høiland, Klaus (2017). Barnålbeviset i Fasting Torgersen-saken.
• Høiland, Klaus (2017). De giftige vårplantene.
• Høiland, Klaus (2017). Den bakvendte reisen.
• Høiland, Klaus (2017). Elledalens planter.
• Høiland, Klaus (2017). Er det liv, er det sopp.
• Høiland, Klaus (2017). Giftige planter.
• Høiland, Klaus (2017). Giftsopper.
• Høiland, Klaus (2017). Norske giftsopper.
• Høiland, Klaus (2017). På kanten til animistisk om trær. - Bokanmeldelse av: Wohlleben, P. 2016. Trærnes hemmelige liv. ISBN 9788202510. Cappelen Damm.. Blyttia : Norsk botanisk forenings tidsskrift.  ISSN 0006-5269.  74(4), s 220- 220
• Høiland, Klaus (2017). Sopp, gras, insekt, beitedyr = én symbiose.
• Høiland, Klaus (2017). Spiselige ugras.
• Høiland, Klaus (2017). Vekster i tekstene til Alf Prøysen.
• Høiland, Klaus & Botnen, Synnøve Smebye (2017). Studier av ektomykorrhiza på krypvier i sanddynene på Lista.
• Høiland, Klaus & Lie, Thore (2017). Christen Smith - Norges første botanikkprofessor, et 200-års minne for hans død. Biolog.  ISSN 0801-0722.  35(1), s 33- 41
• Kool, Anneleen; Bøckman, Petter; Høiland, Klaus & Lier Horst, Jørn (2017). Vin & Vitenskap: Planter i krimetterforskning.
• Bjorå, Charlotte Sletten & Høiland, Klaus (2016, 16. januar). Botanikerne kommer -de nye filmheltene. [Radio].  EKKO helg, P2.
• Rose, Carina; Torgersen, Eivind; Ørmen, Torfinn; Høiland, Klaus & Jakobsen, Kjetill Sigurd (2016, 28. november). Hva er egentlig en art?. [Internett].  http://forskning.no/2016/11/-biologi-hva-er-egentlig-en-art.
• Brandrud, Tor Erik; Bendiksen, Egil; Jordal, John Bjarne; Hofton, Tom Hellik; Larsson, Karl-Henrik & Høiland, Klaus (2015). Sopper. Fungi, I: Snorre Henriksen & Olga Hilmo (red.),  Norsk rødliste for arter 2015. Versjon 1.2.  Artsdatabanken.  ISBN 978-82-92838-41-9.  Sopper.  s 132 - 156
• Hammami, Amir; Høiland, Klaus & Gorbitz, Carl Henrik (2014, 28. november). Abels Tårn. [Radio].  EKKO, NRK P2.
• Negård, Mariell; Uhlig, Silvio; Kauserud, Håvard; Høiland, Klaus; Andersen, Tom & Vrålstad, Trude (2014). Indole alkaloid profiles in ergot (Claviceps purpurea): Is there a link between chemotype, genetic group and ecology?.
• Vrålstad, Trude; Negård, Mariell; Uhlig, Silvio; Andersen, Tom; Høiland, Klaus & Kauserud, Håvard (2014). Links between genetics, indole alkaloid chemistry and ecology within the grass-parasitic Claviceps purpurea species complex. Vis sammendrag

  Claviceps purpurea produces sclerotia with toxic indole alkaloids that replace the grass host grains. Three genetic groups (G1-G3) with divergent habitat preferences and alkaloid chemistry are known from studies mainly covering America and Western Europe. We aimed to analyse the genetic variation in C. purpurea in Norway, characterize the indole alkaloid profiles within each genetic group, and explore the relationships between genetics, alkaloid chemistry and ecology. Sclerotia (~600) from 14 grass species were subjected to a floating test with subsequent DNA sequencing (ITS rDNA&beta tubulin) and indole alkaloid profiling (HPLC-MS). Phylogenetic analyses and haplotype networks supported the three known (G1-G3) and one new (G4) genetic groups of C. purpurea. This gained additional support from chemical and ecological data. The G4 group, predominantly found in very wet habitats on Molinia caerulea and infrequently in saline habitats on Leymus arenarius, produced consistently floating sclerotia. Its indolediterpenoid profile resembled G2, but differed in high amounts of ergopeptamergosedmam, the lactam congener of ergosedmine. Indolediterpenoids were consistently present in G2 and G4, while merely absent in G1. The G3 group was absent in our study, but G1 and G2 occurred on numerous grass species in different habitats (wet, dry and saline). Co-occurrence of up to three genetic groups on the same host within one plot was observed. Our study supports that the alkaloid chemistry in C. purpurea is a function of the genetic groups. Further, the co-occurrence suggests completed speciation in several genetic groups (ecotypes) within the C. purpurea complex

