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Bøe, Knut Egil; Grahek-Ogden, Danica; Hoel, Kristian; Gjøen, Tor; Godfroid, Jacques Xavier Leon & Janczak, Andrew Michael
[Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2022).
The use of light, restrictive feeding, fibrous feed and stocking density and the consequences for animal welfare for poultry species kept in Norway - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment.
VKM Report.
ISSN 2535-4019.
2022:24(24),
s. 1–53.
Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
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Thorstad, Eva Bonsak; Garseth, Åse Helen; Gjøen, Tor; Gulla, Snorre; Lo, Håvard & Malmstrøm, Martin
[Vis alle 22 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2021).
Assessment of the risk of negative impact on biodiversity from import and release of eggs or live fish from landlocked Atlantic salmon from Klarälven in Sweden to Trysilelva in Norway. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment.
VKM Report.
ISSN 2535-4019.
2021(04).
Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Vis sammendrag
Introduction
Atlantic salmon in the River Klarälven in Sweden live the entire life in freshwater,
undertaking feeding migrations to Lake Vänern. The upper part of the watershed is in
Norway and comprises the River Trysilelva and associated rivers and lakes. Atlantic salmon
previously lived in the Norwegian part of the watershed but were lost due to the construction
of 11 hydropower stations that block the upstream migration from Vänern. The power
stations also cause a high mortality among downstream migrating fish. Tagging studies
showed that there is 71-84% mortality of juveniles (smolts) and 100% mortality of adults
during downstream migration past the eight lowermost power stations. Extensive mitigation
measures are needed to reduce the mortality of downstream migrants and reestablish a
population that can reach areas in Norway naturally without being captured in Sweden and
transported to Norway. In 2015, the total costs of establishing fishways bypassing the power
stations and securing safe downstream migration was estimated to be 1000 million SEK.
To compensate for a decline of salmon due to lost habitat, hatchery-produced juveniles have
been released in the watershed for more than 100 years, and adult salmon have been
captured in the lower reaches of Klarälven and released in upstream reaches. After the
Höljes power station was built, 80% of the salmon transported upstream were released
upstream of Höljes. In 1993, the Norwegian government stopped these releases due to the
large mortality of downstream migrating fish at the power stations. The releases had already
been stopped from late summer 1988 due to bacterial kidney disease (BKD) outbreaks in
salmon populations in the watershed. Since 1988, transported fish have been released
upstream of Edsforsen in Sweden, and have not been able to reach Norway.
Aim of report
The Norwegian Environment Agency asked VKM to carry out a risk assessment of three
specified methods that can be used to reestablish salmon in the Norwegian part of the
watershed. This risk assessment is pertinent because the occurrence of alien organisms and
infectious agents have developed differently in the Swedish and Norwegian parts of the
watershed after salmon became unable to migrate through the river system. In 2013, the
fish parasite Gyrodactylus salaris was detected in Klarälven, but has not been recorded in
Norwegian parts of the watershed. Here, we assess the risk of negative impacts on native
biodiversity by importing Atlantic salmon eggs or live adults from Klarälven to Norway.
Three methods of importing eggs or adults were assessed:
I. Import of fertilised eggs to a local hatchery in Norway, which are planted in the river
in the spring or hatched and released as juveniles or smolts.
II. Import of fertilised eggs that will be used to establish a long-term broodstock in
Norway using the gene bank model, from which eggs can be planted into the river, or
transferred to a local hatchery with subsequent release of juveniles or smolts.
III. Import of adult salmon spawners that are captured in the lower parts of Klarälven in
Sweden, transported in tanks and released in the Norwegian parts of the watershed.
Methods
The risk assessment was based on a literature review and qualitative assessment of each of
the three methods of importing eggs or adults. The risk of impacts on native biodiversity and
ecosystems was assessed for infectious agents, including parasites, bacterial pathogens, and
viruses, and for other alien species. For each of the infectious agents and alien species, the
risk is based on the product of the magnitude of the potential negative impact to native
biodiversity and ecosystems, and the likelihood that negative consequences occur. The risk
assessment concludes in terms of low, moderate, or high risk.
.......................
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Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland; Austrheim, Gunnar; Gjøen, Tor; Kvie, Kjersti Sternang; Malmstrøm, Martin & Ytrehus, Bjørnar
[Vis alle 15 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2021).
Assessment of the risk to Norwegian biodiversity from import and keeping of American bison, European bison, domesticated water buffalo and domesticated yak. Scientific Opinion of the panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment.
VKM Report.
ISSN 2535-4019.
2021(20),
s. 1–77.
Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
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Andresen, Adriana Magalhaes Santos; Boudinot, Pierre & Gjøen, Tor
(2020).
Kinetics of transcriptional response against poly (I:C) and infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) in Atlantic salmon kidney (ASK) cell line.
Developmental and Comparative Immunology.
ISSN 0145-305X.
110.
doi:
10.1016/j.dci.2020.103716.
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Samuelsen, Ørjan; Åstrand, Ove Alexander Høgmoen; Frøhlich, Christopher; Heikal, Adam; Skagseth, Susann & Carlsen, Trine Josefine Olsen
[Vis alle 17 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2020).
ZN148 Is a Modular Synthetic Metallo-beta-Lactamase Inhibitor That Reverses Carbapenem Resistance in Gram-Negative Pathogens In Vivo.
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.
ISSN 0066-4804.
64(6).
doi:
10.1128/AAC.02415-19.
Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
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Andresen, Adriana Magalhaes Santos; Lutfi Royo, Esmail; Ruyter, Bente; Berge, Gerd Marit & Gjøen, Tor
(2019).
Interaction between dietary fatty acids and genotype on immune response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) after vaccination: A transcriptome study.
PLOS ONE.
ISSN 1932-6203.
14(7),
s. 1–23.
doi:
10.1371/journal.pone.0219625.
Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
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Arnemo, Marianne; Kavaliauskis, Arturas; Andresen, Adriana Magalhaes Santos; Bou, Marta ; Berge, Gerd Marit & Ruyter, Bente
[Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2017).
Effects of dietary n-3 fatty acids on Toll-like receptor activation in primary leucocytes from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).
Fish Physiology & Biochemistry.
ISSN 0920-1742.
43,
s. 1065–1080.
doi:
10.1007/s10695-017-0353-4.
Vis sammendrag
The shortage of the n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on the international markets has led to increasing substitution of fish oil by plant oils in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) feed and thereby reducing the EPA and DHA content in salmon. However, the minimum required levels of these fatty acids in fish diets for securing fish health are unknown. Fish were fed with 0, 1 or 2% EPA or DHA alone or in combination of both over a period, growing from 50 to 400 g. Primary head kidney leucocytes were isolated and stimulated with Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands to determine if EPA and DHA deficiency can affect expression of important immune genes and eicosanoid production. Several genes related to viral immune response did not vary between groups. However, there was a tendency that the high-level EPA and DHA groups expressed lower levels of IL-1β in non-stimulated leucocytes. These leucocytes were also more responsive to the TLR ligands, inducing higher expression levels of IL-1β and Mx1 after stimulation. The levels of prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4 in serum and media from stimulated leucocytes were lower in both low and high EPA and DHA groups. In conclusion, leucocytes from low EPA and DHA groups seemed to be less responsive towards immunostimulants, like TLR ligands, indicating that low levels or absence of dietary EPA and DHA may have immunosuppressive effects.
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Kavaliauskis, Arturas; Arnemo, Marianne; Speth, Martin; Lagos, Leidy; Rishovd, Anne-Lise & Estepa, Amparo
[Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2016).
Protective effect of a recombinant VHSV-G vaccine using poly(I: C) loaded nanoparticles as an adjuvant in zebrafish (Danio rerio) infection model.
Developmental and Comparative Immunology.
ISSN 0145-305X.
61,
s. 248–257.
doi:
10.1016/j.dci.2016.04.010.
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Arnemo, Marianne; Watle, Sara Sofie Viksmoen; Schoultz, Kristin Merete; Vainio, Kirsti; Norheim, Gunnstein & Moorthy, Vasee
[Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2016).
Stability of a Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Vectored Ebola Vaccine.
Journal of Infectious Diseases.
ISSN 0022-1899.
213(6),
s. 930–933.
doi:
10.1093/infdis/jiv532.
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Brietzke, Andreas; Arnemo, Marianne; Gjøen, Tor; Rebl, Henrike; Korytár, Tomás & Goldammer, Tom
[Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2016).
Structurally diverse genes encode Tlr2 in rainbow trout: The conserved receptor cannot be stimulated by classical ligands to activate NF-κB in vitro.
Developmental and Comparative Immunology.
ISSN 0145-305X.
54(1),
s. 75–88.
doi:
10.1016/j.dci.2015.08.012.
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Kavaliauskis, Arturas; Arnemo, Marianne; Rishovd, Anne-Lise & Gjøen, Tor
(2016).
Activation of unfolded protein response pathway during infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) infection in vitro an in vivo.
Developmental and Comparative Immunology.
ISSN 0145-305X.
54(1),
s. 46–54.
doi:
10.1016/j.dci.2015.08.009.
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Kavaliauskis, Arturas; Arnemo, Marianne; Sung-Hyun, Kim; Ulanova, Lilia; Speth, Martin & Novoa, Beatriz
[Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2015).
Use of poly(I:C) stabilized with chitosan as a vaccine-adjuvant against viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus infection in zebrafish.