• Kauserud, Håvard; Heegaard, Einar; Büntgen, Ulf; Halvorsen, Rune; Egli, Simon; Senn-Irlet, Beatrice; Krisai-Greilhuber, Irmgard; Dämon, Wolfgang; Nordén, Jenni; Høiland, Klaus; Kirk, Paul M.; Semenov, Mikhail A.; Stenseth, Nils Christian & Boddy, Lynne (2013). Reply to Gange et al.: Climate-driven changes in the fungal fruiting season in the United Kingdom. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.  ISSN 0027-8424.  110(5), s E335- E335 . doi: 10.1073/pnas.1221131110
• Vrålstad, Trude; Negård, Mariell; Uhlig, Silvio; Kauserud, Håvard; Høiland, Klaus & Andersen, Tom (2013). INDOLE-ALKALOID PROFILES IN NORWEGIAN CLAVICEPS PURPUREA POPULATIONS – RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CHEMORACES, GENETIC GROUPS, AND ECOLOGY. Vis sammendrag

  Claviceps purpurea is a phytopathogenic ascomycete that parasitizes various grasses, most notably rye. Instead of a grain the infected host plant produces a fungal sclerotium in the autumn, containing toxic indole-alkaloids hazardous to animals and humans. Previously, three different genetic groups (G1-G3) with divergent habitat preferences and alkaloid chemistry have been detected, often referred to as C. purpurea ecotypes and chemoraces. The main aims of this study were to (1) analyse the genetic variation in C. purpurea in Norway, (2) characterise the indole-alkaloid profiles in relation to genetic groups, and (3) reveal the relationships between genetic groups, chemoraces and ecology. In total, 596 sclerotia from 14 different grass species were subjected to various analyses, including a sclerotial floating test, genetic analyses from which rDNA ITS and partial beta tubulin sequences were generated, and mass peaks of indole-alkaloids that were measured using HPLC-MS. After the floating test, all sclerotia were cut in halves in order to analyse one half genetically and one half chemically. Phylogenetic analyses and haplotype networks of genetic data supported three known (G1-G3) and one new (G4) genetic groups of C. purpurea, of which G1, G2 and G4 was present in Norway while G3 was absent. The new G4 group was supported also from chemical and ecological data. G4 produced sclerotia that were consistently floating, and was predominantly found in very wet habitats on Molinia caerulea, and occasionally also in saline habitats on Leymus arenarius. The G4 indole-alkaloid profile resembled that of G2, but differed with high amounts of the ergopeptam ergosedmam, a lactam congener of ergosedmine. Previously, G2 has been referred to as a chemorace based on its sole production of ergosine and ergocristine. The G2 sclerotia analysed in this study contained also mainly ergocristine, but in addition similar relative amounts of ergocryptine, and also lesser amounts of the other ergot alkaloids. A consistent presence of indole-diterpenoids in sclerotia from the G2 and G4 genetic groups was demonstrated, while these compounds with few exceptions were absent in the G1 genetic group. This study support that alkaloid chemistry is a function of the genetic groups, and that the indole-alkaloids profiles of C. purpurea sclerotia can be used to assign them to a specific genetic group. While G1 and G2 were found on numerous host plants and in different habitats, G3 and G4 seem to be more host and habitat specific. Co-occurrence of up to three genetic groups on the same host plant within the same habitat was observed. Thus, the results provided here suggest that the four groups G1-G4 in the C. purpurea complex represent four biological (cryptic) species rather than only ecotypes.

• Høiland, Klaus (2012, 18. mai). Fascination of Plants Day. [Radio].  NRK P1, Nitimen og Østlandsendingen. Vis sammendrag

  Intervju om bruk av planter.