Zebrafish.
ISSN 1545-8547.
12(6),
s. 421–431.
doi:
10.1089/zeb.2015.1126.
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Arnemo, Marianne; Kavaliauskis, Arturas & Gjøen, Tor
(2014).
Effects of TLR agonists and viral infection on cytokine and TLR expression in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).
Developmental and Comparative Immunology.
ISSN 0145-305X.
46(2),
s. 139–145.
doi:
10.1016/j.dci.2014.03.023.
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Aursnes, Ingrid Augusta Stølen; Rishovd, Anne-Lise; Karlsen, Hans Erik & Gjøen, Tor
(2011).
Validation of reference genes for quantitative RT-qPCR studies of gene expression in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua I.) during temperature stress.
BMC Research Notes.
ISSN 1756-0500.
4.
doi:
10.1186/1756-0500-4-104.
-
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Trattner, S.; Ruyter, Bente; Østbye, Tone-Kari K; Kamal-Eldin, A.; Moazzami, A. & Pan, J.
[Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2011).
Influence of Dietary Sesamin, a Bioactive Compound on Fatty Acids and Expression of Some Lipid Regulating Genes in Baltic Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Juveniles.
Physiological Research.
ISSN 0862-8408.
60(1),
s. 125–137.
doi:
10.33549/physiolres.932068.
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Schiøtz, Berit Lyng; Roos, Norbert; Rishovd, Anne-Lise & Gjøen, Tor
(2010).
Formation of autophagosomes and redistribution of LC3 upon in vitro infection with infectious salmon anemia virus.
Virus Research.
ISSN 0168-1702.
151(1),
s. 104–107.
doi:
10.1016/j.virusres.2010.03.013.
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Schiøtz, Berit L.; Bækkevold, Espen S; Poulsen, Lene C.; Mjaaland, Siri & Gjøen, Tor
(2009).
Analysis of host- and strain-dependent cell death responses during infectious salmon anemia virus infection in vitro.
Virology Journal.
ISSN 1743-422X.
6.
Vis sammendrag
Background: Infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) is an aquatic orthomyxovirus and the causative agent of infectious salmon anemia (ISA), a disease of great importance in the Atlantic salmon farming industry. In vitro, ISAV infection causes cytophatic effect (CPE) in cell lines from Atlantic salmon, leading to rounding and finally detachment of the cells from the substratum. In this study, we investigated the mode of cell death during in vitro ISAV infection in different Atlantic salmon cell lines, using four ISAV strains causing different mortality in vivo. Results: The results show that caspase 3/7 activity increased during the course of infection in ASK and SHK-1 cells, infected cells showed increased surface expression of phosphatidylserine and increased PI uptake, compared to mock infected cells; and morphological alterations of the mitochondria were observed. Expression analysis of immune relevant genes revealed no correlation between in vivo mortality and expression, but good correlation in expression of interferon genes. Conclusion: Results from this study indicate that there is both strain and cell type dependent differences in the virus-host interaction during ISAV infection. This is important to bear in mind when extrapolating in vitro findings to the in vivo situation
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Schiøtz, Berit Lyng; Bækkevold, Espen Sønderaal; Poulsen, Lene Cecilie; Mjaaland, S & Gjøen, Tor
(2009).
Analysis of host- and strain-dependent cell death responses during infectious salmon anemia virus infection in vitro.
Virology Journal.
ISSN 1743-422X.
6.
doi:
10.1186/1743-422X-6-91.
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Todorcevic, Marijana; Vegusdal, Anne; Gjøen, Tor; Sundvold, Hilde; Torstensen, Bente & Kjær, Marte Avranden
[Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2008).
Changes in fatty acids metabolism during differentiation of Atlantic salmon preadipocytes; Effects of n-3 and n-9 fatty acids.
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids.
ISSN 1388-1981.
1781(6-7),
s. 326–335.
doi:
10.1016/j.bbalip.2008.04.014.
Vis sammendrag
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) preadipocytes, isolated from visceral adipose tissue, differentiate from an unspecialized fibroblast like cell type to mature adipocytes filled with lipid droplets in culture. The expression of the adipogenic gene markers peroxisome proliferated activated receptor (PPAR) alpha, lipoprotein lipase (LPL), microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), fatty acid transport protein (FATP) 1 and fatty acid binding protein (FABP) 3 increased during differentiation. In addition, we describe a novel alternatively spliced form of PPAR gamma (PPAR gamma short), the expression of which increased during differentiation. Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) lowered the triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation in mature salmon adipocytes compared to oleic acid (18:1n-9, OA). This finding indicates that a reduced level of highly unsaturated n-3 fatty acids (HUFAs) in fish diets, when the traditional marine oil is exchanged for n-9 fatty acids (FAs) rich vegetable oils (VOs), may influence visceral fat deposition in salmonids. Moreover, major differences in the metabolism of EPA, DHA and OA at different stages during differentiation of adipocytes occur. Most of the EPA and DHA were oxidized in preadipocytes, while they were mainly stored in TAGs in mature adipocytes in contrast to OA which was primarily stored in TAGs at all stages of differentiation. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Kjær, Marte Avranden; Vegusdal, Anne; Gjøen, Tor; Rustan, Arild; Todorcevic, Marijana & Ruyter, Bente
(2008).
Effect of rapeseed oil and dietary n-3 fatty acids on triacylglycerol synthesis and secretion in Atlantic salmon hepatocytes.
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids.
ISSN 1388-1981.
1781(3),
s. 112–122.
doi:
10.1016/j.bbalip.2007.12.004.
Vis sammendrag
Fish oil (FO) has traditionally been used as the dominating lipid component in fish feed. However, FO is a limited resource and the price varies considerably, which has led to an interest in using alternative oils, such as vegetable oils (VOs), in fish diets. It is far from clear how these VOs affect liver lipid secretion and fish health. The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanioc acid (DHA), reduce the secretion of lipoproteins rich in triacylglycerols (TAGs) in Atlantic salmon, as they do in humans. The mechanism by which n-3 fatty acids (FAs) in the diet reduce TAG secretion is not known. We have therefore investigated the effects of rapeseed oil (RO) and n-3 rich diets on the accumulation and secretion of H-3-glycerolipids by salmon hepatocytes. Salmon, of approximately 90 g were fed for 17 weeks on one of four diets supplemented with either 13.5% FO, RO, EPA-enriched oil or DHA-enriched oil until a final average weight of 310 g. Our results show that the dietary FA composition markedly influences the endogenous FA composition and lipid content of the hepatocytes. The intracellular lipid level in hepatocytes from fish fed RO diet and DHA diet were higher, and the expressions of the genes for microsomal transfer protein (MTP) and apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1) were lower, than those in fish fed the two other diets. Secretion of hepatocyte glycerolipids was lower in fish fed the EPA diet and DHA diet than it was in fish fed the RO diet. Our results indicate that EPA and DHA possess different hypolipidemic properties. Both EPA and DHA inhibit TAG synthesis and secretion, but only EPA induces mitochondrial proliferation and reduce intracellular lipid. Expression of the gene for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR alpha) was higher in the DHA dietary group than it was in the other groups. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Schiøtz, Berit Lyng; Jørgensen, Sven Martin; Rexroad, C; Gjøen, Tor & Krasnov, Aleksei
(2008).
Transcriptomic analysis of responses to infectious salmon anemia virus infection in macrophage-like cells.
Virus Research.
ISSN 0168-1702.
136,
s. 65–74.
doi:
10.1016/j.virusres.2008.04.019.
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Trattner, Sofia; Ruyter, Bente; Østbye, Tone-Kari K.; Gjøen, Tor; Zlabek, V & Kamal-Eldin, A
[Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2008).
Sesamin Increases Alpha-Linolenic Acid Conversion to Docosahexaenoic Acid in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Hepatocytes: Role of Altered Gene Expression.
Lipids.
ISSN 0024-4201.
43(11),
s. 999–1008.
doi:
10.1007/s11745-008-3229-7.
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Trattner, Sofia; Kamal-Eldin, A; Brannas, E; Moazzami, A; Zlabek, V & Larsson, P
[Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2008).
Sesamin Supplementation Increases White Muscle Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Levels in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fed High Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA) Containing Vegetable Oil: Metabolic Actions.
Lipids.
ISSN 0024-4201.
43(11),
s. 989–997.
doi:
10.1007/s11745-008-3228-8.
-
Ørpetveit, I; Gjøen, Tor; Sindre, Hilde & Dannevig, Birgit
(2008).
Binding of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) to membrane proteins from different fish cell lines.
Archives of Virology.
ISSN 0304-8608.
153.
doi:
10.1007/s00705-007-0018-1.
-
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Gjøen, Tor; Kleveland, Ellen Johanne; Moya-Falcon, Corina; Frøystad, Marianne K.; Vegusdal, Anne & Hvattum, Erlend
[Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2007).
Effects of dietary thia fatty acids on lipid composition, morphology and macrophage function of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) kidney.
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part B: Biochemistry & Molecular Biology.
ISSN 1096-4959.
148.