• Stenseth, Nils Christian; Lie, Thore & Høiland, Klaus (2012). Peter Chr. Asbjørnsen - en mangfoldig naturforsker. Biolog.  ISSN 0801-0722.  30(2), s 11- 23 Vis sammendrag

  Peter Christen Asbjørnsen ble født 15. januar 1812 i Christiania, og i år feirer vi derfor hans 200-års jubileum. - Det var en gang..., heter det seg. Asbjørnsen og Moe er jo nærmest blitt et begrep for oss nordmenn. Vi kan takke dem for eventyr som: Mannen som skulle stelle heime, Askeladden og hans gode hjelpere, Tyrihans, De tre Bukkene Bruse, Smørbukk, Guttene som traff trollene i Hedalskogen, Den Sjuende far i huset og mange, mange til. La oss derfor markere jubileet med å fremheve en annen side ved mannen, nemlig hans innsats for biologien. Den står på ingen måte tilbake for eventyrene!

• Wesenberg, Jan; Båtvik, Jan Ingar Iversen; Halvorsen, Rune; Hanssen, Even W.; Høiland, Klaus & Pedersen, Oddvar (2011). Finn Wischmann (28.10.1918–08.05.2011). Blyttia : Norsk botanisk forenings tidsskrift.  ISSN 0006-5269.  69(4), s 208- 216
• Brandrud, Tor Erik; Holien, Håkon; Molia, Anne; Bøe, Ulla-Britt & Høiland, Klaus (2010). XIX. Nordiske Mykologiske Kongress i Steinkjer 2009. Vis sammendrag

  XIX Nordisk mykologisk kongress ble arrangert i Steinkjer fra 1. til 6. september 2009. Til sammen 75 deltakere fra 10 land var samlet. Steinkjer og Nord-Trøndelag ble valgt blant annet på grunn av stor variasjon i sopprike habitater, og at området er møtested for flere soppgeografiske elementer med for eksempel nordlige utposter for sørlige og sørøstlige arter. Både gran- og furudominerte kalkbarskoger, boreal regnskog, rike alm-hassellier og gammel barskog med mye død ved var prioriterte habitater. Særlig var kalkbarskoger på Snåsa-kalken i Steinkjer og Snåsa vurdert som spesielt interessante i forkant av kongressen. The XIX Nordic Mycological Congress was arranged in Steinkjer 1st to 6th September 2009, with 75 participants from 10 countries. Steinkjer and the surrounding municipalities in Nord- Trøndelag County, Central Norway, were chosen because of the great variation in habitats and many different myco-geographical elements represented in the area. Moreover some northernmost localities for southern or south-eastern species were found. Calcareous coniferous forests with Norway spruce or Scotch pine, boreal rain forests, rich steep forests dominated by elm and hazel and old growth coniferous forests with much dead wood were our first choice as excursion localities. Of special interest were the coniferous forests on the ?Snåsa limestones? in the municipalities of Steinkjer and Snåsa.

• Brandrud, Tor Erik; Holien, Håkon; Molia, Anne; Bøe, Ulla-Britt; Høiland, Klaus; Torkelsen, Anna-Elise & Wollan, Anders (2010). XIX. Nordiske Mykologiske Kongress i Steinkjer 2009. Utredning/Høgskolen i Nord-Trøndelag.
• Abarenkov, Kessy; Nilsson, R. Henrik; Larsson, Karl-Henrik; Alexander, Ian J.; Eberhardt, Ursula; Erland, Susanne; Høiland, Klaus; Kjøller, Rasmus; Larsson, Ellen; Pennanen, Taina; Sen, Robin; Taylor, Andy F. S.; Tedersoo, Leho; Ursing, Björn M.; Vrålstad, Trude; Liimatainen, Kare; Peintner, Ursula & Kõljalg, Urmas (2010). The UNITE database for molecular identification of fungi - recent updates and future perspectives. New Phytologist.  ISSN 0028-646X.  186(2), s 281- 285 . doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03160.x
• Laane, Carl Morten Motzfeldt; Høiland, Klaus & Tarjem, Guro (2010, 21. mai). Slimsopp,-Framtidas Ingeniør. [Radio].  Norsk Rikskringkasting, Oslo.
• Høiland, Klaus (2009). Charles Darwin og The Origin of Species. Dag og Tid.  ISSN 0803-334X.  s 25- 25 Vis sammendrag

  I år feirar Charles Darwin (1809-1882) to jubileum. 12. februar er det 200 år sidan han vart fødd, og for 150 år sidan vart den viktigaste boka i biologien, ja, kanskje i heile vitskapen, utgjeven, The Origin of species.