Vis sammendrag
High lipid levels are being used in modem salmonid diets to promote rapid growth; however there is a limiting supply of the traditional fish oils as the fish farming industry expands. One way to utilize the lipid sources better, could be to find ways to stimulate fatty acid (FA) oxidation so that Atlantic salmon use more energy for muscle growth and less for storage in pet visceral adipose tissue. We have previously shown that dietary inclusion of the thia FA tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) promoted hepatic beta-oxidation and reduced total body lipid levels. However, dietary TTA also had some negative effects, leading to accumulation of sulfone and sulfoxide metabolites of TTA in the kidney and increasing mortality rates, particularly at low water temperatures. Therefore we also wish to investigate the effects of TTA on kidney function at high and low temperatures, including some immune system parameters. The production of leukotriene B-4 (LTB4) and prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)) immunoreactive material from exogenously added arachidonic acid in isolated head kidney macrophages was affected by both diet and temperature. The phagocytic activity in these cells was reduced by DTA in the 12 degrees C group and there was significantly higher protein degradation in head kidney macrophages at 12 degrees C compared to 5 degrees C in all dietary groups. Interestingly, the incorporation of thia FAs in the kidney was higher at 5 degrees C (0.3% TTA and 0.6% DTA) than at 12 degrees C (0.1% TTA and 0.5% DTA). Additionally, there were lower levels of saturated FAs, while higher levels of polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) in the kidney of TTA fed fish at 5 degrees C. We also observed temperature-independent tubular dilatation and a reduction in the density of melanomacrophages of the kidney in salmon fed TTA. Nevertheless, the rnRNA expression of some immune-relevant genes in head kidney tissue was not affected by TTA-inclusion in salmon diets. In conclusion, it is clear that 0.6% TTA-inclusion in the feed leads to changes in the kidney function particularly at low water temperatures. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Jørgensen, Sven Martin; Grimholt, Unni & Gjøen, Tor
(2007).
Cloning and expression analysis of an Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) tapasin gene.
Developmental and Comparative Immunology.
ISSN 0145-305X.
31(1),
s. 708–719.
-
Jørgensen, Sven Martin; Hetland, Dyveke Lem; Press, Charles McLean; Grimholt, Unni & Gjøen, Tor
(2007).
Effect of early infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) infection on expression of MHC pathway genes and type I and II interferon in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) tissues.
Fish and Shellfish Immunology.
ISSN 1050-4648.
23(3),
s. 576–588.
-
-
Jørgensen, Sven Martin; Hetland, DL; Press, C.M.; Grimholt, Unni & Gjøen, Tor
(2007).
Effect of early infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) infection on expression of MHC pathway genes and type I and II interferon in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) tissues.
Fish and Shellfish Immunology.
ISSN 1050-4648.
23(3),
s. 576–588.
doi:
10.1016/j.fsi.2007.01.005.
-
Jørgensen, Sven Martin; Grimholt, Unni & Gjøen, Tor
(2007).
Cloning and expression analysis of an Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) tapasin gene.
Developmental and Comparative Immunology.
ISSN 0145-305X.
31(7),
s. 708–719.
doi:
10.1016/j.dci.2006.10.004.
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Jørgensen, Sven Martin; Kleveland, Ellen Johanne; Grimholt, Unni & Gjøen, Tor
(2006).
Validation of reference genes for real-time polymerase chain reaction studies in Atlantic salmon.
Marine Biotechnology.
ISSN 1436-2228.
8(4),
s. 398–408.
Vis sammendrag
Optimization of reference genes for real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) studies in fish is strongly needed. We systematically tested beta-actin (ACTB), 18S rRNA (18S), beta(2)-microglobulin (B2M), elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1A), RNA polymerase I and II (RPL1/2), and glycerol 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) for stability in salmon immune relevant tissues and kidney cells (ASK) infected with infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV), plus in tissues from fish fed thia fatty acids. Transcription of all genes was unchanged in infected and thia fatty acid-treated tissues versus normal tissues. Between tissues, 18S and EF1A were most stable, RPL1 and RPL2 were intermediate, and G6PDH and ACTB and B2M were the least stable. However, only 18S had constant expression in infected cells; the rest significantly down-regulated. Implications of this finding were demonstrated when normalizing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I expression in ASK. Software predictions supported a proper normalization is obtained combining 18S, EF1A, and RPL1 in vivo, but for in vitro viral infection assays we recommend using 18S.
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Jørgensen, Sven Martin; Lyng-Syvertsen, Berit; Lukacs, Morten; Grimholt, Unni & Gjøen, Tor
(2006).
Expression of MHC class I pathway genes in response to infectious salmon anaemia virus in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) cells.
Fish and Shellfish Immunology.
ISSN 1050-4648.
21(5),
s. 548–560.
Vis sammendrag
Infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) is the causative agent of an important viral disease threatening Atlantic salmon aquaculture. Although its structure and pathogenesis is well described little is known about its immunomodulatory effects on the host. Cellular immunity is critical in the host control of virus infections, an event attributable to antigen presentation through the MHC class I pathway, whose genes are transcriptionally activated by interferons (IFN) and other cytokines. In this study we analysed the regulation and kinetics of key genes in the salmon MHC class I pathway in relation to type I IFN during ISAV infection and poly I:C stimulation in the permissive Atlantic salmon kidney cell line (ASK). As measured by quantitative real-time PCR, ISAV induced an mRNA shut-off equivalent to 2.5?5.5-fold reduced levels of housekeeping genes at 7 days post infection. Relative to this shut-off (by normalising to ?-actin) transcription increased to peak levels at 2.8-fold for MHC class I, 10-fold for ?2 microglobulin (?2m), 5.9-fold for the peptide transporter ABCB2, 8.8-fold for the proteasome component PSMB8 and 4.6-fold for the proteasome component PSMB9, presumably by activation of the IFN system as a 26-fold induction was observed for type I IFN-?. Expression of Mx protein was also induced 17-fold at peak level. Similar kinetics and activation levels of these genes were seen in poly I:C stimulated cells. We also isolated the salmon MHC class I UBA*0301 promoter and identified a conserved interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) and GAAA-elements plus several GAS- and IRF-sites, all supporting IFN-inducible properties. In summary, we demonstrate a concerted induction of the MHC class I pathway and type I IFN by ISAV comparable to levels induced by the synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) poly I:C. Thus, unlike influenza and several other viruses ISAV does not seem to interfere with MHC and IFN expression
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Kleveland, Ellen Johanne; Syvertsen, Berit Lyng; Ruyter, Bente; Vegusdal, Anne; Jørgensen, Sven Martin & Gjøen, Tor
(2006).
Characterization of scavenger receptor class B, type I in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.).
Lipids.
ISSN 0024-4201.
41(11),
s. 1017–1027. .
-
Jørgensen, Sven Martin; Grimholt, Unni & Gjøen, Tor
(2006).
Cloning and expression analysis of an Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) tapasin gene.
Developmental and Comparative Immunology.
ISSN 0145-305X.
20.
-
Jørgensen, Sven Martin; Syvertsen, Berit Lyng; Lukacs, Morten; Grimholt, Unni & Gjøen, Tor
(2006).
Expression of MHC class I pathway genes in response to infectious salmon anaemia virus in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) cells.
Fish and Shellfish Immunology.
ISSN 1050-4648.
21(5),
s. 548–60.
-
-
Jørgensen, Sven Martin; Kleveland, Ellen Johanne; Grimholt, U & Gjøen, Tor
(2006).
Validation of reference genes for real-time polymerase chain reaction studies in Atlantic salmon.
Marine Biotechnology.
ISSN 1436-2228.
8,
s. 398–408.
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Thomassen, Magny Skinlo; Vegusdal, Anne; Gjøen, Tor; Berge, R.K. & Ruyter, Bente
(2005).
Effect of 18 : 1n-9, 20 : 5n-3, and 22 : 6n-3 on lipid accumulation and secretion by Atlantic salmon hepatocytes.
Lipids.
ISSN 0024-4201.
40(5),
s. 477–486.
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Vegusdal, Anne; Gjøen, Tor; Berge, Rolf Kristian; Thomassen, Magny Skinlo & Ruyter, Bente
(2005).
Effect of 18 : 1n-9, 20 : 5n-3, and 22 : 6n-3 on lipid accumulation and secretion by Atlantic salmon hepatocytes.
Lipids.
ISSN 0024-4201.
40(5),
s. 477–486.
doi:
10.1007/s11745-005-1407-z.
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Vegusdal, Anne; Østbye, Tone-Kari K; Tran, TN; Gjøen, Tor & Ruyter, B
(2004).
Beta-oxidation, esterification, and secretion of radiolabeled fatty acids in cultivated Atlantic salmon skeletal muscle cells.
Lipids.
ISSN 0024-4201.
39(7),
s. 649–658.
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Vegusdal, Anne; Ostbye, TK; Tran, Thien Ngoc; Gjøen, Tor & Ruyter, Bente
(2004).
Beta-oxidation, esterification, and secretion of radiolabeled fatty acids in cultivated Atlantic salmon skeletal muscle cells.
Lipids.
ISSN 0024-4201.
39(7),
s. 649–658.
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Gjøen, Tor; Obach, A.; Røsjø, Camilla; Grisdale-Helland, Barbara; Rosenlund, G. & Hvattum, E.
[Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2004).
Effect of dietary lipids on macrophage function, stress susceptibility and disease esistance in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).
Fish Physiology & Biochemistry.
ISSN 0920-1742.
30,
s. 149–161.
doi:
10.1007/s10695-005-4318-7.