• Høiland, Klaus (2009). Darwin brukt og misbrukt. argument.  ISSN 1504-6087.  (2), s 52- 53 Vis sammendrag

  I biologien blir evolusjonsteorien stadig bekreftet, men utenfor fagfeltet råder vranglæren.

• Høiland, Klaus (2009). Darwin i all sin velde! Anmeldelse av: Darwin. Verden ble aldri den samme. Redigert av Dag O. Hessen, Thore Lie og Nils Chr. Stenseth. Gyldendal Norsk Forlag AS, Oslo, 2009, 405 sider. ISBN 978-82-05-39034-8. Biolog.  ISSN 0801-0722.  27(2), s 25- 26
• Høiland, Klaus (2009). Darwins drøm - evolusjonsteorien forlengs og baklengs. Vis sammendrag

  Multimediashow om evolusjonen med utgangspunkt i mennesket og så går vi bakover i tid og møter våre nære og etterhvert fjernere forfedre: fra neandertaleren til bakteriene. Foredraget også holdt ved Singelklubbeb UiO 12.02.2009, Concordia singleklubb på Røa i Oslo 27.02.2009, Berg vdg skole (Oslo) 20.03.2009, Norsk Biologforening 24.04.2009, BIO-konferansen (Norsk Biologforening) i Oslo 11.11.2009, Skeisvang vdg skole (Haugesund) 24.11.2009, Norsk Botanisk Forening (Østlandsavd.) 09.12.2009.

• Høiland, Klaus (2009). Giftslørsoppens tall!. Sopp og nyttevekster.  ISSN 1504-4165.  5(4), s 14- 14
• Høiland, Klaus (2009). Hekseringer; et UFOrståelig soppfenomen?. Sopp og nyttevekster.  ISSN 1504-4165.  5(4), s 20- 22
• Høiland, Klaus (2009). Henrik Wergeland og blomstene i hans poesi.
• Høiland, Klaus (2009). Myk kråkefot til besvær. Sopp og nyttevekster.  ISSN 1504-4165.  5(4), s 46- 47
• Høiland, Klaus (2009). Sideblikk på homøopatistriden. argument.  ISSN 1504-6087.  (5), s 47- 47 Vis sammendrag

  Så lenge Snåsamannen er gangbar mynt i Stortinget må naturvitere si fra når det går for langt.

• Høiland, Klaus (2009). Soppenes avskyelige problem - hva Darwin ikke studerte. Sopp og nyttevekster.  ISSN 1504-4165.  5(3), s 14- 18
• Høiland, Klaus (2009). The Origin of Fungi.
• Thore, Lie & Høiland, Klaus (2009). Botanikeren Axel Blytt og kontakten med Darwin. Biolog.  ISSN 0801-0722.  27(1), s 6- 11 Vis sammendrag

  Axel Gudbrand Blytt (1843-98) er nok den norske botanikeren, for ikke å si den norske forskeren overhodet, som hadde den mest omfattende kontakten med Charles Darwin. Dette til tross for at han ikke var den som sterkest fremmet Darwins teori i norsk vitenskapelig debatt eller i samfunnet for øvrig. Det var først og fremst Axel Blytts innsats som forsker som brakte ham i kontakt med 200-årsjubilanten, og her står Blytts klimavekslingsteori i første rekke.