Vis sammendrag
As the supply of marine fish oil is becoming a limiting factor in the production of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar), new diets and alternative sources of energy are being tested. Plant oils are natural potential candidates to replace fish oil, but the different levels of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids may influence the health and growth of salmon. In this study, we have investigated the resistance to transport stress and bacterial infection, phagocytic activity in head kidney macrophages and eicosanoid metabolism in salmon fed three different diets. In high-energy fishmeal based diets, 50% and 100% of the supplementary fish oil (FO) was replaced with soybean oil ( SO). The three dietary groups were fed for 950 day-degrees at 5 degrees C ( 27 weeks) and 12 degrees C ( 11 weeks) before challenging the fish with Aeromonas salmonicida, analyzing the lipid composition of head kidney and examining macrophage function in vivo and in vitro. Dietary fatty acids affected the lipid composition of the kidney. The level of eicosanoid precursor's 20: 4n-6 and 20: 3n-6 were 3 and 7-fold higher in the 100% SO group compared with the FO group. The total fraction of n-3 lipids in kidney was 19% in the SO group, compared to 16% and 12% in the 50% or 100% SO groups, respectively. However, the production of leucotriene B-4 (LTB) and prostaglandin E-2 (PGE) immunoreactive materiel from exogenously added arachidonic acid in head kidney macrophages was only affected by the composite diet ( increased) at 5 degrees C. In addition, the phagocytic activity of kidney macrophages in vivo and in vitro was not affected by diet. No effect of diet was observed on transport stress or susceptibility to a bacterial infection with Aeromonas salmonicida. Atlantic salmon therefore seems to tolerate a diet solely based on soybean oil as lipid source, without any detrimental effects on growth, health and immune functions.
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Malerød, Lene; Sporstøl, Marita; Juvet, Lene Kristine; Mousavi, Seyed Ali; Gjøen, Tor & Berg, Trond
(2003).
Hepatic scavenger receptor class B type I, is stimulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha.
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications - BBRC.
ISSN 0006-291X.
305,
s. 557–565.
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Vegusdal, Anne; Sundvold, Hilde; Gjøen, Tor & Ruyter, Bente
(2003).
An in vitro method for studying the proliferation and differentiation of Atlantic salmon preadipocytes.
Lipids.
ISSN 0024-4201.
38(3),
s. 289–296.
doi:
10.1007/s11745-003-1063-3.
Vis sammendrag
The aim of the present study was to develop a cell culture system for studying the proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes isolated from Atlantic salmon adipose tissue. The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was used as a marker for cell proliferation. The cells started to proliferate within 48 h after seeding and continued to proliferate throughout the culture period of 2 wk. Undifferentiated preadipocytes showed a fibroblast-like morphology with a homogeneous cytoplasm devoid of lipid droplets. At confluence, an exogenous lipid mixture was added to the cell cultures. The preadipocytes became larger and rounder during the subsequent days, and the cytoplasm gradually filled with lipid-rich droplets. These droplets were revealed by oil red O staining. Immunocytochemical staining showed that differentiated adipocytes expressed detectable levels of the three regulatory proteins associated with adipocyte differentiation: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein a (C/EBPalpha), and leptin. The cells also showed activity of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) (EC 1.1.1.8), a biochemical marker of adipocyte differentiation. The morphological and biochemical data presented here show that fish preadipocytes have properties that are similar to those of preadipocytes in mammals. We conclude therefore that salmon adipose tissue contains a sizable population of preadipocytes. Exogenous lipids promote the activation of adipose-related genes and induce the differentiation of fish preadipocytes in vitro.
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Malerød, Lene; Sporstol, Marita; Juvet, Lene K.; Mousavi, Seyed Ali; Gjøen, Tor & Berg, Trond
(2003).
Hepatic scavenger receptor class B, type I is stimulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha.
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications - BBRC.
ISSN 0006-291X.
305(3),
s. 557–565.
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Malerød, Lene; Juvet, Lene Kristine; Gjøen, Tor & Berg, Trond
(2002).
The expression of scavenger receptor class B, type I (SR-BI) and caveolin-1 in parenchymal and nonparenchymal liver cells.
Cell and Tissue Research.
ISSN 0302-766X.
307,
s. 173–180.
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Frøystad, Marianne Kristin; Volden, Vivi; Berg, Trond & Gjøen, Tor
(2002).
Metabolism of oxidized and chemically modified low density lipoproteins in rainbow trout - clearance via scavenger receptors.
Developmental and Comparative Immunology.
ISSN 0145-305X.
26,
s. 723–733.
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Kristiansen, Marianne; Frøystad, Marianne Kristin; Rishovd, Anne-Lise & Gjøen, Tor
(2002).
Characterization of the receptor-destroying enzyme activity from infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV).
Journal of General Virology.
ISSN 0022-1317.
83(11),
s. 2693–2697.
Vis sammendrag
Infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) infects cells via the endocytic pathway and, like many other enveloped viruses, ISAV contains a receptor-destroying enzyme. We have analysed this acetylesterase activity with respect to substrate specificity, enzyme kinetics, inhibitors, temperature and pH stability. The ISAV acetylesterase was inhibited by di-isopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) in a dose-dependent fashion but not by other known hydrolase inhibitors, suggesting that a serine residue is part of the active site. The pH optimum of the enzyme was in the range 7.5-8.0 and the enzymatic activity was lessened at temperatures above 40 degrees C. The effect of DFP on agglutination/elution of erythrocytes by ISAV demonstrated that the acetylesterase activity is the bona fide receptor-destroying enzyme. A haemadsorption assay was used to analyse whether the esterase was active on the surface of infected cells or not.
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Kjeken, Rune; Mousavi, Seyed Ali; Brech, Andreas; Gjøen, Tor & Berg, Trond
(2001).
Fluid phase endocytosis of 125I-iodixanol in rat liver parenchymal, endothelial and Kupffer cells.
Cell and Tissue Research.
ISSN 0302-766X.
304,
s. 221–230.
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Eliassen, Trygve Meum; Frøystad, Marianne Kristin; Dannevig, Birgit Helene; Jankowska, Monika; Brech, A & Falk, Knut
[Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2000).
Initial events in infectious salmon anaemia virus infection: evidence for the requirement of a low-pH step.
Journal of Virology.
ISSN 0022-538X.
74,
s. 218–227.
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Hvattum, Erlend; Røsjø, Camilla; Gjøen, Tor; Rosenlund, Grethe & Ruyter, Bente
(2000).
Effect of soybean oil and fish oil on individual molecular species of Atlantic salmon head kidney phospholipids determined by normal-phase liquid chromatography coupled to negative ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.
Journal of chromatography. B.
ISSN 1570-0232.
748(1),
s. 137–149.
doi:
10.1016/S0378-4347(00)00359-5.
Vis sammendrag
The effect of soybean oil (SO) and fish oil (FO) on the relative molecular species distribution of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylserine (PS) in Atlantic salmon head kidney was studied using normal-phase liquid chromatography coupled with negative ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. The conformation of identity of the phospholipid species was based on retention time, the mass of the [M-H](-) ([M-15](-) for PC) molecular ions and the carboxylate anion fragments in the product ion spectrum. The intensity ratio of sn-1/sn-2 fragment ions increased with increasing number of double bonds in the sn-2 acyl chain but was not affected by increasing number of double bonds in the sn-1 acyl chain of the species examined. The relative distribution of the molecular species was determined by multiple reaction monitoring of the carboxylate anion fragment from the sn-1 position. A total of 68 different phospholipid species were determined in the head kidney and the largest amount was found in PE (22 species). Depending on the diet, the main species identified in the different phospholipid classes were; PC 16:0/18:1, PE 16:0/22:6, PI 18:0/20:4 and PS 16:0/22:6. The SO diet significantly increased the 18:2, 20:3 and most 20:4 containing species and significantly reduced the 14:0 and most 20:5 and 22:6 fatty acid containing species. The increase of the 20:4 and the decrease of the 20:5 and 22:6 containing species were dependent on the fatty acid combination of the species (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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Eliassen, Trygve Meum; Frøystad, Marianne Kristin; Dannevig, Birgit; Jankowska, Monika; Brech, Andreas & Falk, Knut
[Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2000).
Initial events in infectious salmon anaemia virus infection: evidence for the requirement of a low-pH step.
Journal of Virology.
ISSN 0022-538X.
74(1),
s. 218–227.
-
Hvattum, Erling; Røsjø, Camilla; Gjøen, Tor; Rosenlund, Grete & Ruyter, Bente
(2000).
Study of the effect of dietary soybean oil on individual molecular species of Atlantic salmon head kidney phospholipids using normal phase liquid chromatography coupled to negative ion electrospray tandem mass spectroscopy.
Journal of Chromatography A.
ISSN 0021-9673.
748(B),
s. 137–149.
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Gjøen, Tor; Frøystad, Marianne Kristin; Rode, Marit & Berg, Trond
(1998).
A role for scavenger receptors in phagocytosis of protein-coated particles in rainbow trout head kidney macrophages.
Developmental and Comparative Immunology.
ISSN 0145-305X.
22,
s. 533–549.
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Gjøen, Tor & Berg, Trond
(1997).
Lysosomes and endocytosis.
I Graham, J & Rickwood, D (Red.),
Subcellular fractionation:A practical Approach.
IRL Press.