• Bjorbækmo, Marit Markussen; Brysting, Anne Krag; Carlsen, Tor; Høiland, Klaus; Geml, Jozsef; Schumacher, Trond; Vrålstad, Trude & Kauserud, Håvard (2008). The ectomycorrhizal fungal community associated with alpine and arctic populations of Dryas octopetala along a latitudinal gradient.
• Blaalid, Rakel; Carlsen, Tor; Kauserud, Håvard; Brysting, Anne Krag & Høiland, Klaus (2008). Bistorta vivipara and its mycobionts - a model system for ectomycorrhizal research.
• Høiland, Klaus; Lie, Thore & Nordal, Inger (2008). Henrik Wergeland og utviklingsfilosofens Niels Treschows innflytelse på hans dikting. Biolog.  ISSN 0801-0722.  26(2), s 24- 31 Vis sammendrag

  Henrik Wergeland ville ha fylt 200 år i 2008. Denne mangfoldige dikteren, svirebroren og opprøreren, som ikke bare skrev noe av det flotteste som er skrevet i Norge, men som også var opptatt av folkeopplysning, politikk, nasjonsbygging, antirasisme, historie, botanikk heri inkludert fremme av både dyrkete og viltvoksende nytteplanter, husdyr, teologi, medisin osv. - og ikke minst "evig" varende rettssaker, var også innom utviklingsbiologi!

• Nordal, Inger & Høiland, Klaus (2008). Wergeland 2008, Wergelands liv og verk, mangfoldige Wergeland, botanikeren.
• Brandtzæg, Per; Bye, Ragnar; Eskeland, Trond; Flood, Per; Holck, Per; Høiland, Klaus; Laane, Carl Morten Motzfeldt; Medbø, Jon Ingulf; Synnes, Ole & Økland, Rune Halvorsen (2007). Kulturkollisjon mellom naturvitenskap og jus. Juristkontakt.  ISSN 0332-7590.  (5), s 61- 62 Vis sammendrag

  Det kan se ut som gjenopptakelseskommisjonen har kollidert med en naturvitenskapelig kultur. Men hverken vi eller gjenopptakelseskommisjonen står fritt til å velge mellom de to kulturene. Når naturvitenskapen gir oss klar beskjed om at det ikke er sammenheng mellom to fenomener, kan ikke jusen ignorere det. Artikkelen er i sin helhet også trykket under vignetten "Med andre ord" i "Klassekampen" (kronikk- og debattredaktør Astrid Dybvik") onsdag 08 august 2007.

• Brondz, Ilia & Høiland, Klaus (2007). Supercritical fluid chromatography resolution of secondary metabolites and multi-analysis by mass spectrometry-ultraviolet and corona charge aerosol detection.
• Høiland, Klaus (2007). Bananfluenes Herre - Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866-1945). Biolog.  ISSN 0801-0722.  25(1), s 4- 8
• Høiland, Klaus (2007). Tre tekniske bevis felte Torgersen - naturvitenskapelig dokument av første eller siste klasse. Biolog.  ISSN 0801-0722.  25(2), s 24- 27
• Høiland, Klaus (2007). Vitenskapsmannen Carl von Linné. Blyttia : Norsk botanisk forenings tidsskrift.  ISSN 0006-5269.  65(1), s 53- 61
• Stensrud, Øyvind; Høiland, Klaus; Røberg, Kjetil & Schumacher, Trond (2007). Multi locus phylogenies highlight the evolution of morphological characters and ecological traits in Cortinarius. Vis sammendrag

  The mycorrhizal genus Cortinarius is suspected to be the largest genus of agarics, containing more than 2000 different species worldwide. The current infrageneric classification of Cortinarius is largely based on morphology, however, recent phylogenetic studies have challenged the characters traditionally used to circumscribe subgenera and sections of the genus. Our goal was to explore character evolution in the subgenera Cortinarius, Dermocybe, Leprocybe, Myxacium, Phlegmacium, Sericeocybe, and Telamonia, using a five gene nrSSU, nrITS (including the 5.8S gene), nrLSU, mitLSU, and mitSSU phylogeny. We used Bayesian maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses. Previous phylogenetic studies, based on nrDNA loci, have shown that a number of important morphological characters are refound in several evolutionary lineages, suggesting that the current classification does not reflect the divergent evolutionary history of the genus. Analyses of the concatenated nrDNA and mitrDNA data set strengthen the view of an arbitrary, non-phylogenetic, infrageneric classification of Cortinarius, and new subgenera and sections need to be erected to approach a phylogenetic classification of this large genus.

Se alle arbeider i Cristin